Device for cooling very hot gases to temperatures ≤50°C using temperature-optimized heat pipes and its use in carbon dioxide separation

Abstract

Cooling device (1) for the stepwise cooling of very hot gases (2) to temperatures ≤50°C using temperature-optimized heat pipes (3) adapted to the stepwise decreasing temperature of the gases (2), at least comprising, viewed in the direction of flow (2.1) of the gases (2), - at least one chamber-shaped or tubular first cooler (4) for cooling the gases (2) at a temperature T1 > 700°C to a temperature T2 = 350°C to 300°C, comprising at least one inlet (4.1) for the gases (2) at temperature T1, at least one outlet (4.3) for the gases (2) at temperature T2, and at least one heat exchange chamber (4.2) through which the gases (2) flow, with a gas-tight wall (4.2.1), through which the heat pipes (3) of the same length (3.1) or of different lengths (3.1) enter the heat exchange chamber (4.2) vertically, curved, at an angle, and / or horizontally to the flow direction (2.1), and from which they of the same length (3.2) and / or of different lengths (3.2) enter at least one heat sink (4.4) vertically, curved, at an angle, and / or horizontally to the flow direction (2.1). stand out, whereby - which has at least one chamber-shaped or tubular first cooler (4) and at least one structure (4.5) to compensate for thermal expansion and contraction, - which is filled with at least one heat exchange chamber (4.2) containing at least one solid, gas-permeable, thermally conductive material (4.2.2) that is in thermally conductive contact with the heat tubes (3; 3.1), - the components (4.1), (4.2.1), (4.2.2), (4.3), (4.5) and (3) made of a metal or metal alloy with a melting point T s >1000°C, with a mean coefficient of thermal expansion α <20·10 -6 are manufactured with a thermal conductivity of 1 / K at 25°C to 900°C and a thermal conductivity λ >10 W(m·K) at 300°C and - the heat pipes (3) contain lithium, sodium, potassium, tin or lead-bismuth eutectic as a heat transfer medium (3.3), - at least one chamber-shaped or tubular second cooler (5) for cooling the gases (2) from a temperature T2 = 350°C to 300°C to a temperature T3 = 150°C to 100°C, comprising at least one inlet (5.1) for the gases (2) at temperature T2, at least one outlet (5.3) for the gases (2) at temperature T3, and at least one heat exchange chamber (5.2) through which the gases (2) flow, with a gas-tight wall (5.2.1), through which the heat pipes (6) of the same length (6.1) or of different lengths (6.1) enter the at least one heat exchange chamber (5.2) vertically, curved, at an angle, and / or horizontally to the flow direction (2.1), and from which they exit the at least one heat exchange chamber (5.2) in the same length (6.2) and / or of different lengths (6.2) vertically, curved, at an angle, and / or horizontally to the flow direction (2.1) into at least one protrude into the heat sink (5.4), whereby - which has at least one chamber-shaped or tubular second cooler (5) and at least one structure (5.5) to compensate for thermal expansion and contraction, - the heat exchange chamber (5.2) is filled with a solid, gas-permeable, thermally conductive material (5.2.2) which is in thermally conductive contact with the heat tubes (6; 6.1), - the components (5.1), (5.2.1), (5.2.2), (5.3) and (6) are made of copper or a copper alloy and - the heat pipes (6) contain water or a biphenyl toluene mixture as a heat transfer medium (6.3), as well as - at least one chamber-shaped or tubular third cooler (7) for cooling the gases (2) at a temperature T3 = 150°C to 100°C to a temperature T4 ≤50°C and for condensing the water (12) contained in the gases (2), comprising at least one inlet (7.1) for the gases (2) at temperature T3, at least one outlet (7.3) for the gases (2) at temperature T4 and at least one heat exchange chamber (7.2) through which the gases (2) flow, with a gas-tight wall (7.2.1), wherein the at least one third chamber-shaped or tubular cooler (7) - at least one structure (7.5) to compensate for thermal expansion and contraction, - on the inlet side a first area (7.2.2) in which heat pipes (8) of the same length (8.1) or of different lengths (8.1) are immersed vertically, at an angle and / or horizontally to the flow direction (2.1) into the heat exchange chamber (7.2) and from which they protrude vertically, curved, at an angle and / or horizontally to the flow direction (2.1) into a heat sink (7.4) in the same length (8.2) and / or of different lengths (8.2) and in which at least one solid, gas-permeable, thermally conductive material (7.2.3) is located which is in thermally conductive contact with the heat pipes, - on the outlet side, a second region (7.2.4) free of the solid, gas-permeable, thermally conductive material (7.2.3), on the wall (7.2.1) of which at least one Peltier element (9) is attached, wherein (i) its cold side (9.1) is in thermally conductive contact with at least one heat tube (10) extending vertically, bently, at an angle and / or horizontally into the region (7.2.3) to the flow direction (2.1) and (ii) its hot side (9.2) is in thermally conductive contact with at least one heat tube (11) projecting vertically, at an angle and / or horizontally into the heat sink (7.4) to the flow direction (2.1) and / or with at least one heat sink (9.2.1), as well as - has a lower area (7.2.4) as seen in the direction of gravity for collecting and draining the condensed water (12) and wherein - the components (7.1), (7.2.1), (7.2.2), (7.2.4), (7.3), (8), (10) and (11) are made of aluminium, copper, a copper alloy or stainless steel and - the heat pipes (8; 10; 11) contain water or methanol as a heat transfer medium (8.3).

Description

Field of invention

[0001] The present invention relates to a device for cooling very hot gases, in particular those containing carbon dioxide, to temperatures ≤50°C using temperature-optimized heat pipes.

[0002] Furthermore, the present invention relates to a method for cooling very hot gases, in particular those containing carbon dioxide, to temperatures ≤50°C using temperature-optimized heat pipes.

[0003] Furthermore, the present invention relates to the use of the device and the method in carbon dioxide separation by the reversible adsorption of carbon dioxide in gases and the subsequent desorption and collection of the desorbed carbon dioxide. State of the art

[0004] In the publication by Shivom Sharma and Francois Maréchal, "Carbon Dioxide Capture from Internal Combustion Engine Exhaust Using Temperature Swing Adsorption," in Frontiers in Energy Research, 2019, Volume 7, Article 143, the energy balance of an adsorption system for trucks is examined in detail. The adsorption system is designed for one day of operation. The truck travels 250 km in 8 hours and consumes 50 liters of diesel. The combustion process produces 105.5 kg of carbon dioxide, 90% of which, corresponding to approximately 95 kg, is captured at 30°C. The absorption capacity is 0.1 kg of carbon dioxide per 1 kg of adsorption material. This means that 950 kg of adsorption material are required to capture the 95 kg of carbon dioxide. The carbon dioxide is desorbed and collected at 150°C. After this process, the adsorption material is ready for reuse. At atmospheric pressure of 1 bar and 30°C, 95 kg of carbon dioxide yields 51.41 standard cubic meters of gas or 80.88 liters of liquefied gas.Carbon dioxide emissions from car exhaust can therefore be significantly reduced, and carbon dioxide can be obtained as a raw material for the synthesis of organic compounds.

[0005] The authors propose an elaborate system that includes a Rankine cycle device, turbo compressors, moving parts, and complex heat exchanger systems. The entire system is intended to be mounted above the cab of a truck and will be approximately 2 m² in diameter. 3 Take up space.

[0006] In their publication, “Decarbonizing Freight Transport: Mobile Carbon Capture from Heavy Duty Vehicles,” Paper ID APEN-MIT-2020, Applied Energy Symposium: MIT A+B, August 12–14, 2020, Cambridge, USA, Christina Reynolds, Christian Lastoskie, and Gretchen Keppel-Aleks investigate the energy and economic balance of a hypothetical carbon dioxide adsorption and desorber system for heavy-duty trucks using the temperature swing process. Their calculations are based on a system weighing 2000 kg and a carbon dioxide yield of approximately 10 kg per gallon (US) of diesel fuel (3.79 liters). The adsorber material used is a zeolite that absorbs 1 kg of carbon dioxide per 5 kg of zeolite. After the zeolite reaches saturation, the adsorbed carbon dioxide is desorbed using steam at 130°C. Steam consumption is expected to be 0.3 kg per kg of carbon dioxide.The resulting water vapor-carbon dioxide mixture is compressed for storage, transport, and use. No further design details are provided.

[0007] American patent US 11,560,817 B2 discloses a system for adsorbing carbon dioxide from engine exhaust gases, comprising two adsorbers with solid adsorbents. During operation, one of the adsorbers is kept below a threshold temperature, causing carbon dioxide to be adsorbed. The other adsorber is heated, for example, by the engine exhaust gases, causing the carbon dioxide to desorb. This process is repeated alternately. The system may also include inlet coolers, desiccators, temperature controllers, and carbon dioxide storage. However, no design or material details are provided.

[0008] International patent application WO 2023 / 163 920 A1 discloses a comparable system with two adsorbers, one in the adsorption phase and the other in the desorption phase. The adsorber material is a mixture of an alkali carbonate, in particular sodium carbonate, water, and a cross-linked superabsorbent polymer. The carbon dioxide reacts according to equation I to form sodium bicarbonate. Na2CO3 + H2O + CO2 = 2NaHCO3 (I)

[0009] Desorption is carried out at 80°C to 90°C, i.e., below the boiling point of water. An additional device for water condensation would be necessary to produce anhydrous carbon dioxide.

[0010] International patent application WO 2023 / 034 754 A1 emphasizes that the low thermal conductivity of the adsorbent material zeolite poses a problem for the energy balance and the speed of the temperature swing process. A proposed solution is to use the hot desorbed carbon dioxide itself as a heating medium in addition to external heat sources.

[0011] German patent application DE 10 2009 039 055 A1 discloses a device for separating carbon dioxide from the exhaust gas of a combustion chamber operated with a carbon-containing fuel and air. The device comprises an absorber and a desorber, forming a sorbent cycle in which a sorbent is circulated. During this cycle, the sorbent chemically combines with the carbon dioxide in the exhaust gas stream within the absorber. The carbon dioxide-laden sorbent is fed to the desorber as a gas-borne solid particle stream and regenerated there, producing carbon dioxide and regenerated sorbent. The heat required for regeneration is supplied by a desorber heat exchanger combustion chamber operated with a carbon-containing fuel and air. A heat exchanger with heat pipes containing sodium or potassium as the heat transfer medium is provided for transferring the generated heat to the desorber.However, this device is not suitable for adsorbents that adsorb or absorb and desorb carbon dioxide at much lower temperatures. Object of the present invention

[0012] The present invention was based on the objective of finding a cooling device with which hot gases, in particular gases with a temperature T1 > 700°C, can be rapidly cooled to temperatures T4 ≤ 50°C. The cooling device is intended to be particularly suitable for cooling hot carbon dioxide-containing gases such as combustion exhaust gases from internal combustion engines, combustion furnaces, and power plants where energy is generated using fossil fuels, exhaust gases from cement kilns, and industrial process gases, so that the carbon dioxide contained therein can be adsorbed in a further device using adsorbent materials and then desorbed and collected again by heating in a temperature swing process. The cooling device should operate without complex cooling systems and coolant circuits.Furthermore, the cooling device should enable the water contained in the exhaust gases, which is produced during combustion according to equation II, to be condensed without additional equipment and thus dry the gases:. CH4 + 2O2 = CO2 + 2 H2O (II)

[0013] Furthermore, the object of the present invention was to propose a device for the reversible adsorption of carbon dioxide in gases at temperature T4 ≤50°C and for the subsequent desorption of the adsorbed carbon dioxide at a temperature T5 >50°C and collection of the desorbed carbon dioxide, which is optimally adapted to the cooling device with regard to its construction, material selection, performance and temperature swing rate. The solution according to the invention

[0014] Accordingly, the cooling device according to the invention for cooling very hot, in particular hot, carbon dioxide-containing, gases to temperatures T ≤ 50°C was found using temperature-optimized heat pipes according to independent claim 1. Advantageous embodiments of the cooling device according to the invention are the subject of dependent claims 2 to 10.

[0015] Furthermore, the use of the cooling device according to the invention was found in carbon dioxide separation by the reversible adsorption of carbon dioxide in gases and the subsequent desorption and collection of the desorbed carbon dioxide according to the temperature swing process according to subsidiary claim 11.

[0016] Furthermore, the adsorber / desorber device according to the invention was found to be capable of reversibly adsorbing carbon dioxide in gases at a temperature T4 ≤50°C and subsequently desorbing the adsorbed carbon dioxide at a temperature T5 >50°C and collecting the desorbed carbon dioxide according to subsidiary claim 12.

[0017] Last but not least, the inventive mobile or stationary system for carbon dioxide separation according to subsidiary claim 13 was found, comprising at least one upstream cooling device according to the invention and at least one adsorber / desorber device according to the invention, which is connected to the outlet of the last at least one chamber-shaped cooler in the direction of gas flow. Advantages of the invention

[0018] With the aid of the cooling device according to the invention, very hot gases, in particular gases with a temperature T1 >700°C, can be rapidly cooled to temperatures T4 ≤50°C. The cooling device according to the invention is particularly suitable for cooling hot carbon dioxide-containing gases such as combustion exhaust gases from internal combustion engines, combustion furnaces and power plants where energy is generated with fossil fuels, exhaust gases from cement kilns and industrial process gases, so that the carbon dioxide contained therein can be easily adsorbed in further devices using adsorbent materials and desorbed and collected again by heating in a temperature swing process. The cooling device according to the invention does not require complex cooling systems and coolant circuits or devices for condensing the water contained in the exhaust gases and for drying the gases.

[0019] The adsorber / desorber device according to the invention is optimally matched to the cooling device with regard to its design, material selection, performance, and temperature swing rate, and vice versa. This makes it possible, in particular, to capture the carbon dioxide produced by heavy goods traffic in an energy- and material-saving manner and subsequently store it in the ground or use it as a feedstock for chemical processes.

[0020] Due to the optimal coordination of the cooling device according to the invention with the adsorber / desorber device according to the invention, advantageous synergies for decarbonization arise for the mobile or stationary system for carbon dioxide separation according to the invention in terms of process engineering, weight and energy, particularly in land and water transport.

[0021] Further advantages will become apparent from the following description. Detailed description of the invention

[0022] The cooling device according to the invention for cooling very hot gases to temperatures ≤50°C, preferably ≤40°C and particularly ≤30°C, is carried out using temperature-optimized heat pipes that are adapted to the respective temperature of the gases.

[0023] A heat pipe is a gas-tight sealed component that very efficiently transports thermal energy or heat from one place to another. It can transport 100 to 1000 times more heat energy than a component of the same geometric dimensions made of solid copper. The heat pipe utilizes the physical effect that very large amounts of energy are converted during the evaporation and condensation of a liquid. The heat pipe is hollow inside and filled with a small amount of liquid, the "working" liquid or heat transfer medium. This liquid is under its vapor pressure, which at low temperatures can be significantly lower than atmospheric pressure. The inner wall of the heat pipe may be covered with a capillary structure – similar to a wick. This capillary structure is saturated with the liquid heat transfer medium or working liquid.

[0024] When energy is supplied to a point in the heat pipe, the heat transfer medium evaporates from the capillary structure. The vapor flows in the direction of the temperature gradient and condenses wherever energy is dissipated, releasing the heat of vaporization. The condensate, i.e., the liquefied heat transfer medium, is absorbed by the capillary structure and flows back to evaporate again. This completes a cycle that transports thermal energy very efficiently through rapid circulation. The temperature difference between the evaporation and condensation zones in the heat pipe is very small, allowing for nearly isothermal heat conduction.

[0025] The heat pipes must be temperature-optimized. This means that the materials used to construct the heat pipes must be gas-tight within the temperature range defined by the thermal energy source (i.e., the hot gases). They must also be chemically, mechanically, and thermally stable, as well as resistant to deformation, with respect to the heat transfer medium, the hot gases, and the cooling medium. Furthermore, the materials should preferably have high thermal conductivity, at least in the areas where thermal energy is absorbed or released, to ensure that the thermal energy from the source is effectively absorbed and transferred to a heat sink. The other areas of the heat pipes do not necessarily need to be thermally conductive; they can be thermally insulating.

[0026] The heat pipes can have a wide variety of lengths, depending in particular on their intended use and the dimensions of the cooling device according to the invention. Thus, the lengths can range from a few millimeters to several meters.

[0027] The heat pipes can have different cross-sections, such as squares, rectangles, and triangles (which may have rounded corners and / or sides), as well as ellipses, ovals, or circles. The size of the cross-sections can also vary widely and depends on the intended use of the heat pipes and the dimensions of the cooling devices according to the invention. Accordingly, the cross-sections can have diameters ranging from a few millimeters to several centimeters.

[0028] Similarly, the wall thickness of the heat pipes can vary widely. It depends primarily on the required dimensional stability of the heat pipes and is preferably in the range of 0.5 mm to 5 mm.

[0029] Furthermore, heat pipes can have different shapes when viewed lengthwise. They can be straight, simply or multiple times curved in the plane, simply or multiple times curved in space, meandering, or spiral.

[0030] The heat pipes can be coated with a highly thermally conductive material, particularly in the areas of heat absorption and heat emission. This highly thermally conductive material must be thermally and chemically stable within the respective temperature range of the hot gases. Graphite, hexagonal or cubic boron nitride, aluminum nitride, copper, or silver are preferably used. Cubic boron nitride has an ultra-high thermal conductivity comparable to that of diamond.

[0031] The capillary structure with wicking action on the inner walls of the heat pipes can also be made of a wide variety of materials. Essential for their selection are the temperature range specified by the thermal energy source and their stability in relation to the fluid or heat transfer medium. Furthermore, corrosion must not occur due to contact between the capillary structure and the walls under the influence of the heat transfer medium. A person skilled in the art can select the materials based on their known property profiles.

[0032] The capillary structure can be composed of nanoparticles, fibrous materials, or nano- or microporous materials with appropriately sized pore dimensions. Furthermore, the wicking effect can be created by wire meshes, such as copper wire meshes or electrically non-conductive wire meshes, and fiber bundles made of ceramic, glass, or high-temperature-resistant plastics inside the heat pipes. Additionally, the wicking effect can also be generated by surface structures consisting of protrusions and depressions, such as grooves, columns, spheres, or cups, on the inner walls of the heat pipes.

[0033] The capillary structure with wicking effect can also be introduced subsequently. Examples of suitable methods include the crystallization or precipitation of mesoporous materials such as zeolites.

[0034] Heat pipes were first described in 1944 in the American patent US 2,350,348. They are commercially available products and can be obtained, for example, from Quick-Ohm Küppers & Co. GmbH, Wuppertal, Germany.

[0035] The hot gases to be cooled are combustion exhaust gases from internal combustion engines, combustion furnaces, and power plants that generate energy using fossil fuels, exhaust gases from cement kilns, and industrial process gases. These hot gases preferably contain carbon dioxide. In particular, they are exhaust gases from the diesel engines of heavy trucks.

[0036] The cooling device according to the invention comprises, viewed in the direction of flow of the hot gases, at least one chamber-shaped or tubular first cooler for cooling the gases from a temperature T1 > 700°C to a temperature T2 = 350°C to 300°C, preferably 340°C to 300°C, more preferably 330°C to 300°C, and particularly 320°C to 300°C. The temperatures T1 can be equal to or greater than 800°C, 900°C, or 1000°C.

[0037] The at least one chamber-shaped or tubular first cooler comprises at least one, in particular one, inlet for the gases at temperature T1, at least one, in particular one, outlet for the gases at temperature T2 and at least one, in particular one, chamber-shaped or tubular heat exchange chamber through which the gases flow and with a gas-tight wall.

[0038] The aforementioned components preferably have a wall thickness of 0.5 mm to 5 mm, more preferably 0.6 mm to 4.5 mm, more preferably 0.7 mm to 4 mm, and more particularly 0.8 mm to 3.5 mm. If dimensional stability requires it, greater wall thicknesses can also be selected, or the wall thickness can be increased in critical areas.

[0039] According to the invention, the heat pipes of the at least one chamber-shaped or tubular first cooler contain lithium, sodium, potassium, tin or lead-bismuth eutectic as a heat transfer medium.

[0040] The heat pipes, of the same length or of varying lengths, enter the chamber-shaped or tubular heat exchange chamber vertically, in a curved shape, at an angle (i.e., obliquely), and / or horizontally to the direction of gas flow. They extend into a heat sink, of the same length or of varying lengths, vertically, in a curved shape, at an angle, and / or horizontally to the direction of hot gas flow. For example, the heat pipes may have a straight longitudinal axis and penetrate the gas-tight wall at an angle of 90° or 45°. Alternatively, they may be curved within the interior of the chamber-shaped or tubular heat exchange chamber and / or in the region of the heat sink, in or against the direction of hot gas flow and / or in the region of the heat sink, in or against the direction of flow of a cooling medium.

[0041] The heat pipes are guided through appropriately sized openings in the gas-tight wall. Their walls can be welded to the edges of the openings. Alternatively, the heat pipes can have external threads at predetermined intervals from both ends. These external threads are screwed into corresponding internal threads in fittings that are connected to the gas-tight wall in the area of ​​the openings or that form protruding parts of the gas-tight wall.

[0042] The threads can be lubricated with a high-temperature conductive paste based on aluminum nitride, or with graphite or hexagonal boron nitride.

[0043] The shaped components can be made of the same material as the gas-tight wall. Alternatively, they can be made of a high-temperature ceramic based on aluminum nitride, silicon nitride, silicon carbide, silicon oxide, aluminum oxide, or cubic boron nitride. The shaped components made of high-temperature ceramics can be bonded to the inside or outside of the gas-tight wall using a high-temperature adhesive.

[0044] The at least one chamber-shaped or tubular first cooler has at least one structure, and preferably at least two and particularly at least three structures, for compensating for thermal expansion and contraction. Preferably, these structures extend longitudinally and / or transversely to the flow direction of the hot gases. More preferably, they encircle the respective circumferences of these components. Particularly preferably, the structures each comprise at least one recess and / or protrusion of the gas-tight wall projecting into the interior of the at least one inlet, the at least one chamber-shaped or tubular heat exchange chamber, and / or the at least one outlet. In particular, in cross-section, at least two of these recesses and / or protrusions are arranged parallel to one another, resulting in a corrugated profile.In the area of ​​these structures, the wall of the heat exchange chamber may have a thinner thickness in some places or overall than in other areas.

[0045] Preferably, the chamber-shaped heat exchange chamber of the at least one chamber-shaped first cooler is enclosed by a flat, box-shaped or tubular gas-tight wall.

[0046] Preferably, the chamber-shaped first cooler uses a flat, box-shaped, gas-tight wall. The heat pipes can be arranged in the two opposing largest wall surfaces, with the heat pipes of one wall surface abutting the gaps between the heat pipes of the other wall surface within the heat exchange chamber. This results in an advantageously dense arrangement of the heat pipes inside. Alternatively, the heat pipes can be present in only one of the two largest wall surfaces. The advantage of this configuration is that the heat sink only needs to be located on one side of the heat exchange chamber. Preferably, for safety reasons, the other wall surface is then covered with a calcium silicate-based thermal insulation material, which is attached using one of the high-temperature silicate- or ceramic-based adhesives mentioned below.

[0047] The heat exchange chamber in the interior of the at least one chamber-shaped first cooler is filled with a solid, gas-permeable, thermally conductive material that is in thermally conductive contact with the heat pipes. The gas-permeable, thermally conductive material is thermally and chemically stable at temperatures T1. Preferably, it is graphite, aluminum nitride, and / or hexagonal or cubic boron nitride. It can have various shapes. Examples of suitable shapes are honeycomb structures, nets, open-cell foams that are permeable in the flow direction, loose fill materials, and / or loose wools made of fibers.

[0048] In the case of the tubular first cooler, the solid, gas-permeable, heat-conducting materials are monolithic blocks permeated by channels in the direction of gas flow. The heat pipes then protrude into and / or through these channels.

[0049] Preferably, the chamber-shaped first cooler is filled with bulk materials from the group consisting of spheres, shards, granules, ground chunks, pellets, rings, ellipsoids, cubes, cuboids, pyramids, cones, cylinders, rhombuses, dodecahedra, truncated dodecahedra, icosahedra, truncated icosahedra, dumbbells, tori, needles with circular, oval, elliptical, square, triangular, quadrilateral, pentagonal, hexagonal, heptagonal, octagonal or star-shaped cross-sections, shards, rings, dumbbells, tori and needles bent in at least one direction of space.

[0050] To prevent the loose packing materials or wool from escaping from the at least one heat exchange chamber, grids or sieves are fitted to the at least one inlet opening of the supply line and the at least one outlet opening of the discharge.

[0051] According to the invention, the components described above and the fastening means described below for the at least one chamber-shaped or tubular first cooler are made of at least one, in particular a metal or metal alloy with a melting point T s >1000°C, with a mean coefficient of thermal expansion α <20·10 -6 1 / K at temperatures from 25°C to 900°C and a thermal conductivity λ >10 W / (m·K) at 300°C. Examples of suitable metals and metal alloys are titanium, chromium, iron, manganese, tantalum, nickel, cobalt, and copper and their alloys, such as stainless steel or the alloys marketed under the brands Monel® (nickel-copper alloys), Inconel® (nickel-chromium alloys), Haynes® (cobalt-nickel-chromium-tungsten alloys), Invar® (iron-nickel alloys), and Hastelloy® (nickel-molybdenum alloys).

[0052] The at least one inlet, in particular the at least one tubular inlet, of the at least one chamber-shaped or tubular first cooler is gas-tightly connected to at least one pipe with at least one source of hot gases, in particular gases containing carbon dioxide, at temperature T1. Preferably, the at least one connection is also made of the metal or metal alloy with a melting point T1. s >1000°C, with a mean coefficient of thermal expansion α <20·10 -6 1 / K manufactured at temperatures from 25°C to 900°C and with a thermal conductivity λ >10 W / (m·K) at 300°C. A flanged connection with bolts made of the same metal or metal alloy is preferably used. The flanged connection particularly preferably incorporates a high-temperature sealing and thermal insulation material, e.g., calcium silicate-based, to prevent heat conduction through the pipe walls.

[0053] The at least one outlet, in particular at least one tubular outlet, of the at least one chamber-shaped or tubular first cooler is gas-tightly connected to at least one pipe with at least one supply line for the gases at temperature T2 to at least one second chamber-shaped cooler. Preferably, the at least one connection on the outlet side is also made of the metal or metal alloy with a melting point T. s >1000°C, with a mean coefficient of thermal expansion α <20·10 -6 1 / K at temperatures from 25°C to 900°C and a thermal conductivity λ >10 W / (m·K) at 300°C. On the side of the at least one second chamber-shaped cooler, the inlet is made of the metal or metal alloy described below. A flange connection with screws made of the metal or metal alloy with the melting point T is preferred. sUsed at temperatures >1000°C. The flange connection preferably incorporates a high-temperature sealing and thermal insulation material, e.g., based on calcium silicate, to prevent heat conduction through the pipe walls.

[0054] Preferably, a gaseous heat transfer medium, preferably air, particularly ambient air, is used as a cooling medium in the at least one heat sink. The air is preferably drawn in from the environment through filters using a fan or compressor and blown at atmospheric pressure or higher pressure in a flow channel, preferably in the opposite direction to the flow of the hot gases, over the "cold" ends of the heat pipes protruding from the heat exchange chamber. The wall of the flow channel is open towards the wall of the heat exchange chamber from which the heat pipes protrude and preferably extends beyond the inlet and outlet of the hot gases. Preferably, the wall of the flow channel bends downwards, to the side, or upwards towards the air outlet. The wall is preferably made of a high-temperature-resistant material such as stainless steel. The air is preferably discharged into the environment.This is environmentally safe because no pollutants are released. If necessary, water droplets are sprayed into the air to increase the heat capacity and cooling effect. Preferably, the water required for this is taken from the condensation section of the at least one chamber-shaped or tubular third cooler described below.

[0055] Here and in the following, the heat sink(s) can contain the gas-permeable, thermally conductive materials described above or below. This improves the cooling effect.

[0056] The at least one chamber-shaped first cooler is composed of two half-shells. The joining device or seam runs in the direction of hot gas flow. Preferably, the half-shells are detachable. The fastening element at the seam can be a circumferential tongue-and-groove connection, which is pressed together by clamps. Alternatively, the detachable connection can be made by other fasteners such as screws or rivets. If the half-shells are not to be permanently joined, welds, flanges, or folds and high-temperature silicate- or ceramic-based adhesives such as K-THERM® from AGK, CERAMABOND® from Kager, or ULFALUX® from Ulfalux can also be used. Optionally, a circumferential high-temperature sealing material can be present in the seam.

[0057] The at least one tubular first cooler consists of an inlet-side tubular component containing the inlet pipe and the solid, gas-permeable, heat-conducting material, and an outlet-side tubular component comprising the wall facing the heat sink with the heat pipes, the heat sink itself, and the outlet. In this configuration, the outlet is preferably routed through the heat sink, resulting in an additional cooling effect. The two components are separably connected to one another by one of the connection devices described above.

[0058] It is advantageous if the structures described above continue across the connection device to compensate for thermal expansion and contraction.

[0059] Furthermore, for safety reasons, it is advantageous if the wall of the tubular first cooler is covered with a thermal insulation material based on calcium silicate, which is fastened using one of the aforementioned high-temperature adhesives based on silicate or ceramic.

[0060] In another embodiment of the tubular first cooler, the heat tubes are attached in a star shape to the wall of the heat exchange chamber, and the heat sink surrounds the heat exchange chamber in its entirety.

[0061] The dimensions of the chamber-shaped or tubular first cooler, including the heat sink, and the number of heat pipes can vary considerably and depend primarily on the quantity, composition, and heat capacity of the hot gases to be cooled, as well as on the heat transfer capacity of the heat pipes. The dimensions and number required for a given application can be determined by a person skilled in the art using preliminary tests and / or thermodynamic calculations.

[0062] To prevent gas breakthrough during the initial phase of the passage of hot gases at temperature T1 through the aforementioned first chamber-shaped or tubular cooler, the first chamber-shaped or tubular cooler can be heated to operating temperatures of 300°C to 500°C, corresponding to the heat pipes described above, before the hot gases are introduced. Suitable heating devices include, for example, induction coils.

[0063] The cooling device according to the invention further comprises at least one chamber-shaped or tubular second cooler for cooling the gases from a temperature T2 = 350°C to 300°C to a temperature T3 = 150°C to 100°C, preferably 140°C to 100°C, preferably 130°C to 100°C and particularly 120°C to 100°C.

[0064] The second cooler, which is at least one chamber-shaped or tubular, is identical in construction to the first cooler, which is at least one chamber-shaped or tubular. For details of its construction, please refer to the description above. The following section primarily explains the material differences.

[0065] The second cooler, which is at least one chamber-shaped or tube-shaped, also includes at least one inlet for the gases at temperature T2, at least one outlet for the gases at temperature T3, and at least one heat exchange chamber through which the gases flow, with a gas-tight wall through which the heat pipes, in the same length or in different lengths, vertically, curved, at an angle and / or horizontally to the flow direction of the gases, enter the heat exchange chamber and protrude into a heat sink in the same length and / or in different lengths.

[0066] Furthermore, the second cooler, which is at least one chamber-shaped or tubular, has at least one structure to compensate for thermal expansion and contraction, as described above.

[0067] The at least one heat exchange chamber is also filled with a solid, gas-permeable, thermally conductive material that is in thermally conductive contact with the heat pipes. Here, too, the external shapes described above are suitable for the thermally conductive material. However, since the gases flowing into the at least one chamber-shaped or tubular second cooler have a temperature of T2, the thermally conductive materials here, in addition to graphite, hexagonal or cubic boron nitride, and aluminum nitride, are primarily metallic aluminum and copper.

[0068] The components of the at least one chamber-shaped or tubular second cooler, including the heat tubes, are made of aluminum, copper or a copper alloy, in particular a copper-aluminum alloy, brass or bronze, and the heat tubes contain water or a biphenyl-toluene mixture as a heat transfer medium.

[0069] For the gas-tight insertion of the heat pipes into the wall of the at least one chamber-shaped or tubular second cooler, metal solders, in particular copper solders, brass solders and hard solders for aluminium, are preferably used as an alternative to the connection techniques described above.

[0070] The dimensions of the chamber-shaped or tubular secondary cooler, including the heat sink and the number of heat pipes, can also vary considerably and depend primarily on the quantity, composition, and heat capacity of the hot gases to be cooled, as well as on the heat transfer capacity of the heat pipes. The dimensions and number required for a given application can be determined by a person skilled in the art using preliminary tests and / or thermodynamic calculations.

[0071] To prevent hot gas breakthrough during the initial phase of the passage of hot gases at temperature T2 through the at least one chambered or tubular second cooler described above, the at least one second chambered or tubular cooler can be heated to operating temperatures of 100°C to 150°C before the hot gases are introduced. Suitable heating devices include, for example, induction coils.

[0072] The cooling device according to the invention also includes at least one chamber-shaped or tubular third cooler for cooling the gases at a temperature T3 = 150°C to 100°C to a temperature T4 ≤50°C, preferably ≤40°C, more preferably ≤30°C, and for condensing the water contained in the gases. It comprises at least one inlet for the gases at temperature T3, at least one outlet for the gases at temperature T4, and at least one heat exchange chamber through which the gases flow, with a gas-tight wall.

[0073] The third cooler, which is at least one chamber-shaped, also comprises two half-shells joined along a seam. For construction details, please refer to the preceding description. The following section focuses primarily on the additional features.

[0074] The third cooler, which has at least one chamber shape, is arranged horizontally, at an angle downwards or vertically in the direction of gas flow when viewed in the direction of gravity.

[0075] The at least one tubular third cooler is arranged vertically.

[0076] The design of the at least one supply line for the gases at temperature T3 is similar to the supply lines described above.

[0077] Depending on the spatial orientation of the at least one chamber-shaped third cooler, the at least one outlet for the gases at temperature T4 is arranged differently. For example, with a horizontal orientation, it can also be horizontal. With an angled or vertical orientation, it runs diagonally upwards relative to the gas-tight wall.

[0078] The at least one heat exchange chamber of the at least one chamber-shaped or tubular third cooler, through which the gases flow, comprises on the inlet side a first area in which the heat pipes of the same length or of different lengths immerse vertically, bently, at an angle and / or horizontally to the flow direction into the at least one heat exchange chamber and from which they protrude vertically, bently, at an angle and / or horizontally to the flow direction of the gases into a heat sink in the same length and / or of different lengths and in which at least one solid, gas-permeable, thermally conductive material, which is in thermally conductive contact with the heat pipes, is located.

[0079] For the gas-tight insertion of the heat pipes into the wall of the inlet-side first region of the chamber-shaped or tubular third cooler, metal solders, in particular copper solders, brass solders and hard solders for aluminium, are preferably used as an alternative to the connection techniques described above.

[0080] The solid, gas-permeable, thermally conductive materials contain, are coated with, or consist of aluminum, copper, graphite, aluminum nitride, and / or hexagonal and cubic boron nitride. To prevent any loose packing materials or wool used from escaping from the inlet area (first) to the outlet area (second), they are retained at the transition between the first and second areas by grids or sieves.

[0081] The at least one heat exchange chamber of the at least one chamber-shaped or tubular third cooler, through which the gases flow, comprises on its outlet side a second area free of the solid, gas-permeable, thermally conductive material, on the gas-tight wall of which at least one Peltier element, in particular a cascade-type Peltier element of at least two stages, is attached. Cascade-type Peltier elements are known from German patent DE 4231702 C2, American patent US 5,936,192 A, or international patent application WO 96 / 15412 A2 and can be obtained, for example, from Uwe electronic GmbH, Unterhaching, Germany.

[0082] The cold side of the at least one Peltier element is in thermally conductive contact with at least one heat tube extending vertically, bent, at an angle, and / or horizontally into the second region relative to the gas flow direction. Its hot side can be in thermally conductive contact with at least one heat tube extending vertically, bent, at an angle, and / or horizontally into the heat sink.

[0083] The heat sink described above is preferably used. The relevant ends of the heat tubes in the first section can also be in thermally conductive contact with at least one cooling finned heat sink made of aluminum or copper. The hot sides of the Peltier elements in the second section are always in thermally conductive contact with at least one of these heat sinks. If necessary, heat conduction in this configuration is increased by heat tubes that are in contact with the hot sides.

[0084] The thermally conductive contact of the heat tubes with the cold side and, optionally, with the hot sides of the at least one Peltier element is preferably established via bonded, thermally conductive plastic, ceramic, or metal components made of aluminum nitride, boron nitride, copper, aluminum, or boron nitride-containing plastics. The cold-side components are arranged in the corresponding openings in the wall of the second section. The space between the sides of the components and the edges of the openings is preferably sealed with an adhesive. Boron nitride-containing plastics or suitable boron nitride fillers are, for example, marketed by Henze, Lauben, Germany, under the brand name HeBoFill®.The shaped components are bonded using thermally conductive adhesives based on epoxy or silicone resins and each contains at least one internal thread into which the external threads at the ends of the heat pipes are screwed. Optionally, the threads may also contain a thermal paste, particularly one based on aluminum nitride or hexagonal boron nitride. Alternatively, they may contain at least one recess into which the heat pipes are inserted or bonded with a thermally conductive adhesive.

[0085] The heat pipes in the second area of ​​the heat exchange chamber and in the area of ​​the associated heat sink can form a kind of "dense forest", resulting in an intensive heat exchange and condensation effect.

[0086] In the second section of the heat exchange chamber, the surface of the heat tubes can be made hydrophobic or superhydrophobic to promote the beading off of the condensed water. Care must be taken to ensure that the thermal conductivity is not impaired by the coating. Preferably, a nanostructured surface is used that creates a lotus effect.

[0087] The heat pipes contain methanol inside as a heat transfer medium and a capillary structure for the return flow of the liquid methanol to the cold end of the heat pipes.

[0088] The heat pipes are preferably cooled to temperatures of ≤20°C, in particular 0°C to <10°C, so that the water condenses as water droplets on their walls, beads up and drips off at drip tips into the area for collecting and draining the condensed water.

[0089] The heat pipes can protrude into and through the channels of a heat-insulating monolithic block, preferably made of a heat-insulating plastic such as polyoxymethylene (POM) or of a cooled thermally conductive material.

[0090] In this embodiment, the exhaust gases flow along the heat pipes in alternating directions through the channels of the monolithic block to the outlet, being deflected by alternating upward and downward-projecting baffles. The lower baffles have flow openings below the water level of the condensed water, allowing the condensed water to drain down the downward-sloping wall of the second section. This configuration further enhances the cooling and condensation effect.

[0091] The at least one chamber-shaped third cooler has, particularly in the outlet-side second region, a lower, especially trough-shaped, area (viewed from the direction of gravity) for collecting and discharging the water condensing on the cold heat pipes. Preferably, the trough-shaped area has an outlet for the condensed water. The outlet is located at the lowest point of the trough-shaped area and opens automatically or on command when an upper water level indicator inside the second region shows a predetermined fill level, and closes again before the water has completely drained out when a lower water level indicator is triggered. This prevents gases at temperature T4 from entering the water line. The water can be collected in a storage vessel for further use, e.g.,It can be stored or used directly for cooling in heat sinks or for water electrolysis to generate hydrogen and oxygen.

[0092] Preferably, the lower wall of the trough-shaped area is in thermally conductive contact with the cold side of at least one Peltier element, preferably a cascade-type Peltier element. The hot side of the at least one Peltier element is in thermally conductive contact with a heat sink, such as copper or aluminum heat sinks with cooling fins, or heat pipes leading to heat sinks. In this way, the condensed water is additionally cooled, further reducing its vapor pressure.

[0093] Preferably, the at least one outlet for the dehydrated gases at temperature T4 is designed to prevent the ingress of entrained condensed water. For example, in a horizontal orientation of the at least one heat exchange chamber, a convexly curved baffle, preferably a hemispherical or conical baffle, with a hydrophobic or superhydrophobic surface, e.g., a lotus-effect surface or a Teflon® coating, and a diameter larger than the clear opening of the at least one outlet, may be located within it. Furthermore, the at least one outlet may extend into the concave curve of the baffle. In an angled or vertical orientation, this baffle may be located in front of the opening of the at least one outlet or within it.

[0094] The outlet can transition into a U-shaped upward-curving pipe, in the rising leg of which at least two drip trays, such as conical trays with the point facing downwards, are attached.

[0095] In a further embodiment according to the invention, in the at least one chamber-shaped or tubular third cooler, the inlet-side first and the outlet-side second area with the trough-shaped area are each provided separately as at least one, in particular one, subunit, and are fluidly connected to each other.

[0096] The at least one chamber-shaped or tubular, inlet-side first subunit is similar in its construction to the chamber-shaped or tubular first or second coolers described above, except that the materials described above are used.

[0097] The at least one chamber-shaped, outlet-side second subunit is similar in its construction and the material used to the outlet-side second area of ​​the at least one tubular third cooler described above.

[0098] The at least one tubular, outlet-side second subunit is arranged vertically. It consists of an upper tubular component on the inlet side, which—viewed from top to bottom—includes at least one heat sink, at least one Peltier element, the horizontal wall with the openings for the shaped components, the vertical heat pipes, and the supply line, and a lower tubular component on the outlet side, which includes the outlet pipe bent upwards inwards and protected from water ingress by a roof, and the trough-shaped area located below it. The two components are separably connected to each other by one of the connection devices described above.

[0099] Preferably, the supply line of the tubular, outlet-side second subunit is arranged in a ring shape in the area below the horizontal wall of the upper tubular component and above the connection device with the lower tubular component, so that the gases flow around the heat pipes from all sides through several openings.

[0100] As described above, the heat pipes can run in the vertical channels of a thermally insulating or heat-conducting monolithic block.

[0101] The outlet of the chamber-shaped or tubular third cooler can further be connected to at least one chamber or at least one tube containing at least one solid, gas-permeable desiccant. Preferably, the desiccants are in the form of loose fill material. In particular, silica gels and superabsorbents are used. In the case of gases containing carbon dioxide, care must be taken to ensure that the desiccants adsorb or absorb little or no carbon dioxide.

[0102] The components of the at least one chamber-shaped or tubular third cooler described above are made of aluminum, copper, a copper alloy, in particular a copper-aluminum alloy, brass, bronze, or stainless steel. Preferably, they are made of aluminum, copper, or a copper-aluminum alloy.

[0103] According to the invention, the heat pipes of the at least one chamber-shaped or tubular third cooler contain water or methanol as a heat transfer medium. Preferably, the heat pipes of the second section contain methanol.

[0104] The cooling device according to the invention can include both chamber-shaped and tubular coolers.

[0105] The cooling device according to the invention further comprises peripherals for electronic, optical, optoelectronic, hydraulic, pneumatic, and mechanical control and regulation, measurement, and display of the physical and chemical parameters. These include conventional and known electronic data processing systems, electrically, electronically, optically, optoelectronically, mechanically, hydraulically, and pneumatically activated actuators, electric motors, pressure, temperature, water level, humidity, and flow measuring devices, as well as sensors for chemical compounds such as water, carbon dioxide, ammonia, sulfur dioxide, and nitrogen oxides in the gases.

[0106] The cooling device according to the invention has the significant advantage that no liquid, toxic and / or flammable coolants are released in the event of a malfunction or accident.

[0107] In the case of combustion exhaust gases, at least one catalyst for the selective reduction (SCR) of NOx or at least one catalyst for the selective reduction (SCR) and at least one catalyst for the selective oxidation (SCO) of ammonia can be placed upstream of the cooling device according to the invention.

[0108] The cooling device according to the invention can be used wherever it is necessary to cool very hot gases at temperature T1 to lower temperatures, particularly to temperatures T4. The cooling device according to the invention demonstrates its particular advantages especially in carbon dioxide capture using the temperature swing process. In this process, the carbon dioxide is obtained from the aforementioned very hot, carbon dioxide-containing gases by the reversible adsorption of the carbon dioxide onto adsorption materials at temperatures T4 ≤ 50°C (also called direct CO2 capture, DCA) and the subsequent desorption of the adsorbed carbon dioxide at temperatures Ts > 50°C, preferably 80°C to 150°C, followed by the collection of the desorbed carbon dioxide.

[0109] Devices for the temperature swing process are known and typically contain a carbon dioxide adsorber filled with an adsorbent material. The carbon dioxide is adsorbed at temperature T4. After the adsorbent material is saturated, it is heated to the higher temperature T5, causing the carbon dioxide to desorb (temperature swing). The temperature swing is reversible. Devices in which two such adsorber / desorber devices are connected in parallel are described, for example, in the aforementioned patents US 11,560,817 B2 and WO 2023 / 163920 A1, or in the earlier German patent application with file number 10 2024 102 529.8 dated January 30, 2024.

[0110] The earlier German patent application relates to a device for the reversible adsorption and desorption of carbon dioxide in combustion exhaust gases, which, viewed in the direction of flow of the combustion exhaust gases, is (i) connected to a device for cooling the combustion exhaust gases or to such a device and a catalyst for selective reduction (SCR) or (iii) to an SCR, a catalyst for selective oxidation (SCO) and a supply line for the combustion exhaust gases to the device, wherein the device is sealable and comprises a device for alternately cooling and heating an adsorber material by means of a halogen-free liquid, a device for collecting the desorbed carbon dioxide and a pressure vessel for storing the desorbed carbon dioxide.wherein the adsorbent material contains platelet-shaped metal microparticles or metal microflakes fixed with a polymer or adhesive matrix, and wherein the fixed metal microflakes are present in such an amount that the adsorption capacity of the adsorbent material is reduced to 1% to 50% of the adsorption capacity of the native adsorbent material free of fixed metal microflakes. At least two of these adsorber / desorber devices can be connected in parallel, wherein at least one device is in the adsorption phase and at least one device is in the desorption phase.

[0111] However, the state-of-the-art adsorber / desorber devices are not heat-coupled via Peltier elements and heat pipes.

[0112] Therefore, at least one adsorber / desorber device with at least two subunits, which serve for the reversible adsorption of carbon dioxide in gases of temperature T4 ≤50°C and for the subsequent desorption of the adsorbed carbon dioxide at a temperature Ts >50°C and collection of the desorbed carbon dioxide, is a further object of the present invention.

[0113] The at least one adsorber / desorber device according to the invention comprises at least one forked inlet for the gases of temperature T4 to each of two parallel connected subunits of the at least one adsorber / desorber device according to the invention for reversible adsorption and subsequent desorption of the carbon dioxide in the gases, and at least one forked outlet for the carbon dioxide-depleted or carbon dioxide-free gases.

[0114] According to the invention, one branch of the at least one forked inlet to the subunit that is in the desorption phase and one branch of the at least one forked outlet from this subunit are closed, whereas the other branches to and from the subunit that is in the adsorption phase are open.

[0115] The interiors of the two parallel-connected subunits are filled with at least one adsorber material and at least one heat-conducting material and are heated via preferably multi-stage Peltier elements to a maximum temperature of the hot side T. maxThe two subunits of the adsorber / desorber device according to the invention are thermally coupled to each other via heat pipes containing water or methanol as a heat transfer medium, with temperatures up to 170°C and a temperature difference ΔT of up to 130°C. This allows the subunit in the adsorption phase of the at least one adsorber / desorber device to act as a heat sink for the Peltier elements when the heated subunit is in the desorption phase.

[0116] In order to make the interior spaces of the at least one adsorber / desorber device according to the invention, and in particular the interior spaces of the two parallel-connected subunits of the at least one adsorber / desorber device according to the invention, accessible for assembly and maintenance, the at least one adsorber / desorber device according to the invention is designed in the half-shell construction described above. The statements made therein also apply here mutatis mutandis.

[0117] The Peltier elements described for the at least one third chamber-shaped cooler can be used. However, cascade-type Peltier elements are preferred.

[0118] By reversing the polarity of the direct current-driven pearling elements, heat is generated on the side where cold was previously generated, and vice versa, depending on the current direction. This enables a rapid temperature change in the temperature swing process in a simple and advantageous manner.

[0119] The Peltier elements are arranged between the opposing, preferably flat, sides of the walls of the two parallel-connected subunits of the at least one adsorber / desorber device according to the invention. They can be embedded in a seal made of silicone or epoxy resins.

[0120] The thermally conductive contact between the heat tubes and the hot and cold sides of the Peltier elements is preferably achieved via bonded, thermally conductive plastic, ceramic, or metal components made of boron nitride-containing plastics, aluminum nitride, cubic boron nitride, copper, or aluminum. Boron nitride-containing plastics or suitable boron nitride fillers are, for example, marketed by Henze, Lauben, Germany, under the brand name HeBoFill®. The components are bonded using thermally conductive adhesives based on epoxy or silicone resins and each contains at least one internal thread into which the external threads at the ends of the heat tubes are screwed. Alternatively, they contain at least one recess into which the heat tubes are inserted or bonded with a thermally conductive adhesive.The threads or recesses may contain a thermal paste, particularly based on aluminum nitride or hexagonal boron nitride.

[0121] Preferably, the bonded, heat-conducting shaped bodies penetrate the opposite, preferably flat, sides of the walls of the two parallel-connected subunits of the at least one adsorber / desorber device according to the invention, so that the heat tubes can be screwed into the threads or inserted or bonded into the recesses. If the heat tubes are inserted, they can also have flat ends with which they can be in thermally conductive contact with the thermally conductive adhesive layer or in direct, thermally conductive contact with the surface of the Peltier elements.

[0122] The gaps between the sides of the molded bodies and the edges of the walls are preferably sealed with a high-performance plastic such as polyphenylene sulfide.

[0123] All common and known basic and / or nanoporous, microporous, mesoporous and / or macroporous adsorbent materials, as described in the prior art, are suitable as adsorbent materials.

[0124] Examples of suitable adsorbent materials are - common and well-known, commercially available, weakly basic anion exchangers based on cross-linked polystyrenes or poly(meth)acrylates, which contain in particular primary ammonium groups in the hydroxide form, - common and well-known, commercially available, strongly basic anion exchangers based on cross-linked polystyrenes or poly(meth)acrylates, which contain in particular quaternary ammonium groups in the hydroxide form, - the polyamine or polyamine-polyol adsorbent materials described in column 8, line 60, to column 11, line 16, of American patent US 7 795 175 B2, which are supported on nanoparticles such as nanosilicates, - the fibrillated celluloses described in the international patent application WO 2017 / 009 241 A1 on page 4, line 15, to page 25, line 18, which are functionalized with amino groups using aminosilanes, - the polyamine aldehyde adducts described in column 4, line 19, to column 12, line 67 of American patent US 9 968 880 B2, which are supported on pyrogenic silica, - the activated carbons described in European patent EP 3 706 898 B1 on page 5, paragraph

[0019] , to page 18, paragraph

[0118] , which are impregnated with sodium and / or potassium carbonate, - the inorganic or organic, non-polymeric and polymeric carrier materials with a specific BET surface area of ​​1 to 20 m² described in the international patent application WO 2021 / 259 760 A1 on page 3, line 23, to page 22, end 2 / g, which are functionalized on their surface with amino-functional groups, - the support materials described in international patent application WO 2022 / 013 107 A1 on page 4, line 13, to page 21, end, which contain immobilized primary and / or secondary amino groups substituted at the alpha-carbon atom with oxygen or a residue R; the residues R can be, for example, alkyl, alkenyl, and arylalkyl residues with 1 to 12 carbon atoms. A typical example of such adsorbent materials are polystyrene beads with alpha-methylbenzylamine, - the zeolites, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), silicas or aluminium oxides described in the international patent application WO 2022 / 109 746 A1 on page 6, paragraph

[0017] , to page 25, paragraph

[0088] , - the cycloaliphatic amines described in international patent application WO 2022 / 128 431 A1 on page 3, line 22, to page 23, end, such as aziridine, diaziridine, azetidines, 1,2- and 1,3-diazetidine, pyrrolidine, diazolidine, triazolidine, piperidine, 1,2- and 1,3-diazinane, piperazine, triazinanes, tetrazinanes, azepanes, azocanes and mixtures thereof, in particular piperazine; the amines are used in mixtures with lithium, sodium and / or potassium carbonate and are supported on activated carbon or fibers such as cellulose fibers, - the zinc ion-containing zeolites described in the international patent application WO 2022 / 183 058 A1 on page 8, paragraph

[0020] , to page 55, paragraph

[00226] , - the sodium bicarbonate described in international patent application WO 2022 / 235 664 A2, on page 3, paragraph

[0013] , to page 29, paragraph

[00138] , which is suitable as an adsorbent material for the adsorption of carbon dioxide from water vapor-containing gas mixtures; the carbon dioxide is stored in the form of sodium sesquicarbonate, - the amino-functionalized polyacrylonitrile fibers described in the international patent application on page 5, line 10, to page 23, line 23, - the regenerated amino-functional adsorber materials described in the international patent application WO 2023 / 088 812 A1 on page 4, line 35, to page 18, end; benzylamino groups are converted into amide groups over time and thereby lose their absorbing properties; however, the amide groups can be converted back into amino groups by reducing the carbonyl group with hydrogen or lithium aluminum nitride, - the adsorbent materials with primary and / or secondary amino groups containing less than 1400 ppm of metallic impurities as described in international patent application WO 2023 / 094 386 A1 on page 4, line 16, to page 21, end. - the cross-linked polystyrene produced by reductive amination and modified by alpha-methylbenzylamino groups as described in the international patent application WO 2023 / 104 656 A1 on page 4, line 5, to page 16, end.

[0125] Further suitable adsorbent materials are described in the following publications: - Hao Lyu, Haozhe Li, Nikita Hanikel, Kaiyu Wang and Omar M. Yaghi, “Covalent Organic Frameworks for Carbon Dioxide Capture,” J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2022, 144, 28, 12989 to 12995, - Priyanka Sarkar, Ipsita Hazra Chowdhury, Surya Das und Sk. Manirul Islam, „Recent trends in covalent organic frameworks (COFs) for carbon dioxide reduction“, Material Advances, 2022, 3, 8063-8080, - Jannis Hack, Nobutaka Maeda und Daniel M. Meier, „Review on CO2 Capture Using Amine-Functionalized Materials“ ACS Omega 2022, 7, 44, 39520 bis 39530, - Qingdian Shu et al., „Direct Air Capture Using Electrochemically Regenerated Anion Exchange Resins“, Environmental Science & Technology, 2022, 56, 16, 11559-11566, und - M. Parvazinia et al., CO2 capture by ion exchange resins as amin functionalized adsorbents", Chemical Engineering Journal, 331, 2018, 335-342.

[0126] The adsorbent materials used according to the invention for the reversible adsorption of carbon dioxide exhibit a wide variety of forms. They are supported on and in carrier materials such as porous particles or fibers, or they themselves constitute porous particles and fibers. The porous particles can form a filter bed. The fibers can form nonwovens, woven fabrics, felts, fleeces, spunbond materials, or meltblown materials made of micro- and nanofibers.

[0127] Preferred materials include weakly basic anion exchange resins containing primary amino groups in the hydroxide form, such as Lewatit® VP OC 1065 from Lanxess or Purolite® A109 from Purolite in the hydroxide form; strongly basic anion exchange resins containing quaternary amino groups in the hydroxide form, such as Amberlyst® A26 from Merck; and supported alkali carbonates, particularly those supported on activated carbon, such as sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, sodium sesquicarbonate and / or potassium carbonate.

[0128] Examples of suitable thermally conductive materials are particles or fibers consisting essentially or entirely of silver, copper, copper-silver alloys, copper-aluminum alloys, zinc, tin, copper bronzes, brass bronzes, brass, hexagonal and cubic boron nitride, aluminum nitride, or plastics or ceramics filled with these materials. Preferably, the particles have the form of spheres, shards, granules, ground chunks, pellets, rings, ellipsoids, cubes, cuboids, pyramids, cones, cylinders, rhombuses, dodecahedra, truncated dodecahedra, icosahedra, truncated icosahedra, dumbbells, tori, needles with circular, oval, elliptical, square, triangular, quadrilateral, pentagonal, hexagonal, heptagonal, octagonal or star-shaped cross-sections, shards, rings, dumbbells, tori and needles bent in at least one direction of space.The fibers can form lay-ups, woven fabrics, felts, nonwovens, spunbond materials or melt-blown materials made of micro- and nanofibers.

[0129] The adsorbent materials and the thermally conductive materials are present as mixtures. The proportions are chosen to ensure both good adsorption capacity and good thermal conductivity. This can be determined through preliminary tests. When selecting the materials, care must be taken to prevent undesirable chemical reactions between the adsorbent materials, especially the basic adsorbent materials, and the thermally conductive materials, particularly the metals and metal alloys. A person skilled in the art can select compatible materials based on their chemical and physical expertise.

[0130] Furthermore, the at least one adsorber / desorber device according to the invention comprises at least one sealable discharge device for (i) evacuating and discharging the carbon dioxide-depleted or carbon dioxide-free residual gases that are still present in the respective sealed subunit of the at least one adsorber / desorber device according to the invention before heating at the beginning of the desorption phase, and (ii) subsequently extracting, compressing and storing the carbon dioxide desorbed in the sealed subunit during heating.

[0131] Preferably, the at least one lockable discharge device comprises two lockable discharge pipes, each connected to one of the two thermally coupled subunits of the at least one adsorber / desorber device according to the invention. The discharge pipes can be opened or closed by means of a closure device that can be activated automatically or on command. Suitable closure devices include check valves, gate valves, or shut-off valves, in particular vacuum shut-off valves. The two lockable discharge pipes are joined at a fork. The pipe extending from the fork leads to the intake side of a compressor, which compresses the extracted carbon dioxide and forces it into a removable pressure vessel, such as a gas cylinder.Preferably, the compressor is driven by an electric motor, which, for example, draws its power from a 12-volt battery.

[0132] The aforementioned residual gases, which mainly contain nitrogen and possibly also humidity and organic compounds, can be released via a secondary outlet behind the compressor.

[0133] The walls of the at least one adsorber / desorber device according to the invention are made of metals or metal alloys such as aluminium, copper, steel, stainless steel or copper, manganese, silicon and magnesium-aluminium alloys or thermoplastic high-performance plastics such as polyphenylene sulfide, polyethersulfone, polyetherketone, polyetheretherketone, aromatic polyamides, polyimides or polyetherimides or combinations of these materials.

[0134] Particularly preferred is the at least one adsorber / desorber device according to the invention connected on the inlet side to the outlet side of the at least one cooling device according to the invention to the mobile or stationary system for carbon dioxide separation according to the invention.

[0135] The mobile carbon dioxide capture system according to the invention is, due to its design, ideally suited for capturing carbon dioxide from the combustion exhaust gases of diesel and gasoline engines of trucks, especially heavy goods vehicles, and ships. It can therefore make a significant contribution to reducing carbon dioxide emissions in the steadily growing heavy goods and shipping sectors.

[0136] In general, two, three, or more of the adsorber / desorber devices according to the invention can be connected in parallel. This modular design offers the advantage that the methods and devices for carbon dioxide separation can be optimally adapted to the respective given circumstances. For example, if the amount of carbon dioxide to be separated increases, additional adsorber / desorber devices according to the invention can easily be added.

[0137] This has the particular advantage for the mobile carbon dioxide capture systems according to the invention that the operating time of the diesel and gasoline engines of trucks, especially heavy trucks, can be extended as needed or adapted to increased fuel consumption, such as occurs when driving uphill.

[0138] The at least one cooling device, the at least one adsorber / desorber device, and the at least one mobile or stationary carbon dioxide capture system according to the invention further comprise peripherals for electronic, optical, optoelectronic, hydraulic, pneumatic, and mechanical control and regulation, measurement, and display of the physical and chemical parameters. These peripherals include conventional and known electronic data processing systems, electrically, electronically, optically, optoelectronically, mechanically, hydraulically, and pneumatically activatable actuators, pressure, temperature, and flow measuring devices, as well as corresponding sensors for chemical compounds in the gases, in particular carbon dioxide sensors. Specifically, the Peltier elements are controlled and monitored by an electronic data processing system. Finally, emergency venting devices for the gases may be provided.

[0139] Preferably, cable ducts for the lines supplying the Peltier elements with electrical current are located between the Peltier elements.

[0140] The mobile cooling devices according to the invention, the adsorber / desorber devices according to the invention and the carbon dioxide separation systems according to the invention are connected to the respective means of transport used, in particular trucks, by means of conventional and known, preferably vibration-damping, connecting devices.

[0141] Advantageous embodiments of the cooling device and the adsorber / desorber device according to the invention are described with reference to the Fig. 1 to 13 explained in more detail. Fig. Figures 1 to 13 are schematic representations intended to illustrate the principle and function of the cooling device and the adsorber / desorber device according to the invention. Since a person skilled in the art can consider further embodiments within the scope of the present invention based on this teaching without having to inventively invent, the Fig. 1 to 13 do not include the invention. It shows Fig. 1 the view from above of a cooling device 1 according to the invention without the heat sinks 4.4, 5.4 and 7.4 with the fluidly connected, chamber-shaped first, second and third coolers 4, 5 and 7 with the ends of the heat tubes 3 and 6 protruding from the gas-tight walls 4.2.1 and 5.2.1 as well as with the ends of the heat tubes 10 arranged on the Peltier elements 9 as part of the heat sink 7.4; Fig. 2 the view from above of the cooling device 1 according to the invention Fig. 1 with heat sinks 4.4, 5.4 and 7.4; Fig. 3 the view of the longitudinal section through the chamber-shaped first or second cooler 4 or 5 with the heat exchange chamber 4.2 or 5.2 with the heat tubes 3 or 6 and the solid, gas-permeable, heat-conducting material 4.2.2 or 5.2.2 as well as with the heat sink 4.4 or 5.4, which is also referred to as heat sink 7.4 above the chamber-shaped third cooler 7 according to the Fig. 6 is arranged; Fig. 4 the view of the cross-section through the chamber-shaped first or second cooler 4 or 5 as well as through the inlet-side first area 7.2.2 of the chamber-shaped third cooler 7 with the respective heat pipes 3, 6 or 8 of different lengths; Fig. 5 the view of the longitudinal section through a cutout from the gas-tight wall 4.2.1 or 5.2.1 of the chamber-shaped first or second cooler 4 or 5 or from the gas-tight wall 7.2.1 of the inlet-side area 7.2.2 of the chamber-shaped third cooler 7 according to the Fig. 6 with a structure 5.5 to compensate for thermal expansion and contraction and with two heat pipes 3, 6 or 8 with the shaped bodies 3.6, 6.6 and 8.6 as supports; Fig. 6 the view of the longitudinal section through the chamber-shaped third cooler with the inlet-side first area 7.2.2 with the heat pipes 8 and the outlet-side second area 7.2.3 with the Peltier elements 9, the heat pipes 10 and the area for collecting and discharging the condensed water 12; Fig. 7 the view of the longitudinal section through the cutout from the outlet-side second area 7.2.3 with - viewed from top to bottom - the heat sink 9.2, the Peltier element 9, the wall 7.2.1, the holder with the shaped body 7.2.3.3 in the opening 7.2.3.1 and the heat pipe 10, which projects into the channel 11.1 for the flowing gas 2 of the thermally insulating or heat-conducting monolithic block 11; Fig. 8 the view of the longitudinal section through a tubular first or second cooler 4a or 5a with the heat exchange chamber 4.2 or 5.2, the heat pipes 3 or 6, the wall 4.10 or 5.10, the discharge pipes 4.3.2 or 5.3.2 and the collector pipe 4.3.3 or 5.3.3 of the discharge 4.3 or 5.3; Fig. 9 the view of the longitudinal section through the outlet-side, designed as a tubular subunit 7.2.3a, second area 7.2.3 of the third cooler 7 with - viewed from top to bottom - the heat sink 9.2, the Peltier elements 9, the wall 7.2.1 with the openings and supports 7.2.5 according to the Fig. 7 for the heat pipes 10, the screen 7.3.2, the outlet 7.3 and the area 7.2.4a for collecting and discharging the condensed water 12; Fig. 10 the view of the longitudinal section through the mobile or stationary system according to the invention for carbon dioxide separation 20 with the adsorber / desorber device 17 and its two thermally coupled subunits 17.2 and 17.3, the Peltier elements 17.5 and the heat tubes 18 as well as through the device 19 for extracting and diverting the carbon dioxide-depleted or carbon dioxide-free gases 2 still present in the sealed subunit 17.2 or 17.3 and for subsequently extracting, compressing and storing the carbon dioxide desorbed in the sealed subunit 17.2 or 17.3; Fig. 11 the view of the cross-section through the adsorber / desorber device 17 and its two thermally coupled subunits 17.2 and 17.3 in the half-shell construction 17.2a; 173a, the Peltier elements 15.5 and the cable ducts 17.5.6; Fig. 12 the view of the longitudinal section through a section of the adsorber / desorber device 17 with a heat pipe 18 in the subunit 17.2 and a corresponding heat pipe 18 in the subunit 17.3 with the two heat-conducting shaped bodies 17.5.4 as supports; Fig. 12a the view of the cross-section through an annular shaped body 17.5.4, which is attached to a thermally conductive adhesive layer 17.5.3 and has the recess 17.5.4.1 and Fig. 13 the scheme of the mobile or stationary plant 20 according to the invention for carbon dioxide separation with the cooling device 1 according to the invention and the adsorber / desorber device 17 according to the invention.

[0142] In the Fig. Reference symbols 1 to 13 have the following meaning. 1 Cooling device for cooling very hot, especially carbon dioxide-containing, exhaust gases 2 to temperatures T ≤50°C using temperature-optimized heat pipes 2 Carbon dioxide-containing exhaust gases 2a Carbon dioxide-depleted or carbon dioxide-free exhaust gases 2.1 Flow direction of exhaust gases 2 and 2a 3 Heat pipe with lithium, sodium, potassium, tin or lead-bismuth eutectic as heat transfer medium 3.3 3.1 Length of heat pipe 3 in the heat exchange chamber 4.2 3.2 Length of heat pipe 3 in the heat sink 4.4 3.3 Heat transfer medium 3.3.1 Gaseous heat transfer medium 3.4 Capillary structure with liquid heat transfer medium 3.5 External thread 3.5.1 Thermal paste or lubricant 3.6 Molded bodies 3.6.1 Internal thread 3.6.2 High-temperature adhesive layer 3.7 Wall of the heat pipe 3 4-chamber first cooler 4a Tubular first cooler 4a.1 Component with supply line 4.1 and heat exchange chamber 4.2 4a.2 Component with outlet 4.3 and heat sink 4.4 4.1 Exhaust gas supply line 2 at temperature T1 4.1.1 Connection device in the supply line 4.1; Flange 4.1.2 Funnel-shaped expansion 4.2 Heat exchange chamber 4.2 4.2.1 Gas-tight wall 4.2.2 Solid, gas-permeable, heat-conducting material 4.2.3 Opening for heat pipe 3 4.3 Outlet for gases 2 at temperature T2 4.3.1 Connection device in the outlet 4.3, flange 4.3.2 Outlet pipe 4.3.2.1 Openings for discharge pipe 4.3.2 4.3.3 Collector pipe 4.4 Heat sink 4.4.1 Flow channel 4.4.1.1 Wall of the flow channel 4.4.1.2 Bending of the flow channel 4.4.1.1 4.4.1.3 Air outlet 4.4.2 Dry or humidified airflow 4.4.2.1 Direction of airflow 4.4.3 Fan 4.4.4 Air filter 4.4.5 Humidifiers 4.4.5.1 Spray nozzle 4.4.5.2 Water mist 4.4.6 Air outlet grille 4.5 Structure to compensate for thermal expansion and contraction 4.5.1 Recess and / or protruding wall 4.2.1 projecting into the interior of the supply lines 4.1, the heat exchange chamber 4.2, and / or the outlet 4.3 4.6 Connecting device for the half-shells H1 and H2; flange 4.6.1 High-temperature insulation seal 4.6.2 Fastening device for the connecting device 5.6, clamp 4.7 High-temperature insulation mat, calcium silicate board, high-temperature textile, high-temperature wool 4.7.1 High-temperature adhesive layer 4.8 Gas-permeable support for the solid, gas-permeable, heat-conducting material 4.2.2; grid; sieve 4.9 Connecting device for components 4a.1 and 4a.2; flange 4.10 Wall in component 4a.2 with penetrations and supports for heat pipes 3 according to Fig. 5 and openings 4.3.2.1 for discharge pipes 4.3.2 5-chamber secondary cooler 5a Tubular second cooler 5a.1 Component with supply line 5.1 and heat exchange chamber 5.2 5a.2 Component with outlet 5.3 and heat sink 5.4 5.1 Exhaust gas supply line 2 at temperature T2 5.1.1 Connection device in the supply line 5.1; Flange 5.1.2 Funnel-shaped expansion 5.2 Heat exchange chamber 5.2.1 Gas-tight wall 5.2.2 Solid, gas-permeable, heat-conducting material 5.2.3 Opening for heat pipe 6 5.3 Exhaust gas outlet for temperature T3 5.3.1 Connection device in the outlet 5.3; Flange 5.3.2 Outlet pipe 5.3.2.1 Openings for discharge pipe 5.3.2 5.3.3 Collector pipe 5.4 Heat sink 5.4.1 Flow channel 5.4.1.1 Wall of the flow channel 5.4.1.2 Bending of the flow channel 5.4.1 5.4.1.3 Air outlet 5.4.2 Dry or humidified airflow 5.4.2.1 Direction of airflow 5.4.3 Fan 5.4.4 Air filter 5.4.5 Humidifiers 5.4.5.1 Spray nozzle 5.4.5.2 Water mist 5.4.6 Air outlet grille 5.5 Structure to compensate for thermal expansion and contraction 5.5.1 Recesses and / or protruding wall elevations 5.2.1 projecting into the interior of the supply lines 5.1, the heat exchange chamber 5.2 and / or the outlet 5.3 5.6 Connecting device for the half-shells H1 and H2; flange 5.6.1 High-temperature insulation seal 5.6.2 Fastening device for the connecting device 5.6, clamp 5.7 High-temperature insulation mat, calcium silicate board, high-temperature textile, high-temperature wool 5.7.1 High-temperature adhesive layer 5.8 Gas-permeable support for the solid, gas-permeable, heat-conducting material 5.2.2; grid; sieve 5.9 Connecting device for components 5a.1 and 5a.2; flange 5.10 Wall in component 5a.2 with penetrations and supports for heat pipes 3 according to Fig. 5 and openings 5.3.2.1 for discharge pipes 4.3.2 6 Heat pipe with water as heat transfer medium 6.3 6.1 Length of the heat pipe 6 in the heat exchange chamber 5.2 6.2 Length of heat pipe 6 in the heat sink 5.4 6.3 Heat transfer medium 6.3.1 Gaseous heat transfer medium 6.4 Capillary structure with liquid heat transfer medium 6.5 External thread 6.5.1 Thermal paste or lubricant 6.6 Molded bodies 6.6.1 Internal thread 6.6.2 High-temperature adhesive layer 6.7 Wall of the heat pipe 6 7. Chamber-shaped or tubular third cooler 7.1 Exhaust gas supply line 2 at temperature T3 7.1.a Ring-shaped supply line for the exhaust gases 2 from the inlet-side, chamber-shaped subunit 7.2.2a 7.1a.1 Inlet opening for the annular supply line 7.1a for the exhaust gases 2 from the inlet-side, chamber-shaped subunit 7.2.2a 7.1.a.2 Outlet opening 7.1.1 Connection device in the supply line 7.1; Flange 7.2 Heat exchange and condensation chamber 7.2.1 Gas-tight wall 7.2.2 First entrance area 7.2.2.1 Solid, gas-permeable, heat-conducting material 7.2.2.2 Gas-permeable support for the solid gas-permeable, heat-conducting material 7.2.2.1; Grid; Sieve 7.2.2.3 Opening for the heat pipe 8 in the inlet-side first area 7.2.2 7.2.3 Output-side second area 7.2.3a Output-side second area as a separate tubular subunit 7.2.3a.1 Lower component of the separate tubular subunit 7.2.3a 7.2.3a.2 Upper component of the separate tubular subunit 7.2.3a 7.2.3a.3 Connecting device between components 7.2.3a.1 and 7.2.3.a.2 7.2.3.1 Opening for the heat pipe 10 in the outlet-side second area 7.2.3 and 7.2.3a 7.2.3.2 Flexible seal 7.2.3.3 Heat-conducting shaped body for the heat pipe 10 in the outlet-side second area 7.2.3 and 7.2.3a 7.2.4 Area for collecting and discharging condensed water 12 7.2.4a Area for collecting and discharging the condensed water 12 in component 7.2.3a.1 in the tubular subunit 7.2.3a 7.2.5 Wall in the upper component 7.2.3a.2 with openings and supports for the heat pipes 10 according to Fig. 7 7.3 Exhaust gas outlet for temperature T4 7.3.1 Connection device in the outlet 7.3; Flange 7.3.2 Aperture; Splash guard; Screen 7.3.3 Vertical, upward-opening discharge pipe 7.3.2.1 Drip edge 7.4 Heat sink 7.4.1 Flow channel 7.4.1.1 Wall of the flow channel 7.4.1.2 Bend of the flow channel 7.4.1.1 7.4.1.3 Air outlet 7.4.2 Dry or humidified airflow 7.4.2.1 Airflow direction 7.4.3 Fan 7.4.4 Air filter 7.4.5 Humidifiers 7.4.5.1 Spray nozzle 7.4.5.2 Water mist 7.4.6 Air outlet grille 7.5 Structure to compensate for thermal expansion and contraction 7.5.1 Recess and / or protruding elevation 7.5.1 of the wall 7.2.1 projecting into the interior of the inlet 7.1 of the heat exchange chamber 7.2 and / or the outlet 7.3 7.6 Connecting device for the half-shells H1 and H2; flange 7.6.2 Fastening device for the connecting device 7.6, clamp 8 Heat pipe with water or methanol as heat transfer medium 8.3 8.1 Length of the heat pipe 8 in the inlet-side first area 7.2.2 8.1.1 Length of the heat pipe in the area of ​​the heat sink 7.4 of the inlet-side first area 7.2.2 8.2 Length of the heat pipe 10 in the outlet-side area 7.2.3 8.3 Heat transfer medium = water or methanol 8.3.1 Gaseous heat transfer medium 8.4 Capillary structure with liquid heat transfer medium 8.3.1 8.5 External thread 8.5.1 Thermal paste or lubricant 8.6 Molded bodies 8.6.1 Internal thread 8.6.2 Adhesive layer 8.7 Wall of the heat pipe 8 9 Peltier element 9.1 Cold side of the Peltier element 9 9.2 Hot side of the Peltier element 9 9.2.1 Heat sink; cooling element 9.3 Sealing; silicone resin; epoxy resin 10 Heat pipe, thermally connected to the cold side 9.1 of the Peltier element 9 10.1 Wall of the heat pipe 10 10.2 Heat transfer medium = Methanol 10.3 Capillary structure with the heat transfer medium 10.2 10.4 Draining tip 11 Thermally insulating or heat-conducting monolithic block 11.1 Channel for the flowing gas 2; 2.1 11.2 Deflector plate 11.2.1 Flow opening 12 Condensed water 12.1 Water droplets 12.2 Water level 13 Water outlet pipe 14 Shut-off and through-flow valve 15 Actuator for the shut-off and through-flow valve 14 16 Upper water level gauge 16.1 Lower water level gauge 17 Adsorber / Desorber Device 17.1 Forked supply line 17.1.1 Branch of the forked supply line to subunit 17.2 17.1.2 Branch of the forked supply line to subunit 17.3 17.1.3 Activated locking device in branch 17.1.1 17.1.4 Activated locking device in branch 17.1.2 17.2 First subunit of the adsorber / desorber device 17 17.2a Half-shell of the first subunit 17.2 17.2a.1 Connecting device; flange 17.2.1 Interior of the first sub-unit 17.2 17.2.2 Wall of the first subunit 17.2 17.2.2.1 Flat side of the wall 17.2.2 17.2.2.2 Opening in the flat side 17.2.2.1 17.2.2.3 Seal 17.3 Second subunit of the adsorber / desorber device 17 17.3a Half-shell of the second subunit 17.3 17.3a.1 Connecting device; flange 17.3.1 Interior of the second sub-unit 17.3 17.3.2 Wall of the second subunit 17.3 17.3.2.1 Flat side of the wall 17.3.2 17.3.2.2 Opening in the flat side 17.3.2.1 17.3.2.3 Seal 17.4 Forked Exit 17.4.1 Branch of the bifurcated expulsion from subunit 17.2 17.4.2 Branch of the bifurcated expulsion from subunit 17.3 17.4.3 Activated locking device in branch 17.4.1 17.4.4 Activated locking device in branch 17.4.2 17.4.5 Outflow to device 19 17.5 Cascade-type Peltier element 17.5.1 Hot Side 17.5.2 Cold side 17.5.3 Thermally conductive adhesive layer 17.5.4 Thermally conductive molded body 17.5.4.1 In-depth study 17.5.4.2 Internal thread 17.5.5 Heat sink 17.5.6 Cable duct 17.5.7 Sealing; epoxy or silicone resin 17.6 Adsorption phase 17.7 Desorption phase 17.8 Adsorber material 17.9 Thermally conductive material 18 Heat pipe 18.1 Heat transfer medium = water and / or methanol 18.2 Capillary structure with the heat transfer medium 18.1 19 Device for extracting and diverting the carbon dioxide-depleted or carbon dioxide-free gases 2 still present in the sealed subunit 17.2 or 17.3 and for subsequently extracting, compressing and storing the carbon dioxide desorbed in the sealed subunit 17.2 or 17.3 19.1 Compressor 19.2 Valve to compressor 19.1 19.3 Check valve with closing direction (arrow) towards compressor 19.1 19.4 Connecting and disconnecting device 19.5 Through-flow and shut-off valve for the pressure vessel 19.6 Pressure vessel, gas cylinder 19.7 Lockable auxiliary outlet 20 Mobile or stationary carbon dioxide capture plants 21 Actuator A valve is open Z valve closed H1; H2 Complementary hemispheres T1 temperature ≥700°C T2 temperature = 350°C - 300°C T3 temperature = 150°C - 100°C T4 temperature ≤50°C T5 temperature >50°C Detailed description of the figures: The cooling device 1 according to the invention as shown in figures 1 to 7

[0143] The mobile cooling device 1 according to the invention, described below, is designed such that its components can be easily assembled and partially or completely disassembled for maintenance or repair. For the sake of clarity, only the most important connection and separation points are shown and described below.

[0144] For the sake of clarity and conciseness, the periphery of the cooling device according to the invention, which serves for the electronic, optical, optoelectronic, hydraulic, pneumatic and mechanical control and regulation, measurement and display of the physical and chemical parameters and may include conventional and known electronic data processing systems, electrically, electronically, optically, optoelectronically, mechanically, hydraulically and pneumatically activated actuators, electric motors, pressure, temperature, water level, humidity and flow measuring devices as well as the corresponding sensors for the chemical compounds in the exhaust gases, is not shown below so that the essential features of the invention can be more clearly demonstrated.

[0145] The mobile cooling device 1 according to the invention Fig. 1 to 7, viewed in the flow direction 2.1 of the hot exhaust gases 2 of a diesel engine (not shown), comprises a chamber-shaped first cooler 4 for cooling the exhaust gases from a temperature T1 >700°C to a temperature T2 = 350°C to 300°C.

[0146] The chamber-shaped first cooler 4 comprises an inlet 4.1 for the exhaust gases at temperature T1, an outlet 4.3 for the exhaust gases 2 at temperature T2, and a chamber-shaped heat exchange chamber 4.2 through which the exhaust gases flow, with a gas-tight wall 4.2.1. The aforementioned components have a wall thickness of 2.5 mm.

[0147] The heat pipes 3, of varying lengths, 3.1 extend vertically into the chamber-shaped heat exchange chamber 4.2, perpendicular to the flow direction 2.1 of the exhaust gases. They also extend vertically outwards into a heat sink 4.4, 3.2 perpendicular to the flow direction 2.1 of the hot gases 2, at the same length. Therefore, the heat pipes 3 have a straight longitudinal axis and penetrate the gas-tight wall 4.2.1 at an angle of 90°.

[0148] The heat tubes 3 are filled with a capillary structure 3.4 and contain gaseous and liquid sodium as a heat transfer medium 3.3; 3.3.1. They are guided through appropriately dimensioned openings 4.2.3 in the gas-tight wall 4.2.1. Their walls 3.7 have external threads 3.5 at selected distances 3.1; 3.2 from both ends. These external threads 3.5 are screwed into the corresponding internal threads 3.6.1 of the shaped bodies 3.6, which are connected to the gas-tight wall 4.2.1 in the area of ​​the openings 4.2.3.

[0149] The threads 3.5; 3.6.1 are lubricated with a high-temperature thermal paste 3.5.1 based on hexagonal boron nitride.

[0150] In one embodiment, the shaped elements 3.6 are made of the same material as the gas-tight wall 4.2.1 and protrude from it. In another embodiment, they are made of a high-temperature ceramic based on cubic boron nitride. The shaped elements 3.6 made of the high-temperature ceramic are bonded to the inside or outside of the gas-tight wall 4.2.1 by means of a high-temperature adhesive layer 3.6.2 based on silicates.

[0151] The chamber-shaped first cooler 4 has at least one structure, and preferably at least two, and in particular at least three structures 4.5, for compensating for thermal expansion and contraction. These structures extend transversely to the flow direction 2.1 of the hot exhaust gases 2. They encircle the respective circumferences of components 4.1, 4.2, and 4.3. The exemplary structure 4.5 has three recesses projecting into the interior of components 4.1, 4.2, and 4.3, and four protrusions projecting beyond the gas-tight wall 4.2.1, which, viewed in cross-section, are arranged parallel to one another, resulting in a corrugated profile. In the region of this structure 4.5, the wall 4.2.1 of the heat exchange chamber 4.2 has a reduced thickness in some areas compared to other areas.

[0152] In the exemplary embodiment of the chamber-shaped first cooler 4 shown, a flat, box-shaped wall 4.2.1 is used. The heat pipes 3 are arranged in one of the two largest wall surfaces of 4.2.1. The advantage of this configuration is that the heat sink 4.4 only needs to be located on one side of the heat exchange chamber 4.2. For safety reasons, the opposite wall surface of 4.2.1 is covered by a high-temperature insulation mat 4.7 based on calcium silicate, which is attached using a high-temperature silicate-based adhesive layer 4.7.1. The side walls 4.2.1 of the heat exchange chamber 4.2 and the walls of the inlet 4.1 and outlet 4.3 are also protected on the outside by such a high-temperature insulation mat 4.7.

[0153] The heat exchange chamber 4.2 is filled internally with a solid, gas-permeable, thermally conductive material 4.2.2, which is in thermally conductive contact with the heat tubes 3. The gas-permeable, thermally conductive material 4.2.2 is thermally and chemically stable at temperatures T1. Depending on the embodiment of the chamber-shaped first cooler 4, the material is graphite, aluminum nitride, and / or hexagonal or cubic boron nitride 4.2.2. Depending on the embodiment, the gas-permeable, thermally conductive material 4.2.2 has different forms, such as honeycomb structures, nets, open-cell foams permeable in the flow direction 2.1, loose fill materials, and / or loose wools of fibers.

[0154] In a preferred embodiment of the gas-permeable, thermally conductive material 4.2.2, pellets or rings such as Raschig rings are used as bulk filling material.

[0155] To prevent the loose packing materials 4.2.2 from escaping from the heat exchange chamber 4.2, grids 4.8 are installed behind the funnel-shaped extension 4.1.2 of the inlet 4.1 and in front of the outlet opening of the discharge 4.3.

[0156] Components 4.1, 4.2, 4.2.1, 4.3, 4.8 and 3, as well as the connecting device 4.1.1 of the inlet 4.1 and the outlet 4.3.1 of the chamber-shaped first cooler 4 described below, are made of a metal or a metal alloy with a melting point T s >1000°C, with a mean coefficient of thermal expansion α <20·10 -61 / K at temperatures from 25°C to 900°C and a thermal conductivity λ >10 W(m·K) at 300°C. Depending on the design, titanium, chromium, iron, manganese, tantalum, nickel, cobalt, and copper and their alloys, such as stainless steel or the alloys marketed under the brands Monel® (nickel-copper alloys), Inconel® (nickel-chromium alloys), Haynes® (cobalt-nickel-chromium-tungsten alloys), Invar® (iron-nickel alloys), and Hastelloy® (nickel-molybdenum alloys), are used.

[0157] The tubular inlet 4.1 of the chamber-shaped first cooler 4 is gas-tightly connected to at least one pipe via a flange 4.1.1 to the exhaust manifold of a diesel engine (not shown), the source of the hot, carbon dioxide-containing exhaust gases at temperature T1. The flange is also made of the aforementioned metals or metal alloys. Depending on the embodiment, the flange 4.1.1 is connected with screws (not shown) made of the same metal or metal alloy and sealed with a high-temperature sealing and thermal insulation material based on calcium silicate to prevent heat conduction through the gas-tight pipe walls 4.2.1.

[0158] The tubular outlet 4.3 of the chamber-shaped first cooler 4 is gas-tightly connected to a pipe supplying the gases 2 at temperature T2 to the second chamber-shaped cooler 5. The flange 4.3.1 on the outlet 4.3 side is made of one of the metals or metal alloys listed above, depending on the embodiment. The flange 4.3.1 is fastened with screws made of the same metal or metal alloy with melting point T. s Manufactured at >1000°C. The flange 4.3.1 also contains a high-temperature sealing and thermal insulation material based on calcium silicate to interrupt heat conduction through the gas-tight pipe wall 4.2.1.

[0159] In the heat sink 4.4, ambient air is used as the cooling medium 4.4.2. The air 4.4.2 is drawn from the environment by a fan 4.4.3 through an air filter 4.4.4 and blown at atmospheric pressure in the flow channel 4.4.1 in the opposite direction to the flow 2.1 of the hot gases 2, over the "cold" ends of the heat pipes 3; 3.2 protruding from the heat exchange chamber 4.2. The wall of the flow channel 4.4.1.1 is open in the region of the heat exchange chamber 4.2 towards its wall 4.2.1, from which the heat pipes protrude, and extends beyond the inlet 4.1 and the outlet 4.3 of the hot exhaust gases 2. The wall 4.4.1.1 of the flow channel 4.4.1 curves downwards 4.4.1.2 towards the air outlet. The wall is constructed of high-temperature-resistant stainless steel. The air (4.4.2) is discharged into the environment through outlet 4.4.1.3. This is ecologically safe because no pollutants are released.From the outlet side of the fan, water droplets or water mist 4.4.5.2 are sprayed into the air 4.4.2 from a spray nozzle 4.4.5.1 using a humidifier 4.4.5 to increase the heat capacity and cooling effect. The water required for this is taken from area 7.2.4 for collecting and discharging the condensed water 12 from the chambered or tubular third cooler 7 described below.

[0160] In another embodiment, the heat sink 4.4 or its flow channel 4.4.1 contains the gas-permeable, thermally conductive materials 4.4.2; 5.5.2 described above or below. This increases the cooling effect.

[0161] The chamber-shaped first cooler 4 is composed of two half-shells H1 and H2. The connecting device 4.6, in the present embodiment two flanges 4.6, extends in the flow direction 2.1 of the hot exhaust gases 2. The half-shells H1 and H2 are detachable from one another. The flanges 4.6 comprise a circumferential high-temperature sealing material 4.6.1 and are pressed together by the clamps 4.6.2. In another embodiment, the fastening element 4.6.2 at the joint is a circumferential tongue-and-groove connection (not shown), which is pressed together by clamps 4.6.2. In further embodiments of the detachable connecting device 4.6, screws or rivets are used as fastening elements 4.6.2 (not shown).If the half-shells H1 and H2 are not detachably joined, depending on the embodiment, welds, flanges or folds and high-temperature silicate or ceramic-based adhesives such as K-THERMO from AGK, CERAMABOND® from Kager or ULFALUX® from Ulfalux are used as joining devices 4.6 (not shown).

[0162] To prevent hot gas breakthrough during the initial phase of the passage of hot gases at temperature T1 through the chamber-shaped first cooler 4 described above, the chamber-shaped first cooler 4 is heated to operating temperatures of 300°C to 500°C, corresponding to the heat pipes 3 described above, before the hot exhaust gases 2 are introduced. Induction coils are used as heating devices (not shown).

[0163] The cooling device according to the invention further includes the chamber-shaped second cooler 5 for cooling the exhaust gases from a temperature T2 = 350°C to 300°C to a temperature T3 = 150°C to 100°C.

[0164] The chamber-shaped second cooler 5 comprises an inlet 5.1 for the exhaust gases at temperature T2, an outlet 5.3 for the exhaust gases 2 at temperature T3, and a chamber-shaped heat exchange chamber 5.2 through which the exhaust gases flow, with a gas-tight wall 5.2.1. The aforementioned components have a wall thickness of 2.5 mm.

[0165] The heat pipes 6, of varying lengths 6.1, extend vertically into the chamber-shaped heat exchange chamber 5.2, perpendicular to the flow direction 2.1 of the exhaust gases 2. They project out into a heat sink 5.4 at the same length 6.3.2, perpendicular to the flow direction 2.1 of the hot exhaust gases 2. Therefore, the heat pipes 6 have a straight longitudinal axis and penetrate the gas-tight wall 5.2.1 at an angle of 90°.

[0166] The heat tubes 6 are filled with a capillary structure 6.4 and contain gaseous and liquid water, or in a further embodiment, a biphenyl-toluene mixture as the heat transfer medium 5.3; 5.3.1. They are guided through appropriately dimensioned openings 5.2.3 in the gas-tight wall 5.2.1. Their walls 6.7 have external threads 6.5 at selected distances 6.1; 6.2 from both ends. These external threads 6.5 are screwed into the corresponding internal threads 6.6.1 of the shaped bodies 6.6, which are connected to the gas-tight wall 5.2.1 in the region of the openings 5.2.3.

[0167] The threads 6.5; 6.6.1 are lubricated with a high-temperature thermal paste 6.5.1 based on hexagonal boron nitride.

[0168] In one embodiment, the shaped elements 6.6 are made of the same material as the gas-tight wall 5.2.1 and protrude from it. In another embodiment, they are made of a high-temperature ceramic based on cubic boron nitride. The shaped elements 6.6 made of the high-temperature ceramic are bonded to the inside or outside of the gas-tight wall 5.2.1 by means of a high-temperature adhesive layer 6.6.2 based on silicates.

[0169] In further embodiments, metal solders such as copper solders, brass solders and hard solders for aluminium are used for the gas-tight insertion of the heat pipes 6 into the wall 5.2.1.

[0170] The chamber-shaped second cooler 5 has at least one structure, and preferably at least two, and in particular at least three structures 5.5, for compensating for thermal expansion and contraction. These structures extend transversely to the flow direction 2.1 of the hot exhaust gases 2. They encircle the respective circumferences of components 5.1, 5.2, and 5.3. The exemplary structure 5.5 has three recesses projecting into the interior of components 5.1, 5.2, and 5.3, and four protrusions projecting beyond the gas-tight wall 5.2.1, which, viewed in cross-section, are arranged parallel to one another, resulting in a corrugated profile. In the region of this structure 5.5, the wall 5.2.1 of the heat exchange chamber 5.2 has a reduced thickness in some areas or overall compared to other areas.

[0171] In the exemplary embodiment of the chamber-shaped second cooler 5 shown, a flat, box-shaped wall 5.2.1 is used. The heat pipes 6 are arranged in one of the two largest wall surfaces of 6.2.1. The advantage of this configuration is that the heat sink 5.4 only needs to be located on one side of the heat exchange chamber 5.2. For safety reasons, the opposite wall surface of 5.2.1 is covered by a high-temperature insulation mat 5.7 based on calcium silicate, which is attached using a high-temperature silicate-based adhesive layer 5.7.1. The side walls 5.2.1 of the heat exchange chamber 5.2 and the walls of the inlet 5.1 and outlet 4.3 are also protected on the outside by such a high-temperature insulation mat 5.7.

[0172] The heat exchange chamber 5.2 is filled internally with a solid, gas-permeable, thermally conductive material 5.2.2, which is in thermally conductive contact with the heat pipes 6. The gas-permeable, thermally conductive material 5.2.2 is thermally and chemically stable at temperatures T2. Depending on the embodiment, the gas-permeable, thermally conductive material 5.2.2 has different forms, such as honeycomb structures, nets, open-cell foams that are permeable in the flow direction 2.1, loose fill materials, and / or loose wools made of fibers.

[0173] In a preferred embodiment of the gas-permeable, thermally conductive material 5.2.2, pellets or rings such as Raschig rings are used as bulk filling material.

[0174] To prevent the loose fill materials 5.2.2 from escaping from the heat exchange chamber 5.2, grids 5.8 are installed behind the funnel-shaped extension 5.1.2 of the inlet 5.1 and in front of the outlet opening of the discharge 5.3.

[0175] Components 5.1, 5.2, 5.2.1, 5.3, 5.8 and 6, as well as the connecting device 5.1.1 of the inlet 5.1 and the outlet 5.3.1 of the chamber-shaped second cooler 5 described below, are made of aluminum, copper or copper alloys such as a copper-aluminum alloy, brass or bronze, depending on the embodiment. The thermally conductive materials 5.2.2 are, depending on the embodiment, in addition to graphite, hexagonal or cubic boron nitride and aluminum nitride, metallic aluminum and copper.

[0176] The tubular inlet 5.1 of the chamber-shaped second cooler 5 is gas-tightly connected to the outlet 4.3 of the chamber-shaped first cooler for the exhaust gases 2 at temperature T2 via the flange 5.3.1. The flange 5.1.1 is also made of the aforementioned metals or metal alloys. Depending on the embodiment, the flange 4.1.1 is connected with screws (not shown) made of the same metal or metal alloy and sealed with a high-temperature sealing and thermal insulation material based on calcium silicate to prevent heat conduction through the gas-tight tube walls of walls 4.2.1 and 5.2.1.

[0177] In the heat sink 5.4, ambient air is used as the cooling medium 5.4.2. The air 5.4.2 is drawn from the environment by a fan 5.4.3 through an air filter 5.4.4 and blown at atmospheric pressure in the flow channel 5.4.1 in the opposite direction to the flow direction 2.1 of the exhaust gases 2, over the "cold" ends of the heat pipes 6; 6.2 protruding from the heat exchange chamber 5.2. The wall of the flow channel 5.4.1.1 is open in the area of ​​the heat exchange chamber 5.2 towards its wall 5.2.1, from which the heat pipes protrude, and extends beyond the inlet 5.1 and the outlet 5.3 of the exhaust gases 2. The wall 5.4.1.1 of the flow channel 5.4.1 curves downwards 5.4.1.2 towards the air outlet. The wall is constructed of high-temperature-resistant stainless steel. The air (5.4.2) is discharged into the environment through outlet 5.4.1.3. This is ecologically safe because no pollutants are released.From the outlet side of the fan, water droplets or water mist 5.4.5.2 are sprayed into the air 5.4.2 from a spray nozzle 5.4.5.1 using a humidifier 5.4.5 to increase the heat capacity and cooling effect. The water required for this is also taken from area 7.2.4 for collecting and discharging the condensed water 12 from the chambered or tubular third cooler 7 described below.

[0178] In another embodiment, the heat sink 5.4 or its flow channel 5.4.1 contains the gas-permeable, thermally conductive materials 4.2.2; 5.2.2 described above. This increases the cooling effect.

[0179] The chamber-shaped second cooler 5 is also composed of two half-shells H1 and H2. The connecting device 5.6 – in the present embodiment, two flanges 4.6 – extends in the flow direction 2.1 of the exhaust gases 2. The half-shells H1 and H2 can be separated from each other. The flanges 5.6 comprise a circumferential high-temperature sealing material 5.6.1 and are pressed together by the clamps 5.6.2. In another embodiment, the fastening element 5.6.2 at the joint is a circumferential tongue-and-groove connection (not shown), which is pressed together by clamps 5.6.2. In further embodiments of the detachable connecting device 5.6, screws or rivets are used as fastening elements 5.6.2 (not shown).If the half-shells H1 and H2 are not detachably joined, depending on the embodiment, welds, flanges or folds and high-temperature adhesives based on silicate or ceramics such as K-THERMO from AGK, CERAMABOND® from Kager or ULFALUX® from Ulfalux are used as joining devices 5.6 (not shown).

[0180] To prevent exhaust gases 5 from breaking through the chambered second cooler 5 described above during the initial phase of their passage through the chambered second cooler 5 at temperature T2, the second cooler 5, which is at least one chambered, is heated to the operating temperatures of the heat pipes T3 described above (100°C to 150°C) before the exhaust gases 2 are introduced. Induction coils (not shown) are also suitable heating devices for this purpose.

[0181] The cooling device according to the invention further comprises the chamber-shaped third cooler 7 for cooling the exhaust gases 2 from a temperature T3 = 150°C to 100°C to a temperature T4 ≤50°C and for condensing the water contained in the exhaust gases 2. It comprises the inlet 7.1 for the exhaust gases 2 at temperature T3, the outlet 7.3 for the exhaust gases 2 at temperature T4, and the heat exchange and condensation chamber 7.2 through which the exhaust gases 2 flow, with a gas-tight wall 7.2.1.

[0182] The chamber-shaped third cooler 7; 7.1; 7.2; 7.3 also comprises two half-shells H1 and H2 connected along a connecting seam and is arranged horizontally in the direction of gravity in the flow direction 2.1 of the exhaust gases 2.

[0183] The connecting device 7.6 – in the present embodiment, two flanges 7.6 – extends in the flow direction 2.1 of the exhaust gases 2. The half-shells H1 and H2 are detachable from one another. The flanges 7.6 comprise a circumferential high-temperature sealing material 5.6.1 and are pressed together by the clamps 7.6.2. In another embodiment, the fastening element 7.6.2 at the joint is a circumferential tongue-and-groove connection (not shown), which is pressed together by clamps 7.6.2. In further embodiments of the detachable connecting device 7.6, screws or rivets are used as fastening elements 7.6.2 (not shown). If the half-shells H1 and H2 are permanently joined, welds, flanges, folds, or adhesive layers are used as connecting devices 7.6 (not shown), depending on the embodiment.

[0184] The heat exchange and condensation chamber 7.2, through which the exhaust gases 2 flow, comprises an inlet-side first area 7.2.2 and an outlet-side second area 7.2.3. The condensation of the water 12 takes place mainly in the outlet-side second area 7.2.3.

[0185] In the inlet-side first section 7.2.2, the heat pipes 8, of varying lengths 8.1, extend vertically into the chamber-shaped heat exchange chamber 7.2, perpendicular to the flow direction 2.1 of the exhaust gases 2. They project out into a heat sink 7.4, also perpendicular to the flow direction 2.1 of the hot exhaust gases 2, at the same length 8.1.1. Therefore, the heat pipes 8 have a straight longitudinal axis and penetrate the gas-tight wall 7.2.1 at an angle of 90°.

[0186] The heat pipes 8 are filled with a capillary structure 8.4 and contain gaseous and liquid water 8.3; 8.3.1 as a heat transfer medium 5.3. They are guided through appropriately dimensioned openings 7.2.2.3 through the gas-tight wall 7.2.1 of the inlet-side first region 7.2.2. Their walls 8.7 have external threads 8.5 at selected distances 8.1; 8.1.1 from both ends. These external threads 8.5 are screwed into the corresponding internal threads 8.6.1 of the shaped bodies 8.6, which are connected to the gas-tight wall 7.2.1 in the region of the openings 7.2.2.3.

[0187] The threads 8.5; 8.6.1 are lubricated with a thermal paste 8.5.1 based on polyethylene glycol and carbon black.

[0188] In one embodiment, the shaped elements 8.6 are made of the same material as the gas-tight wall 7.2.1 and protrude from it. In the illustrated embodiment, they consist of a high-temperature ceramic based on cubic boron nitride. The shaped elements 8.6 made of the high-temperature ceramic are bonded to the outside of the gas-tight wall 7.2.1 by means of a high-temperature adhesive layer 8.6.2 based on silicates or epoxides.

[0189] In further embodiments, metal solders such as copper solders, brass solders and hard solders for aluminium are used for the gas-tight insertion of the heat pipes 8 into the wall 7.2.1 of the inlet-side first area 7.2.2.

[0190] The inlet-side first region 7.2.2 of the chamber-shaped third cooler 7 has at least one circumferential structure and preferably at least two, and in particular at least three, circumferential structures 7.5 to compensate for thermal expansion and contraction. These structures 7.5 extend transversely to the flow direction 2.1 of the exhaust gases 2. The exemplary structure 7.5 has three recesses projecting into the interior of the inlet-side first region 7.2.2 and four protrusions projecting above the gas-tight wall 7.2.1, which, viewed in cross-section, are arranged parallel to one another, resulting in a corrugated profile. In the region of these structures 7.5, the wall 7.2.1 of the heat exchange chamber 7.2 has a reduced thickness in some areas or overall compared to the other regions.

[0191] In the exemplary embodiment of the chamber-shaped second cooler 7 shown, a flat, box-shaped wall 7.2.1 is used. The heat pipes 8 are arranged in the upper horizontal wall surface of the wall 7.2.1. The opposite lower wall surface of the wall 7.2.1 is inclined downwards; this inclination continues in the outlet-side second area 7.2.3.

[0192] The advantage of this configuration is that the heat sink 7.4 only needs to be located on one side of the heat exchange and condensation chamber 7.2.

[0193] The inlet-side first region 7.2.2 is filled internally with a solid, gas-permeable, thermally conductive material 7.2.2, which is in thermally conductive contact with the heat pipes 8. The gas-permeable, thermally conductive material 7.2.2 is thermally and chemically stable at temperatures T2. Depending on the embodiment of the chamber-shaped third cooler 7, the material is copper, aluminum, graphite, aluminum nitride, and / or hexagonal or cubic boron nitride 7.2.2. Depending on the embodiment, the gas-permeable, thermally conductive material 7.2.2 has different forms, such as honeycomb structures, nets, open-cell foams permeable in the flow direction 2.1, loose fill materials, and / or loose wools of fibers.

[0194] In a preferred embodiment of the gas-permeable, thermally conductive material 7.2.2, pellets or rings such as Raschig rings are used as bulk filling material.

[0195] To prevent the loose fill materials 7.2.2 from escaping from the first inlet area 7.2.2, grids 7.2.2.2 are installed behind the funnel-shaped extension of the supply line 7.1 and in front of the second outlet area 7.2.3.

[0196] The components 7.1, 7.2, 7.2.1, 7.3, 7.2.2.2 and 8, as well as the connecting devices 7.1.1 of the inlet 7.1 and 7.3.1 of the outlet 7.3 of the chamber-shaped third cooler 7 described below, are made of aluminium, copper or copper alloys such as a copper-aluminium alloy, brass or bronze, depending on the embodiment.

[0197] The tubular inlet 7.1 of the chamber-shaped third cooler 7 is gas-tightly connected to the outlet 5.3 of the chamber-shaped second cooler for the exhaust gases 2 at temperature T3 via the flanges 5.3.1 and 7.1.1. The flange 7.1.1 is also made of the metals or metal alloys listed above. Depending on the embodiment, the flange 7.1.1 is connected with screws (not shown) made of the same metal or metal alloy and sealed with a sealing and thermal insulation material based on a silicone or epoxy resin to prevent heat conduction through the gas-tight tube walls 5.2.1 and 7.2.1.

[0198] In the heat sink 7.4, ambient air is used as the cooling medium 7.4.2. The air 7.4.2 is drawn from the environment by means of the fan 7.4.3 through an air filter 7.4.4 and blown at atmospheric pressure in the flow channel 7.4.1 in the opposite direction to the flow direction 2.1 of the exhaust gases 2 over the "cold" ends of the heat pipes 8; 8.1.1 protruding from the wall 7.2.1 of the inlet-side first area 7.2.2. The wall 7.4.1.1 of the flow channel is oriented towards the wall 7.2.1 of the heat exchange chamber 7.2; 7.2.1; 7.2.3, from which the heat pipes 8; 8.1.1 and the heat sink 9.2.1 protrude, open, and extend beyond the inlet 7.1 and the outlet 7.3 of the exhaust gases 2. The wall 7.4.1.1 of the flow channel 7.4.1 bends downwards 7.4.1.2 towards the air outlet 7.4.1.3 with the air outlet grille 7.4.6. The wall 7.4.1.1 is made of aluminum. The air 7.4.2 is discharged from the outlet 7.4.1.3 into the environment.This is environmentally safe because no pollutants are released.

[0199] In another embodiment, the heat sink 7.4 or its flow channel 7.4.1 contains the gas-permeable, thermally conductive materials 5.2.2; 4.2.2 described above. This increases the cooling effect.

[0200] The chamber-shaped third cooler 7 comprises the outlet-side second region 7.2.3, which is free of the solid, gas-permeable, thermally conductive material 7.2.2.1 and on whose gas-tight wall several two-stage cascade-type Peltier elements are mounted. Cascade-type Peltier elements 9 are known from German patent DE 4231702 C2, American patent US 5,936,192 A, or international patent application WO 96 / 15412 A2 and can be obtained, for example, from Uwe electronic GmbH, Unterhaching, Germany. The Peltier elements 9 are sealed with a silicone or epoxy resin. They are attached to the wall 7.2.1 of the outlet-side second region 7.2.2 with their cold sides 9.1 using thermally conductive adhesive layers 8.6.2. Free spaces are provided between the Peltier elements 9 to serve as cable channels (not shown).

[0201] In all embodiments described below, the cold sides 9.1 of the Peltier elements 9 are in thermally conductive contact with the heat tubes 10 which are immersed vertically in the second area 7.2.3 in the direction of flow 2.1 of the exhaust gases 2.

[0202] In a first embodiment, their hot sides 9.2 are additionally in heat-conducting contact with heat tubes (not shown) projecting vertically into the heat sink 7.4.

[0203] In a second embodiment, its hot sides 9.2 are in thermally conductive contact with heat sinks 9.2.1. These have cooling fins (not shown) and, depending on the embodiment, are made of aluminum or copper. They are arranged in the flow channel 7.4.1 of the heat sink 7.4 and are further cooled by the airflow 7.4.2.

[0204] In a third embodiment, the heat sinks 9.2.1 made of aluminum or copper and the heat tubes on the hot sides 9.2 of the output-side second area 7.2.3 and the heat tubes 8; 8.1.1 of the input-side first area 7.2.2 are still in thermally conductive contact with heat sinks 9.2.1 made of aluminum or copper (the configurations are not shown).

[0205] The thermally conductive contact of the heat tubes 10 with the cold side 9.1 of the Peltier elements 9 and of the heat tubes (not shown) with the hot side 9.2 is established, depending on the embodiment, by means of bonded, thermally conductive plastic, ceramic, or metal molded parts 7.2.3.3 made of aluminum nitride, boron nitride, copper, aluminum, or boron nitride-containing plastics. The molded parts 7.2.3.3 of the cold sides 9.1 are arranged in the corresponding openings 7.2.3.1 in the wall 7.2.1 of the outlet-side second region 7.2.3. The space between the sides of the molded parts 7.2.3.3 and the edges of the openings 7.2.3.1 is sealed with flexible seals 7.2.3.2 made of a plastic such as a thermoplastic ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) rubber.

[0206] Boron nitride-containing plastics for the thermally conductive plastic molded bodies 7.2.3.3 and suitable boron nitride fillers are, for example, distributed by the company Henze, Lauben, Germany, under the brand name HeBoFill®.

[0207] The thermally conductive shaped bodies 7.2.3.3 are bonded to the outside of the wall 7.2.1 of the outlet-side region 7.2.3 and to the cold side 9.1 by means of a thermally conductive adhesive layer 8.6.2, which can be produced from a two-component adhesive based on silicone or epoxy resins, and each contains at least one internal thread into which the external threads present at the ends of the heat pipes are screwed (not shown). In this embodiment, the threads also contain a thermally conductive paste, in particular based on aluminum nitride or hexagonal boron nitride. In the embodiment shown, the ends of the heat pipes 10 are fastened in the complementary recesses of the shaped bodies 7.2.3.3 by means of a thermally conductive adhesive layer 8.6.2.

[0208] The heat pipes 10 in the outlet-side second area 7.2.3 of the heat exchange chamber 7.2 form, in a sense, a “dense forest”, resulting in an intensive heat exchange and condensation effect.

[0209] The outer surface of the walls 10.1 of the heat pipes 10 is treated with a hydrophobic coating to promote the beading off of condensing water 12.1. A nanostructured surface is used for this hydrophobic treatment, creating a lotus effect. This does not impair the thermal conductivity of the wall 10.1.

[0210] The heat pipes 10 contain methanol as a heat transfer medium 10.2 and a capillary structure 10.3 for the return flow of the liquid methanol 10.2 to the cold end of the heat pipes 10. The heat pipes 10 are cooled to temperatures of 0°C to <10°C, so that the water condenses as water droplets 12.1 on their walls 10.1, beads up and drips off at the drip tips 10.4 into the area 7.2.4 for collection and discharge of the condensed water 12.

[0211] In a second embodiment, the heat pipes 10 project into and through the channels 11.1 of a monolithic block 11 made of a heat-insulating plastic such as polyoxymethylene (POM). In a third embodiment, the monolithic block 11 consists of a thermally conductive material such as a boron nitride or aluminum nitride ceramic, or a metal such as copper or aluminum. Both embodiments enhance the cooling and condensation effect: firstly, by preventing thermal dissipation, and secondly, by increasing the cooling mass and surface area.

[0212] In these two embodiments, the exhaust gases 2 flow along the heat pipes 10 in alternating flow direction 2.1 through the channels 11.1 of the block to the outlet 7.3 and are deflected by alternating upward and downward projecting baffles 11.2 made of a plastic or a metal such as stainless steel or copper. The lower baffles 11.2 have flow openings 11.2.1 below the water level 12.2 of the water 12, which allow the water 12 to drain away. This configuration further increases the cooling and condensation effect.

[0213] The outlet-side second section 7.2.3 has a lower, preferably trough-shaped, section 7.2.4 (viewed in the direction of gravity) for collecting and discharging the water 12.1 that condenses on the cold heat pipes 10. Preferably, the trough-shaped section 7.2.4 has a water outlet pipe 13 for the condensed water 12. The water outlet pipe 13 is located at the lowest point of the trough-shaped section 7.2.4. The shut-off and flow-through valve 14 opens automatically or on command when an upper water level sensor 16 inside the second section 7.2.3; 7.2.4 indicates a predetermined fill level, and closes again before the water 12 has completely drained out when a lower water level sensor 16.1 (not shown here) is triggered. The shut-off and flow-through valve 14 is actuated by the actuator. This configuration prevents the exhaust gases 2 at temperature T4 from entering the water outlet pipe 13.The water 12 can be stored in a storage vessel for further use, e.g. for cooling in the heat sinks 7.4 or for water electrolysis to generate hydrogen and oxygen, or used directly for this purpose.

[0214] The lower, inclined wall 7.2.1 of the trough-shaped section 7.2.4 is in thermally conductive contact with the cold sides 9.1 of Peltier elements 9. The hot sides 9.2 are in thermally conductive contact with the heat sink 9.2.1 made of copper or aluminum with cooling fins. In this way, the condensed water is additionally cooled, further reducing its vapor pressure. This can also lead to partial or complete freezing of the water 12, which is advantageous. When the frozen water 12 is to be drained, the polarity of the Peltier elements 9 is reversed so that their hot sides 9.2 are in contact with the inclined lower wall 7.2.1 of the trough-shaped section 7.2.4.

[0215] In another embodiment of the chamber-shaped third cooler 7, not shown here, the inlet-side first section 7.2.2 and the outlet-side second section 7.2.3 are separate subunits connected fluidically. The design and material features of the subunits are described above. Figure 8 The tubular first and second coolers 4a and 5a

[0216] The cooling device 1 according to the invention can include tubular first and second coolers 4a and 5a instead of the chamber-shaped first and second coolers 4 and 5 described above. The tubular first and second coolers 4a and 5a are constructed of the same materials as the chamber-shaped first and second coolers 4 and 5. Therefore, the following section focuses primarily on their design features. Furthermore, the tubular first and second coolers 4a and 5a have the same design features, differing only in the materials used. The tubular first and second coolers 4a and 5a can both be arranged horizontally or vertically.

[0217] The at least one tubular first or second cooler 4a or 5a is made of (i) the inlet-side tubular component 4a.1 or 5a.1 with the inlet line 4.1 or 5.1.1, the flange 4.1.1 or 5.1.1, the funnel-shaped extension 4.1.1 or 5.1.1 of the gas-tight wall 4.2.1 or 5.2.1, the gas-permeable grid 4.8 or 5.8 in front of the solid, gas-permeable, heat-conducting material (not shown) in the heat exchange chamber 4.2 or 5.2, and (ii) the outlet-side tubular component 4a.2 or 5a.2, which comprises the wall 4.10 or 5.10 to the heat sink 4.4 or 5.4 with the heat pipes 3 or 6, the heat sink 4.4 or 5.4 and the outlet 4.3 or 5.3. In this configuration, the outlet is preferably routed through the heat sink, resulting in an additional cooling effect.

[0218] The two components are separably connected to each other by circumferential flanges 4.9 or 5.9 of the design described above.

[0219] The heat pipes 3 or 6 extend into the heat exchange chamber 4.2 or 5.2 by a length of 3.1 or 6.1, and into the heat sink 4.4; 4.4.1; 4.4.1.1 or 5.4; 5.4.1, 5.4.1.1 by a length of 3.2 or 6.2. The heat pipes 3 or 6 pass through the wall 4.10 or 5.10 and are embedded in and attached to it, as shown in the Fig. As shown in Figure 5, the wall 4.10 or 5.10 is equipped with several openings 4.3.2.1 or 5.3.2.1 for the discharge pipes 4.3.2 or 5.3.2 for the exhaust gases 2 at temperature T2 or T3. The discharge pipes 4.3.2 or 5.3.2 lead to the collector pipe 4.3.3 or 5.3.3, from where the exhaust gases 2 from the tubular first cooler 4 or the tubular second cooler 5 are routed through the discharge 4.3; 4.3.1 or 5.3; 5.3.1 to the chamber-shaped or tubular third cooler 7. The advantage of this configuration is that the exhaust gases 2 are further cooled in the heat sink 7.4 or 5.4. Figure 9 The separate tubular subunit 7.2.3a of the outlet-side second area 7.2.3 of the third cooler 7

[0220] The inlet-side first section 7.2.2 of the third cooler 7 described above can be a separate chamber-shaped or tubular subunit. This subunit is not shown here. The separate chamber-shaped subunit of the inlet-side first section 7.2.2 is similar in its construction and materials to the inlet-side first section 7.2.2 described above. Fig. 6. The same materials are used for the separate tubular subunit of the inlet-side first section 7.2.2 as for the inlet-side first section 7.2.2; its construction is similar to that of the tubular coolers 4 or 5 of the Fig. 8.

[0221] The separate chamber-shaped or tubular subunit of the inlet-side first section 7.2.2 is fluidically connected to the illustrated, vertically arranged, tubular subunit 7.2.3a of the outlet-side second section 7.2.3 of the third cooler 7. The tubular subunit 7.2.3a comprises the upper component 7.2.3a.2 and the lower component 7.2.3a.1, which are separably connected to each other by a circumferential flange 7.2.3a.3.

[0222] The heat exchange chamber 7.2 is surrounded by the gas-tight wall 7.2.1 and the wall 7.2.5.

[0223] Viewed from top to bottom, the upper component 7.2.3a.2 comprises the heat sink 9.2.1 described above for the hot sides 9.2 of the cascade-type Peltier elements 9. Their cold sides 9.1 are in thermally conductive contact with the heat pipes 10. These are located in and on the wall 7.2.5, the openings and supports according to the Fig. 7 contains, as well as being attached to the cold sides 9.1 and project downwards into the heat exchange and condensation chamber 7.2 of the lower component 7.2.3a.1. The exhaust gases 2 are fed tangentially to the upper component 7.2.3.a.2 through the circumferential annular supply line 7.1a with the inlet opening 7.1a.1 and introduced into the tubular subunit 7.2.3a through several outlet openings 7.1a.2.

[0224] The exhaust gases 2 flow along the cold walls 10.1 of the heat pipes 10, whereby the water 12.1 condenses and drips downwards.

[0225] The heat pipes 10 protrude, as in the Fig. Figure 7 shows a second embodiment in and through the channels 11.1 of a monolithic block 11 made of a heat-insulating plastic such as polyoxymethylene (POM). In a third embodiment, the monolithic block 11 consists of a thermally conductive material such as a boron nitride or aluminum nitride ceramic, or a metal such as copper or aluminum. Both embodiments enhance the cooling and condensation effects: firstly, by preventing thermal dissipation through thermal insulation, or alternatively, by increasing the cooling mass and surface area. The monolithic block 11 with the channels 11.1 is attached laterally to the vertical wall 7.2.1 (not shown).

[0226] The condensed water 12.1 drips or flows downwards into area 7.2.4a for collection and discharge of the condensed water 12. The screen 7.2.3 with the drip edge 7.3.2.1 and a hydrophobic surface on which the water 12.1 beads up, protects the vertical, upwardly open discharge pipe 7.3.3 of the discharge 7.3 from the ingress of the water 12.1.

[0227] When the maximum fill level is reached, the upper water level sensor 16 sends a signal to the actuator 15, which then opens the shut-off and flow-through valve 14 in the water outlet pipe 13. When the lower water level sensor 16.1 measures the predetermined minimum level, it also sends a signal to the actuator 15 to close the shut-off and flow-through valve 14.

[0228] The condensed water 12 is cooled using Peltier elements 9; 9.1; 9.2. The heat energy from the hot sides 9.2 is dissipated into the cooling elements 9.2.1 described above.

[0229] The drained water 12 can be used in the heat sinks 4.4, 5.4, and 7.4 to cool the air streams 4.4.2, 5.4.2, and 7.4.2, as described above. Alternatively, it can be fed to electrolysis cells, where it is decomposed into hydrogen and oxygen. The oxygen can promote combustion in the diesel engine (not shown). The hydrogen can be reacted with carbon dioxide, for example, with the carbon dioxide from the carbon dioxide removal system 20 described below according to the invention, to produce methane via the Sabatier process. Figures 10 to 12a The adsorber / desorber device according to the invention 17

[0230] The adsorber / desorber device 17 according to the invention comprises the forked inlet 17.1 for the exhaust gases 2 of temperature T4 to two parallel-connected subunits 17.2 and 17.3 for the reversible adsorption of carbon dioxide in the exhaust gases 2 in the adsorption phase 17.6 and subsequent desorption of the carbon dioxide in the desorption phase 17.7, as well as the forked outlet 17.4 for the carbon dioxide-depleted or carbon dioxide-free exhaust gases 2a.

[0231] In the embodiment shown, the subunits 17.2 and 17.3 have the shape of flat boxes. That is, their walls 17.2.2 and 17.3.2 have – depending on their arrangement in space – two horizontal or vertical, opposing, flat sides 17.2.2.1 and 17.3.2.1, which are larger than the four vertical or horizontal side walls.

[0232] In the present case, branch 17.1.2 of the forked inlet 17.1 to the subunit 17.3, which is in the desorption phase 17.7, and branch 17.4.2 of the forked outlet 17.4 from this subunit 17.3 are closed (symbol “Z”), whereas the other branches 17.1.1 and 17.4.1 to and from the subunit 17.2, which is in the adsorption phase 17.6, are open (symbol “A”).

[0233] After complete desorption of the carbon dioxide, subunit 17.3 reopens and enters the adsorption phase 17.6, while subunit 17.2 closes again for desorption of the carbon dioxide in the desorption phase 17.7. The alternating opening and closing of subunits 17.2 and 17.3 and the corresponding control of the flow direction 2.1 of the exhaust gases 2 are carried out automatically via electronically controlled actuators 21 for the activatable shut-off devices 17.1.3 in branch 17.1.1 and 17.1.4 in branch 17.1.2, as well as for the activatable shut-off devices 17.4.3 in branch 17.4.1 and 17.4.4 in branch 17.4.2. Shut-off and through-flow valves are used as closure devices 17.1.3, 17.1.4, 17.4.3 and 17.4.4.

[0234] The interiors 17.2.1 and 17.3.1 of the two parallel-connected subunits 17.2 and 17.3 are filled with the adsorber material 17.8 and the heat-conducting material 17.9 and are protected by multi-stage Peltier elements 17.5 of cascade type, sealed laterally with silicone or epoxy resins, with a maximum temperature of the hot side T maxThe two adsorber / desorber devices 17 are thermally coupled via heat pipes 18, which contain water or methanol as a heat transfer medium 18.1 and are connected to each other by a temperature difference ΔT of up to 170°C and a temperature difference ΔT of up to 130°C. The subunit 17.2 or 17.3 of the at least one adsorber / desorber device 17 according to the invention, which is in the adsorption phase 17.6, serves as a heat sink 17.5.5 for the Peltier elements 17.5 when the other subunit 17.3 or 17.2 to be heated is in the desorption phase 17.7. By reversing the polarity of the direct current-operated Peltier elements 17.5, heat is generated on the side that was previously used for cooling, and vice versa, depending on the current direction. Spaces between the Peltier elements 17.5 are arranged as cable ducts 17.5.6. The Peltier elements 17.5 are located between the opposite flat sides 17.2.2.1 and 17.3.2.1 of the walls 17.2.2 and 17.3.2 of the two parallel connected subunits 17.2 and 17.3 of the adsorber / desorber device 17 according to the invention.

[0235] The thermally conductive contact of the heat tubes 18 with the hot and cold sides 17.5.1 and 17.5.2 of the Peltier elements 17.5 is established—depending on the embodiment—via the bonded, thermally conductive plastic, ceramic, or metal molded parts 17.5.4 made of boron nitride-containing plastics, aluminum nitride, cubic boron nitride, copper, or aluminum. Boron nitride-containing plastics or suitable boron nitride fillers are marketed, for example, by Henze, Lauben, Germany, under the brand name HeBoFill®. The thermally conductive molded parts 17.5.4 are bonded using the thermally conductive adhesive layers 17.5.3 based on epoxy or silicone resins. They contain the recesses 17.5.4.1 into which the heat tubes 18 are inserted and bonded with the thermally conductive adhesive layer 17.5.3.

[0236] In an embodiment not shown here, the heat-conducting shaped bodies 15.5.4 each contain an internal thread into which the external threads present at the ends of the heat tubes 18 are screwed; optionally, the threads also contain a thermal paste, in particular based on aluminum nitride or hexagonal boron nitride.

[0237] The bonded, heat-conducting molded parts 17.5.4 penetrate the opposite flat sides 17.2.2.1 and 17.3.2.1 of the walls 17.2.2 and 17.3.2.2 through the openings 17.2.2.2 and 17.3.2.2, so that the heat pipes 18 with their flat ends can be inserted into the recesses 17.5.4.1 and bonded in place. The flat ends increase heat conduction.

[0238] In an embodiment not shown here, the flat ends of the heat tubes 18 are in direct, heat-conducting contact with the hot and cold sides 17.5.1 and 17.5.2 of the Peltier elements 17.5.

[0239] The heat pipes 18 extend into the interior spaces 17.2.1 and 17.3.1 of the subunits 17.2 and 17.3 at different lengths. This configuration heats and cools the adsorber materials 17.8 and the heat-conducting materials 17.9 across their entire cross-section.

[0240] The spaces between the sides of the heat-conducting molded bodies 17.5.4 and the edges of the walls 17.2.2 and 17.3.2 are sealed with a high-performance plastic such as polyphenylene sulfide.

[0241] To ensure that the interior spaces of the adsorber / desorber device 17 according to the invention, and in particular the interior spaces 17.2.1 and 17.3.1 of the two parallel-connected subunits 17.2 and 17.3 of the adsorber / desorber device 17 according to the invention, are accessible for assembly and maintenance, the at least one adsorber / desorber device 17 according to the invention is designed in a half-shell construction. The wall 17.2.2 of the subunit 17.2 is composed of the two half-shells 17.2a, which are fastened to one another by the sealed flanges 17.2a.1. The wall 17.3.2 of the subunit 17.3 is composed of the two half-shells 17.3a, which are fastened to one another by sealed flanges 17.3a.1.

[0242] Depending on the embodiment, spherical or pearl-shaped particles of weakly basic anion exchange resins containing primary amino groups in the hydroxide form, such as Lewatit® VP OC 1065 from Lanxess or Purolite® A109 from Purolite in the hydroxide form, or of strongly basic anion exchange resins containing quaternary amino groups in the hydroxide form, such as Amberlyst® A26 from Merck, as well as pellets made of mixtures of sodium carbonate and potassium carbonate supported on activated carbon are used as adsorbent materials 17.8.

[0243] Depending on the embodiment, the thermally conductive materials 17.9 are silver microparticles or spheres or pellets of hexagonal or cubic boron nitride or aluminum nitride. The adsorbent materials 18.8 and the thermally conductive materials 18.9 are present as mixtures. The proportions are chosen to ensure both good adsorption capacity and good thermal conductivity.

[0244] Furthermore, the adsorber / desorber device 17 according to the invention comprises at least one sealable discharge device 19 for (i) evacuating and discharging the carbon dioxide-depleted or carbon dioxide-free residual gases 2 that are still present at the beginning of the desorption phase 17.7 in the respective sealed subunit 17.2 or 17.3 (see the symbols “A” and “Z”) of the adsorber / desorber device 17 according to the invention before heating, and (ii) subsequently extracting, compressing and storing the carbon dioxide desorbed in the sealed subunit 17.2 or 17.3 during heating.

[0245] The lockable outlet device 19 comprises two lockable, tubular outlets 17.4.5, each connected to one of the two heat-coupled subunits 17.2 and 17.3. The outlets 17.4.5 are closed or opened by the actuator 21 using an automatically activatable closure device 19.2 (see symbols "A" and "Z"). Depending on the embodiment, check valves, gate valves, or vacuum shut-off valves are used as activatable closure devices 19.2. The two lockable tubular outlets 17.4.5 are joined to form a fork 17.4.6. The pipe 17.4.5 extending from the fork 17.4.6 leads to the intake side of the compressor 19.1, which compresses the extracted carbon dioxide and forces it into the removable gas cylinder 19.6. The compressor 19.1 is powered by an electric motor that draws its power from a 12-volt battery (not shown).

[0246] The carbon dioxide-filled gas cylinder 19.1 is sealed using the automatically activated flow-through and shut-off valve 19.5, and the gas cylinder 19.1 is disconnected at the connection and disconnection device 19.4. A cutting ring and clamping fitting (not shown) is used as the connection and disconnection device. The check valve 19.3 (closing direction towards the compressor 19.1, see arrow) prevents ambient air from entering the adsorber / desorber device 17 according to the invention. The carbon dioxide contained in the gas cylinder 19.1 can then be transferred to a larger container for further use or fed directly into the fermentation liquid of a bioreactor for the fermentative production of methane.

[0247] A lockable auxiliary outlet 19.7 is arranged between the check valve 19.3 and the connecting and disconnecting device 19.4, through which the aforementioned residual gases 2, which mainly contain nitrogen and possibly also humidity and organic compounds, are discharged when the through-flow and shut-off valve 19.5 is closed.

[0248] The walls 17.2.2; 17.2.3 and the inlet 17.3 and the outlet 17.4 of the adsorber / desorber device 17 according to the invention are - depending on the embodiment - made of aluminum, copper, manganese, silicon and magnesium-aluminum alloys, copper, copper-aluminum alloys, steel, stainless steel or thermoplastic high-performance plastics such as polyphenylene sulfide, polyethersulfone, polyetherketone, polyetheretherketone, aromatic polyamides, polyimides or polyetherimides or combinations of these materials. Figure 13 The mobile or stationary plant 20 according to the invention for the separation of carbon dioxide

[0249] In the mobile or stationary plant 20 according to the invention for the separation of carbon dioxide according to the Fig. 13 is the adsorber / desorber device 17 according to the invention. Fig. 10 to 12a on the input side via the supply line 17.1 with the outlet 7.3 of the cooling device 1 according to the invention. Fig. 1 to 9 are fluidically connected. The carbon dioxide-depleted or carbon dioxide-free exhaust gases 2a at a temperature T5 <50°C are discharged into the environment via outlet 17.4. Since the exhaust gases 2a are free of nitrogen oxides (NOx), this is ecologically harmless.

Claims

[1] Cooling device (1) for the stepwise cooling of very hot gases (2) to temperatures ≤50°C using temperature-optimized heat pipes (3) adapted to the stepwise decreasing temperature of the gases (2), at least comprising, viewed in the direction of flow (2.1) of the gases (2), - at least one chamber-shaped or tubular first cooler (4) for cooling the gases (2) at a temperature T1 > 700°C to a temperature T2 = 350°C to 300°C, comprising at least one inlet (4.1) for the gases (2) at temperature T1, at least one outlet (4.3) for the gases (2) at temperature T2, and at least one heat exchange chamber (4.2) through which the gases (2) flow, with a gas-tight wall (4.2.1), through which the heat pipes (3) of the same length (3.1) or of different lengths (3.1) enter the heat exchange chamber (4.2) vertically, curved, at an angle, and / or horizontally to the flow direction (2.1), and from which they of the same length (3.2) and / or of different lengths (3.2) enter at least one heat sink (4.4) vertically, curved, at an angle, and / or horizontally to the flow direction (2.1). stand out, whereby - which has at least one chamber-shaped or tubular first cooler (4) and at least one structure (4.5) to compensate for thermal expansion and contraction, - which is filled with at least one heat exchange chamber (4.2) containing at least one solid, gas-permeable, thermally conductive material (4.2.2) that is in thermally conductive contact with the heat tubes (3; 3.1), - the components (4.1), (4.2.1), (4.2.2), (4.3), (4.5) and (3) made of a metal or metal alloy with a melting point T s >1000°C, with a mean coefficient of thermal expansion α <20·10 -6 are manufactured with a thermal conductivity of 1 / K at 25°C to 900°C and a thermal conductivity λ >10 W(m·K) at 300°C and - the heat pipes (3) contain lithium, sodium, potassium, tin or lead-bismuth eutectic as a heat transfer medium (3.3), - at least one chamber-shaped or tubular second cooler (5) for cooling the gases (2) from a temperature T2 = 350°C to 300°C to a temperature T3 = 150°C to 100°C, comprising at least one inlet (5.1) for the gases (2) at temperature T2, at least one outlet (5.3) for the gases (2) at temperature T3, and at least one heat exchange chamber (5.2) through which the gases (2) flow, with a gas-tight wall (5.2.1), through which the heat pipes (6) of the same length (6.1) or of different lengths (6.1) enter the at least one heat exchange chamber (5.2) vertically, curved, at an angle, and / or horizontally to the flow direction (2.1), and from which they exit the at least one heat exchange chamber (5.2) in the same length (6.2) and / or of different lengths (6.2) vertically, curved, at an angle, and / or horizontally to the flow direction (2.1) into at least one protrude into the heat sink (5.4), whereby - which has at least one chamber-shaped or tubular second cooler (5) and at least one structure (5.5) to compensate for thermal expansion and contraction, - the heat exchange chamber (5.2) is filled with a solid, gas-permeable, thermally conductive material (5.2.2) which is in thermally conductive contact with the heat tubes (6; 6.1), - the components (5.1), (5.2.1), (5.2.2), (5.3) and (6) are made of copper or a copper alloy and - the heat pipes (6) contain water or a biphenyl toluene mixture as a heat transfer medium (6.3), as well as - at least one chamber-shaped or tubular third cooler (7) for cooling the gases (2) at a temperature T3 = 150°C to 100°C to a temperature T4 ≤50°C and for condensing the water (12) contained in the gases (2), comprising at least one inlet (7.1) for the gases (2) at temperature T3, at least one outlet (7.3) for the gases (2) at temperature T4 and at least one heat exchange chamber (7.2) through which the gases (2) flow, with a gas-tight wall (7.2.1), wherein the at least one third chamber-shaped or tubular cooler (7) - at least one structure (7.5) to compensate for thermal expansion and contraction, - on the inlet side a first area (7.2.2) in which heat pipes (8) of the same length (8.1) or of different lengths (8.1) are immersed vertically, at an angle and / or horizontally to the flow direction (2.1) into the heat exchange chamber (7.2) and from which they protrude vertically, curved, at an angle and / or horizontally to the flow direction (2.1) into a heat sink (7.4) in the same length (8.2) and / or of different lengths (8.2) and in which at least one solid, gas-permeable, thermally conductive material (7.2.3) is located which is in thermally conductive contact with the heat pipes, - on the outlet side, a second region (7.2.4) free of the solid, gas-permeable, thermally conductive material (7.2.3), on the wall (7.2.1) of which at least one Peltier element (9) is attached, wherein (i) its cold side (9.1) is in thermally conductive contact with at least one heat tube (10) extending vertically, bently, at an angle and / or horizontally into the region (7.2.3) to the flow direction (2.1) and (ii) its hot side (9.2) is in thermally conductive contact with at least one heat tube (11) projecting vertically, at an angle and / or horizontally into the heat sink (7.4) to the flow direction (2.1) and / or with at least one heat sink (9.2.1), as well as - has a lower area (7.2.4) as seen in the direction of gravity for collecting and draining the condensed water (12) and wherein - the components (7.1), (7.2.1), (7.2.2), (7.2.4), (7.3), (8), (10) and (11) are made of aluminium, copper, a copper alloy or stainless steel and - the heat pipes (8; 10; 11) contain water or methanol as a heat transfer medium (8.3). [2] Cooling device (1) according to claim 1, characterized by , that the first area (7.2.2) and the second area (7.2.3) with the lower area (7.2.4) of the at least one chamber-shaped and / or tubular third cooler (7) each constitute at least one chamber-shaped and / or tubular subunit (7.2.2a) and at least one chamber-shaped and / or tubular subunit (7.2.3a) with the lower area (7.2.4a), wherein the chamber-shaped and / or tubular subunits (7.2.2a) and (7.2.3a; 7.2.4a) are fluidly connected to each other. [3] Cooling device (1) according to claim 1 or 2, characterized by, that the structures (4.5), (5.5) and (7.5) are recesses and / or protruding elevations (4.5.1), (5.5.1) and / or (7.2) projecting into the interior of the inlets (4.1), (5.1) and / or (7.1), the heat exchange chambers (4.2), (5.2) and / or (7.2) and / or the outlets (4.3), (5.3) and / or (7.3) of the walls (4.2.1), (5.2.1) and / or (7.2.1) and encircle the respective circumferences. [4] Cooling device (1) according to any one of claims 1 to 3, characterized by , that the chamber-shaped coolers (4), (5) and (7) are each composed of two half-shells (4a; 4b), (5a; 5b) and (7a; 7b) that are joined together gas-tight by a connecting device (4.6), (5.6) and (7.6) and can be separated or permanently connected to each other. [5] Cooling device (1) according to claim 4, characterized by, that the structures (4.5), (5.5) and (7.5) continue across the connecting devices (4.6), (5.6) and (7.6) for joining the half-shells (4a; 4b), (5a; 5b) and (7a; 7b). [6] Cooling device (1) according to any one of claims 1 to 5, characterized by , that the solid, gas-permeable, heat-conducting materials (4.2.2), (5.2.2) and (7.2.3) have the form of monoliths with channels oriented in the flow direction (2.1), honeycomb bodies permeable in the flow direction (2.1), open-cell foams, bulk fillers and / or loose wools of fibers. [7] Cooling device (1) according to any one of claims 1 to 6, characterized by, that the solid, gas-permeable, thermally conductive materials (4.2.2) contain, are coated with or consist of graphite, aluminium nitride and / or hexagonal boron nitride and the solid, gas-permeable, thermally conductive materials (5.2.2) and (7.2.3) contain, are coated with or consist of aluminium, copper, graphite, aluminium nitride and / or hexagonal boron nitride. [8] Cooling device (1) according to any one of claims 1 to 7, characterized by , that the surface of the heat pipes (3) is coated with hexagonal and / or cubic boron nitride along their length (3.1) and / or (3.2). [9] Cooling device (1) according to any one of claims 1 to 8, characterized by , that the heat sinks (4.5), (5.4) and (7.4) are dry or humidified air streams (4.5.1), (5.4.1) and (7.4.1) which are guided in counterflow to the flow direction (2.1). [10] Cooling device (1) according to any one of claims 1 to 9, characterized by, that the gases (2) are combustion exhaust gases from internal combustion engines, combustion furnaces and power plants where energy is generated using fossil fuels, exhaust gases from cement kilns and process gases. [11] Use of the cooling device (1) according to any one of claims 1 to 10 in carbon dioxide separation by the reversible adsorption of carbon dioxide in gases (2) and the subsequent desorption and collection of the desorbed carbon dioxide according to the temperature change process. [12] Adsorber / desorber device (17) for carbon dioxide separation by reversible adsorption of carbon dioxide in gases (2) of temperature T4 ≤50°C and for subsequent desorption of the adsorbed carbon dioxide at a temperature Ts >50°C and collection of the desorbed carbon dioxide, comprising - at least one forked inlet (17.1) for the gases (2) at temperature T4 to two parallel subunits (17.2) and (17.3) for reversible adsorption and subsequent desorption of the carbon dioxide in the gases (2) and at least one forked outlet (17.4) for the carbon dioxide-depleted or carbon dioxide-free gases (2a), wherein - one branch (17.1.1) or (17.1.2) of the at least one forked inlet (17.1) to the subunit (17.2) or (17.3) and one branch (17.4.1) or (17.4.2) of the at least one forked outlet (17.4) from the subunit (17.2) or (17.3) which is in the desorption phase are closed, whereas the other branches (17.2.2) or (17.2.1) and (17.4.2) or (17.4.1) are open, and wherein - the interior spaces (17.2.1) and (17.3.1) of the two parallel-connected subunits (17.2) and (17.3), which are filled with at least one adsorber material (17.8) and at least one heat-conducting material (17.9), are heated via Peltier elements (17.5) to a maximum hot-side temperature T max of up to 170°C and a temperature difference ΔT of up to 130°C and thermally coupled via heat tubes (18) containing water or methanol as a heat conducting medium (18.1) which are thermally connected with their hot sides (17.5.1) and cold sides (17.5.2), such that one subunit (17.2) or (17.3), which is in the adsorption phase (17.6), serves as a heat sink (17.5.5) for the Peltier elements (17.5; 17.5.1) when the heated other subunit (17.3) or (17.2) is in the desorption phase (17.7), and - further comprising a device (19) for extracting and diverting the carbon dioxide-depleted or carbon dioxide-free gases (2) still present in the sealed subunit (17.2) or (17.3) and for subsequently extracting, compressing and storing the carbon dioxide desorbed in the sealed subunit (17.2) or (17.3). [13] Mobile or stationary system for carbon dioxide capture (20), comprising at least one upstream cooling device (1) according to any one of claims 1 to 10 and at least one adsorber / desorber device (17) according to claim 12, which is connected in the direction of flow (2.1) of the gases (2) to the outlet (7.3) of the at least one chamber-shaped or tubular third cooler (7).

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