Motor vehicle body and rear panel

Abstract

The present development relates to a motor vehicle body (2) with a rear wall (9) and a rear wall panel (50) to be arranged thereon, wherein the rear wall (9) has at least one fastening point (11; 12) with a through-opening (15; 35) extending through the rear wall (9) and a support surface (17; 37) associated with the through-opening (15; 35), and wherein the rear wall panel (50) comprises a panel body (51) with a fastening element (20; 40) which has a support surface (27, 47) for vertical support on the support surface (17; 37) and which has at least a first counter-surface (28; 48) for horizontal contact with a first contact surface (18; 38) adjacent to the through-opening (15; 35).

Description

Technical field

[0001] The present development relates to a motor vehicle body with a rear wall and a rear wall panel that can be arranged on the rear wall or is already arranged there. background

[0002] A rear panel attached to the load-bearing body of a motor vehicle typically forms a loading edge visible to the end user, against which a loading floor rests in the rear of the vehicle. In some body styles or vehicle configurations, the loading floor is, for example, liftable. A rear edge section of the loading floor must be carefully supported in the area of ​​the loading edge, i.e., in the area of ​​the rear wall of the vehicle body, so that the weight of any cargo on the loading floor can be safely and reliably transferred to the body.

[0003] For example, DE 10 2018 218 146 A1 discloses a motor vehicle with a body shell to which a first interior trim part and an adjacent second interior trim part can be attached.

[0004] For a sufficiently safe and stable storage of a loading floor, it is important that the rear wall paneling, on which at least a rear edge area of ​​the loading floor rests, is attached to the rear wall, i.e. to the supporting structure of the vehicle body, in a particularly reliable and stable manner, but also as simply and cost-effectively as possible.

[0005] The objective of the present further development is therefore to provide an improved back panel cladding, i.e., an improved back panel for such a back panel cladding, which enables a particularly simple, reliable, and cost-effective fastening of the back panel cladding to the back wall in terms of manufacturing and assembly costs. Advantageous designs

[0006] This problem is solved with a rear panel and a motor vehicle body according to the features of the independent patent claims. Advantageous embodiments of the further development are the subject of the respective dependent patent claims.

[0007] In this respect, a rear panel is provided for mounting on the rear wall of a motor vehicle body. The rear panel has at least one mounting point with a through-opening extending through the rear panel. A support surface is associated with the through-opening. This support surface can be located directly adjacent to the mounting point or at a predetermined distance from it.

[0008] The rear panel cladding, which is to be attached to the rear wall, comprises a cladding body with a fastening element. The fastening element includes a support surface for vertical support against the bearing surface of the rear wall. The fastening element further comprises at least a first counter-bearing surface for horizontal contact against a first bearing surface, which is provided or formed adjacent to the passage opening.

[0009] For the rear paneling, a mounting point with a through-opening and a corresponding support surface must be provided on the rear side of the panel. Furthermore, the mounting point has a primary contact surface adjacent to the through-opening. The contact surface and the support surface can be oriented in different directions. The surface normal of the support surface can extend essentially vertically, i.e., along or parallel to the vehicle's vertical axis (z). The contact surface, on the other hand, can be located in the plane of the rear panel. It can have a surface normal that typically extends along or parallel to the vehicle's longitudinal direction (x).

[0010] By having such a bearing surface and such a first contact surface at the fastening point, and by having the fastening element provided on the cladding body of the rear panel cladding having both a support surface for vertical support on the bearing surface and a counter-contact surface for horizontal contact on the first contact surface of the fastening point of the rear panel, the fastening element can fulfill a dual function.

[0011] It can serve both for vertical load transfer between the rear paneling and the rear wall, and for fixing the rear paneling along the vehicle's longitudinal axis (x) relative to the rear wall.

[0012] For vertical force transmission or application from the rear panel trim to the rear wall, the rear panel trim is designed to bear vertically against the support surface of the complementary or correspondingly designed rear wall in the area of ​​its fastening element, using the support surface provided there. The interaction between the opposing contact surface on the side of the fastening element and the contact surface provided or formed on the side of the fastening point results in the rear panel trim being fixed in the longitudinal direction (x) of the vehicle.

[0013] In this respect, the fastening element can fulfill a dual function by providing vertical support or fastening with its support surface and horizontal support or fastening to the rear wall of the vehicle body with its first contact surface.

[0014] In a further embodiment of the rear panel, the fastening element is either integrally integrated into the panel body or molded into or onto the panel body. In some embodiments, the panel body can be designed as a one-piece plastic component, such as an injection-molded plastic part. The fastening element can be implemented, for example, as a fastening clip or a fastening hook. It can also be implemented as a fastening section of the one-piece panel body.

[0015] Implementing the trim panel as a plastic component is comparatively inexpensive. Integrating at least one fastening element into the trim panel is equally cost-effective, especially when the trim panel is designed as an injection-molded plastic component. The one-piece plastic body of the rear panel allows for easy handling during installation on the vehicle body.

[0016] In a further embodiment, the fastening element has a plateau section for support against the bearing surface of the rear wall. This plateau section can, in particular, include the previously mentioned support surface. The surface normal of the support surface can extend vertically downwards, opposite to the vehicle's vertical axis. The bearing surface, which is located on the body side, especially in the area of ​​the rear wall, can have a surface normal that extends essentially vertically upwards, along or parallel to the vehicle's vertical axis (z). The plateau section is typically precisely shaped to match the geometry and form of the body-side bearing surface.

[0017] Typically, the bearing surface is located below the through-opening of the respective mounting point. This allows for dual support of the fastening element at or near the mounting point on the rear panel. The fastening element can, on the one hand, be supported by its bearing surface against the body-side mounting surface. On the other hand, it can be positioned vertically or along the vehicle's vertical axis, with its first counter-bearing surface against the first contact surface in or adjacent to the through-opening.

[0018] In this way, the fastening element and thus the entire rear paneling can be mounted and / or supported without tilting on the rear wall of the vehicle body.

[0019] In a further refinement of the rear panel, the fastening element features a projection that extends through the opening. This projection allows the rear panel to be fixed in a transverse direction (y) of the vehicle. Furthermore, the projection also provides improved contact in the longitudinal direction (x) between the fastening element and the mounting point.

[0020] The extension of the fastening element that penetrates the opening can, for example, be implemented in the form of a hook, which, for instance, at least partially encloses the edge of the opening. Such a hook-like enclosing of a portion of the opening's edge directly forms a fastening and / or fixation of the rear panel trim with respect to the vehicle's longitudinal axis (x).

[0021] In a further embodiment, the fastening element has a second counter-contact surface for horizontal contact with a second contact surface at the mounting point of the rear panel. By means of the first and second counter-contact surfaces, the rear panel can be fixed in both opposite directions with respect to the vehicle's longitudinal axis (x).

[0022] For example, a first counter-contact surface can be located on an inner side of the rear wall of the system. The second counter-contact surface can be located on an outer side of the rear wall of the system. For example, the second counter-contact surface can be arranged on or formed within a section of the extension that passes through the opening.

[0023] The formation of first and second counter-surfaces, which correspond to the first and second contact surfaces of the fastening point, i.e., the through-opening, increases the fixing and / or assembly accuracy. Likewise, this allows for improved fastening and fixing of the rear panel to the rear wall of the vehicle body.

[0024] After further modification of the rear wall cladding, the first counter-surface can be brought into contact with the first mounting surface. Furthermore, the second counter-surface can be brought into contact with the second mounting surface.

[0025] The first and second mounting surfaces are spaced apart from each other along the vehicle's vertical axis. It is conceivable and intended that, for example, the first mounting surface is formed on a section of the opening's edge that is located at the top relative to the vehicle's vertical axis, and that the second mounting surface is provided or formed on an opposite, approximately lower, section of the opening at the respective mounting point.

[0026] By spacing the first and second mounting surfaces apart in this way, with corresponding or complementary first and second counter-mounting surfaces, the fastening element can form a particularly good and reliable mutual support with the back panel.

[0027] This allows for a defined, play-free and tilt-free installation position of the fastening element, particularly with regard to a position in the longitudinal direction of the vehicle.

[0028] In a further refinement of the rear panel, the first counter-surface for attachment is formed on an inner side of the rear panel. This is particularly advantageous for mounting the rear panel on the inside of the vehicle body.

[0029] In a further embodiment, the second counter-bearing surface is formed on an outer side of the rear wall. In this case, the second counter-bearing surface can be provided or formed, in particular, on the extension that penetrates the opening of the mounting point of the rear wall of the vehicle body.

[0030] In a further embodiment, the second contact surface of the fastening element is designed to rest against the inside of the rear wall. In embodiments where both contact surfaces of the fastening element rest against the inside of the rear wall, the first and second contact surfaces are positioned opposite or spaced apart from each other in relation to the vehicle's vertical axis (z) within the passage opening. This ensures a mutually secure, tilt-free, and / or backlash-free contact between the fastening element and the rear wall, or its mounting point.

[0031] In a further embodiment of the rear panel, the fastening element has a mounting projection extending from the panel body. The width of this projection, particularly its width relative to the vehicle's transverse axis (y), is precisely matched to the width of a slot in the passage opening in the rear panel. In a final assembly position, this mounting projection comes to rest within the slot of the passage opening in the rear panel. This allows the rear panel to be positioned and fixed with precise accuracy on the rear panel, approximately relative to the vehicle's transverse axis (y).

[0032] In a further embodiment, the rear panel has several fastening elements spaced apart from each other in the longitudinal direction of the rear panel, i.e., along the transverse axis (y) of the vehicle. Accordingly, the rear panel also has several fastening points, each designed to be complementary to the fastening elements.

[0033] It may be provided that at least three fastening points and, accordingly, three fastening elements are provided and formed on the rear wall or on the rear wall paneling. It may be provided that only the middle fastening point is equipped with a through-opening that has a slot designed to receive a fastening projection of the complementary fastening element of the rear wall paneling.

[0034] In this way, the rear panel trim, for example, can be precisely positioned and fixed with respect to the vehicle's transverse axis (y) using a single fastening element. The other fastening elements and their corresponding mounting points can have a significantly larger tolerance in the direction of the vehicle's transverse axis (y). However, with regard to the mutual support of their bearing surfaces on the contact surfaces, as well as with regard to the first and second counter-contact surfaces and their complementary or correspondingly designed contact surfaces, these are implemented within the specified installation and assembly tolerances. Thus, through the mechanical interaction of each fastening element with a designated and complementary mounting point, a defined support can be achieved with respect to the vehicle's vertical axis (z) as well as its longitudinal axis (x).

[0035] In another aspect, the present development relates to a motor vehicle body. The motor vehicle body comprises a rear wall with at least one attachment point, and optionally with several attachment points distributed, for example, in the transverse direction (y) of the vehicle, in or on the rear wall. Each of the attachment points has a through-opening extending through the rear wall and a bearing surface associated with the through-opening. The motor vehicle body further comprises a rear wall panel as described above, which can be attached and / or fixed to the at least one attachment point of the rear wall by means of its at least one fastening element.

[0036] Since the motor vehicle body includes a rear wall as described above, all the features, advantages and applications explained with regard to the rear wall paneling described above also apply equally to the motor vehicle body; and vice versa.

[0037] In another aspect, the present further development finally concerns a motor vehicle, such as a passenger car with a previously described motor vehicle body and / or with a previously described rear panel. Brief description of the characters

[0038] Further objectives, features, and application possibilities of the rear paneling and the vehicle body are explained in the following description of an exemplary embodiment with reference to the figures. These show: Fig. 1. A side view of an exemplary motor vehicle with a rear panel, Fig. 2 an exploded view of parts of a rear-facing vehicle body, the rear paneling and a loading floor, Fig. 3 the order according to Fig. 2 in final assembly state, Fig. 4 a perspective interior view of the rear wall of the motor vehicle body, Fig. 5 an enlarged perspective view of a mounting point of the back panel, Fig. 6 an enlarged view of another attachment point of the back panel, Fig. 7 a perspective view of the rear wall cladding, Fig. 8 an enlarged perspective view of a section of the rear panel cladding with two different fastening elements, Fig. 9 an enlarged view of a fastening element, Fig. 10 an enlarged and partially cutaway representation of the fastening element according to Fig. 9, Fig. 11 a perspective view of the fastening element 9, 10 in engagement with the fastening point viewed from an outside of the back wall, Fig. 12 a cross-section through the final assembly configuration of the fastener with the fastening point according to the Fig. 9 to 11, Fig. 13 a sectional perspective view of another fastening element at another fastening point, Fig. 14 a perspective view of the fastening element according to Fig. 13, Fig. 15 an external view of the fastening element engaging with the fastening point according to the Fig. 13 and Fig. 14 and Fig. 16 a cross-section through the arrangement according to Fig. 15. Detailed description

[0039] The in Fig. The motor vehicle 1, shown schematically, has a self-supporting body 2 with an interior 3 serving as a passenger compartment. At the rear of the vehicle, the body 2 has a cargo space 4, which is bounded in the transverse direction (y) of the vehicle by opposite side walls 6 and below by a loading floor 7 with respect to a vertical axis (z). Along the longitudinal axis (x) of the vehicle and towards the rear, the cargo space 4 is bounded by a loading edge 5, which is formed or covered by a rear wall panel 50.

[0040] The in Fig. The rear wall panel 50, shown in isolation, has a one-piece panel body 51 with a knee-shaped support section 52, which forms a recess, for example, to receive a rear edge section 8 of the loading floor 7. In other words, a rear edge or a rear edge section 8 of the loading floor 7 can rest against that support section 52 or support profile. Since the loading floor 7 is subjected to a considerable load, it is necessary to attach the panel body 51 sufficiently securely to the rear wall 9 of the vehicle body 2.

[0041] The rear wall 9 shows, as particularly in Fig. Figure 4 shows several mounting points 11, 12, 11 spaced apart from each other in the transverse direction (y) of the vehicle. The two outer mounting points 11 are identical in design. The middle mounting point 12 differs slightly from these, as will become clear in the following description of the attachment of the rear panel 50 to the rear wall 9.

[0042] In Fig. Figure 5 shows an enlarged view of the mounting point 12 from the inside. The mounting point 12 includes a through-opening 35, which extends through the rear wall 9. The through-opening 35 has a circumferential opening edge 32. A lower portion of the opening edge 32 has an inwardly directed indentation 33. Below and on the inner side 13 of the rear wall 9, a base section 36 is formed, which creates a substantially flat bearing surface 37, the normal of which extends substantially along or parallel to the vehicle's vertical axis (z). The base section 36, and thus the bearing surface 37, is located below and slightly offset from the through-opening 35.

[0043] The fastening point 11 is in Fig. Figure 6 shows an enlarged view of the inside 13 of the back wall 9. At an upper or top end, the opening edge 32 has an upwardly projecting slot 34. On the lower area of ​​the opening edge 32, in particular in the area of ​​the inwardly directed embossing 33, as well as on the inside 13 of the back wall 9, a first contact surface 38 is formed, against which a fastening element 40 can be supported with a first counter-contact surface 48 in a defined manner.

[0044] The further fastening point 11 also has a through-opening 15 with an opening edge. An inwardly projecting tab 16 is formed on the lower or bottom-lying area of ​​the opening edge, which has or forms an upwardly facing bearing surface 17. Opposite, i.e., at an upper end section of the through-opening 15, a first contact surface 18 is formed on the inside 13 of the opening edge of the through-opening 15.

[0045] In Fig. Figure 8 shows two different fastening elements 20 and 40, by means of which the rear panel 50 can be fixed and fastened to the rear wall 9 in a form-fitting manner. Fastening element 20 is designed and intended for fastening at the fastening point 11. Fastening element 40 is designed and intended for fastening and fixing at the fastening point 12.

[0046] The fastening element 40 and its interaction, or fixation at the fastening point 12, is described in the Fig. Figures 9 to 12 are shown in detail. The fastening element 20 and its fixation at the fastening point 11 are shown in the Fig. Pages 13 to 16 are illustrated in detail.

[0047] Both fastening elements 20, 40 share a first counter-surface 28, 48 by means of which the fastening elements 20, 40 can be horizontally supported on the first bearing surface 18, 38 of the respective passage opening 15, 35. Furthermore, both fastening elements 20, 40 each have a plateau section 21, 41 for support on the bearing surface 17, 37 of the respective fastening point 11, 12.

[0048] The fastening element 40 has a substantially flat plateau section 41 with the support surface 47, by means of which the fastening element 40 can be supported on the bearing surface 47 of the base section 36 of the rear wall 9 in a force-transmitting and load-transmitting manner with respect to the vehicle's vertical axis (z). The plateau section 41 is connected to or integrated into the cladding body 51 via a connecting section 45.

[0049] Adjacent to the plateau section 41, the fastening element 40 has a hook section 42, which has a downwardly opening V-shaped contour with a first leg 54 and a second leg 56. The first leg 54 projects obliquely upwards from the plateau section 41 and merges into the first counter-contact surface 48. The first counter-contact surface 48 is essentially vertically oriented. It has a surface normal that can extend, for example, along the longitudinal axis (x) of the vehicle. The first counter-contact surface 48 serves for a defined contact with the first contact surface 38 at the lower area of ​​the opening edge 32 of the passage opening 35.

[0050] Adjacent to the first counter-surface 48, the fastening element 40 has the downwardly projecting leg 56, which can be part of a correspondingly designed extension 44. This extension is dimensioned and designed such that it can be inserted from the inside through the passage opening 35 when the rear panel 50 is being installed.

[0051] On the inside, the second leg 56, and thus the extension 44, can also have a contact surface which can come into contact with the embossing 33 on the outside, or with the lower area of ​​the opening edge 32, in order to securely attach the rear wall panel to the body 2 with respect to the longitudinal axis (x) of the vehicle.

[0052] In the final assembly position, the upper apex or apex section between the two legs 54, 56 preferably has no direct contact with the opening edge 32. In this way, the potentially sharp-edged opening edge 32 cannot cut into the plastic hook section 42.

[0053] The fastening element 40 is supported a second or further support by means of an upwardly projecting projection 43, which, in its final assembly position at the fastening point 12, can engage precisely in or pass through the upwardly projecting slot 34 of the through-opening 35. An outer surface of the projection 43 can form a counter-bearing surface 49, which can contact a second bearing surface 39 of the fastening point 12 on its inner side. In this way, the fastening element 40 is supported twice along the longitudinal axis (x) of the vehicle, and further support is provided by means of the platform section 41 with respect to the vertical axis (z) of the vehicle.

[0054] Due to the precise design, in particular the precise width of the projection 43 matching the width of the slot 34, the rear wall panel 50 can be precisely positioned on the rear wall 9 with respect to the vehicle transverse axis (y) by means of the fastening element 40 and the fastening point 12.

[0055] The mutual connection and fixing using the additional fastening element 20 at the additional fastening point 11, or at the two additional, external fastening points 11, does not require such a precise arrangement with respect to the vehicle's transverse axis (y).

[0056] The fastening element 20, which is located in the Fig. As shown in Figures 13 to 16, the extension 24 projects obliquely downwards from the plateau section 21. Here too, the plateau section 21 is connected to the cladding body 51 via a connecting section 25 or integrally integrated into it. With respect to the vehicle's vertical axis (z) and spaced apart from the plateau section 21, the fastening element 20 has a substantially horizontal projection 23, at the free end of which the first counter-bearing surface 28 is formed or provided. Upon reaching a final assembly position, the projection 23, with its first counter-bearing surface 28, comes to rest against the bearing surface 18, which is formed on the upper edge of the opening 15.

[0057] A second counter-support surface 29, however, is provided or formed on the inside of the extension 24. This is located at the transition to or adjacent to the plateau section 21 and the support surface 27 provided there. Upon reaching a final assembly position, this counter-support surface 29 comes into contact with the second support surface 19 of the rear wall 9, which is provided and formed on the outside 14 adjacent to the lower area of ​​the opening edge of the passage opening 15, as is shown in particular in the Fig. 13 and Fig. 16 is made clear.

[0058] Because the counter-surface 28, 29 of the fastening element 20 comes into contact on different sides, namely on the inside 13 and on the outside 14 of the rear wall 9, a tilt-free and well-defined fastening and fixing of the rear wall panel 50 to the rear wall 9 of the motor vehicle body 2 can be achieved.

[0059] Overall, the dual function of the fastening elements 20, 40, and thus their vertical support in the area of ​​their plateau sections 21, 41 on the complementarily designed bearing surfaces 17, 37, enables a defined and particularly stable support of the fastening arrangement 10 of the rear wall panel 50 on the rear wall 9. At the same time, the horizontal support and / or contact between the first and second contact surfaces and the counter-contact surface allows for a well-defined fixation and positioning along the vehicle's longitudinal axis (X).

[0060] Because the fastening elements 20, 40 perform such a dual function, other fastening elements or fastening points can be dispensed with. This makes the manufacturing and assembly of the motor vehicle 1 more efficient and cost-effective.

[0061] The illustrated embodiments merely show possible configurations of the development, for which numerous further variants are conceivable during development. The exemplary embodiments shown are in no way to be interpreted as limiting with regard to the scope, applicability, or configuration possibilities of the development. The present description merely shows the person skilled in the art one or a few possible implementation(s) of an embodiment. Thus, a wide variety of modifications can be made to the function and arrangement of the described elements without departing from the scope of protection defined by the following claims or their equivalents. Reference symbol list 1 motor vehicle 2 Motor vehicle body 3 Interior 4 cargo space 5 Loading edge 6 side wall 7 Loading floor 8 marginal section 9 Back panel 10 Mounting arrangement 11. Attachment point 12 Mounting point 13 Inside 14 Outside 15 Through opening 16 tab 17 contact surfaces 18 Plant area 19 Plant area 20 fastening elements 21 Plateau section 23 lead 24th continuation 25 Connecting section 27 Support surface 28 Counter-project area 29 Counter-project area 32 Opening edge 33 embossing 34 slots 35 Passage opening 36 Base section 37 contact area 38 Plant area 39 Plant area 40 Fastening element 41 Plateau section 42 Hook section 43 lead 44 Extension 45 Connecting section 47 Support surface 48 Counter-project area 49 Counter-project area 50 Rear panel cladding 51 cladding bodies 52nd edition section 54 thighs 55 thighs QUOTES INCLUDED IN THE DESCRIPTION

[0000] This list of documents cited by the applicant was automatically generated and is included solely for the reader's convenience. The list is not part of the German patent or utility model application. The DPMA accepts no liability for any errors or omissions. Cited patent literature

[0000] DE 10 2018 218 146 A1

[0003]

Claims

[1] Rear wall panel (50) for arrangement on a rear wall (9) of a motor vehicle body (2), wherein the rear wall (9) has at least one fastening point (11; 12) with a through-opening (15; 35) extending through the rear wall (9) and a support surface (17; 37) associated with the through-opening (15; 35), wherein the rear wall panel (50) comprises a panel body (51) with a fastening element (20; 40) which has a support surface (27, 47) for vertical support on the support surface (17; 37) and which has at least a first counter-surface (28; 48) for horizontal support on a first support surface (18; 38) adjacent to the through-opening (15; 35). [2] Rear panel cladding (50) according to claim 1, wherein the fastening element (20; 40) is integrally integrated into or molded onto the cladding body (51). [3] Rear panel cladding (50) according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the fastening element (20; 40) has a plateau section (21; 41) for support on the bearing surface (17; 37). [4] Rear panel cladding (50) according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the fastening element (20; 40) has a projection (24; 44) passing through the through-opening (15; 35). [5] Rear panel cladding (50) according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the fastening element (20; 40) has a second counter-surface (29; 49) for horizontal contact with a second contact surface (19; 39) of the fastening point (11; 12) of the rear panel (9). [6] Rear wall panel (50) according to claim 5, wherein the first counter-contact surface (28; 48) can be brought into contact with the first contact surface (18; 38) and wherein the second counter-contact surface (29; 49) can be brought into contact with the second contact surface (19; 39), which are spaced apart from each other along a vehicle vertical axis (z). [7] Rear wall cladding (50) according to claim 5 or 6, wherein the first counter-surface (28; 48) is designed to abut an inner side (13) of the rear wall (9). [8] Rear wall cladding (50) according to any one of the preceding claims 5 to 7, wherein the second counter-surface (29) is designed to abut an outside (14) of the rear wall (9) or wherein the second counter-surface (49) is designed to abut the inside (13) of the rear wall (9). [9] Rear panel cladding (50) according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the fastening element (40) has a fastening projection (43) extending from the cladding body (51), the width of which is precisely matched to the width of a slot (34) of the through-opening (35) in the rear panel (9). [10] Motor vehicle body (2), comprising: - a rear wall (9) with at least one fastening point (11; 12) which has a through-opening (15; 35) extending through the rear wall (9) and a support surface (17; 37) associated with the through-opening (15; 35), and - a rear wall panel (50) arranged or arrangable on the rear wall (9) according to one of the preceding claims.

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