LAMINATED GLASS
By defining electrode section dimensions and non-electrode section configurations, the laminated glass improves degassing properties and reduces manufacturing defects, ensuring uniform thickness and improved manufacturing quality.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- DE112020005615
- Authority / Receiving Office
- DE · DE
- Patent Type
- Patents
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2020-11-06
- Publication Date
- 2026-01-29
- Estimated Expiration
- 2040-11-06
AI Technical Summary
The thickness difference between areas with and without electrodes in laminated glass encasing functional elements leads to impaired degassing properties and visual defects such as air residue and foaming during manufacturing.
The laminated glass design includes specific dimensions and configurations for the electrode sections and non-electrode sections, with defined height ratios and recesses, to minimize thickness differences and improve degassing properties.
This design reduces degassing failures and visual defects by ensuring uniform thickness around electrodes, enhancing manufacturing quality and appearance.
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Abstract
Description
Technical field
[0001] The present invention relates to a laminated glass. State of the art
[0002] A laminated glass is known as a window pane for motor vehicles and rail vehicles, in which functional elements that can be supplied with electricity are enclosed in an intermediate film. Examples of functional elements include a light-adjusting element or an electric heating element. In general, electrodes for supplying an electric current to a functional layer are formed on these functional elements, and the electrodes are enclosed in the laminated glass together with the functional layer.
[0003] However, when electrodes are encapsulated in the laminated glass, the thickness differs between the portion of the functional element formed with the electrodes and the portion without them. This difference can impair degassing properties during the manufacturing of the laminated glass and cause visual defects, such as air residue and foaming in the interlayer.
[0004] As a countermeasure against the deterioration of degassing properties, for example, an investigation was carried out to reduce a voltage concentration at an electrode connection wiring by increasing the thickness of an electrode (see, e.g., patent document 1). The adjustment of the thickness of the functional layer by modifying the composition of an intermediate film was also investigated (see, e.g., patent document 2). Furthermore, long busbars with segments for increased robustness are known in the prior art (see, e.g., patent document 3). DOCUMENT LISTPatent documents Patent document 1: JP 4 060 249 B2 Patent document 2: JP 2007 - 326 763 A Patent document 3: WO 2019 / 206 561 A1
[0005] However, the degassing properties in the vicinity of the electrodes were not sufficiently improved by the known countermeasure. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION Technical Problem
[0006] The present invention was made with regard to the above aspects and an object of the present invention is to improve the degassing properties in the vicinity of electrodes in the laminated glass in which a functional element is enclosed in an intermediate film.
[0007] The laminated glass according to the present invention comprises a pair of glass plates, an intermediate film located between the pair of glass plates, and a functional element located between the pair of glass plates and in contact with the intermediate film, wherein the functional element comprises one or more conductive film(s) and one or more electrode(s) electrically connected to the conductive film(s). The functional element comprises an electrode section in which a given electrode is formed and a non-electrode section in which none of the electrodes are formed.The functional element comprises a first reference surface and a second reference surface in the non-electrode section, wherein the first reference surface is in contact with the intermediate film on one side where one glass plate of the pair of glass plates is located, and a second reference surface is in contact with the intermediate film on one side where the other glass plate of the pair of glass plates is located. An average value of the absolute height of the electrode section relative to the first reference surface is denoted as t1, and an average value of the absolute height of the electrode section relative to the second reference surface is denoted as t2, where a length in a transverse direction of one of the electrodes is denoted as w, is 0 mm. 2 ≤ w × t1 ≤ 0.7 mm 2 and 0 mm 2 ≤ w × t2 ≤ 0.7 mm 2and also fulfills the requirements of 3 mm ≤ w ≤ 20 mm. Furthermore, t1 ≤ 0.15 mm and t2 ≤ 0.15 mm are also fulfilled. A recess, in a vertical section extending parallel to the transverse direction of one of the electrodes, is formed at one end of the non-electrode section facing the electrode section. With reference to a lower part of the recess, at least one side wall of the recess, which is the side wall of one of the electrodes, or of a second side wall opposite the first side wall, is greater than 0.15 mm on one side of the non-electrode section. The distance between the first and second side walls is 5 mm or less in a direction parallel to the transverse direction of one of the electrodes.The functional element is a light-adjusting element or an electric heating element, wherein the light-adjusting element comprises substrates arranged in an opposing manner and on which conductive films are formed, and a light-adjusting layer arranged between the opposing substrates and made from one or more selected from a group consisting of a suspended particle device, a guest-host liquid crystal, a photochromic material, an electrochromic material and an electrokinetic material. Advantageous effect of the invention
[0008] According to the present invention, the degassing properties in the vicinity of electrodes in the laminated glass can be improved by a functional element enclosed in an intermediate film. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS Fig. Figure 1 is a drawing showing a laminated glass according to a first embodiment. Fig. Figure 2 is a drawing showing a laminated glass according to variation 1 of the first embodiment. Fig. Figure 3 is a drawing showing a recess formed on a non-electrode section. Fig. Figure 4 is a top view showing a laminated glass according to variation 2 of the first embodiment. Fig. Figure 5 is a top view showing a laminated glass according to variation 3 of the first embodiment. Fig. Figure 6 is a drawing showing a laminated glass according to variation 4 of the first embodiment. Fig. Figure 7 is a drawing showing a laminated glass according to variation 5 of the first embodiment. Fig. Figure 8 is a drawing showing a laminated glass according to variation 6 of the first embodiment. Fig. Figure 9 is a drawing showing a laminated glass according to a variation 7 of the first embodiment. Fig. Figure 10 is a representation (1) showing examples of embodiments and comparative examples, and Fig. Figure 11 is a second illustration (1) showing examples of embodiments and comparative examples. DESCRIPTION OF EXECUTION FORMS
[0009] Embodiments of the present invention are described below with reference to the accompanying drawings. In each drawing, the same components are designated by the same reference numeral, and superfluous explanations may be omitted. In each of the drawings, some of the sizes and shapes may be exaggerated to make the subject matter of the present invention easier to understand.
[0010] A “vehicle” typically refers to a motor vehicle, but also refers to any movable object with a glass pane, including rail vehicles, watercraft, aircraft or the like.
[0011] A "top view" refers to viewing a given surface of laminated glass in a direction perpendicular to an inner surface of the laminated glass. A "planar shape" refers to a shape when viewing a given surface of laminated glass in a direction perpendicular to an inner surface of the laminated glass. [First embodiment]
[0012] Fig. Figure 1 shows a laminated glass according to the first embodiment. Fig. 1 (a) schematically shows a laminated glass installed in a vehicle, viewed from outside the vehicle towards the inside of the vehicle. Fig. 1 (b) is a partially enlarged cross-sectional view along line AA in Fig. 1 (a).
[0013] With reference to Fig. 1 is a laminated glass 10, a laminated glass for a vehicle comprising a glass plate 11, a glass plate 12, an intermediate film 13, a shielding layer 14, and a light-adjusting element 15. The shielding layer 14 is, however, only provided if necessary.
[0014] In Fig. Figure 1 shows the laminated glass 10 in the form of a flat plate; however, the laminated glass 10 can be curved in a longitudinal and a transverse direction. Alternatively, the laminated glass 10 can be curved only in the longitudinal direction or only in the transverse direction.
[0015] In Fig. 1. The laminated glass 10 is rectangular, however, shapes of the laminated glass 10 in a top view are not limited to rectangular shapes and the laminated glass 10 can have any shape, including a trapezoid.
[0016] The laminated glass 10 can be applied, for example, to a roof window, a rear window, a rear side window, a rear triangular window, a roof window, and an additional window, etc., for a vehicle. The additional window is a window that is attached to the rear of the vehicle to improve the rearward visibility for the driver.
[0017] Glass plate 11 is an interior glass plate located inside a vehicle when the laminated glass 10 is installed in the vehicle. Glass plate 12 is an exterior glass plate located outside a vehicle when the laminated glass 10 is installed in the vehicle. Glass plates 11 and 12 can have a predefined curvature.
[0018] The glass plates 11 and 12 are a pair of opposing glass plates, and the intermediate film 13 and the light-adjusting element 15 are located between the pair of glass plates. The glass plates 11 and 12 are connected in a state in which the intermediate film 13 and the light-adjusting element 15 are enclosed between them.
[0019] The intermediate film 13 is a film that connects the glass plate 11 and the glass plate 12. The intermediate film 13 comprises, for example, an intermediate film 131 that is connected to the glass plate 11, an intermediate film 132 that is connected to the glass plate 12, and a frame-like intermediate film 133 that is arranged between the intermediate film 131 and the intermediate film 132 and surrounds the edge of the light-adjusting element 15.
[0020] However, it is also possible that the intermediate film 13 includes an intermediate film 131, which is bonded to the glass plate 11, and an intermediate film 132, which is bonded to the glass plate 12, but does not include an intermediate film 133. Even in a case where the laminated glass 10 does not include an intermediate film 133, the edge of the light-adjusting element 15 is surrounded by the intermediate film 131 and / or the intermediate film 132 during the pressure bonding process in a manufacturing process of the laminated glass 10.
[0021] If it is not necessary to distinguish between the intermediate sheets 131, 132, and 133, they are simply referred to as "intermediate sheet 13". Glass plate 11, glass plate 12, and intermediate sheet 13 are described in detail below.
[0022] The shielding layer 14 is an opaque layer, which may, for example, be a strip provided along an edge of the laminated glass 10. The shielding layer 14 is, for example, an opaque (e.g., black) colored ceramic layer. The shielding layer 14 can be a colored intermediate film, a colored film with opacity properties, or a combination of a colored intermediate film and a colored ceramic layer. The colored film may be integrated with an infrared-reflecting film or the like.
[0023] Providing an opaque shielding layer 14 in the laminated glass 10 prevents the degradation of a resin, such as a urethane, used to hold an edge of the laminated glass 10 to a vehicle body, by ultraviolet light. Furthermore, the electrodes electrically connected to the light-adjusting element 15 and electrode connection wiring can be concealed, making them not easily visible from outside and / or inside the vehicle.
[0024] To form a shielding layer 14, for example, a colored ceramic paste comprising a fusible glass frit containing a black pigment is applied to a glass plate by screen printing or the like and fired, although there are no restrictions in this regard. The shielding layer 14 can, for example, be formed by applying an organic printing ink containing a black or dark pigment to a glass plate by screen printing or the like and drying.
[0025] In one example, which is in Fig. As shown in Figure 1, the shielding layer 14 is provided on the edge of the inner surface of the glass plate 11. However, depending on suitability, the shielding layer 14 can be provided on the edge of the inner surface of the glass plate 12, or both on the edge of the inner surface of the glass plate 11 and on the edge of the inner surface of the glass plate 12.
[0026] The light-adjusting element 15 is an element that can change the light transmission of the laminated glass 10. Depending on its suitability, the light-adjusting element 15 can be arranged on the entire laminated glass 10 or only on a part of it. The shape of the light-adjusting element 15 in a top view is, for example, a rectangle that is smaller than the shape of the laminated glass 10. In the example shown in Fig. As shown in Figure 1, the edge of the light adjustment element 15 is arranged so that it overlaps with the shielding layer 14 in a top view.
[0027] The light-adjusting element 15 comprises a substrate 151, a conductive film 152, a light-adjusting layer 153, a conductive film 154, a substrate 155, and an electrode 156. The light-adjusting element 15 is enclosed within the intermediate film 13. In other words, the light-adjusting element 15 is surrounded by the intermediate film 13.
[0028] The light-adjusting element 15 is, for example, in the form of a film. The thickness of the light-adjusting element 15 is, for example, greater than or equal to 0.05 mm and less than or equal to 0.5 mm, and preferably greater than or equal to 0.1 mm and less than or equal to 0.4 mm. An electrode connection wiring 16 is connected to the electrode 156 of the light-adjusting element 15 for connecting the electrode 156 to an external circuit.
[0029] Substrates 151 and 155 are a transparent resin layer. The thickness of substrates 151 and 155 is, for example, greater than or equal to 5 µm and less than or equal to 500 µm, preferably greater than or equal to 10 µm and less than or equal to 200 µm, and more preferably greater than or equal to 50 µm and less than or equal to 150 µm.
[0030] The substrates 151 and 155 can, for example, be formed by one selected from a group consisting of polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylene naphthalate, polyamide, polyether, polysulfone, polyethersulfone, polycarbonate, polyarylate, polyetherimide, polyetheretherketone, polyimide, aramid, polybutylene terephthalate, triacetylcellulose, polyurethane and cycloolefin polymers.
[0031] The conductive film 152 is formed on the surface of the substrate 151, which faces the glass plate 12, and is in contact with the surface of the light-adjusting layer 153, which faces the glass plate 11. The conductive film 154 is formed on the surface of the substrate 155, which faces the glass plate 11, and is in contact with the surface of the light-adjusting layer 153, which faces the glass plate 12. In other words, the conductive films 152 and 154 are a pair of conductive films that enclose the light-adjusting layer 153.
[0032] For example, a transparent conductive oxide (TCO) can be used for conductive films 152 and 154. Examples of TCOs include, but are not limited to, tin-doped indium oxide (ITO) and aluminum-doped zinc oxide (AZO).
[0033] Transparent conductive polymers, such as poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) or poly(4,4-dioctylcyclopentadithiophene), can preferably be used for the conductive films 152 and 154. A stacked film of metal and dielectric layers, a silver nanowire, or a metal mesh of silver or copper, etc., can also be used for the conductive films 152 and 154.
[0034] Conductive films 152 and 154 can be formed by physical vapor deposition (PVD), such as sputtering, vacuum deposition, and ion plating. Conductive films 152 and 154 can also be formed by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) or wet coating.
[0035] The light-setting layer 153 is enclosed between the substrate 151, on which the conductive film 152 is formed, and the substrate 155, on which the conductive film 154 is formed. For example, the light-setting layer 153 can be one or more selected from a group consisting of a suspended particle device (SPD), a guest-host liquid crystal, a photochromic material, an electrochromic material, and an electrokinetic material.
[0036] In other words, the light-adjusting element 15 comprises the substrate 151 on which the conductive film 152 is formed, and the substrate 155 on which the conductive film 154 is formed, both substrates being arranged in an opposite manner, and the light-adjusting layer 153, which is made of one or more selected from a group consisting of a suspended particle device, a guest-host liquid crystal, a photochromic material, an electrochromic material or an electrokinetic material, is enclosed between the conductive film 152 and the conductive film 154, which are arranged in an opposite manner.
[0037] A conventional SPD film can be used as a suspended particle device. This film is configured such that a polymer layer containing suspended particles, which can be aligned by applying a voltage, is sandwiched between two substrates whose inner surfaces are coated with the conductive film. When a power switch is turned on to apply a voltage between the transparent conductive films, the suspended particles in the polymer layer align, resulting in the SPD film being in a state of high transparency and high visible light transmittance. When the power switch is turned off, the suspended particles in the polymer layer are not aligned, and the SPD film is in a state of low transparency and low visible light transmittance.
[0038] Suitable SPD films include, for example, LCF-1103DHA (product name, manufactured by Hitachi Chemical Co., Ltd.) and other commercially available products. Since these commercially available products are supplied in a predetermined size, they are cut to the required size for use. The thickness of the SPD film is not specifically limited, but for ease of handling and availability, it is preferably greater than or equal to 0.1 mm and less than or equal to 0.4 mm.
[0039] The electrode 156 is, for example, arranged in a position that overlaps a shielding layer 14 in a top view. In this embodiment, the electrode 156 is positioned between the conductive film 152 and the conductive film 154. The first and second main surfaces of the electrode 156 are in contact with a film that is different from the intermediate film 13. The first main surface of the electrode 156 faces the glass plate 11. The second main surface of the electrode 156 is opposite the first main surface, which faces the glass plate 12.
[0040] The electrode 156 is electrically separated into an upper and lower part by an insulating layer (not shown). One part of the upper and lower part is electrically connected to the conductive film 152, and the other part is electrically connected to the conductive film 154. The light-adjusting layer 153 is powered by supplying current to the conductive films 152 and 154. In other words, the first main surface of the electrode 156 is in contact with the conductive film 152, and the second main surface of the electrode 156 is in contact with the conductive film 154.
[0041] One of the poles of electrode 156, such as a positive pole, is connected to a positive side of a power source, such as a battery installed in a vehicle, by means of the electrode connection wiring 16, which is electrically connected to one of the poles of electrode 156. The other pole of electrode 156, such as a negative pole, is connected to a negative side of a power source, such as a battery installed in the vehicle, by means of the electrode connection wiring 16, which is electrically connected to one of the poles of electrode 156.
[0042] When a voltage is supplied to the light-setting layer 153 from the power source, such as a battery, via the electrodes 156, the transmittance of the light-setting layer 153 is changed depending on the voltage.
[0043] The materials for electrode 156 are not specifically limited, as long as they are conductive; however, examples of electrode 156 materials may include metallic materials. Examples of metallic materials include gold, silver, copper, aluminum, tungsten, platinum, palladium, nickel, cobalt, titanium, iridium, zinc, magnesium, or tin. These metals may also be plated or formed as an alloy or composite with a resin.
[0044] For electrode 156, a copper strip, a flat braided copper wire, or an FPC (flexible printed circuit) can preferably be used with regard to cost and availability. The copper strip or the flat braided copper wire can be plated with a metal other than copper.
[0045] Electrode 156 can be connected to conductive films 152 and 154 by means of a conductive adhesive (conductive bonding layer), an anisotropic conductive film, or a solder. Alternatively, electrode 156 can be contacted directly with conductive films 152 and 154 without a conductive adhesive, anisotropic conductive film, or a solder. The electrodes 156 can also be formed by a printing process, such as screen printing, inkjet printing, offset printing, flexographic printing, or gravure printing.
[0046] The electrode 156 has a sufficient length and shape to supply current to the light-adjusting element 15. The shape of the electrode 156 is not specifically restricted, but it is generally rectangular. Since it is necessary to cover the electrode 156 with a shielding layer 14, the electrode 156 is, for example, positioned at each end of the light-adjusting element 15 in a longitudinal direction (on one of the short sides) approximately parallel to the edge of the glass plates 11 and 12.
[0047] The electrode 156 is preferably arranged at least 10 mm inwards, more preferably at least 15 mm inwards, from the edges of the glass plates 11 and 12. This arrangement can reduce the risk of moisture penetrating through the edges of the glass plates 11 and 12 and causing corrosion of the electrode 156 and a short circuit between different potentials.
[0048] The length of electrode 156 is not specifically limited, but it is preferably 5 mm or more to ensure adequate power supply and improve operation. As described below, a plurality of electrodes 156 can be present, and these can be oriented towards each other on the same side or on opposite sides.
[0049] The length w of an electrode 156 in a transverse direction, i.e., the width of an electrode 156, is 3 mm to 20 mm, preferably 4 mm to 15 mm, and more preferably 4 mm to 10 mm. Since the length w of the electrode 156 in the transverse direction is 3 mm or more, the electrode 156 can be easily handled. Furthermore, a sufficient contact area can be obtained between the conductive films 152 and 154, so that the electrode can fully perform its function as an electrode. Since the length w of the electrode 156 in the transverse direction is 20 mm or less, covering it with a shielding layer 14 is easily achieved, and the design is improved.
[0050] The thickness of an electrode 156 is preferably 0.05 mm to 0.4 mm. If the thickness of the electrode 156 is 0.05 mm or more, sufficient strength can be achieved, and failure, such as breakage, can be reduced. If the thickness of the electrode 156 is 0.4 mm or less, the thickness difference between the electrodes and the other parts is reduced. This makes it possible to reduce the stress generated in the glass plates 11 and 12, and the risk of breakage of the glass plates 11 and 12 can be reduced.
[0051] As it is in Fig. As shown in Figure 1(b), the light-adjusting element 15 comprises an electrode section in which a given electrode of the electrodes 156 is formed, and a non-electrode section in which none of the electrodes 156 are formed. An electrode section is a part that overlaps the electrode 156 in plan view and does not include any inclined part in the vicinity of the electrode 156, i.e., a part whose thickness decreases as the distance from the electrode 156 increases. Other parts, except for the electrode section, constitute a non-electrode section.
[0052] The light-adjusting element 15 comprises a first reference surface 158 and a second reference surface 159, which serve as references for defining the height of an electrode section. The first reference surface 158 is a non-electrode section and is a surface that forms part of the light-adjusting element 15 with a substantially constant thickness and is in contact with the intermediate film 131 on the side facing the glass plate 11.
[0053] If the side facing the glass plate 11 is considered to have a positive direction relative to the first reference surface 158, the height of the electrode section relative to the first reference surface 158 can be either lower (a height in a negative direction) or higher (a height in a positive direction). However, what matters is not whether the direction of the height is positive or negative, but rather the magnitude of the absolute values for the height of the electrode section relative to the first reference surface 158. Therefore, the average value of the height of the electrode section relative to the first reference surface 158 is given below as an average of the absolute values of the height of the electrode section relative to the first reference surface 158.
[0054] If the side facing the glass plate 12 is considered to have a positive direction relative to the second reference surface 159, the height of the electrode section relative to the second reference surface 159 can be either lower (a height in a negative direction) or higher than the first reference surface 158 (a height in a positive direction). However, what matters is not whether the direction of the height is positive or negative, but the magnitude of the absolute values for the height of the electrode section relative to the second reference surface 159. Therefore, the average value of the height of the electrode section relative to the second reference surface 159 is given below as an average of the absolute values of the height of the electrode section relative to the second reference surface 159.
[0055] The part of the light-adjusting element 15 with substantially constant thickness encloses the inclined part in the vicinity of the electrode 156. Fig. 1 (b) in the non-electrode section and a recess 15x, which forms a side wall of an electrode 156A2 in Fig. 3 exposes, as described below. Therefore, the inclined part in the vicinity of electrode 156 and the recess 15x described below are not included in the first reference surface 158.
[0056] The second reference surface 159 is a non-electrode section and is a surface that forms part of the light-adjusting element 15 with a substantially constant thickness and is in contact with the intermediate film 132 on the side facing the glass plate 12. Therefore, the inclined part in the vicinity of the electrode 156 is not included in the second reference surface 159.
[0057] In Fig. 1 (b) An average value of the height (absolute value) of the electrode section relative to the first reference surface 158 of the light-adjusting element 15 is denoted by t1, and an average value of the height (absolute value) of the electrode section relative to the second reference surface 159 of the light-adjusting element 15 is denoted by t2. The length of the electrode 156 in the transverse direction is denoted by w.
[0058] For the laminated glass 10, t1, t2 and w are set such that 0 mm 2 ≤ w × t1 ≤ 0.7 mm 2 and 0 mm 2 ≤ w × t2 ≤ 0.7 mm 2 and also 3 mm ≤ w ≤ 20 mm are satisfied ... Equation (1)
[0059] In other words, t1 and w are set such that a value obtained by multiplying the length in the transverse direction w of the electrode 156 with the average value t1 of the height (absolute value) of the electrode section relative to the first reference surface 158 is greater than or equal to 0 mm 2 and less than or equal to 0.7 mm 2 The condition 3 mm ≤ w ≤ 20 mm is satisfied. Furthermore, t2 and w are defined such that a value obtained by multiplying the length w in the transverse direction of the electrode 156 by the average value t2 of the height (absolute value) of the electrode section relative to the second reference surface 159 is greater than or equal to 0 mm. 2 and less than or equal to 0.7 mm 2 is.
[0060] If the length w of electrode 156 is not constant in the transverse direction, where 3 mm ≤ w ≤ 20 mm, t1 and t2 are set such that they satisfy equation (1) for the average value of w.
[0061] As described in detail below, to obtain a laminated glass 10, a laminated body is produced by successively laminating a glass plate 11, an intermediate film 131, a light-adjusting element 15, an intermediate film 133, an intermediate film 132, and a glass plate 12. The produced laminated body is, for example, placed in a rubber bag, then heated and provisionally pressure-bonded while the pressure inside the rubber bag is reduced by suction (degassing process). Optionally, the laminated body, which has undergone provisional pressure bonding, is placed, for example, in an autoclave, then heated and pressurized for final bonding (final pressure bonding).
[0062] If the thickness difference in the vicinity of an electrode is large in the manner known so far, the degassing properties are deteriorated and defects in appearance, such as foaming and air residue, occur in the manufacturing steps of the laminated glass 10.
[0063] In contrast, if t1, t2, and w satisfy equation (1) for the laminated glass 10, the thickness difference in the vicinity of an electrode decreases. Therefore, in the manufacturing steps of the laminated glass 10, degassing failure in the vicinity of the electrode can be reduced (evacuation of residual air can be improved), and the occurrence of visual defects, such as foaming and air residue, can be avoided.
[0064] According to the present invention, t1, t2 and w satisfy equation (1) and t1 ≤ 0.15 mm and t2 ≤ 0.15 mm. By fulfilling this requirement, the degassing failure in the vicinity of an electrode in the manufacturing steps of the laminated glass 10 is further reduced.
[0065] The relationship between the length in the transverse direction of an electrode, a stepped section formed between a non-electrode section and an electrode section, and the degassing properties has not yet been investigated. The definition by equation (1) is based on new insights derived from repeated investigations by the inventors.
[0066] The glass plate 11, the glass plate 12 and the intermediate film 13 are described in detail below. [Glass plate]
[0067] Glass plate 11 and glass plate 12 can be made of inorganic or organic glass. Examples of inorganic glasses that can be used include soda-lime glass, aluminosilicate glass, borosilicate glass, alkali-free glass, quartz glass, or the like, without any particular restrictions. Glass plate 12, which is located on the outer surface of the laminated glass 10, is preferably made of an inorganic glass with regard to scratch resistance and preferably made of soda-lime glass with regard to formability. If glass plate 11 and glass plate 12 are made of soda-lime glass, preferably clear glass, green glass containing a specified amount or more of iron components, or green glass with UV protection can be used.
[0068] Inorganic glass can be either untempered or tempered. Untempered glass is produced by forming molten glass into a sheet and slowly cooling it. A layer of compressive stress forms on the surface of the untempered glass, thus producing tempered glass.
[0069] Tempered glass can be any type of physically or chemically tempered glass, for example, glass tempered by air cooling. In the case of physically tempered glass, a glass surface can be tempered, for example, by creating a layer of compressive stress on the glass surface due to a temperature difference between the glass surface and the interior of the glass. This process differs from slow cooling, such as the rapid cooling of a uniformly heated glass plate in a curved shape from a temperature near its softening point.
[0070] In the case of chemically tempered glass, the glass surface can be tempered, for example, by applying compressive stress to the glass surface using an ion exchange process or similar method after bending. A glass that absorbs ultraviolet or infrared radiation can be used. Furthermore, a glass plate tinted to such an extent that transparency is not reduced can be used, although transparency is preferred.
[0071] Materials for the organic glass can include polycarbonate, acrylic resins such as polymethyl methacrylate, polyvinyl chloride, polystyrene, or other transparent resins.
[0072] The shapes of the glass plates 11 and 12 are not specifically limited to rectangular forms, but can be processed into various shapes and curvatures. Gravity forming, compression forming, roller forming, or similar processes are used to bend the glass plates 11 and 12. The forming processes for the glass plates 11 and 12 are not specifically limited; however, in the case of inorganic glass, for example, glass plates formed by a float process, etc., are preferred.
[0073] The thickness of the glass plate 12 at its thinnest part is preferably greater than or equal to 1.1 mm and less than or equal to 3 mm. If the thickness of the glass plate 12 is 1.1 mm or more, it is sufficiently strong to provide adequate resistance to flying stones, etc. If the thickness of the glass plate 12 is 3 mm or less, the mass of the laminated glass 10 is not too great, which is preferable with regard to the fuel efficiency of a vehicle. The thickness of the glass plate 12 at its thinnest part is preferably greater than or equal to 1.8 mm and less than or equal to 2.8 mm, more preferably greater than or equal to 1.8 mm and less than or equal to 2.6 mm, even more preferably greater than or equal to 1.8 mm and less than or equal to 2.2 mm, and even more preferably greater than or equal to 1.8 mm and less than or equal to 2.0 mm.
[0074] The thickness of the glass plate 11 is preferably greater than or equal to 0.3 mm and less than or equal to 2.3 mm. A thickness of 0.3 mm or more results in easy handling of the glass plate 11, and if the thickness is 3 mm or less, the mass of the laminated glass 11 is not too great.
[0075] The shape of the glass plates 11 and 12 can be flat or curved. However, if the glass plates 11 and 12 are curved and the thickness of glass plate 11 is unsuitable, and the two glass plates 11 and 12 have a particularly deep bend, a mismatch between the shapes of the two plates can occur, which severely impairs the quality of the glass, such as residual stress after pressure bonding.
[0076] However, if the thickness of the glass plate 11 is greater than or equal to 0.3 mm and less than or equal to 2.3 mm, the glass quality, such as residual stress, can be maintained. A thickness of the glass plate 11 greater than or equal to 0.3 mm and less than or equal to 2.3 mm is particularly effective for maintaining the glass quality in glass with a deep bend. The thickness of the glass plate 11 is preferably greater than or equal to 0.5 mm and less than or equal to 2.1 mm, and more preferably greater than or equal to 0.7 mm and less than or equal to 1.9 mm. In this range, the aforementioned effects are even more pronounced.
[0077] A film with functions such as water repellency, UV or IR protection, or low reflection or low emission properties can be provided on the outside of the glass plate 11 and / or 12. A film with UV or IR protection, low emission properties, visible light absorption, tinting, etc., can also be provided on the side of the glass plate 11 and / or 12 that is in contact with the intermediate film 13.
[0078] If the glass plates 11 and 12 are made of curved inorganic glass, they are bent after being formed using the float process and before being bonded to the intermediate film 13. During bending, the glass is heated to soften it. The heating temperature of the glass during bending is approximately 550 °C to 700 °C. [Intermediate film]
[0079] Thermoplastic resins are frequently used for the intermediate film 13. Examples of thermoplastic resins that have been conventionally used for this type of application include a plasticized polyvinyl acetal resin, a plasticized polyvinyl chloride resin, a saturated polyester resin, a plasticized saturated polyester resin, a polyurethane resin, a plasticized polyurethane resin, an ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer resin, an ethylene ethyl acrylate copolymer resin, a cycloolefin polymer resin, an ionomer resin, and other thermoplastic resins. The resin compositions containing modified block copolymer hydrides, as described in JP 6 065 221 B2, may be used preferentially.
[0080] Of these, plasticized polyvinyl acetal resin is preferred because it exhibits an excellent balance of various performance properties, such as transparency, weather resistance, strength, adhesion, penetration resistance, impact energy absorption, moisture resistance, heat shielding, and sound insulation. These thermoplastic resins can be used individually, or two or more thermoplastic resins can be combined. The term "plasticization," used for plasticized polyvinyl acetal resin, means that it has been softened by the addition of a plasticizer. The same applies to other plasticized resins.
[0081] The light-adjusting element 15, which is enclosed in the intermediate film 13, can, however, be degraded by a specific plasticizer, depending on the types of materials to be included. In this case, it is preferred to use resins that contain essentially no such plasticizer. That is, in some cases, it may be preferable for the intermediate film 13 to be plasticizer-free. Examples of resins that do not contain plasticizers include ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer resins.
[0082] The polyvinyl acetal resins comprise a polyvinyl formal resin obtained by reacting a polyvinyl alcohol (hereinafter optionally referred to as "PVA") with formaldehyde, a polyvinyl acetal resin in the narrow sense obtained by reacting PVA with acetaldehyde, a polyvinyl butyral resin (hereinafter optionally referred to as "PVB") obtained by reacting PVA with n-butyraldehyde, and the like. PVB is particularly preferred because it exhibits an excellent balance of various performance characteristics, such as transparency, weather resistance, strength, adhesion, penetration resistance, impact energy absorption, moisture resistance, heat shielding properties, and sound insulation properties. These polyvinyl acetal resins can be used individually, or two or more polyvinyl acetal resins can be used in combination.
[0083] The material used to form the intermediate film 13 is not limited to thermoplastic resins. The intermediate film 13 can also contain functional particles, such as an IR absorber, a UV absorber, or a luminescent agent. The intermediate film 13 can also have a colored section, referred to as a "darkening band".
[0084] The thickness of the interlayer 13 is preferably 0.5 mm or more at its thinnest part. If the thickness of the thinnest part of the interlayer 13 is 0.5 mm or more, sufficient impact resistance is achieved for the laminated glass 10. The thickness of the interlayer 13 is preferably 3 mm or less at its thickest part. If the maximum thickness of the interlayer 13 is 3 mm or less, the mass of the laminated glass 10 is not too great. The maximum thickness of the interlayer 13 is more preferably 2.8 mm or less, and even more preferably 2.6 mm or less.
[0085] The intermediate film 13 can have four or more layers. For example, the sound insulation properties of the laminated glass 10 can be improved by forming the intermediate film with four or more layers and adjusting the shear modulus of each of the layers, except for the layers on both sides, to a lower value than the shear modulus of the layers on both sides by adjusting the plasticizer. In this case, the shear modulus of the layers on both sides can be the same or different.
[0086] It is preferred that all interlayers 131, 132, and 133 incorporated into interlayer 13 are made of the same material. However, some or all of the interlayers 131, 132, and 133 may be made of different materials. For example, the shear modulus of interlayer 133 may be lower than that of interlayers 131 and 132. If the shear modulus of interlayer 133 is lower than that of interlayers 131 and 132, the sound insulation properties of the laminated glass 10 can be improved. Similarly, if the shear modulus of interlayer 132 is lower than that of interlayers 131 and 133, the sound insulation properties of the laminated glass 10 can be improved.
[0087] However, with regard to the adhesion between the glass plates 11 and 12 or functional materials to be integrated into the laminated glass 10, it is preferred to use the aforementioned materials for at least 50% of the thickness of the intermediate film 13.
[0088] To produce an intermediate film 13, the aforementioned resin materials are selected for use as an intermediate film in a suitable manner and extruded in a heated and molten state using an extruder. The extrusion conditions, such as the extrusion speed of the extruder, are set uniformly. The extruded resin film is then stretched, if necessary, for example, to impart a curvature to the top and bottom surfaces according to the design of the laminated glass 10. In this way, the intermediate film 13 is completed. [Laminated glass]
[0089] The total thickness of the laminated glass 10 is preferably greater than or equal to 2.8 mm and less than or equal to 10 mm. Sufficient stiffness can be ensured if the total thickness of the laminated glass 10 is 2.8 mm or more. Sufficient transmittance can be maintained and haze reduced if the total thickness of the laminated glass 10 is 10 mm or less.
[0090] The plate misalignment between glass plate 11 and glass plate 12 on at least one side of the laminated glass 10 is preferably 1.5 mm or less, and more preferably 1 mm or less. The plate misalignment between glass plate 11 and glass plate 12 refers to the extent of the misalignment between the edge of glass plate 11 and the edge of glass plate 12 in a top view.
[0091] Preferably, the misalignment between glass plate 11 and glass plate 12 on at least one side of the laminated glass 10 is 1.5 mm or less, so that the appearance is not affected. More preferably, the misalignment between glass plate 11 and glass plate 12 on at least one side of the laminated glass 10 is 1.0 mm or less, so that the appearance is not affected.
[0092] To produce a laminated glass 10, an intermediate film 13 and a light-adjusting element 15 are enclosed between a glass plate 11 and a glass plate 12, forming a laminated body. The laminated body is then placed in a rubber bag and bonded under vacuum at a temperature of approximately 70 °C to 110 °C and a reduced pressure of -65 kPa to -100 kPa. The heating conditions, temperature conditions, and lamination process are selected appropriately, taking into account, for example, the properties of the light-adjusting element 15, so that no deterioration occurs during the lamination process.
[0093] Furthermore, the laminated glass 10 with excellent durability can be obtained by a pressure bonding process involving heating and applying pressure at a temperature of 100 °C to 150 °C and an absolute pressure of 0.6 MPa to 1.3 MPa. However, in some cases, this heating and applying pressure process cannot be used to simplify the process steps, also taking into account the properties of the materials incorporated in the laminated glass 10.
[0094] In addition to the intermediate film 13 and the light-adjusting element 15, the glass plate 11 and the glass plate 12 may have interposed films or devices with functions such as an electric heating wire, infrared reflection, light emission, current generation, light adjustment, a touch field, reflection of visible light, scattering, decoration, absorption, or the like, to an extent that the effects of this application are not impaired. A film with functions such as anti-fog, water repellency, heat shielding, and low reflection may be provided on the surface of the laminated glass 10. A film with functions such as heat shielding and heat generation may be provided on the outer surface of the glass plate 11 and on the inner surface of the glass plate 12.
[0095] In this way, the thickness difference in the vicinity of the electrode for the laminated glass 10 is reduced, since t1, t2 and w satisfy equation (1). Therefore, in the manufacturing steps of the laminated glass 10, degassing failure in the vicinity of the electrodes can be reduced (the evacuation of residual air can be improved), and the occurrence of appearance defects, such as foaming and residual air, can be avoided. [Variation 1 of the first embodiment]
[0096] Variation 1 of the first embodiment shows an example of a laminated glass with a light-adjusting element having an electrode structure that differs from that of the first embodiment. In Variation 1 of the first embodiment, explanations of the same components as in the embodiments already described may be omitted.
[0097] Fig. Figure 2 shows an example of the laminated glass according to variation 1 of the first embodiment. Fig. 2 (a) schematically shows the laminated glass installed in the vehicle, taking into account the view from outside the vehicle to the inside of the vehicle. Fig. 2 (b) is a partially enlarged cross-sectional view along line BB in Fig. 2 (a).
[0098] With reference to Fig. 2. A laminated glass 10A differs from the laminated glass 10 (see below). Fig. 1) in that the light adjustment element 15 is replaced by a light adjustment element 15A.
[0099] Unlike the light adjustment element 15 (see Fig. 1), which has the single electrode 156, the light adjustment element 15A comprises a pair of electrodes 156A1 and 156A2. The light adjustment element 15A has the same structure as the light adjustment element 15, except for the electrodes 156A1 and 156A2.
[0100] An electrode connection wiring 161 is connected to an electrode 156A1 for connecting the electrode 156A1 to an external circuit. An electrode connection wiring 162 is connected to an electrode 156A2 for connecting the electrode 156A2 to an external circuit.
[0101] For example, electrodes 156A1 and 156A2 are arranged in a position that overlaps with the shielding layer 14 in a top view. Electrodes 156A1 and 156A2 are arranged on a half-section of the light-adjusting element 15A.
[0102] In particular, electrode 156A1 is arranged such that its first main surface is in contact with the surface of the conductive film 152, which is exposed after the substrate 155, the conductive film 154, and the light-setting layer 153 have been partially removed. Furthermore, electrode 156A2 is arranged such that its second main surface is in contact with the surface of the conductive film 154, which is exposed after the substrate 151, the conductive film 152, and the light-setting layer 153 have been partially removed. The first main surface of electrode 156A2 is in contact with the intermediate film 131. The first main surface of electrodes 156A1 and 156A2 is the surface facing the glass plate 11. The second main surface of electrodes 156A1 and 156A2 is the surface opposite the first main surface and facing the glass plate 12.
[0103] For example, electrode 156A1 is a positive electrode and is connected to the positive side of a power source, such as a battery installed in a vehicle, via electrode connection wiring 161. Electrode 156A2, for example, is a negative electrode and is connected to the negative side of the power source, such as the battery installed in the vehicle, via electrode connection wiring 162.
[0104] When a voltage from a battery or other power sources is supplied to the light-setting layer 153 via the electrodes 156A1 and 156A2, the transmittance of the light-setting layer 153 changes depending on the voltage.
[0105] The material, length, width and thickness of electrodes 156A1 and 156A2, as well as the method of connecting them to the conductive film, are identical to those specified for electrode 156 in the first embodiment.
[0106] The electrodes 156A1 and 156A2 are arranged approximately parallel to the edges of the glass plates 11 and 12 at the two ends of the light-adjusting element 15A in the longitudinal direction (i.e., both short sides), since they are to be covered by the shielding layer 14.
[0107] The electrodes 156A1 and 156A2 are preferably arranged 10 mm or more inwards and more preferably 15 mm or more inwards from the edges of the glass plates 11 and 12. This arrangement reduces the risk of moisture penetrating through the edges of the glass plates 11 and 12 and causing corrosion of the electrodes 156A1 and 156A2 or a short circuit between different potentials.
[0108] For the laminated glass 10A, t1, t2, and w are set to satisfy equation (1), as is the case for the laminated glass 10. However, the laminated glass 10A does not have a stepped part on the side of the second reference surface 159, and t2 = 0. If the length in the transverse direction of electrode 156A1 is denoted as w1, the length in the transverse direction of electrode 156A2 is denoted as w2, and w1 ≠ w2, then each of w1 and w2 satisfies equation (1).
[0109] The connection between the electrode and the conductive film is not specifically restricted, and an insertion-type electrode, as used in Fig. 1 is shown, or a half-cut type electrode as shown in Fig. The one shown in 2 can be used.
[0110] In any case, the thickness difference in the vicinity of the electrodes is reduced if t1, t2, and w of the laminated glass satisfy equation (1). Therefore, in the manufacturing steps of the laminated glass, degassing failure of the electrodes can be reduced (the evacuation of residual air can be improved), and the occurrence of appearance defects, such as foaming and residual air, can be avoided.
[0111] As in the first embodiment, t1, t2 and w satisfy equation (1) and t1 ≤ 0.15 mm. By fulfilling this requirement, the degassing defects around the electrodes in the manufacturing steps of the laminated glass 10A are further reduced.
[0112] However, if the electrode is of the half-cut type, as is the case in the laminated glass 10A, t1 ≤ 0.15 mm, and the requirements specified below with reference to Fig. The conditions described in point 3 are met.
[0113] Fig. Figure 3 shows a recess as it is formed on a non-electrode section according to the present invention. Fig. 3 designates E1 as an electrode section and E2 as a non-electrode section.
[0114] The laminated glass 10A, which has a half-cut type electrode, has a recess 15x that exposes a side wall of an electrode 156A2 at one end of the non-electrode section E2, which is directed towards the electrode section E1, in a vertical cut extending parallel to the transverse direction of the electrode 156A2, as shown in Fig. Figure 3 shows (the same applies to the end of electrode 156A1). The recess 15x is formed from the first reference surface 158 of electrode section E2 to the conductive film 154, and a lower surface is formed by the conductive film 154.
[0115] According to the present invention, with reference to the lower part of the recess 15x, at least one side wall of the recess 15x, which is the side wall of the electrode 156A2, or of a second side wall, has a height t3 greater than 0.15 mm relative to the first side wall and on one side of the non-electrode section E2. In this case, it is preferred that the distance wx between the first and the second side wall be small with regard to improving degassing properties. In particular, if the distance wx between the first and the second side wall is 5 mm or less, as is the case according to the present invention, the effect on the degassing properties is preferably small.If the distance wx between the first and second side walls is 3 mm or less, the effect on the degassing properties is much smaller, and if the distance wx between the first and second side walls is 2 mm or less, the effect on the degassing properties is preferably much smaller.
[0116] In another example, if the lower part of the recess 15x is a reference, both the height t3 of the first side wall (the side wall of electrode 156A2) of the recess 15x and the height t4 of the second side wall relative to the first side wall on the side of the non-electrode section E2 are greater than 0.15 mm. In this case, it is also preferred, with a view to improving degassing, if the distance wx between the first and the second side wall is small. In particular, if the distance wx between the first and the second side wall is 5 mm or less, as is the case according to the present invention, the effect on degassing is preferably less.If the distance wx between the first and second side walls is 3 mm or less, the effect on degassing is much smaller, and if the distance wx between the first and second side walls is 2 mm or less, the effect on degassing is preferably much smaller. [Variation 2 of the first embodiment]
[0117] Variation 2 of the first embodiment shows an example of the laminated glass with a light-adjusting element, which has an electrode arrangement that differs from that of Variation 1 of the first embodiment. In Variation 2 of the first embodiment, the explanations of the same components as in the embodiments already described may be omitted.
[0118] Fig. Figure 4 shows a top view of the laminated glass according to variation 2 of the first embodiment. It schematically shows the laminated glass installed in a vehicle, viewed from outside the vehicle looking towards the interior.
[0119] With reference to Fig. 4. Laminated glass 10B differs from laminated glass 10A (see below). Fig. 2) in that the light adjustment element 15A is replaced by a light adjustment element 15B.
[0120] Unlike the light adjustment element 15A (see Fig. 2), which comprises the pair of electrodes 156A1 and 156A2, the light adjustment element 15B comprises a pair of electrodes 156B1 and 156B2. The structure of the light adjustment element 15B is identical to that of the light adjustment element 15A, except for the electrodes 156B1 and 156B2.
[0121] An electrode connection wiring 161 is connected to electrode 156B1 for connecting electrode 156B1 to an external circuit. An electrode connection wiring 162 is connected to electrode 156B2 for connecting electrode 156B2 to an external circuit.
[0122] The material, length, width and thickness of electrodes 156B1 and 156B2, as well as the method of connecting them to the conductive film, are identical to those shown for electrode 156 in the first embodiment.
[0123] The electrodes 156B1 and 156B2 are arranged approximately parallel to the edges of the glass plates 11 and 12 at one of the ends of the light-adjusting element 15B in the longitudinal direction (i.e., one of the short sides), since they are to be covered by the shielding layer 14.
[0124] Electrodes 156B1 and 156B2 are preferably arranged 10 mm or more inwards, and more preferably 15 mm or more inwards, from the edges of the glass plates 11 and 12. This arrangement reduces the risk of moisture ingress through the edges of the glass plates 11 and 12 and the risk of corrosion of electrodes 156B1 and 156B2 or a short circuit between different potentials.
[0125] For the laminated glass 10B, t1, t2, and w are set such that they satisfy equation (1), as is the case for laminated glass 10B. However, laminated glass 10B does not have a stepped part on the side of the second reference surface 159, and t2 = 0. If the length in the transverse direction of electrode 156B1 is denoted as w1, the length in the transverse direction of electrode 156B2 is denoted as w2, and w1 ≠ w2, then each of w1 and w2 satisfies equation (1).
[0126] According to the present invention, t1, t2 and w satisfy equation (1) and t1 ≤ 0.15 mm. By fulfilling this requirement, the degassing defects in the vicinity of the electrodes in the manufacturing steps of the laminated glass 10B are further reduced.
[0127] As in the case of laminated glass 10A, laminated glass 10B has a recess that exposes a side wall of one of the electrodes 156B1 and 156B2 at one end of the non-electrode section facing the electrode section in a vertical cut extending parallel to the transverse direction of one of the electrodes.
[0128] As in the case of laminated glass 10A, if at least the height of the first side wall or the height of the second side wall of the recess is greater than 0.15 mm and if the distance between the first and the second side wall is 5 mm or less, as is the case according to the present invention, the effect on the degassing properties is preferably less. If the distance between the first and the second side wall is 3 mm or less, the effect on degassing is preferably less, and if the distance between the first and the second side wall is 2 mm or less, the effect on degassing is preferably much less.
[0129] If both the heights of the first and second side walls of the recess are greater than 0.15 mm, and if the distance between the first and second side walls is 5 mm or less, the effect on the degassing properties is preferably less. If the distance between the first and second side walls is 3 mm or less, the effect on the degassing properties is preferably much less, and if the distance between the first and second side walls is 2 mm or less, the effect on the degassing properties is preferably much less.
[0130] The pair of electrodes can be arranged on the edges of the glass plates 11 and 12, which are opposite each other, or it can be arranged in a line at a predetermined distance on the same edge of the glass plates 11 and 12.
[0131] In any case, the thickness difference in the vicinity of the electrodes is reduced if t1, t2, and w of the laminated glass satisfy equation (1). Therefore, in the manufacturing steps of the laminated glass, degassing failure in the vicinity of the electrodes can be reduced (evaporation of residual air can be improved), and the occurrence of visual defects, such as foaming and air residue, can be avoided. [Variation 3 of the first embodiment]
[0132] Variation 3 of the first embodiment shows an example of the laminated glass with a light-adjusting element, which has an electrode arrangement that differs from that of Variation 1 of the first embodiment. In Variation 3 of the first embodiment, the explanations of the same components as in the embodiments already described may be omitted.
[0133] Fig. Figure 5 shows a top view of the laminated glass according to variation 3 of the first embodiment. It schematically shows the laminated glass installed in a vehicle, viewed from outside the vehicle looking towards the interior.
[0134] With reference to Fig. 5. Laminated glass 10C differs from laminated glass 10A (see below). Fig. 2) in that the light adjustment element 15A is replaced by a light adjustment element 15C.
[0135] Unlike the light adjustment element 15A (see Fig. 2), which comprises the pair of electrodes 156A1 and 156A2, the light adjustment element 15C comprises a pair of electrodes 156C1 and 156C2. The structure of the light adjustment element 15C is identical to that of the light adjustment element 15A, except for the electrodes 156C1 and 156C2.
[0136] An electrode connection wiring 161 is connected to electrode 156C1 for connecting electrode 156C1 to an external circuit. An electrode connection wiring 162 is connected to electrode 156C2 for connecting electrode 156C2 to an external circuit.
[0137] The material, length, width and thickness of electrodes 156C1 and 156C2, as well as the method of connecting them to the conductive film, are identical to those specified for electrode 156 in the first embodiment.
[0138] The electrodes 156C1 and 156C2 are arranged approximately parallel to the edges of the glass plates 11 and 12 at one of the ends of the light-adjusting element 15C in the transverse direction (i.e., one of the long sides), since they are to be covered by the shielding layer 14.
[0139] The electrodes 156C1 and 156C2 are preferably arranged 10 mm or more inwards and more preferably 15 mm or more inwards from the edges of the glass plates 11 and 12. This arrangement reduces the risk of moisture penetrating through the edges of the glass plates 11 and 12 and causing corrosion of the electrodes 156C1 and 156C2 or a short circuit between different potentials.
[0140] For laminated glass 10C, t1, t2, and w are set to satisfy equation (1), as is the case for laminated glass 10C. However, laminated glass 10B does not have a stepped part on the side of the second reference surface 159, and t2 = 0. If the length in the transverse direction of electrode 156C1 is denoted as w1, the length in the transverse direction of electrode 156C2 is denoted as w2, and w1 ≠ w2, then each of w1 and w2 satisfies equation (1).
[0141] As in the case of the first embodiment, t1, t2 and w satisfy equation (1) and t1 ≤ 0.15 mm. By fulfilling this requirement, the degassing defects in the vicinity of the electrodes in the manufacturing steps of the laminated glass 10C are further reduced.
[0142] As in the case of the laminated glass 10A, the laminated glass 10C has a recess that exposes a side wall of one of the electrodes 156C1 and 156C2 at one end of the non-electrode section facing the electrode section in a vertical cut extending parallel to the transverse direction of one of the electrodes.
[0143] As in the case of laminated glass 10A, if at least the height of the first side wall or the height of the second side wall of the recess is greater than 0.15 mm and if the distance between the first and the second side wall is 5 mm or less, as is the case according to the present invention, the effect on the degassing properties is preferably less. If the distance between the first and the second side wall is 3 mm or less, the effect on the degassing properties is preferably less, and if the distance between the first and the second side wall is 2 mm or less, the effect on the degassing properties is preferably much less.
[0144] If both the heights of the first and second side walls of the recess are greater than 0.15 mm, and if the distance between the first and second side walls is 5 mm or less, the effect on degassing is preferably less. If the distance between the first and second side walls is 3 mm or less, the effect on degassing is preferably much less, and if the distance between the first and second side walls is 2 mm or less, the effect on degassing is preferably much less.
[0145] In this way, the pair of electrodes can be arranged opposite each other at both ends of the light adjustment element in the longitudinal direction, or in a line at a predetermined distance at one end of the light adjustment element in the longitudinal direction. Furthermore, the pair of electrodes can be arranged in a line at a predetermined distance at one end of the light adjustment element in the transverse direction.
[0146] In any case, the thickness difference in the vicinity of the electrodes is reduced if t1, t2, and w of the laminated glass satisfy equation (1). Therefore, in the manufacturing steps of the laminated glass, degassing failure in the vicinity of the electrodes can be reduced (evaporation of residual air can be improved), and the occurrence of visual defects, such as foaming and air residue, can be avoided. [Variation 4 of the first embodiment]
[0147] Variation 4 of the first embodiment shows an example of the laminated glass with an electric heating element. In Variation 4 of the first embodiment, the explanations of the same components as in the embodiments already described may be omitted.
[0148] Fig. Figure 6 shows the laminated glass according to variation 4 of the first embodiment. Fig. Figure 6 (a) is a schematic view of the laminated glass fitted in a vehicle, viewed from outside the vehicle looking towards the inside of the vehicle. Fig. 6 (b) is a partially enlarged cross-sectional view along line CC of Fig. 6 (a).
[0149] With reference to Fig. 6. Laminated glass 10D differs from laminated glass 10A (see below). Fig. 2) in that the light adjustment element 15A is replaced by an electric heating element 15D.
[0150] The electric heating element 15D is an element that can heat the laminated glass 10D. The electric heating element 15D can be arranged on the entire laminated glass 10D or only on a part of it. In a top view, the electric heating element 15D has, for example, a rectangular shape. One edge of the electric heating element 15D is positioned so that it overlaps the shielding layer 14 in a top view.
[0151] The electric heating element 15D is designed as a film comprising a substrate 155, a heat-generating part 154D, and electrodes 156D1 and 156D2, and is enclosed in the intermediate film 13. In other words, the electric heating element 15D is surrounded by the intermediate film 13.
[0152] The heat-generating component 154D can be formed, for example, by a conductive film such as gold, silver, copper, tin-doped indium oxide, or the like. The heat-generating component 154D can be formed, for example, by physical vapor deposition (PVD), such as sputtering, vacuum deposition, or ion plating. The heat-generating component 154D can also be deposited by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) or a wet coating process.
[0153] The heat-generating part 154D can be an electric heating wire or a mesh-like metal. The material used for an electric heating wire or a mesh-like metal is not specifically restricted, provided that the material is a conductive material, but includes at least one metal selected from a group consisting of gold, silver, copper, aluminum, nickel, and tungsten, or an alloy containing two or more metals selected from this group, or the like.
[0154] An electrode connection wiring 161 is connected to electrode 156D1 for connecting electrode 156D1 to an external circuit. An electrode connection wiring 162 is connected to electrode 156D2 for connecting electrode 156D2 to an external circuit.
[0155] The first primary surface of electrodes 156D1 and D2 is in contact with the intermediate film 131. The second primary surface of electrodes 156D1 and 156D2 is in contact with the surface of the heat-generating part 154D. The first primary surface of electrodes 156D1 and 156D2 is the surface facing the glass plate 11. The second primary surface of electrodes 156D1 and 156D2 is the surface opposite the first primary surface and the surface facing the glass plate 12.
[0156] For example, electrode 156D1 is a positive electrode and is connected to the positive side of a power source, such as a battery installed in the vehicle, via electrode connection wiring 161. Electrode 156D1 is also a negative electrode and is connected to the negative side of a power source, such as a battery installed in the vehicle, via electrode connection wiring 162.
[0157] When a voltage from a power source, such as a battery, is applied to the heat-generating unit 154D via electrodes 156D1 and 156D2, the amount of heat generated by the heat-generating unit 154D varies depending on the voltage. When heat is generated by the heat-generating unit 154D, effects such as melting frozen water adhering to the laminated glass 10D (ice melting) or removing condensation (anti-fog coating) are achieved.
[0158] The material, length, width and thickness of electrodes 156D1 and 156D2, as well as the method of connecting them to the conductive film, are identical to those specified for electrode 156 in the first embodiment.
[0159] The electrodes 156D1 and 15D2 are arranged approximately parallel to the edges of the glass plates 11 and 12 at the two ends of the light-adjusting element 15C in the longitudinal direction (i.e., both short sides), since they are to be covered by the shielding layer 14.
[0160] Since the 15D electric heating element requires a uniform current distribution, it is, as described in Fig. As shown in Figure 5a, preferably the electrodes 15D1 and 15D2 are arranged over the entire surface of the sides of the electrical heating element 15D. In the case of a functional element, such as a light adjustment element 15, which operates by applying a voltage, the electrodes may be arranged only on a portion of the sides, as shown in Figure 5a. Fig. 2 (a), etc., is shown.
[0161] The electrodes 156D1 and 156D2 are preferably arranged 10 mm or more inwards and more preferably 15 mm or more inwards from the edges of the glass plates 11 and 12. This arrangement can reduce the risk of moisture penetrating through the edges of the glass plates 11 and 12 and causing corrosion of the electrodes 156D1 and 156D2 and a short circuit between different potentials.
[0162] For the laminated glass 10D, t1, t2, and w are set such that they satisfy equation (1), as is the case for the laminated glass 10D. However, the laminated glass 10D does not have a stepped part on the side of the second reference surface 159, and t2 = 0. If the length in the transverse direction of electrode 156B1 is denoted as w1, the length in the transverse direction of electrode 156B2 is denoted as w2, and w1 ≠ w2, then each of w1 and w2 satisfies equation (1).
[0163] As in the first embodiment, t1, t2 and w satisfy equation (1) and t1 ≤ 0.15 mm is also satisfied. By fulfilling this requirement, the degassing defects in the vicinity of the electrodes in the manufacturing steps of the laminated glass 10D are further reduced.
[0164] As described above, in laminated glass, the functional elements to be enclosed in the interlayer are not limited to light-adjusting elements, but can also include, for example, electrical heating elements. In the case of an electrical heating element enclosed in the interlayer of the laminated glass, the thickness difference in the vicinity of the electrodes is reduced if t1, t2, and w of the laminated glass satisfy equation (1). Therefore, in the manufacturing steps of the laminated glass, degassing failure in the vicinity of the electrodes can be reduced (residual air evacuation can be improved), and the occurrence of visual defects, such as foaming and residual air, can be avoided.
[0165] In addition to a light-adjusting element and an electric heating element, functional elements that can be enclosed in the interlayer of the laminated glass include organic electroluminescence (OEL), inorganic electroluminescence, a light-emitting diode (LED), a liquid crystal display element, a solar cell, and other elements that are manufactured on or connected to the substrate.
[0166] In the case where these functional elements are enclosed in the interlayer of the laminated glass, the thickness difference in the vicinity of the electrodes is reduced if t1, t2, and w of the laminated glass satisfy equation (1). Therefore, in the manufacturing steps of the laminated glass, degassing failure in the vicinity of the electrodes can be reduced (residual air evacuation can be improved), and the occurrence of visual defects, such as foaming and residual air, can be avoided.
[0167] A laminated 10D glass that is in Fig. As shown in section 6, the laminated glass 10E, which is in Fig. Figure 7 shows the laminated glass 10F, which is in Fig. 8 is shown, or the laminated 10G glass that is in Fig. As shown in 9, it can be modified.
[0168] An electric heating element 15E of a laminated glass 10E, which is in Fig. Figure 7 shows an electrode 156D3 that is shaped stepwise from the inside to the outside of the electric heating element 15E. An electric heating element 15F of laminated glass 10F, which is in Fig. Figure 8 shows an electrode 156D4 with a wedge-shaped inclination from the inside to the outside of the electrical heating element 15F.
[0169] In a laminated 10G glass that is in Fig. As shown in Figure 9, a substrate 155G of an electric heating element 15G also acts as an intermediate layer and is directly connected to the glass plate 12 on the side of the second reference surface 159 of the substrate 155G. The substrate 155G is connected to the glass plate 11 by means of the intermediate film 13 on the side of the second reference surface 158 of the substrate 155G. If the substrate 155G of the electric heating element 15G also acts as an intermediate film, the materials shown for the intermediate film, such as PVB, can be used as the material for the substrate 155G.
[0170] For each of the laminated glasses 10E, 10F, 10G, the same effect is achieved as for the laminated glass 10D if t1, t2 and w satisfy equation (1). [Examples of embodiments]
[0171] Examples of embodiments and comparative examples are described below. However, the present invention is in no way limited to these examples. Of these examples, Examples 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, and 12 are examples of embodiments, and Examples 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 13 are comparative examples. Examples 11 and 12 are examples according to the present invention. (Example 1)
[0172] One glass plate for an inner laminated glass panel (a glass panel inside the vehicle) and one glass plate for an outer glass panel (a glass panel outside the vehicle) were prepared (manufactured by AGC, known as "VFL"). Each of the glass panels, one inside the vehicle and one outside the vehicle, had dimensions of 300 mm (length) × 300 mm (width) × 2 mm (thickness).
[0173] A polyethylene terephthalate (PET) film measuring 220 mm (length) × 220 mm (width) was then prepared for use as a functional element. A PET film for use as an electrode was attached along one edge of the PET film used as a functional element. The size of each portion of the PET film used as an electrode was adjusted so that t1, t2, and w had the values specified in the column of Example 1 in Fig. 10 are shown (in each example of the embodiment t2 = 0).
[0174] Next, two interlayer films (manufactured by Solutia Japan, PVB, 0.38 mm thick) are prepared. Then, one of the interlayer films, the PET film used as a functional element, and the other interlayer film are inserted in that order between the inner and outer glass plates to create a laminated body. The position of the PET film used as a functional element was adjusted so that the distance from one end of the glass plate to one end of the PET film was 40 mm.
[0175] The laminated body was then placed, for example, in a rubber bag and stored in a vacuum at a temperature of approximately 70 °C to 110 °C with a pressure of -65 kPa to -100 kPa. The laminated body was then heated and pressurized at a temperature of 100 °C to 150 °C and an absolute pressure of 0.6 MPa to 1.3 MPa. Two types of laminated glass were prepared for evaluation using a PET film as an electrode: one with a PET film 100 mm long and the other with a PET film 50 mm long. (Examples 2 to 10)
[0176] The laminated glasses for evaluation were manufactured as in Example 1, except that the size of each part of the PET film for use as an electrode was adjusted so that t1, t2 and w had the values given in the column of Examples 2 to 10 in Fig. Figure 10 shows two types of laminated glass with a PET film for use as an electrode for evaluation: one with a PET film 100 mm long and the other with a PET film 50 mm long. (Examples 11 to 13)
[0177] A 90 µm thick SPD film (manufactured by Hitachi Chemical) was used as the functional element, and a 70 µm thick copper strip served as the electrode. The SPD film is half-cut on one side of the electrode, exposing a transparent conductive film to which the copper foil is attached. Two gaps of 3 mm (Example 11) and 5 mm (Examples 12 and 13) are formed between the copper strip and the SPD film. The electrode height was set in two ways: 70 µm (Examples 11 and 12) and 210 µm (Example 13). An electrode with a height of 210 µm is produced by stacking three 70 µm thick copper strips. In other aspects, laminated glasses are produced for evaluation as in Example 1.As in Example 1, two types of laminated glass are produced for evaluation: one with a 100 mm long electrode and the other with a 50 mm long electrode (in each example of the embodiment, t2 = 0). (Evaluation)
[0178] For each of the laminated glasses for evaluation, which were produced in examples 1 to 13, it was confirmed whether foaming and air residue were present in the interlayer film.
[0179] As an evaluation procedure, a heating test (at 120°C for two hours) was performed on the laminated lenses. After the heating test, it was visually confirmed whether foaming and residual air were present in the interlayer. A laminated lens was considered poor or "rejected" if foaming and residual air were confirmed in the interlayer, and good or "acceptable" if no foaming or residual air was confirmed in the interlayer.
[0180] Fig. Figure 10 shows an evaluation result together with the values of t1, t2 and w for a PET film for use as an electrode. Fig. Figure 11 shows another evaluation result along with the values of t1, t2, t3, t4, w, and wx for a copper strip used in practice as an electrode. The length of the PET film for use as an electrode is shown in Fig. 10 is not shown because the evaluation results for the two types, 100 mm and 50 mm, were exactly the same. The length of the copper strip for use as an electrode is in Fig. 11 not shown, as the evaluation results for the two types of 100 mm and 50 mm were exactly the same.
[0181] As it is in Fig. 10 and Fig. As shown in 11, this was then the case when w × t1 ≥ 0.375 mm 2 , 0.42 mm 2 , 0.5 mm 2 , 0.625 mm 2 and 0.7 mm 2No foaming or air residue was confirmed in the interlayer film, and the evaluation result was good or "acceptable". However, if w × t1 is 0.75 mm 2 , 0.875 mm 2 , 1 mm 2 , 1.25 mm 2 , 1.26 mm 2 or 1.3 mm 2 If there was a defect, foaming or air residue in the intermediate film was confirmed and the evaluation result was poor or "reject".
[0182] This result shows that when t1 and w 0 mm 2 ≤ w × t1 ≤ 0.7 mm 2 and also fulfill 3 mm ≤ w ≤ 20 mm, degassing failure in the vicinity of the electrode can be reduced (evacuation of residual air can be improved) and the generation of foaming or air residue in the intermediate film can be prevented.
[0183] Since it is assumed that the effect on degassing is equivalent on both sides t1 and t2, then if t2 is not equal to 0 and t2 and w are 0 mm 2 ≤ w × t2 ≤ 0.7 mm 2 and also meet the requirements of 3 mm ≤ w ≤ 20 mm, reducing degassing failure in the vicinity of the electrode (improving the evacuation of residual air) and preventing foaming or air residue in the intermediate film.
[0184] As it is in Fig. As shown in Figure 11, if t1 is 0.07 mm, t2 is 0 mm, t3 is 0.07 mm, t4 is 0.22 mm, and wx is 3 mm or 5 mm, no foam or air residue was confirmed in the interlayer film, and the evaluation result was good or "acceptable". However, if t1 was 0.21 mm, t2 was 0 mm, t3 was 0.21 mm, t4 was 0.22 mm, and wx was 5 mm, foaming or air residue was confirmed in the interlayer film, and the evaluation result was poor or "reject".
[0185] Based on this result, it can be assumed that if at least one of the following (1) and (2) is fulfilled for the half-cut type electrode, degassing failure in the vicinity of the electrode can be reduced (residual air evacuation can be improved) and the formation of foaming or air residue in the intermediate film can be prevented. (1) t1 ≤ 0.15 mm and t2 ≤ 0.15 mm (2) At least one of t3 and t4 is greater than 0.15 mm and wx ≤ 5 mm.
[0186] Preferred embodiments are described in detail above, but the present invention is not limited to these embodiments. Reference symbol list 10, 10A, 10B, 10C, 10D, 10E, 10F, 10G Laminated Glass 11, 12 glass plate 13, 131, 132, 133 Intermediate slide 14 Shielding layer 15, 15A, 15B, 15C Light adjustment element 15D, 15E, 15F, 15G Electric heating element 16, 161, 162 Electrode connection wiring 151, 155, 155G substrate 152, 154 Leading film 153 Light setting layer 154D Heat generation section 156, 156A1, 156A2, 156B1, 156B2, 156C1, 156C2, 156D1, 156D2, 156D3, 156D4 electrode 158 First reference surface 159 Second reference surface
Claims
[1] Laminated glass (10, 10A, 10B, 10C, 10D, 10E, 10F, 10G), comprising: a pair of glass plates (11, 12), an intermediate film (13, 131, 132, 133) located between the pair of glass plates (11, 12), and a functional element (15, 15A, 15B, 15C, 15D, 15E, 15F, 15G) located between the pair of glass plates (11, 12) and in contact with the intermediate film (13, 131, 132, 133), wherein the functional element (15, 15A, 15B, 15C, 15D, 15E, 15F, 15G) comprises one or more conductive film(s) (152, 154, 154D) and one or more electrode(s) (156, 156A1, 156A2, 156B1, 156B2, 156C1, 156C2, 156D1, 156D2, 156D3, 156D4) which is or are electrically connected to the conductive films (152, 154, 154D), wherein the functional element (15, 15A, 15B, 15C, 15D, 15E, 15F, 15G) comprises an electrode section (E1) in which a given electrode of the electrodes (156, 156A1, 156A2, 156B1, 156B2, 156C1, 156C2, 156D1, 156D2, 156D3, 156D4) is formed, and a non-electrode section (E2) in which none of the electrodes (156, 156A1, 156A2, 156B1, 156B2, 156C1, 156C2, 156D1, 156D2, 156D3, 156D4) is formed, wherein the functional element (15, 15A, 15B, 15C, 15D, 15E, 15F, 15G) has a first reference surface (158) and a second reference surface (159) in the non-electrode section (E2), wherein the first reference surface (158) is in contact with the intermediate film (131) on one side where a glass plate (11) of the pair of glass plates (11, 12) is located, and the second reference surface (159) is in contact with the intermediate film (132) on one side where the other glass plate (12) of the pair of glass plates (11, 12) is located, where an average value of absolute values of the height of the electrode section (E1) relative to the first reference surface (158) is designated as t1 and an average value of absolute values of the height of the electrode section (E1) relative to the second reference surface (159) is designated as t2, where a length in a transverse direction of one of the electrodes (156, 156A1, 156A2, 156B1, 156B2, 156C1, 156C2, 156D1, 156D2, 156D3, 156D4) is designated as w, 0 mm 2 ≤ w × t1 ≤ 0.7 mm 2 and 0 mm 2 ≤ w × t2 ≤ 0.7 mm 2 and also 3 mm ≤ w ≤ 20 mm are fulfilled, where t1 ≤ 0.15 mm and t2 ≤ 0.15 mm, wherein a recess (15x) is formed in a vertical section extending parallel to the transverse direction of one of the electrodes (156, 156A1, 156A2, 156B1, 156B2, 156C1, 156C2, 156D1, 156D2, 156D2, 156D4) at one end of the non-electrode section (E2) which is directed towards the electrode section (E1), wherein, with reference to a lower part of the recess (15x), at least one of a height (t3) of a first side wall of the recess (15x), which is the side wall of one of the electrodes (156, 156A1, 156A2, 156B1, 156B2, 156C1, 156C2, 156D1, 156D2, 156D3, 156D4), or a height (t4) of a second side wall relative to the first side wall and on one side of the non-electrode section (E2) is greater than 0.15 mm, wherein the distance (wx) between the first side wall and the second side wall is 5 mm or less in a direction parallel to the transverse direction of one of the electrodes (156, 156A1, 156A2, 156B1, 156B2, 156C1, 156C2, 156D1, 156D2, 156D3, 156D4), wherein the functional element (15, 15A, 15B, 15C, 15D, 15E, 15F, 15G) is a light adjustment element (15, 15A, 15B, 15C) or an electric heating element (15D, 15E, 15F, 15G), and the light adjustment element (15, 15A, 15B, 15C) comprises: Substrates (151, 155) arranged in an opposite manner and on which conductive films (152, 154) are formed, and a light-adjusting layer (153) arranged between the opposing substrates (151, 155) and made from one or more selected from a group consisting of a suspended particle apparatus, a guest-host liquid crystal, a photochromic material, an electrochromic material and an electrokinetic material. [2] Laminated glass (10, 10A, 10B, 10C, 10D, 10E, 10F, 10G) according to claim 1, wherein the spacing (wx) is 3 mm or less. [3] Laminated glass (10, 10A, 10B, 10C, 10D, 10E, 10F, 10G) according to claim 2, wherein the spacing (wx) is 2 mm or less. [4] Laminated glass (10, 10A, 10B, 10C, 10D, 10E, 10F, 10G) according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein, with reference to a lower part of the recess (15x), both the height (t3) of a first side wall of the recess (15x), which is the side wall of one of the electrodes (156, 156A1, 156A2, 156B1, 156B2, 156C1, 156C2, 156D1, 156D2, 156D3, 156D4), and the height (t4) of a second side wall relative to the first side wall and on one side of the non-electrode section (E2) is greater than 0.15 mm. [5] Laminated glass (10, 10A, 10B, 10C, 10D, 10E, 10F, 10G) according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the length of one of the electrodes (156, 156A1, 156A2, 156B1, 156B2, 156C1, 156C2, 156D1, 156D2, 156D3, 156D4) in the longitudinal direction is 5 mm or more. [6] Laminated glass (10, 10A, 10B, 10C, 10D, 10E, 10F, 10) according to any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein the first main surface and the second main surface of one of the electrodes (156, 156A1, 156A2, 156B1, 156B2, 156C1, 156C2, 156D1, 156D2, 156D3, 156D4) are in contact with a foil or film which is different from the intermediate foil (131, 132). [7] Laminated glass (10, 10A, 10B, 10C, 10D, 10E, 10F, 10G) according to any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein the first main surface or the second main surface of one of the electrodes (156, 156A1, 156A2, 156B1, 156B2, 156C1, 156C2, 156D1, 156D2, 156D3, 156D4) is in contact with the intermediate film (131, 132). [8] Laminated glass (10, 10A, 10B, 10C, 10D, 10E, 10F, 10G) according to any one of claims 1 to 7, wherein the thickness of the functional element (15, 15A, 15B, 15C, 15D, 15E, 15F, 15G) is greater than or equal to 0.05 mm and less than or equal to 0.5 mm. [9] Laminated glass (10, 10A, 10B, 10C, 10D, 10E, 10F, 10G) according to any one of claims 1 to 8, wherein the electrodes (156, 156A1, 156A2, 156B1, 156B2, 156C1, 156C2, 156D1, 156D2, 156D3, 156D4) are made of gold, silver, copper, aluminium, tungsten, platinum, palladium, nickel, cobalt, titanium, iridium, zinc, magnesium or tin. [10] Laminated glass (10, 10A, 10B, 10C, 10D, 10E, 10F, 10G) according to any one of claims 1 to 9, wherein the electrodes (156, 156A1, 156A2, 156B1, 156B2, 156C1, 156C2, 156D1, 156D2, 156D3, 156D4) are attached to the conductive films (152, 154, 154D) by a conductive adhesive, an anisotropic conductive film or a soldering agent. [11] Laminated glass (10, 10A, 10B, 10C, 10D, 10E, 10F, 10G) according to any one of claims 1 to 10, wherein the electrodes (156, 156A1, 156A2, 156B1, 156B2, 156C1, 156C2, 156D1, 156D2, 156D3, 156D4) are arranged 10 mm or more inwards from the edges of the pair of glass plates (11, 12).
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Long busbars having segments for increased robustness
WO2019206561A1