Heat exchange reactor and device for producing a product gas, preferably a synthesis gas

Abstract

Heat exchange reactor (5;7) for heat exchange between a gas and a heat transfer bed (9) of heat transfer particles (10), preferably heat transfer spheres (11), comprising a) a reactor wall (28;101) surrounding a reactor interior (29;102), b) at least one heat transfer medium inlet opening (33; 108) for introducing the heat transfer particles (10) into the reactor interior (29; 102) and at least one heat transfer medium outlet opening (38; 112) for removing the heat transfer particles (10) from the reactor interior (29; 102), c) at least one gas inlet opening (37; 119) for introducing the gas into the reactor interior (29; 102) and at least one gas outlet opening (35; 110) for discharging the gas from the reactor interior (29; 102), d) at least one inner cone (45) arranged within the reactor interior (29; 102) for receiving the heat transfer medium bed (9), wherein the inner cone (45) has a conical wall (46) with a conical wall inner side (46a) and a conical wall outer side (46b), and between the conical wall outer side (46b) and the reactor wall (28; 101) there is an annular channel (97; 125) into which the at least one gas inlet opening (37; 119) opens, e) a gas discharge channel (47; 106) arranged above the inner cone (45), wherein the inner cone (45) fluidically separates the annular channel (97; 125) and the gas discharge channel (47; 106) from one another, characterized in that the cone wall (46) consists of bricks (51) and has a plurality of brick rows (52a-e) arranged one above the other, each of which consists of a plurality of bricks (51) arranged next to one another in the circumferential direction of the inner cone (45), wherein at least some of the bricks (51) have, on at least one of their outer stone surfaces adjacent to the bricks (51) arranged next to or below it, at least one gas-permeable gas inlet groove (85; 123) extending from an inner side of the brick to an outer side of the brick.

Description

The present invention relates to a device for producing a product gas, preferably a synthesis gas, which is preferably rich in hydrogen, from a feedstock or starting material, preferably containing organic or carbon, and to a heat exchange reactor for heat exchange between a gas and a heat carrier bed of heat carrier particles, preferably heat carrier balls, preferably a reforming reactor or a heating reactor for the device.The feed used is preferably biomass. The production of a product gas from biomass (biomass gasification) is generally carried out in a plurality of process steps.First, the processed starting material is split into a solid and a thermolysis gas in a thermolysis reactor, preferably a pyrolysis reactor. As is known, this photolysis is a chemical reaction in which a starting material is decomposed into several products by heating. If the photolysis is carried out at higher temperatures, it is also referred to as pyrolysis. In pyrolysis, organic compounds are thermochemically decomposed at high temperatures and with the exclusion of oxygen. The high temperatures split some chemical bonds in the starting materials, the lack of oxygen prevents complete combustion.The heatlysis gas is subsequently conditioned in a gas purification and / or treatment according to the requirements of the later gas use process. The resulting product gas can be used in different gas utilization processes for generating electricity, heat, fuel or as synthesis gas.WO 01 / 21730 A1, for example, discloses a process for producing a hydrogen-rich product gas, in which a carbon-containing starting material is split by pyrolysis and the resultant pyrolysis gas is mixed with steam and heated (reforming) in order to increase the hydrogen content. The heat required for the process is obtained by the process from the combustion of the pyrolysis coke produced. In this case, the heat required for the individual method steps is supplied to the method by a heat carrier circuit of a heat carrier medium. The heat transfer medium is a bulk material, for example made of steel balls or ceramic balls. The heat transfer medium is heated in a heating zone with flue gas from the pyrolysis coke furnace, and then heats the pyrolysis gas-steam mixture in a reaction zone in a reformer. The heat transfer medium then heats the pyrolysis zone and is then cooled in a cooling zone. The heat transfer medium is then returned to the beginning of the cycle.Such a method and a device are also disclosed in DE 10 2007 005 799 A1. For better heat utilization and more accurate temperature management, according to DE 10 2007 005 799 A1, a preheating zone is provided in the heat carrier circuit upstream of the heating zone, in which preheating zone the heat carrier medium with the hot product gas. In addition, the heat transfer in the pyrolysis zone takes place indirectly and without direct contact with the heat transfer medium.WO 2023 / 117713 A1 discloses a plant for producing a synthesis gas from a feedstock, wherein the plant has a first reactor stage with at least one photolysis reactor which is designed to thermally decompose the feedstock while splitting it into a photolysis gas and a photolysis coke. The plant also has a second reactor stage having at least one reformer, which can be filled at least in sections with a heat transfer material and is designed to receive the heat lysis gas from the at least one heat lysis reactor and to convert it in a reforming operation using a thermal energy provided by the heat transfer material with a reforming medium to form the synthesis gas, wherein material particles entrained in the heat lysis gas can be transferred as material deposits to the heat transfer material in the reforming operation. The plant also has a discharge device which is designed to discharge the material particles and / or the material deposits from the reformer during operation.It is an object of the present invention to provide a heat exchange reactor for exchanging heat between a gas and a heat carrier bed of heat carrier particles, preferably heat carrier balls, in particular a reforming reactor or a heating reactor, which makes it possible to pass the heat carrier balls through the process in stages by the force of gravity, while the conditions of the process gas can be set in a defined manner by upstream processes.A further object is to provide a device for producing a product gas, preferably a synthesis gas, which is preferably rich in hydrogen, from a feedstock or starting material, which is preferably organic or carbon-containing, and which preferably consists of a high biomass fraction.These objects are achieved by a heat exchange reactor according to claim 1 and an apparatus according to claim 17. Advantageous further developments of the invention are characterized in the subsequent dependent claims.The invention is explained in more detail below by way of example with reference to a drawing. The following are shown: FIG. 1 : Greatly simplified and schematic of a device according to the invention FIG. 2 shows a cross section through a thermolysis reactor of the apparatus according to the invention FIG. 3 : a perspective view of a reforming reactor of the apparatus according to the invention FIG. 4 : a cross section through the reforming reactor FIG. 5 : shows a cross section through the reforming reactor in the region of an internal cone according to the invention FIG. 6 : a perspective view of a heating reactor of the device according to the invention FIG. 7 shows a cross section through the heating reactor FIG. 8 : a cross section through the heating reactor in the region of the internal cone FIG. 9 a : a side view of an upper closing block FIG. 9 b : a plan view of the upper closing block FIG. 10 a : a side view of an upper transition block according to a first embodiment FIG. 10 b : a plan view of the upper transition brick according to the first embodiment FIG. 11 a : a side view of a lower transition block FIG. 11 b : a plan view of the lower transition block FIG. 12 a : a side view of a cone brick according to a first embodiment FIG. 12 b : a plan view of the cone brick according to the first embodiment FIG. 12 c : An inside view of the cone brick according to the first embodiment FIG. 13 a : a side view of a lower closing block according to a first embodiment FIG. 13 b : a plan view of the lower closing block according to the first embodiment FIG. 14 : a side view of an upper transition block according to a further embodiment FIG. 15 a : a side view of a cone brick according to a further embodiment FIG. 15 b : shows an inside view of the cone brick according to the further embodiment FIG. 16 : a side view of a lower closing block according to a further embodiment FIG. 17 : a perspective view of a cone brick according to a further embodimentThe device according to the invention can be used, for example, in a multistage process 1 (FIG. 1 ) has a photolysis stage 2 with at least one photolysis reactor 3, a reforming stage 4 with at least one reforming reactor 5, a heating stage 6 with at least one heating reactor 7 and at least one hot gas generating device 8. In addition, the device 1 has a heat carrier bed 9 which consists of heat carrier particles 10, preferably heat carrier balls 11. The heat carrier bed 9 is circulated from the heating stage 6 to the reforming stage 4, from the reforming stage 4 to the photolysis stage 2 and from there back to the heating stage 6 (heat carrier circuit).The photolysis stage 2 serves in a manner known per se for the thermal splitting of a starting material into a photolysis gas and a photolysis solid, preferably photolysis coke.The starting material to be decomposed is preferably a carbonaceous, preferably hydrocarbonaceous, starting material. Preferably, the starting material comprises biomass. The starting material is also preferably a pourable starting material or the starting material is present in the form of a bulk material. As is known, a bulk material or a bulk material is a loose bulk solid material (=partite material) consisting of individual solid particles or grains, which bulk material is present in a pourable form.The starting material can also be liquid. For example, it can be deep frying fat waste or animal fat which is produced in animal body disposal plants.As already explained, the hemolysis stage 2 has at least one hemolysis reactor 3 (FIG. 2 ). The photolysis reactor 3 has a reactor wall 12 which surrounds a reactor interior 13. The reactor wall 12 has a top wall 14 and a peripheral wall 15.The circumferential wall 15 has a first or upper cylindrical circumferential wall section 15 aand a second or lower conical circumferential wall section 15 badjacent thereto, which tapers downward.The top wall 14 is likewise preferably designed conically and tapers upwards. The top wall 14 has a central heat carrier inlet opening 16 for filling the heat carrier particles 10 into the reactor interior 13 and a plurality of, preferably four, hemolysis gas outlet openings 17 for removing the hemolysis gas from the reactor interior 13. In addition, the top wall 11 has a starting material inlet opening 18 for introducing the starting material into the reactor interior 13. To this end, a preferably horizontally extending starting material conveying device 19, preferably a screw conveyor, is connected to the starting material inlet opening 18. And a thermolysis gas conducting channel 20 is connected to each of the thermolysis gas outlet openings 17.The cylindrical peripheral wall portion 15a also has a revision opening 21. The inspection opening 21 is disposed in an upper region of the cylindrical peripheral wall portion 15 a.The conical circumferential wall section 15 bhas at its lower end a central heat carrier and photolysis solid outlet opening 22 for removing the heat carrier particles 10 and the photolysis solid from the reactor interior 13.The conical circumferential wall section 15 bfurthermore has at least one, preferably three, reforming medium inlet openings 24 for introducing a reforming medium into the reactor interior 13.The reactor wall 12 of the thermolysis reactor 3 also has, in a manner known per se, a metallic reactor jacket 25, preferably made of stainless steel, and a refractory lining 26 of refractory material lining the inside of the reactor jacket 25 and an insulating casing 27 surrounding the outside of the reactor jacket 25.The reforming stage 4 serves in a manner known per se for reforming or reforming the photolysis gas generated in the photolysis stage 2 by means of the reforming medium. Preferably, the reforming medium comprises water vapor.During reforming or reforming, the heat-lysis gas is converted into the product gas using thermal energy which is provided by the heat carrier bed 9 located in the reforming reactor 5. In particular, the long-chain hydrocarbons contained in the thermolysis gas are broken down to short-chain molecules, preferably CO, CO 2 and / or H 2. The following reaction takes place, inter alia, preferably: C n H m+ n H 2 O→n CO+(m / 2+n) H 2As already explained, the reforming stage 4 has at least one reforming reactor 5 (FIGS. 3-5 ). The reforming reactor 5 is a heat exchange reactor. The reforming reactor 5 has a reactor wall 28 which surrounds a reactor interior 29. The reactor wall 28 has a top wall 30, a peripheral wall 31 and a bottom wall 32.The peripheral wall 31 has a first or upper cylindrical peripheral wall portion 31 aand a second or lower cylindrical peripheral wall portion 31 bconnecting thereto. The first peripheral wall portion 31 bhas a smaller outer and inner diameter than the second peripheral wall portion 31 b. For this reason, the first and second peripheral wall portions 31 a;bmerge into each other via an annular peripheral wall portion 31 c.In addition, the region with the upper, cylindrical circumferential wall section 31 aand the top wall 30 forms a product gas discharge duct 47 of the reforming reactor 5.And the portion having the lower cylindrical peripheral wall portion 31 band the bottom wall 32 forms a reforming reaction region 48 of the reforming reactor 5.The ceiling wall 30 is preferably planar or plate-shaped. The top wall 30 also has two, preferably closable, heat carrier inlet openings 33 for filling the heat carrier particles 10 into the reactor interior 29. A heat carrier conveying channel 34 is connected to each of the heat carrier inlet openings 33. In addition, a lock which can be closed in a gas-tight manner for the heat transfer medium particles 10 is present (not illustrated).The upper cylindrical circumferential wall section 31a also has a product gas outlet opening 35 for discharging the product gas from the reactor interior 29. The product gas outlet opening 35 is disposed in an upper region of the upper cylindrical circumferential wall portion 31a. A product gas discharge channel 36 is connected to the product gas outlet opening 35. The product gas discharge channel 47 consequently serves for discharging the product gas after reforming to the product gas outlet opening 35.The bottom wall 32 is preferably outwardly curved. In addition, the bottom wall 32 has a plurality of, preferably four, heat-lysis gas inlet openings 37 for introducing the heat-lysis gas into the reactor interior 29. The thermolysis gas inlet openings 37 are connected for this purpose to the thermolysis gas line channels 20.The bottom wall 32 also has a central or central heat carrier outlet opening 38 for discharging the heat carrier particles 10 from the reactor interior 29.The reactor wall 28 of the reforming reactor 5 additionally has, in a manner known per se, a metallic reactor shell 39, preferably made of stainless steel, and a refractory lining 40 made of refractory material, which lining the reactor shell 39 on the inside, and a refractory, insulating cladding 41 surrounding the reactor shell 39 on the outside.The insulating covering is preferably made of rock wool.The term "refractory" is not intended to be limited within the scope of the invention to the definition according to ISO 836 or DIN 51060, which define a cone dropping point of >150° C. Fire-resistant products in the sense of the invention have a pressure softening point T 0,5 according to DIN EN ISO 1893: 2008-09 of T 0,5 ≥600 °C, preferably T 0,5 ≥800 °C.The refractory lining 40 is preferably of multi-layered design. In particular, it has an inner working lining 42 on the firing chamber side and two intermediate linings 43; 44 arranged behind it. The working lining 42 and the intermediate linings 43; 44 are each made of refractory material. Preferably, the working liner 42 is made of an unformed refractory material and the two intermediate liners 43;44 are preferably made of shaped refractory products, preferably plates.Further, the working chuck 43 is made of a material resistant to H 2 and CO. Preferably, the working chuck 43 is made of a non-basic material.Furthermore, the two intermediate chucks 44; 45 also preferably each consist of a non-basic material. In particular, the two intermediate liners also consist of a material which is resistant to H 2 and CO.According to the invention, the reforming reactor 5 also has an internal cone 45 which narrows from top to bottom. The inner cone 45 has a cone wall 46 with a cone wall inner side 46 aand a cone wall outer side 46 b. In addition, the inner cone 45 has a vertical cone central axis 45 awhich is coaxial with a vertical reactor central axis 5 aof the reforming reactor 5. The inner cone 45 is configured in particular rotationally symmetrically with respect to the cone central axis 45 a.The inner cone 45 also extends through the entire reforming reaction region 48. In particular, the inner cone 45 extends from somewhat above the annular circumferential wall section 31 cto the bottom wall 32.The inner cone 45 is also open at an upper cone end 49a towards the product gas discharge channel 47. In addition, the inner cone 45 is likewise open at its lower cone end 49 cand has a central heat transfer medium outlet opening 50.Furthermore, the cone wall 46 consists of bricks 51. The cone wall 46 has a plurality of stone rows 52 a- earranged one above the other, which each consist of a plurality of bricks 51 arranged next to one another in the circumferential direction of the inner cone 45.The cone wall 46 is also preferably configured as a single layer.In particular, the cone wall 46 has an upper end brick row 52 a, which consists of upper end bricks 53. Adjoining the upper row of bricks 52a are a first, upper and second, lower row of transition bricks 52b; c of first and second transition bricks 54; 55. And adjoining the lower transition stone row 52c are a plurality of conical stone rows 52d of conical stones 56 according to the invention. The lower row of conical bricks 52d is adjoined by a lower row of terminating bricks 52e of lower terminating bricks 57.The upper terminating bricks 53 (FIGS. 9 aand 9 b) each have a cylindrical, concave or inwardly curved terminating brick inner side 58, a cylindrical, convex or outwardly curved terminating brick outer side 59, two terminating brick side surfaces 60 a; b, and a terminating brick upper side 61 and a terminating brick lower side 62.Furthermore, the upper end bricks 53 consist of refractory, preferably fired, material which is resistant to H 2 and CO.The terminating bricks 53 are also produced by shaping and subsequent firing. The shaping is preferably effected by casting. In addition, these are preferably finished components.A cylinder axis of the cylindrical closing-block inner side 58 and of the cylindrical closing-block outer side 59 corresponds to the cone central axis 45 a. The cone central axis 45 is thus the axis of curvature of the cylindrical terminating brick inner side 58 and of the cylindrical terminating brick outer side 59.The top side 61 of the terminating block and the bottom side 62 of the terminating block are each preferably planar and parallel to one another and perpendicular to the cone central axis 45 a.The two end brick side surfaces 60 a; bare each preferably planar. In addition, the two end block side surfaces 60 a; bare not parallel to one another, but rather they run apart from one another when viewed from the bottom upward and when viewed from the inside outward.The upper closing bricks 53 are also of stepped design and also have a preferably cylindrical closing brick contact surface 63 adjoining the closing brick bottom side 62 and a preferably planar closing brick bearing surface 64. The cone central axis 45 is the axis of curvature of the cylindrical closing-stone bearing surface 63. the closing-stone bearing surface 64 adjoins the closing-stone bearing surface 63 and the closing-stone outer side 59. It is also preferably parallel to the lower side 62 of the closing-stone, The closing-stone contact surface 63 and the closing-stone bearing surface 64 form a closing-stone bearing step 65.The first transition bricks 54 (FIGS. 10 aand 10 b) each have a cylindrical transition brick inner side 66, a cylindrical transition brick outer side 67, two transition brick side surfaces 68 a; b, as well as a transition brick upper side 69 and a transition brick lower side 70.A cylinder axis of the cylindrical transition brick inner side 66 and the cylindrical transition brick outer side 67 corresponds to the cone central axis 45 a. The cone central axis 45 is thus the axis of curvature of the cylindrical transition brick inner side 66 and the cylindrical transition brick outer side 67.The upper side 69 of the transition block and the lower side 70 of the transition block are each preferably planar and parallel to one another and perpendicular to the central axis 45 aof the cone.The two transition stone side surfaces 68 a; bare each preferably planar. In addition, the two transition brick side surfaces 68 a; bare not parallel to one another, but rather they run apart from one another when viewed from the bottom upward and when viewed from the inside outward.The upper transition blocks 54 are also of stepped design and have a preferably cylindrical transition block bearing surface 71 adjoining the upper side 69 of the transition block and a preferably planar transition block bearing surface 72. The cone central axis 45 is the axis of curvature of the cylindrical transition brick bearing surface 71. the transition brick bearing surface 72 adjoins the transition brick bearing surface 71 and the transition brick inner side 66. It is also preferably parallel to the lower side 70 of the transition block.The second, lower transition bricks 55 (FIGS. 11 aand 11 b ) each have a conical, convex or inwardly curved transition brick inner side 74, a conical, convex or outwardly curved transition brick outer side 75, two transition brick side surfaces 76 a; b, as well as a transition brick upper side 77 and a transition brick lower side 78. The conical transitional brick inner side 74 and the transitional brick lower side 78 merge into one another via a chamfer 79. The transition brick inner side 74 and the transition brick outer side 75 can also be planar.The transition stone top side 77 is planar and perpendicular to the cone central axis 45 a.The transition stone underside 78 is designed to be conical and convex or arched outwards. A cone axis or axis of rotation of the conical transition stone underside 78 corresponds in each case to the cone central axis 45 a. The conical transition stone underside 78 is thus rotationally symmetrical with respect to the cone central axis 45 a. In addition, the transition stone underside 78 encloses an acute angle of inclination α with the horizontal. The inclination angle α is preferably 5 to 60°, preferably 15 to 30°. In this case, the transition stone underside 78 extends upwards, as seen from the inside outwards. It therefore has a slope from the inside to the outside.The two transition stone side surfaces 76 a; bare each preferably planar. In addition, the two transition brick side surfaces 76 a; bare not parallel to one another, but rather they run apart from one another when viewed from the bottom upward and when viewed from the inside outward.A cone axis or axis of rotation of the conical transition stone inner side 74 and the conical transition stone outer side 75 corresponds in each case to the cone central axis 45 a. The conical transition stone inner side 74 and the conical transition stone outer side 75 are thus rotationally symmetrical to the cone central axis 45 a. The conical transition brick inner side 74 and the conical transition brick outer side 75 each taper from top to bottom. A cone angle or cone angle β of the conical transition brick inner side 74 is preferably 25 to 45°, preferably 30 to 40°. A cone angle or cone angle γ of the conical transition stone outer side 75 is preferably 30 to 60°, preferably 35 to 55°. The cone angle γ of the conical transition stone outer side 75 is preferably greater than the cone angle β of the conical transition stone inner side 74.According to a first embodiment (FIGS. 12 ato 12 c), the conical bricks 56 according to the invention each have a conical, concave or inwardly curved conical brick inner side 80, a conical, convex or outwardly curved conical brick outer side 81, two conical brick side surfaces 82 a; b, and a conical conical brick upper side 83 and a conical conical brick lower side 84. The cone brick inner side 80 and the cone brick outer side 81 can also be planar.The top side 83 of the cone stone and the bottom side 84 of the cone stone are each parallel to one another. In this case, the cone stone upper side 83 is formed concave or arched inwardly and the cone stone lower side 84 is formed convex or arched outwardly. A cone axis or axis of rotation of the cone stone top side 83 and the cone stone bottom side 84 corresponds in each case to the cone central axis 45 a. The cone stone top side 83 and the cone stone bottom side 84 are thus rotationally symmetrical to the cone central axis 45 a.The cone stone top side 83 and the cone stone bottom side 84 also enclose an acute angle of inclination δ with the horizontal. The inclination angle δ corresponds to the inclination angle α of the conical transition stone underside 78 of the lower transition stones 55. As a result, the cone stone upper side 83 and the cone stone underside 84 likewise extend upwards, as seen from the inside outwards. They therefore have a slope from the inside to the outside.According to a preferred embodiment of the invention, the cone blocks 56 also have at least one annular spring 23 aor annular groove 23 bon their cone block top side 83 and at least one annular spring 23 aor annular groove 23 bcorresponding thereto on their cone block bottom side 84. The annular groove 23a and the annular spring 23b are shown only in Figs. 12a and b for illustration purposes. In addition, ring springs and ring grooves corresponding to one another can also be present on the cone block side surfaces 82 a; b.Instead of the ring springs 23a and ring grooves 23b, another profiling, for example a corrugation, can also be provided. It is only important that the profiles are designed to correspond to one another in such a way that they engage one another in a form-fitting manner when the cone bricks 56 are adjacent to one another and prevent the cone bricks 56 adjacent to one another from slipping in the radial direction with respect to the cone central axis 45 a.All other blocks 53; 57; 54; 55 can also have such a profiling.The two cone stone side surfaces 82a are each preferably planar, apart from the profilings which may be present. In addition, the two cone stone side surfaces 82 a; bare not parallel to one another, but rather they run apart from one another when viewed from the bottom upward and when viewed from the inside outward. The cone bricks 56 thus have a wedge shape and taper with respect to the cone central axis 45 a, viewed in the radial direction, from the cone brick outer side 81 toward the cone brick inner side 80.A cone axis or axis of rotation of the conical cone brick inner side 80 and the conical cone brick outer side 81 corresponds in each case to the cone central axis 45 a. The conical cone brick inner side 80 and the conical cone brick outer side 81 are thus rotationally symmetrical to the cone central axis 45 a. The conical cone brick inner side 80 and the conical cone brick outer side 81 each taper from top to bottom. A cone angle or cone angle ε of the conical cone brick inner side 80 is preferably 25 to 45°, preferably 30 to 40°. The cone angle is generally the angle that the respective cone surface encloses with the cone central axis 45 a. A cone angle or cone angle φ of the conical cone brick outer side 81 is preferably 30 to 60°, preferably 35 to 55°. The cone angle φ of the conical cone brick outer side 81 is preferably smaller than the cone angle ε of the conical cone brick inner side 80.According to the invention, the cone bricks 56 also have a first or lower gas inlet groove 85 on the cone brick bottom side 84. The lower gas inlet groove 85 extends continuously through the conical brick 56 from the inner side 80 of the conical brick to the outer side 81 of the conical brick. It has a longitudinal groove axis 85a. In addition, it extends from the cone brick underside 84 into the cone brick 56. Preferably, the lower gas inlet groove 85 has a rectangular groove cross section. Furthermore, the lower gas inlet groove 85 is preferably formed symmetrically to a cone stone center plane 86. The cone stone center plane 86 is parallel to the cone center axis 45 a.According to the invention, the gas inlet groove 85 also has a cross section such that the heat carrier particles 10, preferably the heat carrier balls 11, cannot pass through the gas inlet groove 85 in the installed state of the cone bricks 56.The longitudinal groove axis 85 aalso does not extend horizontally, but rather has a slope from the inside to the outside. In particular, the longitudinal axis 85 of the groove encloses a slope angle φ of 5 to 60°, preferably 15 to 30°, with the horizontal. The inclination angle φ preferably corresponds to the inclination angle δ of the cone stone upper side 83 and the cone stone lower side 84.This ensures that any fragments of the heat transfer medium particles 10 that may be present do not slide from the inner side 46 aof the cone wall through the gas inlet groove 85 to the outer side of the cone wall, even if they pass into the gas inlet groove 85. Due to the force of gravity and the gas flow, the heat transfer medium particles 10 slip back into the inner cone 45 again.The lower terminating bricks 57 (FIGS. 13 aand 13 b ) each have a cylindrical, concave or inwardly curved terminating brick inner side 87, a conical, convex or outwardly curved terminating brick outer side 88, two terminating brick side surfaces 89 a; b, and a terminating brick upper side 90 and a terminating brick lower side 91. The inner side 87 of the terminating block and the outer side 88 of the terminating block can also be planar.A cylinder axis of the cylindrical closing-block inner side 87 corresponds to the cone central axis 45 a. The cone central axis 45 is thus the axis of curvature of the cylindrical closing brick inner side 87.A cone axis or axis of rotation of the conical end brick outer side 88 corresponds to the cone central axis 45 a. The conical closing-block outer side 88 is thus rotationally symmetrical to the cone central axis 45 a. The conical closing-off brick outer side 88 tapers from top to bottom. A cone angle η of the conical closing-off brick outer side 88 corresponds to the cone angle φ of the conical conical brick outer side 81.The conical top side 90 of the closing stone is concave or arched inwardly. A cone axis or axis of rotation of the top side 90 of the closing block corresponds to the cone central axis 45 a. The top side 90 of the closing block is thus rotationally symmetrical to the cone central axis 45 a.The closing-stone underside 91 has a first closing-stone underside region 91 aand a second closing-stone underside region 91 b. The first end block underside region 91 ais preferably planar and perpendicular to the cone central axis 45 a. The second end block underside region 91 bis formed convexly or outwardly arched.The two end brick side surfaces 89 a; bare each preferably planar. In addition, the two end block side surfaces 89 a; bare not parallel to one another, but rather they run apart from one another when viewed from the bottom upward and when viewed from the inside outward.As already explained, the upper end brick row 52a is formed by the upper end bricks 53. These are arranged next to one another in the circumferential direction of the inner cone 45, wherein the closing-block side surfaces 60 a; bare adjacent to one another in pairs, in particular are directly adjacent to one another or are mortared together. In addition, the upper end bricks 53 each rest with their end brick bearing surfaces 64 on an annular, preferably metallic, bearing flange 92 which is firmly connected to the reactor shell 39 and projects inwardly therefrom. Specifically, the bearing flange 92 is disposed at a lower end of the upper cylindrical peripheral wall portion 31 a.The outer sides 59 of the closing brick abut the lining 40. And the end brick inner sides 58 adjoining one another in pairs form a cylindrical region of the cone wall inner side 46 a.The upper transition stone row 52 bis formed by the upper transition stones 54. These are arranged next to one another in the circumferential direction of the inner cone 45, wherein the transition brick side surfaces 68 a; bare adjacent to one another in pairs, in particular are directly adjacent to one another or are mortared together.The upper transition bricks 54 are also spaced apart from the upper termination bricks 53. Between the upper side 69 of the transition brick and the bearing flange 92 there is a expansion joint 93 in which a refractory mat 94 is arranged. And between the transition brick bearing surface 72 and the closing brick underside 62, there is likewise an expansion joint 95 in which a refractory mat 96 is arranged.The transition stone outer sides 67 also abut the lining 40. The refractory lining 40 is in turn supported in the radial direction with respect to the cone central axis 45 aon the reactor shell 39 and on a cylindrical, preferably metallic, abutment flange 100 a, which is firmly connected to the reactor shell 39 and projects downward therefrom. The abutment flange 100a is preferably arranged in the region of the annular circumferential wall section 31c. This prevents the horizontal displacement of the cone blocks 56 in a force-fitting manner.And the transition stone inner sides 66 adjoining one another in pairs form a further cylindrical region of the cone wall inner side 46 a.The lower transition stone row 52 cis formed by the lower transition stones 55. These are arranged next to one another in the circumferential direction of the inner cone 45, wherein the transition brick side surfaces 76 a; bare adjacent to one another in pairs, in particular are directly adjacent to one another or are mortared together. In addition, the upper transition bricks 54 bear directly on the lower transition bricks 55 or are mortared with them.The transition stone outer sides 75 also abut the lining 40. The refractory lining 40 is in turn supported in the radial direction with respect to the cone central axis 45 aon the reactor shell 39 and the abutment flange 100 a.And the transition stone inner sides 74 adjoining each other in pairs form a conical region of the cone wall inner side 46 a.The cone brick rows 52 dare each formed by the cone bricks 56. These are arranged next to one another in the circumferential direction of the inner cone 45, wherein the cone stone side surfaces 82 a; bare adjacent to one another in pairs, in particular are directly adjacent to one another or are mortared together. In addition, the lower transition bricks 55 each rest with their transition brick underside 78 directly on the cone brick top sides 83 of the cone bricks 56 of the uppermost row of cone bricks 52 dor are mortared with them. And the cone bricks 56 of a row of cone bricks 52d rest with their cone brick undersides 84 directly on the cone brick top sides 83 of the cone bricks 56 of the row of cone bricks 52d arranged underneath them or are mortared with them. And the cone bricks 56 of the lowermost row of cone bricks 52 dare situated with their cone brick undersides 84 directly on the end brick top sides 90 of the lower end bricks 57 or are mortared with these.If present, the mutually corresponding profiles engage in one another, in particular the ring springs 23 aengage in the corresponding ring grooves 23 b.Because the cone bricks 56 with their cone brick undersides 84 bear directly on the cone brick top sides 83 of the cone bricks 56 of the row of cone bricks 52 darranged below them or are mortared with them, the lower gas inlet grooves 85 are closed off from the cone brick top sides 83 downwards, so that in each case a gas inlet channel 98 is formed. The cross section of the gas inlet channels 98 is dimensioned such that the heat carrier particles 10, preferably the heat carrier balls 11, cannot pass through the gas inlet channels 98.Not all cone bricks 56 need to have a gas inlet groove 85. The number of gas inlet grooves 85 depends on the total cross section required for the gas inlet. In the case shown, for example, the cone bricks 56 of the lower row of cone bricks 52 ddo not have gas inlet grooves 85.The cone stone outer sides 81 also do not for the most part abut on the lining 40, but are spaced apart from it. Only the outer sides 81 of the upper and lower rows 52d of conical bricks can abut the lining 40. The cone brick outer sides 81 adjoining one another in the circumferential direction and in the vertical direction form a conical region of the cone wall outer side 46 b.Because the cone brick outer sides 81 are spaced apart from the lining 40, an annular channel 97 is formed between the cone wall outer side 46 band the reactor wall 28. In particular, the annular channel 97 is formed between the cone wall outer side 46 band the reactor wall 28 in the region of the lower cylindrical circumferential wall section 31 b, the annular circumferential wall section 31 cand the bottom wall 32.The inner cone 45 fluidically separates the annular channel 97 from the product gas discharge channel 47, or the inner cone 45 fluidically divides the reactor interior 29 into the annular channel 97 and the product gas discharge channel 47.And the cone brick inner sides 80 adjoining each other in pairs form a conical region of the cone wall inner side 46 a.Because the cone angle φ of the cone brick outer sides 81 is less than the cone angle ε of the cone brick inner sides 80, the wall thickness of the cone wall 46 decreases from bottom to top in the region of the cone brick rows 52 d. This is advantageous since the weight load through the heat carrier bed 9 on the cone wall 46 is greater at the bottom than at the top.As already explained, the lower end brick row 52 eis formed by the lower end bricks 57. These are arranged next to one another in the circumferential direction of the inner cone 45, wherein the closing-block side surfaces 89 a; bare adjacent to one another in pairs, in particular are directly adjacent to one another or are mortared together. In addition, the lower end bricks 57 each rest with their end brick undersides 91 on the reactor shell 39 and an annular, preferably metallic, bearing flange 99 which is firmly connected to the reactor shell 39 and projects inwardly therefrom.The outer sides 88 of the closing brick abut the lining 40.The refractory lining 40 is in turn supported at least partially in the radial direction with respect to the cone central axis 45 aon a preferably metallic abutment flange 100 b, which is firmly connected to the reactor shell 39 and protrudes upward / inward therefrom. The abutment flange 100 bis preferably arranged in the region of the bottom wall 32. This also prevents the horizontal displacement of the cone blocks 56 in a force-fitting manner.And the end brick inner sides 87 adjoining one another in pairs form a cylindrical region of the cone wall inner side 46 a.Because the cone bricks 56 have the oblique cone brick top and bottom sides 83; 84, the cone bricks 56 cannot slip outwards from the installation position in the radial direction. This is because the cone wall 46 is fixed in the vertical direction at its upper and lower ends. In addition, the cone bricks 56 cannot slip inward in the radial direction either, since the cone brick side surfaces 82 a; binclude an acute angle with one another and the cone bricks 56 thus have a wedge shape and taper inward.As already explained, the heating stage 6 has at least one heating reactor 7 (FIGS. 6 to 8 ). The heating reactor 7 is a heat exchange reactor. The heating reactor 7 has a reactor wall 101 which surrounds a reactor interior 102. The reactor wall 102 has a top wall 103, a peripheral wall 104 and a bottom wall 105.The circumferential wall 104 has a first or upper cylindrical circumferential wall section 104 aand a second or lower cylindrical circumferential wall section 104 bconnecting thereto. The first circumferential wall section 104 aherein has a smaller outer and inner diameter than the second circumferential wall section 104 b. For this reason, the first and second circumferential wall portions 104 a;bmerge into each other via an annular circumferential wall portion 104 c.In addition, the region with the upper, cylindrical circumferential wall section 104 aand the top wall 103 forms a hot gas discharge duct 106 of the heating reactor 7.And the portion having the lower cylindrical peripheral wall portion 104 band the bottom wall 105 forms a heat exchange portion 107 of the heating reactor 7.The ceiling wall 103 is preferably planar or plate-shaped. The top wall 103 additionally has a central or central heat carrier inlet opening 108 for filling the heat carrier particles 10 into the reactor interior 102. A heat carrier conveying channel 109 is connected to the heat carrier inlet opening 33. In addition, a lock which can be closed in a gas-tight manner for the heat transfer medium particles 10 is present (not illustrated).The upper cylindrical circumferential wall section 104 aalso has a hot gas outlet opening 110 for discharging the hot gas from the reactor interior 102. The hot gas discharge port 110 is disposed in an upper region of the upper cylindrical peripheral wall portion 104a. A hot gas discharge duct 111 is connected to the hot gas outlet opening 110.The bottom wall 105 is preferably planar or plate-shaped. In addition, the bottom wall 105 has a central or central heat carrier outlet opening 112 for removing the heated heat carrier particles 10 from the reactor interior 102.The lower cylindrical peripheral wall portion 104b also has a hot gas inlet port 119 for introducing the hot gas into the reactor interior 102. The hot gas inlet port 119 is disposed in a lower region of the lower cylindrical peripheral wall portion 104b. Connected to the hot gas inlet port 119 is a hot gas supply passage 120.The reactor wall 101 of the heating reactor 7 additionally has, in a manner known per se, a metallic reactor shell 113, preferably made of stainless steel, and a refractory lining 114 of refractory material lining the inside of the reactor shell 113 and an insulating cladding 115 surrounding the outside of the reactor shell 113. The aim of the insulating jacket 115 is to keep the wall temperature above the dew point of the internally generated hydrocarbons and "acids".The insulating covering is preferably made of rock wool.The refractory lining 114 is preferably of multi-layered design. In particular, it has an inner working chuck 116 on the firing chamber side and two intermediate chucks 117; 118 arranged behind it. The working lining 116 and the intermediate linings 117; 118 are each made of refractory material. Preferably, the working liner 116 is made of an unmolded refractory material and the two intermediate liners 117; 118 are preferably made of molded refractory products, preferably plates.Furthermore, the working chuck 116 is preferably made of a non-basic material. In particular, the material should be abrasion-resistant and resistant to temperature changes and should be as cost-effective as possible.Furthermore, the two intermediate chucks 117; 118 are also preferably each made of a non-basic material.According to the invention, the heating reactor 7 also has an inner cone 45 which is designed and arranged substantially analogously to the inner cone of the reforming reactor 5, for which reason reference is made to the full extent of the explanations in this respect.In particular, the vertical cone central axis 45 ais coaxial with a vertical heating reactor central axis 7 aof the heating reactor 7.And the inner cone 45 also extends through the entire heat exchange region 107. In particular, the inner cone 45 extends from somewhat above the annular circumferential wall section 104 cto the bottom wall 105.In addition, an annular channel 125 is likewise formed between the cone wall outer side 46 band the reactor wall 101. In particular, the annular channel 125 is formed between the cone wall outer side 46 band the reactor wall 101 in the region of the lower cylindrical circumferential wall section 104 b, the annular circumferential wall section 104 cand the bottom wall 105.The inner cone 45 is also open at the top at the top end 49a of the cone toward the hot gas discharge duct 106. In addition, the inner cone 45 fluidically separates the annular channel 125 from the hot gas discharge channel 106. The inner cone 45 divides the reactor interior 102 fluidically into the annular channel 125 and the hot gas discharge channel 106.In contrast to the inner cone 46 of the reforming reactor 5, only a few bricks 51 are formed somewhat differently.Preferably, the first transition bricks 54 have a conical transition brick inner side 121 instead of the cylindrical transition brick inner side 66.And the lower terminating bricks 57 have a continuous, planar terminating brick underside 122, which is perpendicular to the cone central axis 46 a.In addition, the inner cone 46 has not only the cone bricks 56 with the first, lower gas inlet groove 85, but also cone bricks 56 with an additional, second, lateral gas inlet groove 123 on one of the two cone brick side surfaces 82 a; b.The lateral gas inlet groove 123 likewise extends continuously through the conical brick 56 from the inner side 80 of the conical brick to the outer side 81 of the conical brick. It has a longitudinal groove axis 123 a. In addition, it extends from one of the cone brick side surfaces 82 a; binto the cone brick 56. Preferably, the lateral gas inlet groove 123 likewise has a rectangular groove cross section.The longitudinal groove axis 123 aalso does not extend horizontally, but rather has a slope from the inside to the outside. In particular, the longitudinal axis 123 aincludes a pitch angle κ of 5 to 60°, preferably 15 to 30°, with the horizontal. The inclination angle κ preferably likewise corresponds to the inclination angle δ of the top side 83 of the cone stone and the bottom side 84 of the cone stone.According to the invention, the lateral gas inlet groove 123 also has a cross section such that the heat transfer medium particles 10, preferably the heat transfer medium balls 11, cannot pass through the gas inlet groove 123.Because the cone blocks 56 lie with their cone block side surfaces 82 a; bdirectly against one another or the cone block side surfaces 82 a; bare mortared together, the lateral gas inlet grooves 123 are closed off from the adjoining cone block side surfaces 82 a; bto the side, so that in each case a further gas inlet channel 124 is formed. The cross section of the gas inlet channels 124 is likewise dimensioned in such a way that the heat carrier particles 10, preferably the heat carrier balls 11, cannot pass through the gas inlet channels 124.According to a further embodiment (FIG. 17 ), the cone bricks 56 have an elongated insert 126 of U-shaped cross section, which reduces the cross section of the lateral gas inlet groove 123. The insert 126 is inserted into a cone stone base body 127 of the cone stone 56.The insert 126 extends as far as the cone brick inner side 80; in the case shown, the insert 126 extends only over a part of the length of the lateral gas inlet groove 123. The lateral gas inlet groove 123 is thus formed partially by the insert 126 and partially by the conical brick base body 127. However, the insert 126 may also extend over the entire length of the lateral gas inlet groove 123 (not shown).By using the insert 126, the cross section of the gas inlet groove 123 in the region of the cone brick inner side 80 can be adapted flexibly to the size of the heat transfer medium particles 10 and it can be ensured that the heat transfer medium particles 10 cannot penetrate through the cone wall 46.The insert 126 is preferably firmly connected, in particular mortared, to the cone stone base body 127.Furthermore, alternatively or additionally, the lower gas inlet groove 85 can also have such an insert 126.It is also within the scope of the invention that the top side 83 of the cone stone and the bottom side 84 of the cone stone are not parallel to each other, but enclose an acute angle with each other. The inclination angle δ of the cone stone top side 83 is smaller than the inclination angle δ of the cone stone bottom side 84 in this case. The cone bricks 56 thus have an axial wedge shape and, as seen from the cone brick inner side 81 to the cone brick outer side 80. This also achieves a wedge effect.The method carried out with the apparatus 1 according to the invention is now explained below:First, a raw material to be decomposed is introduced into the reactor interior 13 of the thermolysis reactor 3 through the raw material inlet port 18 via the raw material conveying means 19. In addition, the heat carrier bed 9 made of the heat carrier particles 10, preferably heat carrier balls 11, is located in the reactor interior 13. The heat carrier particles 10 originate from the reforming reactor 5 arranged above the photolysis reactor 3 and have been introduced into the reactor interior 13 through the heat carrier inlet opening 16.The heat carrier particles 10 preferably have a temperature of 1000 to 1100° C.The reforming medium flows through the reforming medium inlet openings 24 into the reactor interior 13.The starting material falls through the reactor interior 13 onto the heat carrier bed 9. Due to the direct contact with the heated heat carrier bed 9, the starting material is heatlysed or decomposed by means of photolysis into the heat lysis gas and the heat lysis solid, preferably the heat lysis coke.The photolysis solid migrates downward together with the heat carrier particles 10 and is discharged together with the heat carrier particles 10 through the heat carrier and photolysis solid outlet opening 22 from the reactor interior 13. The photolysis solid is then separated from the heat carrier particles 10 and is preferably used in the hot gas generating device 8 to generate the hot gas for the heating reactor 7.The heat carrier particles 10 are then fed again to the heating reactor 7.The produced heatlysis gas flows through the reactor interior 13 upwards and mixed with the reforming medium through the heatlysis gas outlet openings 17 out of the reactor interior 13 into the heatlysis gas line channels 20 and through these into the reforming reactor 5 and through the heatlysis gas inlet openings 37 into the reactor interior 29 of the reforming reactor 5.In particular, the thermolysis gas mixed with the reforming medium flows into the annular channel 97 of the reforming reactor 5.In addition, the heat carrier bed 9 made of the heat carrier particles 10, preferably heat carrier balls 11, is located in the reactor interior 29 of the reforming reactor 5. the heat carrier bed 9 is located in particular in the inner cone 45.The heat transfer medium particles 10 preferably have a temperature of 950 to 1050° C.The heat-lysis gas mixed with the reforming medium flows out of the annular channel 97 through the gas inlet channels 98 of the cone wall 46 and through the heat carrier bed 9 located in the inner cone 45. In this case, the heat-lysis gas is reformed on account of the direct contact with the heated heat carrier bed 9 and converted to the product gas.The product gas flows upward through the product gas discharge channel 47 of the reforming reactor 5 and out of the reforming reactor 5 through the product gas outlet opening 35 into the product gas discharge channel 36.If necessary, the discharged product gas can be treated even further.As already explained, the heat carrier particles 10 located in the inner cone 45 of the reforming reactor 5 originate from the heating reactor 7 arranged above the reforming reactor 5.The heat carrier particles 10 are thus heated in the heating reactor 7. For this purpose, they are first introduced through the heat carrier inlet opening 108 into the reactor interior 102 of the heating reactor 7. The heat transfer medium particles 10 then fall onto the inner cone 45 until the latter is filled with the heat transfer medium particles 10.The hot gas generated in the hot gas generating device 8 is now introduced through the hot gas feed channel 120 and the hot gas inlet opening 119 into the annular space 125 of the heating reactor 7. The hot gas preferably has a temperature of 1050 °C.The hot gas then flows out of the annular channel 125 through the gas inlet channels 98; 124 of the cone wall 46 and through the heat carrier bed 9 located in the inner cone 45. In this case, the heat transfer medium particles 10 are heated on account of the direct contact with the hot gas.The hot gas then flows out of the reactor interior 102 through the hot gas outlet opening 110.It is also within the scope of the invention, of course, for the conical bricks 56 to have at least one gas inlet groove on the upper side 83 of the conical brick. According to the invention, it is only important that at least some of the bricks 51, preferably the conical bricks 56, have at least one gas inlet groove continuous from the brick inner side to the brick outer side on at least one of their brick surfaces or brick outer surfaces adjoining the bricks 51 arranged next to or below it. This means that the respective stone top side and / or stone bottom side and or one or both of the stone side surfaces each have at least one gas inlet groove continuous from the stone inner side to the stone outer side.The gas inlet grooves can also have a cross section other than rectangular. The cross section of the gas inlet grooves also does not have to be constant when viewed in the direction of the longitudinal axis of the groove.Furthermore, two gas inlet grooves of two adjacent bricks 51 can also adjoin one another and form a gas inlet channel.In addition, the bricks 51 can have a groove and tongue on the top side and / or bottom side of the brick and or the side surfaces of the brick in a manner known per se. In the installed state, the groove and the tongue then engage one another positively in a manner known per se. The groove is therefore not gas-permeable in the installed state, in contrast to the gas inlet grooves 85; 123.Furthermore, it is also within the scope of the invention that the hemolysis stage 2 has a plurality of hemolysis reactors 3 and / or the reforming stage 4 has a plurality of reforming reactors 5 and / or the heating stage 6 has a plurality of heating reactors 7. This is known per se.In addition, the inner cone 45 according to the invention can also be used in other heat exchange reactors for heat exchange between a gas and a heat carrier bed of heat carrier particles.Finally, it is pointed out that all the features mentioned, in particular claimed, of the apparatus and of the reforming reactor and of the heating reactor are taken on their own and are particularly advantageous in any combination and form the subject matter of the present invention.All the aforementioned properties of the apparatus according to the invention and of the reforming reactor and of the heating reactor are therefore in each case according to the invention individually and in any combination.In addition, the upper and lower limits of the individual ranges indicated in each case can all be combined with one another according to the invention.References included in the specificationThis list of documents cited by the applicant has been produced in an automated manner and is only included for the better information of the reader. The list is not part of the German patent application or utility model application. The DPMA does not take any adhesion for any faults or omissions.Patent Literature citedWO 01 / 21730 A1

[0005] DE 10 2007 005 799 A1

[0006] WO 2023 / 117713 A1

[0007] Cited Non-Patent LiteratureDIN EN ISO 1893: 2008-09

[0035]

Claims

Heat exchange reactor (5; 7) for heat exchange between a gas and a heat carrier bed (9) of heat carrier particles (10), preferably heat carrier balls (11), having a) a reactor wall (28; 101) surrounding a reactor interior (29; 102), b) at least one heat carrier inlet opening (33; 108) for introducing the heat carrier particles (10) into the reactor interior (29; 102), and at least one heat carrier outlet opening (38; 112) for removing the heat carrier particles (10) from the reactor interior (29; 102), c) at least one gas inlet opening (37; 119) for introducing the gas into the reactor interior (29; 102) and at least one gas outlet opening (35; 110) for removing the gas from the reactor interior (29; 102), d) at least one inner cone (45), arranged within the reactor interior (29; 102), for receiving the heat carrier bed (9), wherein the inner cone (45) has a cone wall (46) with a cone wall inner side (46a) and a cone wall outer side (46b), and an annular channel (97; 101) between the cone wall outer side (46b) and the reactor wall (28; 101); 125), into which the at least one gas inlet opening (37; 119) opens, e) a gas discharge channel (47; 106) arranged above the inner cone (45), wherein the inner cone (45) fluidically separates the annular channel (97; 125) and the gas discharge channel (47; 106) from one another, characterized in that the cone wall (46) consists of bricks (51) and has a plurality of brick rows (52a-e) arranged one above the other, which each consist of a plurality of bricks (51) arranged next to one another in the circumferential direction of the inner cone (45), wherein at least some of the bricks (51), on at least one of their brick outer surfaces adjoining the bricks (51) arranged next to or below, have at least one gas-permeable gas inlet groove (85; 123) continuous from a brick inner side to a brick outer side.Heat exchange reactor (5) according to claim 1, characterised in that a gas inlet groove (85; 123) of a brick (51) forms, in each case with the adjacent brick (51), a gas-permeable gas inlet duct (98; 124) extending continuously through the cone wall (46) from the cone wall inner side (46a) to the cone wall outer side (46b).Heat exchange reactor (5) according to Claim 2, characterized in that the cross section of the gas inlet ducts (98; 124) is dimensioned such that the heat transfer medium particles (10) cannot pass through the gas inlet ducts (98; 124).Heat exchange reactor (5) according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that a part of the bricks (51) is conical bricks (56), which each have a preferably conical and concave cone brick inner side (80), a preferably conical and convex cone brick outer side (81), two cone brick side surfaces (82a; b), and a conical cone brick upper side (83) and a conical cone brick lower side (84).Heat exchange reactor (5) according to Claim 4, characterized in that at least some of the cone bricks (56) on the cone brick top side (83) and / or the cone brick bottom side (84) and or one or both of the cone brick side surfaces (82a; b) each have at least one gas inlet groove (85; 123) continuous from the cone brick inner side (80) to the cone brick outer side (81).Heat exchange reactor (5) according to Claim 4 or 5, characterized in that the cone bricks (56) have a wedge shape and taper in relation to a cone central axis (45a), as seen in the radial direction, from the cone brick outer side (81) towards the cone brick inner side (80).Heat exchange reactor (5) according to one of Claims 4 to 6, characterized in that the cone bricks (56) have an axial wedge shape and taper from the cone brick inner side (81) towards the cone brick outer side (80).Heat exchange reactor (5) according to one of claims 4 to 7, characterised in that the cone bricks (56) have on their one cone brick side surface (82a) a profiling, preferably at least one ring spring (23a) or ring groove (23b), and on their other cone brick side surface (82b) a profiling corresponding thereto, preferably at least one ring spring (23a) or ring groove (23b) corresponding thereto, wherein the profilings are formed so as to correspond to one another in such a way that when the cone bricks (56) are adjacent to one another they engage one another in a positive fit and prevent the cone bricks (56) adjacent to one another from slipping in the radial direction with respect to a cone central axis (45a).Heat exchange reactor (5) according to one of claims 4 to 8, characterised in that the cone bricks (56) have a profiling, preferably at least one ring spring (23a) or ring groove (23b), on their cone brick top side (83) and a profiling corresponding thereto, preferably at least one ring spring (23a) or ring groove (23b) corresponding thereto, on their cone brick bottom side (84), wherein the profilings are formed so as to correspond to one another in such a way that they engage one another in a positive fit when the cone bricks (56) adjoin one another and prevent the cone bricks (56) adjoining one another from slipping in the radial direction with respect to a cone central axis (45a).Heat exchange reactor (5) according to one of Claims 4 to 6, characterized in that the top side (83) of the cone brick and the bottom side (84) of the cone brick have a slope in their course from the inside (46a) of the cone wall to the outside (46b) of the cone wall, wherein the top side (83) of the cone brick and the bottom side (84) of the cone brick preferably enclose an acute angle of slope δ with the horizontal, wherein the angle of slope δ is preferably 5 to 60°, preferably 15 to 30°.Heat exchange reactor (5) according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the cone wall (46) is clamped in the vertical direction at its upper and lower ends.Heat exchange reactor (5) according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the cone wall (46) is clamped at its upper and lower end in the radial direction with respect to a cone central axis (45a).Heat exchange reactor (5) according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the gas inlet grooves (85; 123) have a slope in their course from the cone wall inner side (46a) to the cone wall outer side (46b).Heat exchange reactor (5) according to claim 13, characterised in that the gas inlet grooves (85; 123) each have a groove longitudinal axis (85a; 123a) and the groove longitudinal axis (85a) encloses with the horizontal a slope angle (φ; κ) of 5 to 60°, preferably 15 to 30°.Heat exchange reactor (5) according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the heat exchange reactor is a reforming reactor (5) for reforming a gas, preferably a photolysis gas, by means of a reforming medium to form a product gas.Heat exchange reactor (7) according to one of Claims 1 to 14, characterized in that the heat exchange reactor is a heating reactor (7) for heating the heat carrier bed (9).Device (1) for producing a product gas, preferably rich in hydrogen, from a starting material, preferably containing carbon, preferably containing hydrocarbon, comprising a) a photolysis stage (2) with at least one photolysis reactor (3) for thermally splitting the starting material into a photolysis gas and a photolysis solid, wherein the reforming reactor (5) comprises a heat carrier bed (9) made of heat carrier particles (10) for heating the starting material, b) a reforming stage (4) with at least one reforming reactor (5) for reforming the photolysis gas by means of a reforming medium to form the product gas, wherein the reforming reactor (5) comprises a heat carrier bed (9) made of heat carrier particles (10) for heating the photolysis gas mixed with the reforming medium, c) a heating stage (6) having at least one heating reactor (7) for heating a heat carrier bed (9) of heat carrier particles (10), and d) means for guiding the heat carrier particles (10) in a heat carrier circuit from the heating stage (6) to the reforming stage (4), from the reforming stage (4) to the photolysis stage (2) and from this back to the heating stage (6), characterized in that the reforming stage (4) has at least one reforming reactor (5) according to Claim 15, and / or the heating stage (6) has at least one heating reactor (7) according to Claim 16.

Images