Brake system for vehicles

Abstract

Braking device for vehicles, comprising: a cylinder equipped with a port through which the working fluid flows; a motor designed to generate rotational force; a screw shaft which is arranged in the cylinder and is designed to receive the rotational force from the engine and to rotate about an axis; a nut that is coupled to the screw shaft and is designed to move back and forth in an axial direction of the screw shaft in response to a rotation of the screw shaft; a sleeve arranged in the cylinder comprising an inner diameter section arranged towards the screw shaft and an outer diameter section arranged towards the cylinder, the outer diameter section comprising a first outer diameter section and a second outer diameter section coupled to the first outer diameter section; and a piston that is coupled to the nut and is designed to move back and forth within the sleeve in response to the back-and-forth movement of the nut.

Description

Background area

[0001] Exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure relate to braking devices for vehicles and in particular to a braking device for vehicles in which a rotary motion of a screw shaft generated by the rotational force of a motor can be converted into a linear motion of a piston. Discussion of the background

[0002] In general, due to the characteristics of electrically operated braking devices for vehicles, a mechanism is required that converts a rotary motion of a motor into a linear motion of a piston in a cylinder in order to generate hydraulic brake pressure.

[0003] A ball screw drive is used in an electric brake device to convert the rotary motion of the motor into linear motion. The ball screw drive comprises a screw shaft that receives the rotational force of the motor and rotates about an axis, a nut coupled to the screw shaft via balls and movable axially to the screw shaft, and a piston coupled to the nut that pressurizes a working fluid in the cylinder.

[0004] In the prior art, machining a central sleeve requires simultaneously machining the inner diameter and outer diameter of an inner part of the central sleeve, resulting in extremely high machining difficulties. Particularly in the case of a high-capacity braking device, the overall length increases further, thus exacerbating these machining difficulties.

[0005] The technical background of the present disclosure is disclosed in Korean patent disclosure no. 10-2021-0064367 (published on June 2, 2021, entitled “Hydraulic unit for hydraulic vehicle braking system”). Summary

[0006] Various embodiments aim to provide a braking device for vehicles in which a sleeve is produced by coupling a plurality of sleeve sections, thereby reducing machining difficulties and improving productivity in mass production.

[0007] A braking device for vehicles according to an embodiment of the present disclosure may comprise: a cylinder equipped with a connection through which the working fluid flows; a motor configured to generate a rotational force; a screw shaft arranged in the cylinder and configured to receive the rotational force from the motor and to rotate about an axis; a nut coupled to the screw shaft and configured to move back and forth in an axial direction of the screw shaft in response to a rotation of the screw shaft;a sleeve arranged in the cylinder comprising an inner diameter section arranged towards the screw shaft and an outer diameter section arranged towards the cylinder, the outer diameter section comprising a first outer diameter section and a second outer diameter section coupled to the first outer diameter section; and a piston coupled to the nut and arranged to move back and forth in the sleeve in response to the reciprocating motion of the nut.

[0008] The first outer diameter section and the second outer diameter section can be coupled together by spot welding.

[0009] A coupling area between the first outer diameter section and the second outer diameter section can face the connection.

[0010] The working fluid in the sleeve can be drained from the sleeve through a non-spot-welded area in the coupling area between the first outer diameter section and the second outer diameter section.

[0011] The coupling area between the first outer diameter section and the second outer diameter section can be arranged between a first sealing sleeve and a second sealing sleeve mounted on an inner wall of the cylinder.

[0012] The sleeve may further include a connecting section that joins the inner diameter section and the first outer diameter section. The inner diameter section, the connecting section, and the first outer diameter section may be formed in one piece.

[0013] Both the first outer diameter section and the second outer diameter section can comprise a steel material. Brief description of the drawings Fig. Figure 1 is a sectional view showing a braking device for vehicles according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. Fig. Figure 2 is a perspective view showing a cylinder according to an embodiment of the present disclosure viewed from one direction. Fig. Figure 3 is a perspective view showing the cylinder of Fig. 2 shows a view from a different direction. Fig. Figure 4 is a sectional view schematically showing the braking device for vehicles according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. Fig. Figure 5 is a perspective view showing a sleeve according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. Fig. Figure 6 is a perspective exploded view showing the sleeve according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. Fig. Figure 7 is a view showing an operating state in which a piston moves forward in the cylinder in the brake device for vehicles according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. Fig. Figure 8 is a view showing an operating state in which the piston in the cylinder of the brake device for vehicles according to an embodiment of the present disclosure moves backwards. Detailed description

[0014] The following describes embodiments of a braking device for vehicles according to the present disclosure with reference to the accompanying drawings. It should be noted that the drawings are not to scale and the line thickness or the size of components may be exaggerated for clarity. The terms used herein are defined in consideration of the functions of the present disclosure and may be modified according to user or operator requirements. Therefore, the definitions of terms should be consistent with the overall descriptions set forth herein.

[0015] Fig. Figure 1 is a sectional view showing a braking device for vehicles according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. Fig. Figure 2 is a perspective view showing a cylinder according to an embodiment of the present disclosure viewed from one direction. Fig. Figure 3 is a perspective view showing the cylinder of Fig. 2 shows a view from a different direction. Fig. Figure 4 is a sectional view schematically showing the braking device for vehicles according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. Fig. Figure 5 is a perspective view showing a sleeve according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. Fig. Figure 6 is a perspective exploded view showing the sleeve according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. Fig. Figure 7 is a view showing an operating state in which a piston moves forward in the cylinder of the brake device for vehicles according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. Fig. Figure 8 is a view showing an operating state in which the piston in the cylinder of the brake device for vehicles according to an embodiment of the present disclosure moves backwards.

[0016] With reference to Fig. 1, Fig. 2, Fig. 3, Fig. 4, Fig. 5 to Fig. 6. A braking device for a vehicle according to an embodiment of the present disclosure may comprise a cylinder 200, a motor 300, a screw shaft 400, a nut 500, a piston 600 and a sleeve 700, and a detailed description thereof is as follows.

[0017] The cylinder 200 can be arranged in a housing 100 and can withstand the torque generated by the hydraulic pressure resulting from the reciprocating motion of the piston 600. According to one embodiment of the present disclosure, the housing 100 can have a hollow shape with an interior space, and the cylinder 200 can be pressed into the housing 100.

[0018] The housing 100 can be attached to one outside of the cylinder 200 (on the left side based on Fig. 1) be provided. The cylinder 200 can be assembled with the housing 100 while maintaining concentricity.

[0019] The cylinder 200 can have a hollow shape. A sleeve 700, in which an actuating section is provided that allows the build-up of hydraulic pressure by pressing the piston 600, can be located in a side chamber (on the left side based on Fig. 1) be arranged within the cylinder 200.

[0020] The motor 300 can be connected to the cylinder 200, and various drive devices can be used within the framework of a technical teaching to generate torque. The motor 300 can transmit torque to the screw shaft 400.

[0021] The motor 300 can include a stationary component 310, a rotating component 320 and a motor bearing 330.

[0022] The stationary component 310 can be attached to the housing 100 and can be designed in various forms within the framework of a technical teaching in which the magnetic force is changed by supplying current.

[0023] The stationary component 310 can have a mounting frame 311, which is attached to one side of the housing 100 (on the right side based on Fig. 1) is attached, and comprise a stator 312 which is installed on an inner surface of the mounting frame 311 which faces the rotating component 320 and which is configured to generate a magnetic force.

[0024] The mounting frame 311 can be connected to one side of the housing 100. The rotating component 320 can be rotatably installed in the mounting frame 311.

[0025] The stator 312, which is an electromagnet, can be installed circumferentially on an inner surface of the mounting frame 311 and can rotate the rotary component 320 by changing the magnetic flux in response to a control signal from a controller (not shown).

[0026] The rotating component 320 can be connected to the screw shaft 400 and rotate together with the screw shaft 400. Within the framework of a technical teaching, the rotating component 320 can be modified into various forms in which the rotating component 320 can rotate according to a change in the magnetic force of the stationary component 310.

[0027] The rotating component 320 can be rotatably installed in the mounting frame 311. The rotating component 320 can have an approximately "C"-shaped cross-section and be hollow.

[0028] The rotating component 320 can form a rotating frame 321, which is installed in a form that forms one side (the right side based on Fig. 1) of the cylinder 200, and comprise a rotor 322 which is provided on an outer surface of the rotary frame 321 which faces the stationary component 310 and has a magnetic force.

[0029] A splined connection that engages with the screw shaft 400 can be formed in the rotary frame 321, in particular on an inner surface of the rotary frame 321.

[0030] The motor bearing 330 can be provided between the stationary component 310 and the rotating component 320 to reduce the friction generated during the rotation of the rotating component 320. The rotor 322, which consists of a plurality of magnets installed circumferentially on the rotating frame 321, can rotate together with the rotating frame 321 by changing the magnetic force of the stator 312.

[0031] A frame cover 340 attached to the mounting frame 311 can be installed in a form that encloses an outer surface of one end of the rotating frame 321 to prevent the ingress of foreign substances.

[0032] The screw shaft 400 can be provided in the cylinder 200. The screw shaft 400 can be installed in a longitudinal direction within the cylinder 200 (a left-right direction based on...). Fig. 1) be inserted and axially coupled to the cylinder 200. A central axis of the cylinder 200 and a central axis of the screw shaft 400 can coincide.

[0033] The screw shaft 400 can be attached to a shaft bearing 900 by a support component 1000. The support component 1000 can rotatably mount the screw shaft 400.

[0034] The screw shaft 400 can comprise a screw body 410, a neck section 420, a power transmission section 430 and a coupling section 450.

[0035] The screw body 410 can be rotatably installed in the cylinder 200 and can have a screw thread that extends along a longitudinal direction of the screw shaft 400. The screw body 410 can be located in the rotary frame 321 of the motor 300.

[0036] The neck section 420 can extend from an outer surface around a pivot point of the screw body 410 towards a first side (a right side based on Fig. 1) protrude and can be designed to have a smaller diameter than the screw body 410.

[0037] The power transmission section 430 can extend from a free end of the neck section 420 towards the first side (the right side based on Fig. 1) extend and can be designed to have a larger diameter than that of the neck section 420.

[0038] A splined connection can be formed on an outer surface of the power transmission section 430 facing the rotary frame 321 along a circumferential direction. Therefore, if a shaft cover 440 (which will be described later) is not provided, the rotary frame 321 and the power transmission section 430 can mesh together to transmit power.

[0039] The screw shaft 400 can further comprise a shaft cover 440. The shaft cover 440 can be arranged to enclose the neck section 420 and the power transmission section 430. The shaft cover 440 can be arranged between the power transmission section 430 and the rotating frame 321 to prevent the generation of metallic rattling noises.

[0040] A splined connection can be formed on an outer surface of the shaft cover 440 along a circumferential direction of the shaft cover 440, which can engage with the rotary frame 321. An outer shape of the shaft cover 440 can correspond to an outer shape of the power transmission section 430.

[0041] A splined connection can be formed along a circumferential direction on an outer surface of the power transmission section 430, which faces the shaft cover 440. Accordingly, the shaft cover 440 and the power transmission section 430 can interlock to transmit power.

[0042] The coupling section 450 can extend from the outer surface around the pivot point of the screw body 410 to a second side (a left side based on Fig. 1) extend and be rotatably coupled to the shaft bearing 900. The connection to the shaft bearing 900 can be made by press fit. The coupling section 450 can have a diameter that is equal to or smaller than that of the screw body 410.

[0043] The nut 500 can be positioned in the rotating frame 321 of the motor 300 and can be arranged in the cylinder 200.

[0044] The nut 500 can be coupled to an outer surface of the screw shaft 400 via a ball B.

[0045] The screw shaft 400 can be coupled by the nut 500. Since the ball B is arranged between a screw thread formed on an inner surface of the nut 500 and the screw thread formed on an outer surface of the screw body 410, the rotational movement of the screw shaft 400 can be converted into a linear movement by the nut 500.

[0046] An anti-rotation projection (not shown) can be formed on an outer surface of the nut 500, and a movement groove (not shown) can be formed on an inner surface of the cylinder 200.

[0047] When the screw shaft 400 rotates, the nut 500 does not rotate because the rotation of the anti-rotation projection of the nut 500 is blocked by the groove. Accordingly, the rotational movement of the screw shaft 400 can be converted into a linear movement of the nut 500 by the anti-rotation projection and the groove.

[0048] The nut 500 can move back and forth in an axial direction along the screw shaft 400, corresponding to the direction of rotation of the screw shaft 400. For example, if the nut 500 moves forward when the screw shaft 400 rotates in a first direction, the nut 500 can move backward when the screw shaft 400 rotates in a second direction opposite to the first.

[0049] The piston 600 can be coupled in such a way that it encloses one outer surface of the nut 500. The piston 600 can move in conjunction with the reciprocating motion of the nut 500 in the longitudinal direction of the cylinder 200.

[0050] The piston 600 can include a rod 610 and a head 620.

[0051] The rod 610 can be hollow and positioned in the rotating frame 321 of the motor 300. The outer surface of the nut 500 and an inner surface of the rod 610 can be connected by a thread.

[0052] The head 620 can be formed integrally with the rod 610. The outer diameter of the head 620 can be larger than the outer diameter of the rod 610.

[0053] The head 620 can be ring-shaped, positioned in the housing 100, and move back and forth in the sleeve 700 to move the working fluid in the sleeve 700 towards the ports 210. Accordingly, the cylinder 200 can generate double-acting hydraulic pressure in accordance with the reciprocating movement of the piston 600.

[0054] The sleeve 700 can be arranged in the housing 100 and in the cylinder 200. The sleeve 700 can guide the movement of the piston 600 inserted therein. The sleeve 700 can be designed to enclose the head 620 of the piston 600.

[0055] The ports 210, through which the working fluid flows, can be formed on an outer surface of a region of the cylinder 200 in which the sleeve 700 is located. The ports 210 can each be provided at a plurality of points along the longitudinal direction of the cylinder 200. The working fluid, flowing in accordance with the movement of the piston 600, can flow through the ports 210 to generate the required brake pressure.

[0056] The sleeve 700 can include an inner diameter section 711, a connecting section 712 and an outer diameter section.

[0057] The inner diameter section 711 can form an inner circumference of the sleeve 700 and can be arranged in the direction of the screw shaft 400. The inner diameter section 711 can have a hollow cylindrical shape. The screw shaft 400 can be arranged within the inner diameter section 711.

[0058] The outer diameter section can form an outer circumference of the sleeve 700 and can be arranged towards an inner wall of the cylinder 200. The outer diameter section can have a hollow cylindrical shape and can enclose the inner diameter section 711.

[0059] The connecting section 712 can connect the inner diameter section 711 and a first outer diameter section 713 of the outer diameter section. The connecting section 712 can be in a ring shape; an inner circumference of the connecting section 712 can be connected to the inner diameter section 711, and an outer circumference thereof can be connected to the first outer diameter section 713. The inner diameter section 711 and the outer diameter section can be spaced apart from each other by the width of the connecting section 712.

[0060] The inner diameter section 711 and the outer diameter section can be connected to each other at their respective ends facing the shaft bearing 900 by the connecting section 712, while they can remain unconnected at their respective other ends facing the nut 500. Accordingly, the sleeve 700 can have a closed surface at one end facing the shaft bearing 900 and be open at its other end facing the nut 500. The piston 600 can be inserted into the sleeve 700 through the open end of the sleeve 700.

[0061] The outer diameter section can comprise the first outer diameter section 713 and a second outer diameter section 720 coupled to the first outer diameter section 713. The first outer diameter section 713 and the second outer diameter section 720 can be integrally coupled to each other by spot welding.

[0062] Both the first outer diameter section 713 and the second outer diameter section 720 can comprise a metallic material. In the present embodiment, both the first outer diameter section 713 and the second outer diameter section 720 can be made of steel and can also be made of other metallic materials of the same type.

[0063] An end face 715 of the first outer diameter section 713 and an end face 725 of the second outer diameter section 720 can face each other and be integrated by spot welding. The end face 715 of the first outer diameter section 713 can be an end face opposite the connecting section 712. The end face 725 of the second outer diameter section 720 can be an end face facing the shaft bearing 900.

[0064] A spot weld 730 formed by spot welding can be provided on the end face 715 of the first outer diameter section 713 and on the end face 725 of the second outer diameter section 720. A plurality of spot welds 730 can be formed along the circumference of each of the end faces 715 of the first outer diameter section 713 and the end faces 725 of the second outer diameter section 720. The plurality of spot welds 730 can be spaced at a predetermined distance from one another.

[0065] The end face 715 of the first outer diameter section 713 and the end face 725 of the second outer diameter section 720 can be integrated by the weld points 730. A gap can exist between the end face 715 of the first outer diameter section 713 and the end face 725 of the second outer diameter section 720 in areas other than the weld points 730.

[0066] Since the first outer diameter section 713 and the second outer diameter section 720 are spot welded, there is a gap between the first outer diameter section 713 and the second outer diameter section 720 in areas other than the weld points 730, so that the working fluid can move through the gap between the first outer diameter section 713 and the second outer diameter section 720.

[0067] In an area where the first outer diameter section 713 and the second outer diameter section 720 are joined, the movement of the working fluid is blocked at the weld points 730, which are spot-welded areas, but the movement of the working fluid is enabled through areas other than the spot-welded areas.

[0068] The area where the first outer diameter section 713 and the second outer diameter section 720 are joined, i.e., the area where spot welding is performed, can face the ports 210 of the cylinder 200. Accordingly, the working fluid inside the sleeve 700 can drain outwards through the gap between the first outer diameter section 713 and the second outer diameter section 720, as indicated by an arrow in Fig. 5 is displayed, and can flow through connection 210.

[0069] The inner diameter section 711, the connecting section 712, and the first outer diameter section 713 can be formed integrally. In the present embodiment, the sleeve 700 can comprise a first sleeve section 710, which forms the inner diameter section 711, the connecting section 712, and the first outer diameter section 713, and a second sleeve section 720, which corresponds to the second outer diameter section 720. The first sleeve section 710 and the second sleeve section 720 can be integrated together by spot welding.

[0070] The first sleeve section 710 and the second sleeve section 720 can be manufactured in separate processes, thus reducing the machining complexity of the sleeve 700. As a result, productivity in the mass production of the brake device for vehicles can be improved.

[0071] A coupling area between the first outer diameter section 713 and the second outer diameter section 720 can be arranged between a first sealing sleeve 220 and a second sealing sleeve 221. The first sealing sleeve 220 can be arranged on one side of the inner wall of the cylinder 200, and the second sealing sleeve 221 can be arranged on the other side of the inner wall of the cylinder 200. The first sealing sleeve 220 and the second sealing sleeve 221 can be spaced apart at a predetermined distance, and the corresponding port 210 can be arranged between the first sealing sleeve 220 and the second sealing sleeve 221. The coupling area between the first outer diameter section 713 and the second outer diameter section 720 can be positioned such that it faces the port 210 between the first sealing sleeve 220 and the second sealing sleeve 221.Accordingly, a leak of the working fluid, which is drained through the gap of the coupling area between the first outer diameter section 713 and the second outer diameter section 720, can be prevented by sealing through the first sealing sleeve 220 and the second sealing sleeve 221, and the working fluid can be drained to the outside through the port 210.

[0072] The braking device for vehicles according to one embodiment of the present disclosure can comprise a shaft bearing 900. The shaft bearing 900 can be arranged in the housing 100 and provided at one end in the cylinder 200.

[0073] An outer surface of the shaft bearing 900 and an outer surface of the sleeve 700 can be installed in contact with each other. The shaft bearing 900 can be coupled to the screw shaft 400 in a form that encloses the coupling section 450 of the screw shaft 400.

[0074] The shaft bearing 900 can comprise an inner ring 910, a bearing ball 915, and an outer ring 920. The inner ring 910 can be in contact with the coupling section 450 of the screw shaft 400, and the outer ring 920 can be installed in contact with the inner surface of the cylinder 200.

[0075] The shaft bearing 900 can absorb an axial load during the formation of hydraulic pressure in the cylinder 200 by the piston 600, which moves back and forth in the axial direction of the screw shaft 400.

[0076] The braking device for vehicles according to one embodiment of the present disclosure can include the support component 1000. The support component 1000 can be provided in the cylinder 200. The support component 1000 can be inserted into the coupling section 450 and coupled to the screw shaft 400. The support component 1000 can be screwed to the screw shaft 400. The shaft bearing 900 can be attached to the support component 1000. The support component 1000 can rotatably support the screw shaft 400. The support component 1000 can be a screw.

[0077] The braking device for vehicles according to one embodiment of the present disclosure can comprise a reaction force component 1100. A first side of the reaction force component 1100 can be supported by the cylinder 200, and a second side of the reaction force component 1100 can be brought into contact with the sleeve 700 in order to push the sleeve 700 towards the shaft bearing 900. The reaction force component 1100 can be a wave spring.

[0078] An operating procedure of the braking device for vehicles according to an embodiment of the present disclosure with the aforementioned configuration is described below.

[0079] With reference to Fig. 7 When the motor 300 is in operation to transmit a rotational force to the screw shaft 400, the screw shaft 400 can rotate in a first direction of rotation within the cylinder 200 around its axis and the nut 500 can move forward along the screw shaft 400 in the direction of the sleeve 700.

[0080] In response to the movement of the nut 500 towards the sleeve 700, the piston 600 coupled to the nut 500 can move linearly forward in the cylinder 200 in the same direction as the direction of movement of the nut 500, thereby generating hydraulic brake pressure.

[0081] With reference to Fig. 8. The nut 500 can move backwards along the screw shaft 400 in a direction opposite to that of the sleeve 700 if the motor 300 operates in such a way that the screw shaft 400 rotates in the cylinder 200 in a second direction of rotation about its axis, which is opposite to the first direction of rotation.

[0082] In response to the movement of the nut 500 in the opposite direction to the sleeve 700, the piston 600 coupled to the nut 500 can move linearly backwards in the cylinder 200 in the same direction as the direction of movement of the nut 500, thereby building up hydraulic brake pressure. Accordingly, a double-acting hydraulic pressure can be built up by the linear forward and backward movement of the piston 600 in the cylinder 200.

[0083] According to the present disclosure, a sleeve can be produced by joining a plurality of sleeve sections, thereby reducing machining difficulties and improving productivity in the mass production of a brake device for vehicles.

[0084] Although exemplary embodiments of the disclosure have been disclosed for illustrative purposes, it is apparent to the person skilled in the art that various modifications, additions, and substitutions are possible without departing from the scope of protection and the spirit of the disclosure as defined in the appended claims. The true technical scope of the disclosure should therefore be defined by the following claims. QUOTES INCLUDED IN THE DESCRIPTION

[0000] This list of documents cited by the applicant was automatically generated and is included solely for the reader's convenience. The list is not part of the German patent or utility model application. The DPMA accepts no liability for any errors or omissions. Cited patent literature

[0000] KR 10-2021-0064367

[0005]

Claims

[1] Braking device for vehicles, comprising: a cylinder equipped with a port through which the working fluid flows; a motor designed to generate rotational force; a screw shaft which is arranged in the cylinder and is designed to receive the rotational force from the engine and to rotate about an axis; a nut that is coupled to the screw shaft and is designed to move back and forth in an axial direction of the screw shaft in response to a rotation of the screw shaft; a sleeve arranged in the cylinder comprising an inner diameter section arranged towards the screw shaft and an outer diameter section arranged towards the cylinder, the outer diameter section comprising a first outer diameter section and a second outer diameter section coupled to the first outer diameter section; and a piston that is coupled to the nut and is designed to move back and forth within the sleeve in response to the back-and-forth movement of the nut. [2] Brake device for vehicles according to claim 1, wherein the first outer diameter section and the second outer diameter section are coupled together by spot welding. [3] Brake device for vehicles according to claim 2, wherein a coupling area between the first outer diameter section and the second outer diameter section faces the connection. [4] Brake device for vehicles according to claim 3, wherein the working fluid in the sleeve is drained from the sleeve through a non-spot-welded area in the coupling area between the first outer diameter section and the second outer diameter section. [5] Brake device for vehicles according to claim 3 or 4, wherein the coupling area between the first outer diameter section and the second outer diameter section is arranged between a first sealing sleeve and a second sealing sleeve which are mounted on an inner wall of the cylinder. [6] Braking device for vehicles according to any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein the sleeve further comprises a connecting section that connects the inner diameter section and the first outer diameter section, and wherein the inner diameter section, the connecting section and the first outer diameter section are formed in one piece. [7] Brake device for vehicles according to claim 6, wherein both the first outer diameter section and the second outer diameter section comprise steel.

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