Shaped body and method for a photovoltaic module

Abstract

The invention relates to a shaped body (6, 7) for producing a photovoltaic module, in particular a thermal photovoltaic module (4), comprising: - an upper face (11) which is concavely or convexly curved in a height direction (Z) in order to bend a layer stack (12) comprising at least two layers (1, 2, 3) for the photovoltaic module (4). The invention also relates to a method for processing a layer stack (12) for a photovoltaic module.

Description

[0001] Description

[0002] Molded body and process for a photovoltaic module

[0003] A molded body for producing a photovoltaic module, in particular for producing a photovoltaic thermal module, is specified. Furthermore, a method for processing a layer stack for a photovoltaic module, in particular for a photovoltaic thermal module, is specified.

[0004] The publication WO 2015 / 184402 concerns a photovoltaic module with an integrated liquid cooling system.

[0005] It is desirable to provide a molded body for producing a photovoltaic module that enables reliable production. Furthermore, it is desirable to provide a method for processing a layer stack for a photovoltaic module that enables reliable processing of the layer stack and thus, in particular, reliable production of the photovoltaic module.

[0006] Embodiments of the disclosure relate to a molded body for producing a photovoltaic module, in particular a photovoltaic thermal module. Further embodiments of the disclosure relate to a method for processing a layer stack for a photovoltaic module, in particular for a photovoltaic thermal module. In particular, the method is part of a manufacturing method for a photovoltaic module. For example, a molded body according to at least one of the embodiments described here is used in the method. Features, advantages, and developments of the molded body thus also apply to the method, and vice versa.

[0007] The shaped body has an upper side that is concavely or convexly curved along a vertical direction. The shaped body with the curved upper side is designed to curve a layer stack for the photovoltaic module. The layer stack has at least two layers. The layer stack subsequently forms part of the photovoltaic module. The two layers comprise, for example, a PV laminate with a glass pane, a lamination film and / or a surface heat sink. For example, solar cells are already connected to the glass pane and the surface heat sink is attached to the glass pane with the solar cells by lamination.

[0008] For example, the photovoltaic module is a conventional photovoltaic module without a heat sink. For example, the photovoltaic module has crystalline solar cells and / or thin-film solar cells. The two layers comprise, for example, a PV laminate with a glass pane and the crystalline solar cells. The two layers comprise, for example, a PV laminate with a glass pane and the thin-film solar cells. Using the molded body, for example, deliberately curved modules can be produced, for example for facades. It is also possible to compensate for unwanted curvatures in conventional photovoltaic modules using the molded body in order to produce modules that are as flat as possible.

[0009] The molded body enables the layer stack to be curved or bent. During production of the photovoltaic module, it is therefore possible to curve the layer stack as desired using the molded body. This curvature compensates for stresses that can arise in the layer stack due to different coefficients of thermal expansion. Without the molded body, these stresses would lead to unwanted curvature of the layer stack. The molded body enables the layer stack to be curved in the opposite direction during production, so that the stresses due to the different coefficients of thermal expansion subsequently exactly compensate for this curvature and the result is a flat layer stack. This layer stack no longer warps unwantedly due to different coefficients of thermal expansion of the layers in the layer stack.

[0010] Due to its convex or concave shape, the shaped body is also referred to as a lens, in particular as a mechanical lens. In the context of this disclosure, a concave curvature along the vertical direction is understood to mean, in particular, an inwardly curved shape of the upper side, wherein the vertical direction is perpendicular to a main extension plane of the upper side. Accordingly, a convex curvature is understood to mean an outwardly curved shape, wherein the vertical direction is perpendicular to a main extension plane of the upper side.

[0011] According to at least one embodiment, the shaped body has a plurality of flat, extended plates. The plates are stacked on top of one another along the vertical direction. The vertical direction is aligned transversely to the flat extent. In particular, the flat, extended plates have different flat extents relative to one another. The curved shaped body can thus be formed by means of the stacked plates. In order to form, for example, the convexly curved upper side, the extended plates become smaller in the vertical direction. For example, the upper side is formed by means of a flat end plate which covers the stacked plates at the top. A flat upper side can thus be realized.

[0012] According to at least one embodiment, the shaped body comprises, alternatively or in addition to the plurality of plates, a plurality of rods. The rods are each elongated along the vertical direction. The rods are arranged next to one another transversely to the vertical direction. The curved upper side can be formed using rods of different lengths. It is also possible to combine plates and rods, for example, plates initially extending flatly in the vertical direction followed by elongated rods.

[0013] According to at least one embodiment, the molded body is formed from a solid body. Thus, the molded body is formed in one piece. For example, the molded body is milled from a single block of material.

[0014] According to at least one embodiment, the upper side is fully surface-covered. In particular when using a solid body and / or when using a plurality of plates, the upper side is fully surface-covered. When using rods, the upper side can also be fully surface-covered. In this case, however, an additional covering layer must be applied to the upper side of the rods. Alternatively, it is also possible for the upper side to have one or more recesses. For example, the spaces between the rods are referred to as recesses. It is also possible to apply a closing structure, for example a wire mesh, to the rods in order to form the upper side with the recesses. Alternatively, one fully surface-covering plate is provided in order to form a flat upper side on the rods.

[0015] According to at least one embodiment, the upper side is curved only along a longitudinal axis. The longitudinal axis runs transversely to the vertical direction. Along a transverse axis, which runs transversely to the longitudinal axis and the vertical axis, the upper side is not curved. Along the transverse axis, the upper side runs in a straight line.

[0016] According to at least one further embodiment, the upper side is curved along the longitudinal axis and along the transverse axis. Thus, the molded body allows the layer stack to be curved along all spatial directions in a single curving process.

[0017] According to at least one embodiment, the shaped body has a thermal conductivity of at least 30 W / (m-K), in particular 50 W / (m-K). The shaped body has a thermal conductivity that is high enough to sufficiently conduct heat to be introduced into and / or dissipated from the layer stack during production and processing. Other values ​​for the thermal conductivity are also possible. For example, a thermal conductivity of at least 100 W / (m-K) or at least 400 W / (m-K). Due to the sufficiently high thermal conductivity, the shaped body enables cooling of the layer stack after a lamination process for joining the layers of the layer stack. It is also possible to use the shaped body during the lamination process. In this case, due to the sufficiently high thermal conductivity, the shaped body conducts the heat required for lamination to the layer stack. The layer stack cools down on the shaped body according to exemplary embodiments.According to further embodiments, the layer stack does not cool on the molded body, but is detached from the molded body while still heated after lamination. According to further embodiments, the layer stack is not laminated on the molded body, but is applied to the molded body after lamination and curved, particularly in a heated state.

[0018] According to at least one embodiment, the molded body is made of a plastic. According to at least one further embodiment, the molded body is additionally or alternatively made of a metal, for example, aluminum or steel. It is possible for the molded body to comprise only a single material or to be formed from a combination of materials.

[0019] According to at least one embodiment, the method comprises providing the layer stack. The layer stack is stacked on a molded body according to one of the embodiments described here, so that the layer stack rests against the molded body, in particular against the upper side of the molded body. As a result, the layer stack is curved by means of the molded body. Subsequently, the layer stack is detached from the molded body. After detached, the layer stack is in particular flat. The stresses due to the different thermal expansion coefficients counteract the curvature of the layer stack and thus compensate for it at the intended operating temperatures of the photovoltaic module. According to at least one further

[0020] In one embodiment, the method comprises heating the layer stack. The heating serves to laminate at least a portion of the layer stack while the layer stack is in contact with the molded body. Thus, the curving and lamination of the layer stack can be performed in a single process.

[0021] According to at least one further embodiment, the method comprises reducing a temperature of the layer stack while the layer stack is in contact with the molded body. The layer stack cools down after lamination while the layer stack is being curved by means of the molded body. The cooling step of the layer stack while it is in contact with the molded body is also possible if the layer stack was laminated independently of the molded body and thus does not contact the molded body during lamination. In this case, the layer stack is placed against the top side of the molded body after lamination and before cooling and is curved.

[0022] According to at least one embodiment, the layer stack is provided with at least one metallic heat sink and a glass pane. The metallic heat sink and the glass pane have different thermal expansion coefficients. The curvature nevertheless allows a flat design of the metallic heat sink and the glass pane, so that no unwanted stresses or warping occur during subsequent operation of the photovoltaic module.

[0023] Further advantages, features, and developments are explained below with reference to the drawings. Like reference symbols indicate like elements in the individual figures. References are not to scale; rather, individual elements may be exaggerated or exaggerated for clarity.

[0024] It shows :

[0025] Figure 1A is a schematic representation of a molded body with a layer stack according to an embodiment,

[0026] Figure 1B is a schematic representation of a photovoltaic thermal module according to an embodiment,

[0027] Figure 2 is a schematic representation of a molded body with a layer stack according to an embodiment,

[0028] Figures 3A to 3G are schematic representations of the molded body according to different views and / or embodiments, and

[0029] Figure 4 is a schematic sectional view of a

[0030] Example of a photovoltaic thermal module.

[0031] A photovoltaic thermal module 4 (Figure 1B, Figure 4), or PVT module for short, combines photovoltaic modules for electricity generation with the utilization of the modules' waste heat. PVT modules thus convert incoming solar energy into electrical power, and the resulting waste heat is utilized. In addition to electrical energy, such PVT modules also simultaneously produce heat, for example, in the form of hot water or other cooling fluids.

[0032] The PVT module 4 has a layer stack 12 .

[0033] Layer stack 12 has a plurality of layers stacked along a vertical direction Z. The layer stack

[0034] 12 comprises in particular a PVT laminate 1 with a glass pane

[0035] 13. The layer stack 12 comprises a lamination film 2. The lamination film 2 is arranged between the PVT laminate 1 and a surface heat sink 3. The PVT laminate 1 additionally comprises, in particular, solar cells 102, electrical cell connectors 103, and other elements to form the photovoltaic part of the PVT module 4.

[0036] The layers of the layer stack 12 are joined together by means of a lamination process under the influence of high temperatures. For example, temperatures of 130°C to 150°C are used for this purpose, so that the PV laminate 1 is bonded to the surface heat sink 3 by means of the lamination film 2.

[0037] Figure 1A shows the layer stack 12 during a manufacturing or processing step.

[0038] The layer stack 12 can be curved by means of a molding body 6. The molding body 6 has a convexly curved upper side 11. The upper side thus curves outward in the vertical direction Z. The layer stack 12 is pressed against the upper side 11, so that the layer stack 12 is also curved due to the curved upper side 11.

[0039] In the illustrated embodiment of Figure 1 with the convexly curved molded body 6, the PV material 1 lies directly on the molded body 6 and the flat heat sink 3 faces away from the molded body 6. The layer stack 12 is placed on the molded body 6 in such a way that the PV material 1 faces the top side 11 and in particular directly touches the top side 11. The molded body 6 is thermally and / or mechanically connected to a heating plate or cooling plate 5. It is possible for the molded body 6 to be arranged in a lamination oven for laminating the PV material 1 with the flat heat sink 3. The layer stack 12 is arranged on the top side 11 and curved during the lamination process. By means of the heating plate 5, the heat is transferred by means of the molded body 6 to the layer stack 12. For this purpose, the molded body 6 has sufficiently good thermal conductivity.

[0040] It is also possible for the layer stack 12 to be laminated independently of the molded body 6. The layer stack 12 is laminated, for example, in the conventional manner.

[0041] After the lamination process, both when the layer stack 12 rested on the molded body 6 during lamination and when the lamination process took place without the molded body 6, the layer stack 12 cools down on the molded body 6. For example, after lamination, the layer stack 12 is placed on the upper side 11 while still at a high temperature and pressed on in such a way that the layer stack 12 is curved according to the upper side 11.

[0042] The curvature of the layer stack 12 results in the tensions and curvatures occurring in the layer stack 12 during cooling being compensated. The surface heat sink 3, which is stretched more than the PV laminate 1, contracts more during cooling than the PV material 1 and in particular than the glass pane 13. This contraction results in the curvature induced by the molded body 6 being compensated. Due to the cooling, the layer stack 12 curves in exactly the opposite direction to the curvature induced by the molded body 6.

[0043] The cooled layer stack 12 thus has a flat extension along a plane transverse to the vertical direction Z at normal operating temperatures of, for example, -30 ° C to + 80 ° C. Undesired bulges, which can conventionally arise during cooling or during operation due to the temperature fluctuations that occur, can thus be avoided or at least reduced. Such a layer stack 12 or the photovoltaic thermal module after cooling is shown schematically in Figure 1B. The PVT module 4 has no undesired bulges along the vertical direction Z and is arranged flat along a plane that is spanned by a longitudinal axis L and a transverse axis B. The longitudinal axis L, the transverse axis B and the vertical direction Z are in particular each arranged perpendicular to one another.

[0044] For example, the shaped body 6 has a maximum extension along the vertical direction Z in a range from 2 cm to 10 cm, in particular in a range from 3 cm to 6 cm.

[0045] For example, the shaped body 6 has a maximum extension along the transverse axis B in a range from 0.8m to 1.5m, in particular in a range from 1.1m to 1.2m.

[0046] For example, the shaped body 6 has a maximum extension along the longitudinal axis L in a range from 1.5 m to 2 m, in particular in a range from 1.7 m to 1.8 m. Figure 2 schematically shows a further exemplary embodiment of the shaped body 7. In contrast to the shaped body 6, the shaped body 7 is concavely curved, so that the upper side 11 has a concave curvature along the vertical direction Z. Otherwise, it is possible for the shaped body 6 and the shaped body 7 to be constructed in the same way.

[0047] During processing, the layer stack 12 is placed on the upper side 11 such that the surface heat sink 3 faces the molded body 7. The PV laminate 1 and in particular the glass pane 13 are arranged facing away from the molded body 7. For example, the PV laminate 3 is in direct contact with the upper side 11 of the molded body 7. This arrangement enables the curvature of the layer stack 12 comparable to the exemplary embodiment in Figure 1A, in which the surface heat sink 3 is stretched more than the PV laminate 1 and in particular than the glass pane 13. After cooling, a planar photovoltaic thermal module 4 according to Figure 1B can then be realized.

[0048] The molded body 7 has one or more recesses 9. The recesses 9 serve to accommodate connection elements 8 of the PVT module 4. The connection elements 8 are, for example, hydraulic connection pieces and / or electrical connections. The recesses 9 enable sufficient contact between the upper side 11 and the surface heat sink 3 despite the connection element 8.

[0049] Figures 3A to 3G show schematic views and various embodiments of the molded body 6. The concavely curved molded body 7 has the same features and configurations according to the embodiments. Therefore, the features are explained below in connection with the molded body 6, but also apply equally to the molded body 7.

[0050] Figure 3A shows a plan view along the vertical direction Z of the surface 11 of the molded body 6. The upper side 11 according to Figure 3A is formed over the entire surface and, in particular, has no interruptions. This allows for a large contact surface between the PV material 1 and the upper side 11. To form the upper side 11 over the entire surface, the molded body 6 is formed, for example, from a solid body 15 (Figure 3E). For example, the molded body 6 with the continuous upper side 11 is formed from a single block of material, for example, milled out, and the solid body 15 is thus formed.

[0051] Figure 3B shows a plan view along the vertical direction Z of the molded body 6 according to another exemplary embodiment. The molded body 6 is formed from a plurality of rods 11. The rods are arranged side by side in the same direction. The rods 10 extend along the vertical direction Z. Ends 17 of the rods 10 form the upper side 11 of the molded body 6.

[0052] The upper side 11 has recesses 16 between the bars 10. The upper side 11 is therefore not formed over its entire surface, but rather with interruptions formed by the recesses 16. The bars 10 are arranged such that the curved upper side 11 is formed. In particular, the bars 10 have different lengths along the vertical direction Z for this purpose. In the intermediate spaces and through the recess 16, in particular, good heat transport is possible, for example in order to enable good cooling of the layer stack 12.

[0053] Figure 3C shows a sectional view or a side view of the molded body 6 along a plane spanned by the longitudinal axis L and the vertical direction Z. In this view, the curvature of the upper side 11 along the vertical direction Z can be seen. The curvature has a radius R. For example, the radius has a value in a range from 1.5 m to 13 m.

[0054] Figure 3D shows a sectional view along a plane spanned by the transverse axis B and the vertical direction Z, i.e., in particular, by a plane transverse to the plane of Figure 3C. For example, the radius has a value in a range from 1 m to 10 m.

[0055] The molded body 6 is, for example, curved on the upper side 11 as shown in Figures 30 and 3D. The curvature has a radius R.

[0056] The curvature is thus formed along the longitudinal axis L (Figure 30) and along the transverse axis B (Figure 3D). It is possible that the two radii shown in Figures 30 and 3D are equal. It is also possible that the two radii shown in Figures 30 and 3D are different from each other.

[0057] It is also possible for the shaped body 6 to be curved only along a single one of the longitudinal axis L and the transverse axis B, i.e., either as shown in Figure 30 or as shown in Figure 3D, and not both. Along the other of the longitudinal axis L and the transverse axis B, the shaped body 6 is then not curved, but has a straight profile of the upper side 11 in the sectional view.

[0058] Figure 3F shows a side view of the molded body 6 according to Figure 3B. The rods 10 are arranged next to one another along the longitudinal axis L and the transverse axis B. The ends 17 together form the upper side 11. The recesses 16 are arranged between the rods 10.

[0059] Figure 3G shows the molded body 6 according to a further exemplary embodiment. The molded body 6 is formed from a plurality of flat, expanded plates 14. The plates 14 are each flat, expanded along the longitudinal axis L and the transverse axis B. The plates 14 are stacked one on top of the other along the vertical direction Z. In particular, the plates 14 have different flat dimensions compared to one another. In the vertical direction Z, for example, the plates 14 become increasingly smaller, so that the curved upper side 11 is formed.

[0060] Combinations of the embodiments according to Figures 3A to 3G are also possible. For example, part of the shaped body 6 is formed from the shaped body 15, part is formed from the plates 14 and another part is formed from the rods 10. It is also possible for only the solid body 15, only the plates 14 or only the rods 10 to be present and to be connected, for example, to the heating plate 5 or the cooling plate 5. Curvatures along only one of the longitudinal axis L and the transverse axis B or along both axes L, B are possible for the solid body 15, the plates 14 and the rods 10. The degree of curvature is predetermined in particular by the different thermal expansion coefficients of the PV laminate 1 with the glass pane 13 and the surface heat sink 13. The more different the thermal expansion coefficients are, the stronger the curvature of the upper side 11 is.The curvature is as large as the curvatures that would occur due to the different thermal expansion coefficients, but in the opposite direction along the vertical direction Z. The degree of curvature of the upper side 11 therefore depends on the materials and / or alloys used for the layers of the layer stack 12, in particular on the material of the surface heat sink 3 and on the type of glass pane 13. In addition, the curvature of the upper side 11 depends, for example, on the thickness of the layers of the layer stack 12. It is also possible that the curvature of the upper side 11 depends on the type of surface heat sink 3, that is to say in particular whether the surface heat sink 3 has two plates 3a, 3b (Figure 4) or only a single plate 3b.

[0061] Figure 4 shows an embodiment of the photovoltaic thermal module 4 .

[0062] The PVT module 4 according to Figure 4 has the front glass 13. On a side opposite the front glass 13 there is a rear wall film 105. A plurality of, for example, crystalline solar cells 102, are connected to one another via electrical cell connectors 103 and arranged between the front glass 13 and the rear wall film 105. The PVT module 4 is mechanically supported, for example, by a support frame 107, for example made of aluminum. The PVT module 4 has the surface heat sink 3, in particular made of aluminum. Such surface heat sinks 3, also referred to as cooling plates, are used, for example, in automotive engineering. The surface heat sink 3 has, for example, two thin aluminum sheets 3a, 3b. In addition, a connecting means for connecting the two sheets 3a, 3b is provided. A channel structure with a plurality of cooling channels 3c is embossed into one of the two plates 3a, 3b, for example by a punching process.This channel structure, for example, consists of many branches and is optimized to dissipate heat as efficiently as possible and to enable the lowest possible pressure losses.

[0063] The Al cooling plate 3 is glued or laminated onto the back wall film 105, for example by means of an adhesive layer 109.

[0064] The flat heat sink 3 according to Figure 4 is based in particular on the aluminum plates 3a, 3b, which, for example, have a thickness of approximately 1 mm. The inner diameter of the cooling channels 3c is, for example, between 1 mm and 15 mm and can vary along the channels. It is also possible to form the flat heat sink 3 from glass plates. It is also possible to form the flat heat sink 3 from only a single plate 3b with the cooling channels 3c, which directly borders the adhesive layer 109 or the rear wall film 105.

[0065] The flat heat sink 3, for example, has exactly one inlet and one return, which are not explicitly shown in Figure 4. Starting from the inlet and the return, the cooling channels 3c branch out, so that the width of the cooling channels can decrease with increasing distance from the inlet and / or the return. For example, the branches are bifurcations or trifurcations.

[0066] For example, the PVT module 4 is designed as described in patent application PCT / EP2022 / 072670. For example, the PVT module 4 is designed as described in patent application DE 10 2022 123 915. 2.

[0067] Photovoltaic modules, or simply PV modules, are already a pillar of energy supply today and will become even more important in the future for fossil-free and CO2-free energy supplies. Costs have fallen by approximately 90% over the last 10 years, making solar power the cheapest form of electricity generation worldwide. Nevertheless, a PV module currently only converts approximately 20% of the incoming solar energy into electricity; the rest is lost as waste heat.

[0068] If waste heat is harnessed, the overall efficiency of a PV module can be significantly increased. These modules are called photovoltaic thermal modules, or PVT modules for short. In addition to electrical energy, they also produce heat, usually in the form of hot water.

[0069] The PVT module 4 described here is based on the following considerations, among others: The materials used in the manufacture of the PVT modules 4 have different physical properties. The front cover of a solar module is usually made of glass, in particular the glass pane 13. The cooling plate or heat exchanger plate, which can also be referred to as a surface heat sink 3, is usually made of metal. Both materials have very different mechanical expansion coefficients. However, the two materials are preferably joined together using a lamination process at high temperatures. For example, using EVA film, which can also be referred to as lamination film 3, at approx. 130°C - 140°C.

[0070] During the subsequent cooling, the different expansion coefficients can cause the layer stack 12 and / or the PVT module 4 to bend, as the aluminum contracts more than the glass. This leads to mechanical stresses and can result in the module 4 no longer being able to be framed, for example, the support frame 107 cannot be mounted. Furthermore, it can also impair long-term stability. Furthermore, the bending of the PVT module 4 occurs not only during cooling from the lamination temperature, but also during operation on the roof, where temperatures can also vary between -20°C / -40°C and 80°C.

[0071] The PVT module 4 described here makes use, among other things, of the idea of ​​having the PVT module 4 as flat as possible after lamination at room temperature.

[0072] In one embodiment, the module 4 is “overstretched” after the lamination process while the temperature is still high, either in air or in a cooling press. This means that the mechanical lens 6, 7 is used, which can also be referred to as a molded body 6, 7 and onto which the PVT module 4 is placed, for example with the glass 13 facing downwards. For example, as a convex mold 6, onto which the module 4 is placed. However, it can also be placed the other way around in the concave mold 7. This would have the additional advantage that any protruding nozzles that may be present, which can also be referred to as connecting elements 8, can be incorporated into the mold 7.

[0073] For example, the PVT module 4 cools in this shape. The shape or bend precisely compensates for the normally occurring deflection in the other direction of the PVT module 4, so that it is flat or nearly flat at room temperature.

[0074] In a further embodiment, the PVT module 4 is placed into the corresponding mold 6, 7 during the lamination process, so that the overstretching takes place during the lamination at high temperatures, during which the materials actually bond together. This is then even more effective.

[0075] Due to the lens shape of form 6, 7 this can also be called a mechanical lens.

[0076] The mechanical lens 6, 7 can be made of metal or plastic, can be solid or merely a skeletal structure (cost savings). It can also consist of (metal) rods 10 of different heights or of metal plates 14 of different heights stacked on top of one another. The structure can be milled from a solid piece or assembled in some other way.

[0077] It is also important to ensure the temperature transfer from the heating plate 5 to the structure 12 to be laminated and not to interrupt it. Furthermore, the structure can have a lens shape in a single direction L, B, but preferably the same in both directions L, B, so that the final PVT module is flat in all directions.

[0078] Areas of application for the PVT module 4 described here are solar cells 102 of all types, for example, crystalline or bifacial crystalline modules or thin-film modules. Furthermore, the following areas of application for the modules 4 are particularly considered: rooftop, industry, open space, low-temperature heating networks, floating systems (also referred to as floating PV), large open-space solar parks, especially in hot regions such as the USA, India, Spain, Arabia, Australia, Chile

[0079] The molded body 6, 7 described here enables improved reliability and quality of the PVT modules through a double joining process using adhesive / lamination and clamping. A significant simplification of the production process is possible. Significantly less use of expensive materials, lower costs, and greater economic efficiency are achievable.

[0080] The invention described here is not limited by the description based on the exemplary embodiments. Rather, the invention encompasses any novel feature and any combination of features, including in particular any combination of features in the patent claims, even if this feature or combination itself is not explicitly stated in the patent claims or exemplary embodiments. Reference symbols:

[0081] 1 PV laminate

[0082] 2 lamination foil

[0083] 3 surface heat sinks

[0084] 4 Photovoltaic thermal module (PVT module)

[0085] 5 Heating plate or cooling plate

[0086] 6 molded bodies, convex

[0087] 7 shaped bodies, concave

[0088] 8 connecting element

[0089] 9 Indentation

[0090] 10 bars

[0091] 11 Top

[0092] 12 layer stacks

[0093] 13 Glass pane

[0094] 14 plate

[0095] 15 full bodies

[0096] 16 recesses

[0097] 17 End

[0098] 102 solar cells

[0099] 103 electrical cell connector

[0100] 105 Back panel film

[0101] 107 support frames

[0102] 109 Adhesive layer

[0103] 3 surface heat sinks

[0104] 3a first plate facing the solar cells

[0105] 3b second plate, facing away from the solar cells

[0106] 3c Cooling channel

[0107] R radius

[0108] L Longitudinal axis

[0109] B Transverse axis

[0110] Z vertical direction

Claims

Claims 1. Shaped body (6, 7) for producing a photovoltaic module, in particular a photovoltaic thermal module (4), comprising - a top side (11) which is concavely curved or convexly curved along a vertical direction (Z) for curving a layer stack (12) with at least two layers (1, 2, 3) for the photovoltaic module (4).

2. Shaped body according to claim 1, comprising a plurality of planarly extended plates (14) which are stacked on top of one another along the vertical direction (Z), wherein the vertical direction (Z) is oriented transversely to the planar extension.

3. Shaped body according to claim 1 or 2, comprising a plurality of rods (10) elongated along the vertical direction (Z), wherein the rods are arranged next to one another transversely to the vertical direction.

4. Shaped body according to claim 1, wherein the shaped body (6, 7) is formed from a solid body (15).

5. Shaped body according to one of claims 1 to 4, in which the upper side (11) is formed over the entire surface.

6. Shaped body according to one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the upper side (11) has a recess (16).

7. Shaped body according to one of claims 1 to 6, wherein the upper side (11) is curved along only one longitudinal axis (L), wherein the longitudinal axis (L) runs transversely to the vertical direction (Z).

8. Shaped body according to one of claims 1 to 6, wherein the upper side (11) is curved along a longitudinal axis (L) and is curved along a transverse axis (B), wherein the longitudinal axis (L) and the transverse axis (B) each run transversely to the vertical direction (Z).

9. Shaped body according to one of claims 1 to 8, wherein the shaped body (6, 7) has a thermal conductivity of at least 30 W / (mK).

10. Shaped body according to one of claims 1 to 9, wherein the shaped body (6, 7) is formed from a plastic and / or a metal.

11. Shaped body according to one of claims 1 to 10, comprising an indentation (9) for a connection element (8) of the photovoltaic module.

12. Shaped body according to one of claims 1 to 11, in which the upper side (11) comprises at least two of the layers depending on the thermal expansion coefficients (1, 2, 3) of the layer stack (12) is curved.

13. Method for processing a layer stack (12) for a photovoltaic module, in particular for a photovoltaic thermal module (4), - Providing the layer stack (12), - Stacking the layer stack (12) onto a molded body (6, 7) according to one of claims 1 to 12, so that the layer stack (12) rests against the molded body (6, 7), and thereby - arching the layer stack (12) by means of the molded body (6, 7), - Detaching the layer stack (12) from the molded body (6, 7).

14. The method according to claim 13, comprising: - heating the layer stack (12) during lamination of at least part of the layer stack (12) while the layer stack (12) rests against the molded body (6, 7).

15. A method according to claim 13 or 14, comprising: - Reducing a temperature of the layer stack (12) while the layer stack (12) is in contact with the molded body (6, 7).

16. The method according to any one of claims 13 to 15, wherein providing the layer stack (12) comprises: - Providing the layer stack (12) which has at least one metallic surface heat sink (3) and a glass pane (13).

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