Subsea desalination systems and methods using fluid displacement

Abstract

The present application pertains to systems and methods for desalination. In one embodiment the system employs a first storage reservoir configured to be near the surface of a body of water and configured to store a low density fluid. A second storage resen oir is configured to be located below the surface of the body of water. A desalination system is operably connected to the second resen oir. Desalinated water is produced by allowing desalination permeate to displace low density- fluid in the second reservoir and transfer the low density fluid from the second reservoir to the first reservoir. Desalinated water is exported by transferring low density fluid from the first reservoir into the second resen oir to displace desalinated water from the second reservoir into a water export pipeline.

Description

SUBSEA DESALINATION SYSTEMS AND METHODS USING FLUIDDISPLACEMENTCROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0001] For PCT purposes the present application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application 63 / 464,244 filed May 5, 2023; U.S. provisional application 63 / 464.238 filed May 5, 2023 ; and U. S. Application No. 18 / 236,229 filed August 21 , 2023 now U.S. Patent No. 11 ,970,410.

[0002] All of the aforementioned applications are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.BACKGROUND AND SUMMARY

[0003] There is a need for improved systems and methods for desalination that are more environmentally friendly and cost-effective.

[0004] The present invention may pertain to systems and methods for desalination. Some embodiments may comprise desalination systems and methods which may significantly reduce energy efficiency, or reduce energy consumption, or reduce Gibbs free energy of desalination, or lower capital cost, or improve environmentally friendliness, or lower operating cost, or reduce mechanically complexity, or enable easier permitting, or improve maintainability, or improve accessibility, or improve accessibility for maintenance, or improve reliability, or reduce the potential for biofouling, or reduce the potential for corrosion, or increase scalability, or enable easier construction and installation at a large scale, or enable easier construction and installation, or enable easier to operation at a large scale, or enable easier operation, or any combination thereof. Some embodiments may enable desalination which inherently comprises energy storage, or comprises embedded or integrated energy storage, which may enable desalination to be powered by intermittent renew ables, such as solar, or wind, or w ave power, and / or may significantly reduce the energy cost of desalination and / or may significantly reduce the CO2 emissions associated with desalination.

[0005] Some embodiments may comprise a subsea desalination system or process which desalinates seawater, or other saline water, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, seawater may be desalinated by creating a pressure difference between the feed side and permeate side of a desalination membrane by exposing the permeate side of a desalination membrane to the hydrostatic pressure of a low density fluid, such as a low' density liquid, and exposing the feed side of a desalination membrane to the hydrostatic pressure of seawater. For example, in some embodiments, the pressure difference between the hydrostatic pressure of the low density fluid and the hydrostatic pressure of the seawater at the depth or elevation of the desalination membrane may be greater than or equal to the pressure difference required for reverse osmosis desalination, orgreater than or equal to the osmotic pressure of seawater, or greater than or equal to the osmotic pressure of the desalination feed, or any combination thereof. For example, in some embodiments, a significant hydrostatic pressure difference between the desalination feed and the low density fluid may be due to the significant density difference between the low density fluid and the desalination feed, and / or the depth or elevation of the desalination membrane, and / or the elevation difference between a lower elevation reservoir configured to stored desalinated water and low density and a higher elevation reservoir configured to store low density fluid and / or desalinated water or water.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

[0006] Figure 1: Fluid displacement desalination system with pump fluidly connected to low density fluid and located near the higher elevation reservoir and with one tank in lower elevation reservoir.

[0007] Figure 2: Fluid displacement desalination system with pump fluidly connected to low density fluid and located near the higher elevation reservoir and with one tank in lower elevation reservoir, wherein low density fluid is being pumped into the tank displacing water.

[0008] Figure 3: Fluid displacement desalination system with pump fluidly connected to low density fluid and located near the higher elevation reservoir and with one tank in lower elevation reservoir.

[0009] Figure 4: Fluid displacement desalination system with pump fluidly connected to low density fluid and located near the higher elevation reservoir and with one tank in lower elevation reservoir, wherein desalinated water is entering the tank, displacing low density fluid.

[0010] Figure 5: Fluid displacement desalination system with lower elevation reservoir comprising two subsea tanks and a pump near the higher elevation reservoir fluidly connected to the low density fluid.

[0011] Figure 6: Fluid displacement desalination system with lower elevation reservoir comprising two subsea tanks and a pump near the higher elevation reservoir fluidly connected to the low density' fluid.

[0012] Figure 7: Fluid displacement desalination system with displaced desalinated water transferred to the higher elevation reservoir and exported with a floating or tethered desalination pipeline.

[0013] Figure 8: Fluid displacement desalination system with displaced desalinated water transferred to the higher elevation reservoir and exported with a floating or tethered desalination pipeline.

[0014] Figure 9: Fluid displacement desalination system with displaced desalinated water transferred to the higher elevation reservoir and exported with a floating or tethered desalination pipeline.

[0015] Figure 10: Fluid displacement desalination system with displaced desalinated water transferred to the higher elevation reservoir and exported with a floating or tethered desalination pipeline.

[0016] Figure 11: Fluid displacement desalination system with pump fluidly connected to low density fluid and located near the lower elevation reservoir and with one tank in lower elevation reservoir.

[0017] Figure 12: Fluid displacement desalination system with pump fluidly connected to low density fluid and located near the lower elevation reservoir and with one tank in lower elevation reservoir.

[0018] Figure 13: Fluid displacement desalination system with pump fluidly connected to low density fluid and located near the lower elevation reservoir and with one tank in lower elevation reservoir.

[0019] Figure 14: Fluid displacement desalination system with pump fluidly connected to low density fluid and located near the lower elevation reservoir and with one tank in lower elevation reservoir.

[0020] Figure 15: Fluid displacement desalination system with desalination feed pre-treatment located at least a partially in the higher elevation region or near the higher elevation reservoir.

[0021] Figure 16: Fluid displacement desalination system with desalination feed pre-treatment located at least a partially in the higher elevation region or near the higher elevation reservoir.

[0022] Figure 17: Fluid displacement desalination system with desalination feed pre-treatment located at least a partially in the higher elevation region or near the higher elevation reservoir.

[0023] Figure 18: Fluid displacement desalination system with desalination feed pre-treatment located at least a partially in the higher elevation region or near the higher elevation reservoir.

[0024] Figure 19: Fluid displacement desalination system with a pump fluidly connected to the water in the water export pipeline and located subsea.

[0025] Figure 20: Fluid displacement desalination system with a pump fluidly connected to the water in the water export pipeline and located subsea.

[0026] Figure 21: Fluid displacement desalination system with a pump fluidly connected to the water in the water export pipeline and located subsea.

[0027] Figure 22: Fluid displacement desalination system with a pump fluidly connected to the water in the water export pipeline and located subsea.

[0028] Figure 23: Fluid displacement desalination system with a higher elevation reservoir located on land and fluidly connected to lower elevation reservoir by pipelines.

[0029] Figure 24: Fluid displacement desalination system with a higher elevation reservoir located on land and fluidly connected to lower elevation reservoir by pipelines.

[0030] Figure 25: Fluid displacement desalination system with a higher elevation reservoir located on land and fluidly connected to lower elevation reservoir by pipelines.

[0031] Figure 26: Fluid displacement desalination system with a higher elevation reservoir located on land and fluidly connected to lower elevation reservoir by pipelines.

[0032] Figure 27: Fluid displacement desalination system with a lower elevation reservoir comprising two tanks and a pump is fluidly connected to the water export pipeline.

[0033] Figure 28: Fluid displacement desalination system with a lower elevation reservoir comprising two tanks and a pump is fluidly connected to the water export pipeline.

[0034] Figure 29: Fluid displacement desalination system with a lower elevation reserv oir comprising two tanks and desalination feed pre-treatment located in the higher elevation region.

[0035] Figure 30: Fluid displacement desalination system with a lower elevation reservoir comprising two tanks and desalination feed pre-treatment located in the higher elevation region.

[0036] Figure 31: Fluid displacement desalination system with a lower elevation reservoir comprising two tanks and a pump located in the lower elevation region fluidly connected to the low density fluid.

[0037] Figure 32: Fluid displacement desalination system with a lower elevation reservoir comprising two tanks and a pump located in the lower elevation region fluidly connected to the low density fluid.

[0038] Figure 33: Fluid displacement desalination system with a pressure equilibrized subsea tank enabled by an integrated pressure exchanger.

[0039] Figure 34: Fluid displacement desalination system with a pressure equilibrized subsea tank enabled by an integrated pressure exchanger.

[0040] Figure 35: Fluid displacement description system with higher elevation reservoir located subsea.

[0041] Figure 36: Fluid displacement description system with higher elevation reservoir located subsea.

[0042] Figure 37: Fluid displacement description system with higher elevation reserv oir located subsea.

[0043] Figure 38: Fluid displacement description system with higher elevation reservoir located subsea.

[0044] Figure 39: Embodiment comprising a tank storing low density fluid and high density fluid with a direct fluid-fluid interface or liquid-liquid interface between the low density fluid and high density fluid and wherein low density fluid is entering the tank and high density fluid is exiting the tank.

[0045] Figure 40: Embodiment comprising a tank storing low density fluid and high density fluid with a direct fluid-fluid interface or liquid-liquid interface between the low density fluid and high density fluid and wherein high density fluid is entering the tank and low density fluid is exiting the tank.

[0046] Figure 41: Embodiment comprising a tank storing low density fluid and high density fluid with a floating barrier between the low density fluid and high density fluid and wherein high density fluid is entering the tank and low density fluid is exiting the tank.

[0047] Figure 42: Embodiment comprising a tank storing low density fluid and high density fluid with a floating barrier between the low density fluid and high density fluid and wherein low density fluid is entering the tank and high density fluid is exiting the tank.

[0048] Figure 43: Embodiment comprising a tank or hydraulic cylinder storing low density fluid and high density fluid with a barrier or plunger hydraulically or mechanically or indirectly exchanging the volumetric flows of low density fluid and high density fluid and wherein high density fluid is entering the tank or hydraulic cylinder and low density fluid is exiting the tank or hydraulic cylinder.

[0049] Figure 44: Embodiment comprising a tank or hydraulic cylinder storing low density fluid and high density fluid with a barrier or plunger hydraulically or mechanically or indirectly exchanging the volumetric flows of low density fluid and high density fluid and wherein high density fluid is entering the tank or hydraulic cylinder and low density fluid is exiting the tank or hydraulic cylinder.

[0050] Figure 45: Fluid displacement desalination comprising high density fluid displacement of a low density fluid comprising desalination feed to desalinate desalination feed employing a subsea pump fluidly connected to the high density fluid.

[0051] Figure 46: Fluid displacement desalination comprising high density fluid displacement of a low density fluid comprising desalination feed to desalinate desalination feed employing a subsea pump fluidly connected to the high density fluid.

[0052] Figure 47: Fluid displacement desalination comprising a high density fluid displacement of a low density fluid comprising desalination feed to desalinate desalination feed employing a subsea pump fluidly connected to the low density fluid.

[0053] Figure 48: Fluid displacement desalination comprising a high density fluid displacement of a low density fluid comprising desalination feed to desalinate desalination feed employing a subsea pump fluidly connected to the low density fluid.

[0054] Figure 49: Fluid displacement desalination comprising a high density fluid displacement of a low density fluid comprising desalination feed to desalinate desalination feed employing a pump fluidly connected to the low density fluid.

[0055] Figure 50: Fluid displacement desalination comprising a high density fluid displacement of a low density fluid comprising desalination feed to desalinate desalination feed employing a pump fluidly connected to the low density fluid.EXAMPLE DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0056] The present invention may pertain to a higher efficiency, or lower cost, or less mechanically complex, or more reliable, or any combination thereof desalination systems and methods. The present invention may pertain to a higher efficiency, or lower cost, or less mechanically complex, or more reliable, or any combination thereof offshore or marine-based desalination systems and methods. In some embodiments, power or energy for desalination may be provided by pumping or transferring at least a portion of a low density fluid into a subsea tank, displacing at least a portion of the freshwater or desalinated water inside the subsea tank, wherein the displaced desalinated water may transfer into a water pipeline or riser. In some embodiments, water may be desalinated by allowing the desalinated water permeate to displace at least a portion of the low density fluid from inside the subsea tank, wherein the displaced low density fluid may travel through a low density fluid riser or pipe into a higher elevation tank or surface tank. In some embodiments, water may be desalinated using reverse osmosis from the hydrostatic pressure difference, such as gravitational hydrostatic pressure difference, between the seawater desalination feed and a low density fluid, such as a low density liquid, which may possess a density significantly lower than the density of seawater, at a subsea depth or elevation. In some embodiments, a valve fluidly connected to the low density fluid may open, which may allow the reduction of the pressure inside the riser and / or subsea tank to a pressure near the hydrostatic pressure of the low density fluid, which may result a pressure difference betw een the internal pressure of the subsea tank and the pressure of seawater desalination feed, which may drive or otherwise result in the desalination of at least a portion of desalination feed, forming at least a portion of desalination permeate or desalinated water which may transfer into the subsea tank and / or wherein the desalination permeate displaces at least a portion of low density fluid in the subsea tank.

[0057] Some embodiments may enable the volume of liquid pumped, such as low density liquid, to be about the same as or similar to the volume of permeate or desalinated water generated, rather than the volume of seawater desalination feed water, which may reduce energy consumption, or required system sizing. Some embodiments may enable the volume of liquid pumped to be about the same as or similar to the volume of permeate or desalinated water generated, while, for example, enabling the system to be driven by a pump located at. or near, or above the surface of the body of water. Some embodiments may enable the volume of liquid pumped to be about the same as or similar to the volume of permeate or desalinated water generated, rather than the volume of seawater desalination feed water, while enabling the system to be driven by a pump located at, or near, or above the surface of the body of water, which may have multiple benefits, such as increasing energy efficiency, or reducing CAPEX, or increasing scalability or potential scale. In some embodiments, the volume of low density fluid pumped may differ from the volume of the desalination permeate generated due to the liquid compressibility or bulk modulus of the low density fluid and / or any temperature changes or temperature differences. Some embodiments may enable the volume of liquid pumped to be about the same as or similar to the volume of permeate or desalinated water generated, while enabling the pump to be located on, or near, or above the ocean surface, where maintenance may be more accessible, total CAPEX may be lower, and energy efficiency may be greater.

[0058] In some embodiments, the pressure inside the subsea tank or the subsea tank internal pressure may vary. For example, in some embodiments, when at least a portion of low density fluid is pumped or otherwise transferred into the subsea tank or lower elevation tank, displacing at least a portion of the w ater inside the subsea tank or lower elevation tank, the internal pressure of the subsea tank or lower elevation tank may be about the same as or greater than the hydrostatic pressure of the water, or permeate, or desalinated water, or seawater, or desalination feed, or any combination thereof at the depth or elevation or elevation difference. For example, in some embodiments, when at least a portion of permeate enters or transfers into the subsea tank or lower elevation tank, displacing at least a portion of the low density fluid, the internal pressure of the subsea tank or lower elevation tank may be about the same as the hydrostatic pressure of low density fluid at the depth or elevation or elevation difference. For example, in some embodiments, the subsea tank or lower elevation tank may be configured to resist a pressure difference of at least the pressure difference between the hydrostatic pressure of low7density fluid at the depth or elevation of the subsea tank or lower elevation tank and the hydrostatic pressure of seawater at the depth or elevation of the subsea tank or lower elevation tank. For example, in some embodiments, the subsea tank or lower elevation tank may be configured to resist a pressure difference of at least the osmotic pressure of seawater, or at least the pressure difference desired for reverse osmosisdesalination or other pressure driven desalination process or other membrane based desalination process.

[0059] Some embodiments may enable or comprise desalination with inherent energy storage. Some embodiments may enable or comprise desalination with inherent energy storage, which may enable integration with or power from intermittent power sources, such as intermittent renewable energy sources, such as solar, or wind, or tidal power, or wave power, or ocean kinetic energy, or any combination thereof. Some embodiments may enable or comprise desalination with inherent energy storage, which may enable power demand control, or demand response for desalination power demand and / or may enable the desalination system to be powered by grid electricity or electricity wholesale market electricity when desirable or when electricity prices are affordable or desirable.

[0060] In some embodiments, the subsea tank or subsea infrastructure may be configured in a manner to enable the subsea tank internal pressure to be similar to or near or about the same as the pressure outside or adjacent to the subsea tank at the same elevation throughout desalination process operation. By enabling the subsea tank to have an internal pressure similar to or about the same as the external pressure, the subsea tank may be constructed with less material, or at a lower cost, or with less pressure difference resistance, or any combination thereof, which may make to constructing or employing a larger volume subsea tank practical and / or affordable.

[0061] In some embodiments, a larger subsea tank may enable greater energy’ storage and / or longer duration energy storage for, for example, desalination. In some embodiments, for example, a power extractor, or a generator, or a mechanical pressure exchanger, or a turbine, or a turbocharger pressure exchanger, or a PX pressure exchanger, or a PX pressure exchanger system, or a pressure exchanger system, or any combination thereof may extract the power or energy in the difference in pressure between the internal pressure of low density fluid (LDF) in the subsea tank and the pressure of LDF in the LDF pipe or riser, and / or may transfer said extracted power or pressure to the desalination permeate, such as ‘pumping’ the permeate, enabling or power desalination. In some embodiments, the internal pressure of LDF in the subsea tank may be about the same as or similar to the hydrostatic pressure of permeate, or of freshwater, or of seawater, or of desalination feed, or of the adjacent seawater, or the pressure of seawater adjacent to the subsea tank at the same or similar or about the same elevation or depth as the subsea tank. In some embodiments, during power discharge, the pressure of LDF in the LDF pipe or riser may be similar to or about the same as the hydrostatic pressure of LDF at depth or elevation of the subsea tank or at the elevation difference between the lower elevation tank or subsea tank and the higher elevation tank, plus any pressure increase due to required pressure drop in the pipe or other form of transfer. The formed permeate may be transferred into the subsea tank, displacing at least a portion of thelow density fluid present in the subsea tank, and / or the internal pressure of the subsea tank may be similar to or about the same as the pressure adjacent to or external to the subsea tank at about the same elevation or depth. In some embodiments, supplemental pump or a small pressure difference or low pressure booster pump or low pressure subsea pump may be employed to increase the pressure of the permeate or transfer permeate to, for example, enable transfer of the permeate into the subsea tank, which may be desirable to, for example, make up for any pressure losses or power losses in the pressure exchange or power exchange.

[0062] In some embodiments, desalination feed may comprise seawater which may be provided or sourced from near the lower elevation tank or subsea tank or at an elevation near the lower elevation tank or subsea tank. For example, in some embodiments, it may be desirable to source seawater from near the lower elevation tank or subsea tank or from a subsea depth below the photic zone, or below' the dysphotic zone, or below' the twilight zone, or any combination thereof, for example, to reduce or minimize the required pre-treatment of seaw ater and / or reduce or minimize potential interference with marine life or marine ecosystem. In some embodiments, desalination feed may comprise seawater which may be provided or sourced from seawater. In some embodiments, desalination feed may comprise seawater which may be provided or sourced from subsea. In some embodiments, desalination feed may comprise seawater which may be pretreated near the higher elevation tank or surface tank and / or near or above the surface of the body of water, then the pre-treated desalination feed may be transferred to the desalination system or process. In some embodiments, supplemental pressure or pumping may be applied to pre-treated desalination feed transferred from near or above the surface of the body of w'ater, for example, to facility7transfer subsea for desalination and / or the provide additional pressure or driving force for desalination. In some embodiments, desalination feed may comprise seawater which may be pretreated near the higher elevation tank or surface tank and / or near or above the surface of the body of water, then the pre-treated desalination feed may be transferred to the desalination system or process, w'hich may be located near or at an elevation near the subsea tank or low er elevation tank.

[0063] In some embodiments, the subsea tank or low er elevation tank may comprise a rigid tank. In some embodiments, the subsea tank or lower elevation tank may comprise a flexible tank or a bladder tank. In some embodiments, the subsea tank or lower elevation tank may compnse a combination of a rigid tank and a bladder tank or flexible tank. In some embodiments, the subsea tank or lower elevation tank may comprise a rigid tank and a flexible or bladder tank. In some embodiments, the subsea tank or lower elevation tank may be fixed to the seabed. In some embodiments, the subsea tank or lower elevation tank may be located on the seabed. In some embodiments, the subsea tank or lower elevation tank may be tethered above the seabed, or suspended subsea, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the subsea tank or lowerelevation tank may be anchored to the seabed, or piled to the seabed, or suction piled to the seabed, or suction connected to the seabed, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the subsea tank or lower elevation tank may be at a lower elevation, or greater depth, or any combination thereof than the higher elevation tank.

[0064] In some embodiments, the surface tank or higher elevation tank or higher elevation storage reservoir or the higher elevation low density fluid storage reservoir may comprise a floating vessel, or offshore structure, or moored vessel, or tethered vessel, or tethered structure, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the surface tank or higher elevation tank or higher elevation storage reservoir or the higher elevation low7density fluid storage reservoir may comprise a fixed structure or an onshore structure.

[0065] In some embodiments, power or energy for desalination may be provided by a low density fluid pump which may be located on or near or at an elevation near the surface tank or higher elevation tank or higher elevation storage reservoir or the higher elevation low7density7fluid storage reservoir.

[0066] In some embodiments, the low density fluid pump may be located on or near or at an elevation near the surface tank or higher elevation tank or higher elevation storage reservoir or the higher elevation low7density7fluid storage reservoir. In some embodiments, the low7density7fluid pump may be located above sea-level or on a floating vessel floating on the sea or body of w ater. For example, in some embodiments, low density fluid may be pumped from the surface tank or higher elevation tank or higher elevation storage reservoir or the higher elevation low density fluid storage reservoir using a nearby or otherwise fluidly connected pump, wherein the low density fluid may be transferred from the higher elevation tank or higher elevation storage reservoir to the lower elevation tank or subsea tank using a pipe, or riser pipe, or pipeline. For example, in some embodiments, low density fluid may be allowed to transfer from the lower elevation reservoir or subsea tank through a pipe or riser pipe into the higher elevation tank or higher elevation storage reservoir. For example, in some embodiments, low density fluid may be allowed to transfer from the lower elevation reservoir or subsea tank through a pipe or riser pipe into the higher elevation tank or higher elevation storage reservoir, wherein it may be desirable for the low density fluid to bypass the pump or for valves or fluidly connected valves to be at least partially open to allow the flow of low density fluid into the higher elevation tank or higher elevation storage reservoir. In some embodiments, it may be desirable to locate the on or near or at an elevation near the surface tank or higher elevation tank or higher elevation storage reservoir or the higher elevation low density fluid storage reservoir, to. for example, including, but not limited to, one or more or any combination of the following: enable greater maintainability of the LDF pump and / or power electronics, or enable greater accessibility7of the LDF pump and / or power electronics, or enablethe use of higher efficiency pumps, or enable the use of lower cost or lower CAPEX or more widely available pumps, or enable greater pump or system scale, or enable greater pump energy efficiency.

[0067] In some embodiments, the pressure of the permeate side of the desalination process or system and the pressure of the internal pressure of the subsea tank may be significantly different during charging, as in when the low density fluid displaces the desalinated water permeate, and about the same during discharging, as in when the desalinated water permeate displaces the low density fluid.

[0068] In some embodiments, power or energy for desalination may be provided by a low density7fluid pump or a pump which transfers or supplies hydraulic pressure to the low density fluid. In some embodiments, the low density fluid pump may be located on the vessel or structure or near the vessel or structure comprising the higher elevation tank or higher elevation reservoir. In some embodiments, the low density fluid pump may comprise a subsea pump. In some embodiments, the low' density' fluid pump may comprise a subsea pump which be located on or near or at an elevation near or at about the same elevation as the subsea tank or lower elevation reservoir and / or may be fluidly connected to the LDF riser or pipe. In some embodiments, a subsea pump pumping low' density' fluid may have lower potential or propensity for biofouling, or corrosion, or scaling, which may' enable greater pump longevity or lifespan and / or reduce required pump maintenance. For example, some low' density' fluids, such as, for example, n-butane, or n- butane comprising < 0.1% butadiene, may possess an ultra-low propensity for biofouling. or corrosion, or scaling, or dissolving salts, or any combination thereof compared to water. In some embodiments, it may be desirable to locate the LDF pump subsea to reduce the potential power requirements of a dynamic power cable, or to avoid the need for a dynamic power cable, or to reduce potential hydraulic losses, or any combination thereof.

[0069] In some embodiments, power or energy for desalination may be provided by a subsea pump fluidly connected to the desalinated w ater output pipe.• For example, in some embodiments, during charging or storing power or energy', a valve fluidly connected to the desalinated w ater or desalinated water permeate input pipe to a subsea tank may be closed, and a valve fluidly connected to the low density fluid pipe or riser may be open, and a valve fluidly connected to the desalinated water output pipe may be open. A subsea pump fluidly connected to the desalinated water output pipe may pump at least a portion of desalinated w ater from the subsea tank into or through the desalinated water output pipe. A subsea pump fluidly connected to the desalinated water output pipe may pump at least a portion of desalinated water from the subsea tank into or through the desalinated water output pipe, which may comprise providing the power or pressure difference to overcome the difference in pressure between the internal pressure of thesubsea tank and the internal pressure of the desalinated water output pipe. Low density fluid may transfer through the low density fluid pipe into the subsea tank and may displace at least a portion the desalinated water in the subsea tank or occupy the volume of the subsea tank previously occupied by the portion of desalinated water transferred from or out of the subsea tank. In some embodiments, the pressure inside the subsea tank or the internal pressure of the subsea tank may be about the same as or near the hydrostatic pressure or gravitational hydrostatic pressure of the low density fluid at the depth or elevation difference between the subsea tank or lower elevation tank and the higher elevation tank minus any pressure drop or losses.• For example, in some embodiments, during stored power discharging or producing desalinated water or producing desalinated water permeate, a valve fluidly connected to the desalinated water or desalinated water permeate input pipe to a subsea tank may be open, and a valve fluidly connected to the low density7fluid pipe or riser may be open, and a valve fluidly connected to the desalinated water output pipe may be closed. The permeate side of the desalination process may be exposed to the lower pressure of the internal pressure of the subsea tank, which may result in the production of at least a portion of desalinated water permeate and transferred into the subsea tank, displacing at least a portion of loyv density fluid in the subsea tank from the subsea tank or displacing at least a portion of the low density fluid in the subsea tank or occupy the volume of the subsea tank previously occupied by the portion of low density fluid transferred from or out of the subsea tank. At least a portion of low density fluid in the subsea tank may transfer from the subsea tank through the low density fluid pipe into the higher elevation tank. In some embodiments, the pressure inside the subsea tank or the internal pressure of the subsea tank may be about the same as or near the hydrostatic pressure or gravitational hydrostatic pressure of the low density fluid at the depth or elevation difference between the subsea tank or lower elevation tank and the higher elevation tank plus any pressure drop or losses.

[0070] In some embodiments, employing a subsea pump on the desalinated water output pipe may be desirable, due to, for example, enabling the subsea tank to remain at a more consistent or relatively consistent pressure between charging and discharging, or reduce the required power capacity or need for a dynamic power cable, or any combination thereof.

[0071] In some embodiments, the pressure of the permeate side of the desalination process or system and the pressure of the internal pressure of the subsea tank may be about the same during charging, as in when the low density fluid displaces the desalinated water permeate, and about the same during discharging, as in when the desalinated water permeate displaces the low density fluid.

[0072] In some embodiments, power or energy for desalination may be provided by a subsea pump, which may be fluidly connected to the desalinated water permeate output from the desalination process or system and / or fluidly connected to the desalinated water input pipe transferring desalinated water from the desalination system or process to the subsea tank.

[0073] In some embodiments, power or energy for desalination may be provided by a subsea pump, which may be fluidly connected to the desalinated water permeate output from the desalination process or system and / or fluidly connected to the desalinated water input pipe transferring desalinated water from the desalination system or process to the subsea tank. In some embodiments, said subsea pump may comprise a pressure and / or power exchanging system or method, which may comprise transferring pressure or power from at least a portion of the low density fluid exiting or transferred out of the subsea tank to pump or otherwise transfer desalinated water permeate into the subsea tank. In some embodiments, said subsea pump may comprise an electric and / or hydraulically powered pump to pump or otherwise transfer desalinated water permeate into the subsea tank. In some embodiments, said subsea pump may pump or otherwise transfer desalinated water permeate into the subsea tank, wherein the pump may overcome or provide the pressure difference between the pressure of the permeate side of the desalination system or process and the pressure of the internal pressure of the subsea tank. For example, in some embodiments, the internal pressure of the subsea tank may be about the same as, for example, including but not limited to, on or more or any combination of the following: the gravitational hydrostatic pressure of seawater, or the pressure of the body of water adjacent to the subsea tank at the same depth or elevation of the subsea tank, or the gravitational hydrostatic pressure of desalinated water plus or minus any pressure drop or losses. In some embodiments, the pressure difference between the permeate side of the desalination process or system and the internal pressure of the subsea tank may be about the same as the pressure difference desired to enable or drive reverse osmosis desalination, plus or minus any losses or frictional losses or pressure drop.

[0074] Some embodiments may comprise subsea desalination with subsea desalinated water storage. In some embodiments, desalinated water may be stored in a rigid subsea tank or a subsea tank. In some embodiments, desalinated water may be stored in a bladder tank or flexible tank. In some embodiments, subsea water storage may comprise or employ the displacement of a low density fluid with water to store water, or displacement of water with low density fluid to release or transfer stored w ater.

[0075] In some embodiments, desalination pumps or hydraulic systems may be powered by electricity, or hydraulic pressure transfer, or pneumatic pressure transfer, or hydraulic systems, or mechanical transfer, or mechanical systems, or thermal systems, or pressure based systems, or light-based systems, or heat-based systems, or osmotic systems, or any combination thereof.

[0076] In some embodiments, desalinated water may be transferred or piped by means of a pipeline to shore or an application requiring desalinated water. In some embodiments, desalinated water may be transferred or piped by means of a floating pipeline, or a suspended pipeline, or tethered pipeline. In some embodiments, desalinated water may be transferred by pipeline located on, or beneath, or connected to. or any combination thereof the seabed. In some embodiments, desalinated water may be transferred to a storage reservoir. For example, in some embodiments, desalinated water may be transferred to a subsea storage tank. For example, in some embodiments, desalinated water may be transferred to a subsea storage reservoir, or a sub-terranean aquifer, or any combination thereof. For example, in some embodiments, desalinated water may be transferred to a floating storage reservoir, or to a storage tank located in the same vessel or adjacent to the low density fluid storage tank, or higher elevation tank, or higher elevation reservoir. In some embodiments, desalinated water may be transferred to a higher elevation, then may be transferred to an application requiring desalinated water, or a municipal water system, or to shore, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, desalinated water may be transferred by ship, or marine vessel, or floating vessel, or airplane, or aircraft, or train, or barge, or watercraft, or land based vehicle, or tunnel, or pipeline, or any combination thereof.

[0077] In some embodiments, desalination may be enabled by a pressure difference between the desalination feed and the desalination permeate comprising freshw ater. In some embodiments, desalination may be powered by or driven by the displacement of low density fluid with desalination permeate water due to. for example, the hydrostatic pressure difference between the gravitational hydrostatic pressure of desalination feed, such as seawater, and the gravitational hydrostatic pressure of a low density fluid, which may be due to the significant density difference between the density of desalination feed, such as seawater, and the density' of the low density fluid and the elevation difference or depth which may comprise the liquid column of the low density fluid and the liquid column of the desalination feed. In some embodiments, the desalination feed may comprise seawater. In some embodiments, the desalination feed may comprise a saline water or water comprising total dissolved solids greater than desalination permeate or desalinated water or freshwater. In some embodiments, the pressure difference may exceed the osmotic pressure of the desalination feed comprising seawater, which may enable the permeation and / or formation of at least a portion of a permeate comprising freshwater and the rejection and / or formation of at least a portion of a retentate comprising salt w ater or desalination brine. In some embodiments, the pressure difference may exceed the osmotic pressure of the desalination feed comprising seawater, which may enable the permeation and / or formation of at least a portion of a permeate comprising freshwater and the rejection and / or formation of at least a portion of a retentate comprising salt water or desalination brine, wherein the desalination brine formed may comprise a greaterconcentration or total dissolved solids concentration than the desalination feed comprising seawater and / or the desalination brine may be diffused or released into the sea. In some embodiments, said pressure difference may be created or enabled by or may comprise the difference in hydrostatic pressure between the hydrostatic pressure of a liquid column comprising a low density liquid or fluid at a depth and the hydrostatic pressure of a seawater or desalination feed comprising seawater at a water or a liquid column comprising seawater at a depth. In some embodiments, said pressure difference may be created or enabled by or may comprise the difference in hydrostatic pressure between the hydrostatic pressure of a liquid column comprising a low density' liquid or fluid at a depth and the hydrostatic pressure of a seawater or desalination feed at a water or a liquid column comprising seawater at a depth, wherein said depth of the low density liquid or fluid may be about the same as the depth of the seawater or desalination feed. In some embodiments, the low density liquid or fluid may comprise a liquid or fluid with a density less than the density of desalination feed or seawater, which may enable the hydrostatic pressure of the low density' liquid or fluid across an elevation difference, or at the bottom of a liquid or fluid column, or at a depth, or any combination thereof to be less than the hydrostatic pressure of the desalination feed or seawater. In some embodiments, the low density liquid or fluid may comprise a liquid or fluid with a density' less than the density’ of desalination feed or seawater, which may enable the hydrostatic pressure of the low density liquid or fluid across an elevation difference or at or near the bottom of a liquid or fluid column or at a depth to be less than the hydrostatic pressure of the desalination feed or seawater at about the same elevation difference or at or near the bottom of about the same liquid or fluid column or at about the same depth.

[0078] In some embodiments, it may be desirable for the low density' liquid or fluid to comprise a liquid to, for example, reduce or minimize the potential compressibility to. for example, enable greater hydraulic efficiency and / or reduce or minimize the change in volume with depth and / or enable applicability to greater or increasing seawater depths.

[0079] In some embodiments, it may be desirable for the low density liquid or fluid to possess limited or low solubility or to be insoluble or to be practically insoluble in seawater or freshwater or desalinated water or desalination permeate. In some embodiments, it may be desirable for the low density- liquid or fluid to be non-toxic and / or marine friendly.

[0080] In some embodiments, formation of the hydrostatic pressure difference and / or the resulting or enabled desalination may be conducted in a multi-step process. For example, in some embodiments:

[0081] 1. A first step may comprise forming a liquid or fluid column comprising low density liquid. For example, a first step may comprise occupying at least a portion of a subsea tank, which may be located at a desired depth, with a low density liquid. For example, in some embodiments,a subsea tank may be occupied by at least a portion of water, which may comprise, for example, desalinated water, or freshwater, or seawater. For example, in some embodiments, a low density liquid may be pumped into a subsea tank, displacing at least a portion of the water in the subsea tank. In some embodiments, if, for example, the displaced water comprises desalinated water or freshwater, it may be desirable for the displaced water to be piped or transferred to an application using freshwater or desalinated water, or to a freshwater or desalinated water storage or distribution system. In some embodiments, for example, in the first step, the pressure inside the subsea tank may be about the same as or greater than the hydrostatic pressure of freshwater or seawater at the depth of the subsea tank.

[0082] 2. A second step may comprise enabling or creating the pressure difference to facilitate or enable or drive desalination. A second step may comprise enabling the liquid column and / or subsea tank to decrease in pressure or decrease in pressure to a pressure approaching or near the hydrostatic pressure of low density liquid at the depth or elevation difference of the liquid column and / or subsea tank. For example, a valve in the water output pipe may close and a valve in the low density liquid pipe may open. By closing the output pipe, water may be prevented from exiting the subsea tank and water may be prevented from entering the subsea tank through the output pipe (for example, reverse flow may be prevented). By opening the low density liquid pipe or enabling the low density liquid pipe to reverse flow or flow from the subsea tank to another tank or to a storage reservoir or tank near the surface, the pressure inside the subsea tank or the internal pressure of the subsea tank may decrease to a pressure near or about the same as the hydrostatic pressure of low density' liquid at the liquid column or elevation difference between the near surface tank and the subsea tank or at the depth of the subsea tank.

[0083] 3. A third step may comprise exposing the permeate side of a pressure difference driven desalination system, such as a reverse osmosis system, which may be located subsea, to the pressure of the low density liquid column or the pressure inside the subsea tank or internal pressure of the subsea tank from the second step. In some embodiments, the feed side of the desalination system may comprise seawater or saline water, which may possess a pressure or hydrostatic pressure greater than the pressure of the hydrostatic pressure low density liquid. In some embodiments, if the permeate side of the desalination system is exposed to the or opened to the pressure of the low density liquid column or the pressure inside the subsea tank or internal pressure of the subsea tank from the second step, then the pressure of the permeate side may decrease to a pressure about the same as or near the pressure of the pressure of the low density liquid column or the pressure inside the subsea tank or internal pressure of the subsea tank from the second step. In some embodiments, if the permeate side of a pressure difference driven desalination system is exposed to or opened to the pressure of the low density liquid column or the pressure inside thesubsea tank or internal pressure of the subsea tank from the second step, then the pressure difference between the desalination feed side and the desalination permeate side may be sufficient to enable at least a portion of desalination. For example, in some embodiments, a valve in the desalinated water permeate input pipe may open, exposing the permeate side of the desalination system or the desalination permeate to the hydrostatic pressure of the low density liquid and / or the internal pressure of the subsea tank, which may result in the pressure of the permeate side or permeate decreasing to a pressure near or about the same as the hydrostatic pressure of the low density liquid and / or the internal pressure of the subsea tank. Due to the pressure difference between the desalination feed side and the desalination permeate side, desalinated water or permeate comprising desalinated water may form and may transfer into the subsea tank, displacing at least a portion of the low density liquid in the subsea tank.

[0084] In some embodiments, more than one subsea tank may be employed, which may enable the low density fluid pump and / or the desalinated water pipeline or desalinated water export pipeline to operate continuously or at a higher capacity factor. For example, in some embodiments, desalinated water (which may comprise reverse osmosis permeate) may be displacing low density fluid from a first subsea tank (which may have an internal pressure about the same as the gravitational hydrostatic pressure of low density' fluid) into low density fluid riser and / or into the higher elevation reservoir, while simultaneously low density fluid may be pumped into or transferred into a second subsea tank (which may have an internal pressure about the same as the gravitational hydrostatic pressure of freshwater) displacing desalinated water into a desalinated water export pipeline, or a desalinated water pipeline, or a desalinated water riser, or any combination thereof. After a sufficient or desired amount of desalinated water is in the first subsea tank and a sufficient or desired amount of low density fluid is in the second subsea tank, the operations may be swapped, wherein, for example, desalinated water (which may comprise reverse osmosis permeate) may be displacing low density’ fluid from the second subsea tank (which may have an internal pressure about the same as the gravitational hydrostatic pressure of low density fluid) into low density fluid riser and / or into the higher elevation reservoir, while simultaneously low density fluid may be pumped into or transferred into the first subsea tank (which may have an internal pressure about the same as the gravitational hydrostatic pressure of freshwater) displacing desalinated water into a desalinated water export pipeline, or a desalinated water pipeline, or a desalinated water riser, or any combination thereof. Said swapping may be conducted continuously or in a cycle. It may be desirable for said swapping to be conducted in a manner such that the low density fluid pump and / or desalinated water export pipeline may operate continuously or at a high capacity factor. It may be desirable to employ a pressure buffering, or pressure compensating system, or flow buffering, or flow compensating system, or buffer tank, or any combination thereofsmooth potential flow fluctuations or pressure fluctuations which may occur when a subsea tank changes, or switches, or swaps operating modes. In some embodiments, the internal pressure of the subsea tanks or lower elevation reservoirs and the low density fluid risers or pipes may change or fluctuate, for example, between a pressure near the gravitational hydrostatic pressure of low density fluid and a pressure near the gravitational hydrostatic pressure of freshwater or seawater. Some embodiments may have significantly more subsea tanks in the lower elevation reservoir, such as, for example, greater than or equal to 2, or 4, or 6, or 8, or 10, or 12, or 14, or 16, or 18 or 20, or any combination thereof subsea tanks. In some embodiments, subsea tanks may be skid mounted or installed on a skid or platform or connected platform structure. In some embodiments, said swapping may occur in regular or set periods or time intervals, which may include, but are not limited to, less than, or greater than, or equal to. one or more or any combination of the following: 1 second, or 5 seconds, or 10 seconds, or 15 seconds, or 20 seconds, or 25 seconds, or 30 seconds, or 1 minute, or 2 minutes, or 3 minutes, or 4 minutes, or 5 minutes, or 10 minutes, or 15 minutes, or 20 minutes, or 25 minutes, or 30 minutes, or 45 minutes, or 1 hours, or 1.5 hours, or 2 hours. In some embodiments, said swapping may occur when the volume or amount of low density fluid or freshwater in a subsea tank reaches a desired proportion of the total capacity of the subsea tank. For example, in some embodiments, swapping may occur when low density fluid volume in a subsea tank comprises greater than 70%, or 80%, or 90%, or any combination thereof of a subsea tank's volumetric capacity. For example, in some embodiments, swapping may occur when desalinated volume in a subsea tank comprises greater than 70%, or 80%, or 90%, or any combination thereof of a subsea tank’s volumetric capacity. In some embodiments, it may be desirable to maintain a liquid-liquid interface between the desalinated water and the low density fluid in subsea tanks or the lower elevation reservoir, to, for example, minimize any undesired mixing of the low density fluid and the desalinated water.

[0085] In some embodiments, the higher elevation tank or surface tank may maintain about the same LDF liquid volume or the volume of LDF in the higher elevation or surface tank may remain relatively consistent. In some embodiments, for example, employing two or more subsea tanks, or employing tank swapping, or wherein LDF may be transferred into a first subsea tank while simultaneously LDF may be transferred out of a second subsea tank, or any combination thereof, the higher elevation tank or surface tank may maintain about the same LDF liquid volume or the volume of LDF in the higher elevation or surface tank may remain relatively consistent. For example, in some embodiments, the higher elevation or surface tank may function as a buffer tank. For example, in some embodiments, the higher elevation or surface tank may supply LDF, or supply storage capacity, or any combination thereof if, for example, there is a discrepancy between the flow rate of LDF transferring into the subsea tank(s) or transferring from the surface tank orhigher elevation reservoir or tank and the flow rate of LDF transferring into the surface tank or higher elevation reservoir from the subsea tank or lower elevation reservoir.

[0086] In some embodiments, the volume or amount of low density fluid in the higher elevation reservoir may remain relatively constant due to, for example, the flow rate of low density fluid entering or being transferred into at least a first subsea tank being about the same as the flow rate of low density fluid exiting or being transferred out of at least a second subsea tank, which may be occurring simultaneously.

[0087] In some embodiments, the higher elevation reservoir, or higher elevation tank, or higher elevation storage reservoir, or higher elevation storage tank, or any combination thereof may be located subsea or underw ater, or under the surface of a body of water, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the higher elevation reservoir, or higher elevation tank, or higher elevation storage reservoir, or higher elevation storage tank, or any combination thereof may be located subsea or underwater, or under the surface of a body of w ater, or any combination thereof at an elevation higher than the elevation of the lower elevation reservoir, or lower elevation tank, or subsea tank, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the higher elevation reservoir, or higher elevation tank, or higher elevation storage reservoir, or higher elevation storage tank, or any combination thereof may be located subsea or underwater, or under the surface of a body of water, or any combination thereof at a lesser depth than the elevation of the lower elevation reservoir, or lower elevation tank, or subsea tank, or any combination thereof. For example, in some embodiments, a higher elevation reservoir may be tethered to the seafloor, or suspended above the seafloor, or tethered to float, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the higher elevation reservoir may comprise at least a portion of low density fluid, which may provide buoyancy or may enable the higher elevation reservoir to have a bulk density less than the density of seawater or the body of water. In some embodiments, it may be desirable for the higher elevation reservoir to further comprise additional density or mass to reduce upward buoyancy force, which may need to be counteracted by a tether or mooring cable or system. For example, in some embodiments, additional density or mass may be added to the higher elevation reservoir or the higher elevation reservoir may employ additional density or mass in the form of, for example, including, but not limited to, one or more or any combination of the following: steel, or concrete, or cement, or aggregate, or rocks, or rock fill, or sand, or density module, or brine, or high density liquid, or high density fluid, or high density slurry', or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the pipe or riser between the higher elevation reservoir and the lower elevation reservoir may provide or function as a liquid column which may enable the hydrostatic pressure difference betw een low density fluid and desalination feed, which may function as at least a portion of the driving force for desalination. In some embodiments, the higher elevation reservoir mayfunction as or comprise, for example, including, but not limited to, a buffer tank to smooth any inconsistencies in flow, or a storage tank, or a storage tank for low density fluid, or a storage tank for desalinated water, or a storage tank for high density fluid, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the higher elevation reservoir or tank may be located on the seabed or seafloor at an elevation higher than the lower elevation reservoir or tank. In some embodiments it may be desirable for the higher elevation reservoir or tank to be underwater, or under the sea surface to, for example, to protect or reduce exposure to body of water waves and / or other kinetic energy typically concentrated near the ocean surface, which may, for example, including, but not limited to, one or more or any combination of the following: reduce riser fatigue, or reduce vessel fatigue, or increase longevity or lifespan or design life, or reduce cost, or reduce amount of material required, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, it may be desirable for the elevation or depth of the higher elevation reservoir or tank to be sufficiently deep or beneath the surface of the body of water to minimize biofouling, or corrosion, or scaling, or dissolved oxygen exposure, or any combination thereof, which may be more prevalent or accentuated at the surface of a body of water. In some embodiments, it may be desirable for the higher elevation reservoir or higher elevation tank to be located at an elevation or depth accessible to commercial divers, or lower cost ROVs, or more common remotely operated vehicles, or more common submarines, or any combination thereof to, for example, reduce the potential timeline or cost of maintenance and / or enable greater accessibility. In some embodiments, it may be desirable to locate a pump, or a low density fluid pump, or any combination thereof in or connected to the same vessel or structure as the higher elevation reservoir or tank and / or at about the same elevation or depth as the higher elevation reservoir or tank. It may be important to note that embodiments herein may employ a higher elevation reservoir or tank which may be subsea or underwater. Example figures may include, but are not limited to, for example, Figure 35, or Figure 36, or Figure 37, or Figure 38, or any combination thereof. It may be important to note other embodiments or figures herein may employ a higher elevation reservoir or tank which may be subsea, or underwater, or at least partially beneath the surface of a body of water, or beneath the surface of a body of water, or any combination thereof. It may be important to note other embodiments or figures herein may employ a higher elevation reservoir or tank which may be subsea, or underwater, or at least partially beneath the surface of a body of water, or beneath the surface of a body of water, or any combination thereof, for example, wherein the higher elevation reservoir or tank may be at an elevation higher than the lower elevation reservoir.

[0088] In some embodiments, it may be desirable to locate the subsea tank or lower elevation reservoir at a depth or elevation sufficiently deep such that the gravitational hydrostatic pressure difference between the seawater, or seawater desalination feed, and the low density fluid is greaterthan the osmotic pressure of seawater or greater than the pressure difference required to power reverse osmosis desalination, such as a pressure difference greater than, for example, including but not limited to, one or more or any combination of the following: 25 Bar, or 30 Bar, or 35 Bar, or 40 Bar, or 45 Bar, or 50 Bar, or 55 Bar, or 60 Bar, or 65 Bar, or 70 Bar, or 75 Bar, or 80 Bar, or 85 Bar, or 90 Bar.

[0089] In some embodiments, it may be desirable for the low density fluid to comprise a liquid or a fluid which may be practically incompressible or a fluid which possesses minimal compressibility, such as compressibility’ typically measured using bulk modulus. In some embodiments, it may be desirable for the low density’ fluid to be practically insoluble in water, or have a solubility in water less than 50 g / L, or 25 g / L, or 10 g / L, or 5 g / L, or 1 g / L, or 0.1 g / L, or any combination thereof at room temperature pressure (RTP) conditions. Some embodiments may avoid or eliminate the need for a high pressure difference subsea pump, or may substantially avoid or eliminate the need for a subsea pump. In some embodiments, it may be desirable for the low density fluid to be a non-hydrate former, or a fluid which does not tend to form hydrates with water. For example, in some embodiments, if n-Butane is employed, it may be desirable to minimize the concentration or presence of any propane, or ethane, or methane, or other potential hydrate formers. It may be desirable for the low density fluid to be non-toxic to human health and low toxicity or non-toxic to marine life. It may be desirable for low density fluids to be of very high purity before use to minimize presence of any potential contaminants or toxins. For example, if n-Butane is employed as a low density fluid, it may be desirable for the n-Butane to comprise significantly less than 0. lwt% of 1,3-Butadiene.

[0090] Example Potential Suitable Low Density Fluids

[0091] Example Gravitational Hydrostatic Pressure Differences Between Seawater (1,025 kg / m3) and Example Selected Low Density Fluids vs. Water Depth

[0092] Chemical (Right),

[0093] In some embodiments, the subsea tank or lower elevation tank may be configured with a floating barrier, which may float at or separate at least a portion of the liquid-liquid interface between the desalinated water and the low density fluid in the subsea tank or lower elevation tank. For example, in some embodiments, a floating or suspended barrier may have a density greater than low density fluid and less than desalinated water, enabling the floating or suspended barrier to float on the water and sink or sit below the low density fluid, which may enable at least a portion of separation between the low density fluid and the water in the subsea tank. In some embodiments, a floating barrier may reduce the potential surface area or contact area between the low density fluid and the desalinated water, reducing or minimizing potential dissolution of any low density fluid into the desalinated water.

[0094] For example, in some embodiments, hydrate forming low density fluids, such as propane, or iso-butane, or ethane, or any combination thereof may be employed, or a soluble low density fluid, such as methanol, or ethanol, or diethyl ether, or dimethyl ether, or acetone, or isopropyl alcohol, or any combination thereof may be employed. In some embodiments, a hydrate forming low density fluid, or soluble low density fluid, or any combination thereof may be employed due to separation or isolation of the low density fluid from the water. For example, in some embodiments, a bladder tank, or a floating barrier, or a suspended barrier, or a piston, or any combination thereof may be employed. For example, in some embodiments, a hydrate forming low density fluid may be employed by operating at least a portion of the system or liquid-liquid interface or near liquid-liquid interface at a temperature above the hydrate formation temperature. For example, in some embodiments, a floating barrier between the water and the low density fluid may be heated to minimize or prevent formation of hydrates. For example, in some embodiments, the low density fluid may be heated, or may be heated in the higher elevation reservoir or LDF pipe or riser, or any combination thereof. For example, in some embodiments, the subsea tank may be heated or insulated. For example, in some embodiments, the LDF and / or desalinated water permeate may be heat exchanged. For example, in some embodiments, heat may be recovered using countercurrent heat exchangers to maintain the subsea tank, or liquid-liquid interface, or any combination thereof at a temperature above the hydrate formation temperature, while, for example, reducing or conserving energy.

[0095] In some embodiments, it may be desirable to reduce potential surface area contact, or mixing, or potential mixing, or liquid-liquid interface, or contact area, or turbulence, or surface area of liquid-liquid interface, or any combination thereof between low density fluid and water or desalinated water or high density fluid. For example, in some embodiments, it may be desirable toprevent or reduce at a portion of any potential dissolution or transfer of low density fluid into the desalinated water, or water, or high density fluid.

[0096] For example, in some embodiments, it may be desirable to employ a diffusers. In some embodiments, for example, it may be desirable to employ diffusers near the bottom of the interior of a tank for high density fluid and employ diffusers near the top of the interior of the tank for low density fluid. For example, in some embodiments, low density fluid may enter or exit the tank through diffusers located near the top of the tank and high density fluid may enter or exit the tank through diffusers located near the bottom of the tank. In some embodiments, for example, diffusers may enable low density fluid and / or high density fluid to flow into and / or out of a tank while reduce or preventing turbulence or mixing. For example, in some embodiments, transferring low density fluid through an inlet or outlet near the top of a tank and high density fluid through an inlet or outlet near the bottom of a tank may enable the flows of low density fluid and high density fluid to be separated by distance and may reduce potential transfer of low density fluid into high density fluid or high density fluid into low density fluid. In some embodiments, for example, the use of diffusers may enable or facilitate the formation potentially stable fluid layers which may be driven by density, such as a low density fluid layer in the top portion of the tank and a high density fluid layer in the bottom portion of the tank. In some embodiments, for example, if a fluid-fluid interface or liquid-liquid interface may exist between the low density' fluid and high density fluid, a boundary layer or a stratification or a mixed layer or cline or any combination thereof may occur at or near the interface. In some embodiments, it may be desirable for the volume of said boundary layer or a stratification or a mixed layer or cline or any combination thereof to remain inside the tank during filing with low density fluid, or filing with high density fluid, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, it may be desirable to avoid direct contact of the boundary layer or a stratification or a mixed layer or cline or any combination thereof with a diffuser or a fluid inlet or outlet. In some embodiments, it may be desirable to avoid direct contact of the boundary layer or a stratification or a mixed layer or cline or any combination thereof with a diffuser or a fluid inlet or outlet to, for example, reduce the potential transfer of low density' fluid into high density fluid or high density fluid into low density fluid. In some embodiments, it may be desirable to directly contact of the boundary layer or a stratification or a mixed layer or cline or any combination thereof with a diffuser or a fluid inlet or outlet. In some embodiments, it may be desirable to directly contact of the boundary layer or a stratification or a mixed layer or cline or any combination thereof with a diffuser or a fluid inlet or outlet to enable greater volume utilization of a tank. In some embodiments, a fluid-fluid separation or liquid - liquid separation system or process may be employed on the low density fluid exiting a tank or the high density fluid exiting a tank to, for example, separation at least a portion of any low' density fluid in the high density fluid or highdensity fluid in the low density fluid. In some embodiments, for example, if the low density fluid may be insoluble or possess low solubility in the high density fluid, the boundary layer or a stratification or a mixed layer or cline or any combination thereof may be volumetrically small relative to the volume of the tank. In some embodiments, for example, if the low density fluid may be soluble or possess an appreciable solubility in the high density fluid, the boundary layer or a stratification or a mixed layer or cline or any combination thereof may be volumetrically larger relative to the volume of the tank. In some embodiments, it may be desirable to reduce the rate of mixing, or reduce any turbulence, or to promote laminar flow within a tank. In some embodiments, diffusers may be employed in a tank to reduce mixing of fluids, or prevent dissolution between fluids, or enable flow stability, or enable layer stability, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments it may be desirable for the volume of a mixing layer, or cline, or stratification layer, or any combination thereof to comprise less than or equal to 50%, or 35%, or 20%, or 15%, or 10%, or 9%, or 8%, or 7%, or 6%, or 5%, or 4%, or 3% , or 2%, or 1%, or 0.5%, or 0.1%, or any combination thereof the volume of the tank. In some embodiments, a diffuser system or process may enable or facilitate the volume of a mixing layer, or cline, or stratification layer, or any combination thereof to comprise less than or equal to 50%, or 35%, or 20%, or 15%, or 10%, or 9%, or 8%, or 7%, or 6%, or 5%, or 4%, or 3% , or 2%, or 1 %, or 0.5%, or 0.1 %, or any combination thereof the volume of the tank.

[0097] For example, in some embodiments, it may be desirable to employ a form of barrier or partial barrier between the low density fluid and water or desalinated water or high density fluid. For example, some embodiments may employ a floating barrier or divider, which may comprise a material which occupies at least a portion of the liquid-liquid interface between the low density fluid and water or desalinated water or high density fluid, or a material which reduces the contact area or contact surface area between the low density fluid and water or desalinated water or high density fluid. For example, in some embodiments, a floating barrier or divider may reduce the contact surface area, or the surface area of a liquid-liquid interface, or any combination thereof between the low density fluid and water or desalinated water or high density fluid by more than 50% in a tank compared to the same tank without a floating barrier. For example, in some embodiments, a floating barrier may reduce the contact surface area, or the surface area of a liquidliquid interface, or any combination thereof between the low density' fluid and water or desalinated water or high density fluid by more than 10%, or 20%, or 30%, or 40%, or 50%, or 60%, or 70%, or 80%, or 90%, or 95%, or 99%, or 99.9%, or any combination thereof compared to the same tank without a floating barrier. In some embodiments, a floating barrier or divider may comprise a material with a density or bulk density greater than the low density fluid and less than the high density fluid, or water, or desalinated water, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, afloating barrier or divider may float on the higher density fluid and may sink below the lower density fluid. For example, in some embodiments, if the liquid level of the higher density fluid rises, the floating barrier may rise or position or elevation may increase. For example, in some embodiments, if the liquid level of the higher density fluid decreases, the position or elevation of floating barrier may decrease.

[0098] In some embodiments, a barrier or divider may comprise a solid, or a liquid, or a fluid, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, it may be desirable for the wetted materials or wetted surfaces of the barrier or divider to be compatible with the low density7fluid, or higher density fluid, or water, or brine, or seawater, or any combination thereof. For example, in some embodiments, it may be desirable for the wetted materials of the barrier or divider to be insoluble or practically insoluble in the fluids stored in the tank in which the barrier or divider is located. In some embodiments, it may be desirable for a barrier or divider to comprise a material which may be rigid, or flexible, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, for example, it may be desirable for a barrier or divider to comprise multiple materials. For example, in some embodiments, it may be desirable for a barrier or divider to comprise a composite material. For example, in some embodiments, it may be desirable for a barrier or divider to comprise a rigid material, while the edges of the barrier or divider or the portions of the barrier or divider in contact with the interior walls of a tank, may comprise a flexible material to, for example, facilitate movement of the barrier or divider in response to changes in fluid level in the tank or relative fluid volumes in the tank or the volume of the higher density fluid in the tank, or to prevent or reduce the potential for the floating barrier to become stuck or lodged, or to facilitate the movement of the floating barrier to follow changes in liquid levels of low density fluid and water in a tank, or any combination thereof.

[0099] In some embodiments, a physical separation may isolate or separate low density fluid from high density fluid. In some embodiments, for example, pressure or kinetic energy may be hydraulically or mechanically exchanged between low density fluid and the high density fluid.

[0100] In some embodiments, a tank may comprise a rigid tank.

[0101] Some embodiments may employ a hydraulic cylinder, or a piston without seals, or a plunger cylinder, or any combination thereof. Some embodiments may employ a piston with seals or a hydraulic piston. In some embodiments, for example, a low density7fluid may hydraulically or mechanically exchange with a high density fluid using a hydraulic cylinder, or a plunger cylinder, or a piston, or a hydraulic piston, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, a lower elevation reservoir or lower elevation reservoir tank may comprise a hydraulic cylinder, or a plunger cylinder, or a piston, or a hydraulic piston, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, a higher elevation reservoir or higher elevation reservoir tank may comprise ahydraulic cylinder, or a plunger cylinder, or a piston, or a hydraulic piston, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, for example, low density fluid may hydraulically or mechanically exchange with a high density fluid using a hydraulic cylinder, or a plunger cylinder, or a piston, or a hydraulic piston, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, for example, a hydraulic cylinder may be configured such that tank surfaces in contact with or wetted by low density fluid may be separate from tank surfaces in contacted with or wetted by high density fluid. In some embodiments, for example, a hydraulic cylinder may be configured such that tank surfaces in contact with or wetted by low density fluid may remain wetted by low density fluid during charging and discharging. In some embodiments, for example, a hydraulic cylinder may be configured such that tank surfaces in contact with or wetted by high density fluid may remain etted by high density fluid during charging and discharging. In some embodiments, a hydraulic cylinder, or a hydraulic cylinder, or a piston, or a hydraulic piston, or any combination thereof may substantially prevent low' density fluid from wetting or contacting the high density fluid, which may prevent or reduce potential transfer of low density fluid into high density fluid. In some embodiments, a tank may comprise a storage region configured to storage low density fluid, a separate storage region configured to store high density fluid, and a solid material, such as a piston rod or plunger or floating barrier, or any combination thereof, wherein when low density fluid is transferred into the low' density fluid storage region, the solid material moves to displace high density fluid from the high density fluid storage region, and / or wherein when high density fluid is transferred into the high density fluid storage region, the solid material moves to displace low density fluid from the low' density fluid storage region. In some embodiments, additional seals or containment may be employed to reduce or prevent fluid mixing or transfer. Some embodiments may employ a piston. Some embodiments may employ a hydraulic cylinder, or a piston without seals, or a plunger cylinder, or any combination thereof. Some embodiments may employ a piston with seals or a hydraulic piston.

[0102] In some embodiments, a tank may comprise a bladder tank. In some embodiments, a tank may comprise a bladder tank housed within a rigid tank. In some embodiments, low density fluid may be stored in a bladder tank within a rigid tank, or high density fluid may be stored in a bladder tank within a rigid tank, or both, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, a bladder tank may be employed to enable low' density' fluid to hydraulically or volumetrically exchange w ith high density fluid, while, for example, preventing or reducing the potential mixing of low density fluid with high density fluid. In some embodiments, a bladder tank may comprise a flexible material. In some embodiments, a bladder tank may be integrated with a piston, or floating barrier, or a divider, or any combination thereof.

[0103] In some embodiments, low density fluid may be insoluble in high density fluid. In some embodiments low density fluid may have a solubility in high density fluid of less than, for example, one or more or any combination of the following: 0.01 g / L, or 0. 1 g / L, or 1 g / L, or 5 g / L, or lOg / L, or 15 g / L, or 20g / L, or 30g / L, or 40g / L, or 50g / L.

[0104] In some embodiments, low density fluid may be partially soluble in high density7fluid.

[0105] In some embodiments, low density fluid may be miscible in high density fluid.

[0106] In some embodiments, low density fluid may be a non-hydrate former with water. In some embodiments, low density fluid may be a hydrate former with water.

[0107] In some embodiments, the high density7fluid may comprise desalinated water and the low density fluid may comprise a fluid with a density lower than the density of water. In some embodiments, the low density fluid may comprise seawater, or treated seawater, or treated desalination feed, or desalinated water, or brackish water, or any combination thereof and the higher density fluid may comprise a brine with a salinity greater than the salinity of the desalination feed, or a density greater than the low density fluid, or a salinity greater than desalinated water, or a salinity greater than brackish water, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the higher density fluid may comprise desalinated water and the low density fluid may comprise a fluid with a density7lower than the density of water. In some embodiments, the low density fluid may comprise seawater, or treated seawater, or treated desalination feed, or desalinated water, or any combination thereof and the higher density fluid may comprise a brine with a salinity greater than the salinity of the desalination feed or a density greater than the density of low density fluid.Example Low Density Fluids

[0108] A low7density fluid may comprise a fluid with a density less than a high density fluid in the same system or process. A low density7fluid may comprise a fluid with a density less than a high density fluid which the low density fluid displaces during at least a portion of process or system operation. A low density fluid may comprise a fluid with a density less than a high density fluid which the low density fluid displaces during the storing of powder or energy or charging.

[0109] A low7density fluid may comprise including, but not limited to, one or more or any combination of the following: a hydrocarbon, or an alkane, or an alkene, or an alkyne, or an aromatic hydrocarbon, or an organic solvent, or butane, or n-butane, or iso-butane, or propane, or cyclopropane, or cyclobutane, cyclobutene, or cyclopentane, or cyclohexane, or ethane, or LPG, or pentane, or hexane, or Mineral oil, or a mineral oil saturated hydrocarbon (MOSH), or oil, or environmental oil, or marine friendly oil, or biofuel, or an organic solvent, or a e-fuel, or ammonia, or methanol, or ethanol, or water, or desalinated water, or brackish water, or seawater, or desalination feed, or treated seawater, or treated desalination feed, or an ether, or a ketone, or an alcohol, or an aldehyde, or aliphatic hydrocarbons, or aromatic hydrocarbons, or amines, or esters,or ethers, or ketones, or nitrated, or chlorinated hydrocarbons, or acetone, or acetonitrile, or 1 - butanol, or 2-butanol. or 2-butanone, or t-butyl alcohol, or cyclohexane, or diethyl ether, or dimethyl ether, or dimethoxymethane, or dimethoxyethane, or dimethylformamide (DMF), or dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) , or ethanol, or ethyl acetate, methyl acetate, or heptane, or hexane, or methanol, methyl t-butyl ether (MTBE), or petroleum ether (ligroine), or 1 -propanol, or 2- propanol, or isopropanol, or pyridine, or tetrahydrofuran (THF), or toluene, or ammonia, or triethyl amine, or amine, or organic nitrogen compound, or o-xylene, or m-xylene, or p-xylene, or a gas, or a compressed gas, or a supercritical fluid, or a suspended gas-liquid fluid, or a froth, or bubbles, or a supercritical fluid - liquid mixture.Example High Density Fluids

[0110] A high density fluid may comprise a fluid with a density greater than a low density fluid in the same system or process. A high density fluid may comprise a fluid with a density greater than a low density fluid which the high density fluid displaces during at least a portion of process or system operation. A high density fluid may comprise a fluid with a density less than a low density fluid which the high density fluid displaces during the storing of power or energy or charging.[OHl] A high density fluid may comprise including, but not limited to, one or more or any combination of the following: water, or desalinated water, or brackish water, or seawater, or desalination feed, or treated seawater, or treated desalination feed, or brine, or saline water, or a solution comprising a salt of sodium, or a solution comprising a salt of an alkali, or a solution comprising a salt of an alkaline earth, or a solution comprising a salt of calcium, or a solution comprising a salt of magnesium, or a solution comprising a salt, or a solution comprising a chloride, or a solution comprising a sulfate, or a solution comprising an acetate, or a solution comprising a carboxylate, or a solution comprising a salt of potassium, or a solution comprising a carbonate, or a solution comprising a bicarbonate, or a solution comprising sodium chloride, or a solution comprising magnesium sulfate, or a solution comprising magnesium chloride, or a solution comprising calcium chloride, or a solution comprising potassium carbonate, or a solution comprising potassium acetate, or a solution comprising calcium nitrate, or a solution comprising a nitrate, or a solution comprising a bromide, or a solution comprising urea, or a solution comprising a phosphate salt, or a solution comprising a silicon compound, or a silicon compound, or a solution comprising a glycol, or a solvent comprising a glycol, or a polyol, or a diol, or a glycol ether, or a glycol, or an aqueous glycol solution, or ethylene glycol, or propylene glycol, or glycerol, or diethylene glycol, or triethylene glycol, or diglyme. or glyme, or a solution comprising ammonia, or a solution comprising an ammonium salt, or a solution comprising a nitrogenous compound, or a liquid comprising a nitrogenous compound, or a liquid comprising sulfur, or sulfur, or an acid,or a mineral acid, or a transition metal salt, or a solution comprising a salt, or a solution comprising a transition metal salt, or a liquid salt, or a liquid metal, or a carboxylic acid, or a carboxylate, or a formate, or liquid carbon dioxide, or a solid-liquid mixture, or a solid-liquid suspension, or a mud, or an emulsion, or a stable emulsion, or an unstable emulsion, or a ferrofluid, or a New tonian fluid, or a non-newtonian fluid, or a maxwell fluid, or a suspended nanoparticle fluid, or liquid sulfur dioxide, or liquid nitrogen oxide, or liquid sulfur trioxide, or bromine, or a high density hydrocarbon, or chloroform, or carbon tetrachloride, or 1,2-di chloroethane, or N-methyl-2- pyrrolidinone (NMP), or methylene chloride, or a fluorocarbon, or a halogenated compound.Example Description Desalination Feed Fluid Displacement Desalination

[0112] Some embodiments may comprise a higher elevation reservoir configured to store a high density fluid, or a lower elevation reservoir configured to store low density fluid, or a pipe or riser pipe transferring high density fluid between the higher elevation reservoir and the lower elevation reservoir, or a pump, or any combination thereof. Some embodiments may comprise a higher elevation reservoir configured to store a high density fluid comprising a brine with a density greater than the density of seawater, or a lower elevation reservoir configured to store a low density fluid comprising seawater or desalination feed and / or a high density fluid comprising a brine, or a pipe or riser pipe transferring high density fluid betw een the higher elevation reservoir and the lower elevation reservoir, or a pump, or a desalination system or process, or any combination thereof.

[0113] In some embodiments, the desalination may be conducted or may be driven by the hydrostatic pressure difference between a low density fluid and a high density fluid, due to, for example, the density difference betw een the low density fluid and high density fluid and / or the elevation difference betw een a higher elevation reservoir and a lower elevation reservoir. In some embodiments, the low density fluid may comprise seawater, or a body of water, or may be sourced from a body of w ater, or may comprise treated seawater, or desalination feed, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, a high density fluid may comprise a fluid with a density greater than the low density fluid, and I or may comprise, for example, a brine or saline water or saline solution. In some embodiments, displaced pressurized low density fluid comprising desalination feed, which may be pressurized by displacement with high density fluid, may be transferred into a desalination system or process, which may result in the formation of a desalination permeate, which may comprise desalinated water, and a desalination retentate or concentrate. In some embodiments, a lower elevation reservoir comprising a subsea tank, or tank, or hydraulic cylinder, or any combination thereof which may be configured to store low density fluid, such as desalination feed, and a high density fluid, such as a brine. In some embodiments, the system or process may be charged by transferring low density fluid, such as desalination feed, into the lower elevationreservoir, and / or by transferring high density fluid, such as brine, out of the lower elevation reservoir and into a higher elevation reservoir. In some embodiment, the system or process may be discharged or desalination feed may be at least partially desalinated by, for example, allowing high density7fluid, such as brine, to transfer into the lower elevation reservoir to displace low density fluid, such as desalination feed, from the lower elevation, and / or the displaced desalination feed, which may be pressurized by the high density fluid, may be transferred into a desalination system or process to produce desalination permeate or desalinated water or freshwater and / or desalination concentrate or retentate.

[0114] In some embodiments, a pump may be fluidly connected to the seawater input, or seawater intake, or desalination feed, or treated seawater intake, or treated desalination feed, or any combination thereof, which may comprise a low density fluid.

[0115] In some embodiments, during charging, at least a portion of desalination feed, which may comprise a low7density fluid, may be pumped or otherwise transferred into a lower elevation reservoir, displacing at least a portion of high density fluid in the lower elevation reservoir, which may comprise a brine, and / or at least a portion of the displaced brine may be transferred from the low er elevation reservoir, through a riser or pipe or riser pipe, into a higher elevation reservoir.

[0116] In some embodiments, during discharging, at least a portion of high density' fluid, which may comprise brine, may be allowed to transfer from the higher elevation reservoir, through a pipe or riser or riser pipe, into the lower elevation reservoir, and / or displacing at least a portion of the low density fluid, which may comprise desalination feed, in the low er elevation reservoir, and / or at least a portion of the displaced desalination feed may be transferred from the lower elevation reservoir through a pipe or conduit to the desalination system or process, which may result in the formation of desalinated w ater and desalination retentate or concentrate. In some embodiments, desalinated water formed may be transferred to an application for desalinated water, or desalinated water storage, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the desalination system or process may comprise membrane-based process or pressure driven process, such as reverse osmosis desalination.

[0117] In some embodiments, a pump fluidly connected to the desalination feed may be located at an elevation near or about the same as the lower elevation reservoir. In some embodiments, a pump fluidly connected to the desalination feed may be located at an elevation near or about the same as the higher elevation reservoir. In some embodiments, a pump fluidly connected to the desalination feed may be located at an elevation above the elevation of the lower elevation reservoir and below the elevation of the higher elevation reservoir.

[0118] In some embodiments, a pump may be fluidly connected to high density' fluid, which may comprise a brine.

[0119] In some embodiments, during charging, at least a portion of high density fluid, which may comprise a brine, may be pumped or otherwise transferred from a lower elevation reservoir, for example, through a pipe or riser or riser pipe into a higher elevation reservoir. In some embodiments, at least a portion of low density fluid, which may comprise a desalination feed, may transfer into the lower elevation reservoir while at least a portion of the high density fluid may be transferred out of the lower elevation reservoir. In some embodiments, it may be desirable for the low density fluid entering the lower elevation reservoir or tank to displace or occupy a volume inside the lower elevation tank or reservoir about the same as the volume of high density fluid exiting to the lower elevation reservoir or tank.

[0120] In some embodiments, during discharging, at least a portion of high density fluid, which may comprise brine, may be allowed to transfer from the higher elevation reservoir, through a pipe or riser or riser pipe, into the lower elevation reservoir, and / or displacing at least a portion of the low density’ fluid, which may comprise desalination feed, in the lower elevation reservoir, and / or at least a portion of the displaced desalination feed may be transferred from the lower elevation reservoir through a pipe or conduit to the desalination system or process, which may result in the formation of desalinated water and desalination retentate or concentrate. In some embodiments, desalinated water formed may be transferred to an application for desalinated water, or desalinated water storage, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the desalination system or process may comprise membrane-based process or pressure driven process, such as reverse osmosis desalination.

[0121] In some embodiments, low density fluid may comprise desalination feed and high density fluid may comprise brine.

[0122] In some embodiments, more than one lower elevation tank may be employed. For example, in some embodiments, it may be desirable for a first tank to be undergoing charging simultaneous to a second tank undergoing discharging. For example, in some embodiments, it may be desirable to transfer low density fluid into a first tank and to transfer high density fluid transfer out of the first tank simultaneously to transferring low density fluid into a second tank and transferring high density fluid out of the second tank. In some embodiments, it may be desirable to periodically swap operating modes of tanks, such as, for example, swapping the operating mode of a first tank with a second tank or a second tank with a first tank. In some embodiments, employing two or more tanks and / or employing swapping may enable desalination of desalination feed to be conducted continuously, if desired.

[0123] In some embodiments, it may be desirable for the pump to be fluidly connected to the high density fluid or brine due to, for example, including, but not limited to, one or more or any combination of the following: lower propensity for biofouling, or ability to include biocides orantimicrobials or biostatics to the chemical composition to lower potential fouling, or ability to include anti-scalants to prevent scaling, or ability to include anticorrosion chemicals to reduce potential corrosion, or ability’ to include oxygen scavengers, or lower compressibility or lower bulk modulus due to the generally lower bulk modulus with increasing density’ of fluids, or any combination thereof.

[0124] In some embodiments, it may be desirable for the high density fluid to comprise nontoxic or non-hazardous, or low toxicity, or low hazard, or any combination thereof chemicals. In some embodiments, it may be desirable for the high density’ fluid to comprise at least a portion of the chemical constituents of seawater, or desalination feed, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, it may be desirable for the high density fluid to comprise at least a portion of the chemical constituents of seawater, or desalination feed, or any combination thereof, although, at, for example, a higher concentration.

[0125] In some embodiments, it may be desirable for the high density’ fluid to have a higher density, as in, in some embodiments, for example, the greater the density of the high density fluid or the greater the density difference between the low density fluid and high density fluid, the less elevation difference or depth may be required to achieve a hydrostatic pressure difference between the low density fluid and the high density’ fluid sufficient for desalination, or the greater the potential hydrostatic pressure difference or hydrostatic pressure difference available. For example, in some embodiments, some examples of high density fluids or brines which may be meet one or more or any combination of the potentially desirable criteria may include, but are not limited to, one or more or any combination of the following: solution comprising aqueous sodium chloride, or solution comprising aqueous magnesium chloride, or solution comprising aqueous calcium chloride, or solution comprising aqueous magnesium sulfate, or solution comprising aqueous potassium carbonate, or solution comprising aqueous potassium acetate, or solution comprising aqueous potassium nitrate, or solution comprising aqueous calcium nitrate, or solution comprising aqueous sodium bromide, or solution comprising aqueous calcium bromide, or solution comprising aqueous potassium bromide, or solution comprising aqueous magnesium bromide.EXAMPLE FIGURE SUMMARIES AND FIGURE KEYS

[0126] Figures 1 - 4 Summary: Figures 1 - 4 may comprise an example embodiment comprising one subsea tank for fluid displacement desalination. In some embodiments of Figures 1 - 4, the higher elevation reservoir may be configured to store low density fluid.

[0127] Some embodiments may comprise an integrated process or system for energy storage and desalination. For example, in some embodiments, Figures 1 - 4 and / or Figures 7 - 10 may store power or energy for desalination by pumping low density fluid into the lower elevation reservoir or subsea tank to displace desalinated water (for example, may be show n in Figure 2 andFigure 8). For example, in some embodiments, Figures 1 - 4 and / or Figures 7 - 10 may desalinate water using the stored power or energy by allowing the low density fluid into the lower elevation reservoir or subsea tank to be displaced by the desalinated water which may be generated by reverse osmosis from, for example, the pressure difference between the hydrostatic pressure of seawater adjacent to the lower elevation reservoir and the hydrostatic pressure of low density fluid (for example, may be shown in Figure 2 and Figure 8).

[0128] Example Figures 1 - 4 Key

[0129] Label Description

[0130] 1 ‘ 1’ may comprise a higher elevation storage reservoir or higher elevation reservoir which may be configured to store low density fluid. In some embodiments. ‘ 1‘ may comprise a floating roof tank. In some embodiments, ‘1’ may comprise a fluid storage tank comprising a floating vessel, such as a floating storage vessel. In some embodiments, ‘T may further comprise a vapor recovery' system. In some embodiments, ‘1 ’ may comprise a positive pressure tank, or a tank with an internal pressure or an internal vapor pressure greater than the ambient pressure or greater than atmospheric pressure at sea-level. For example, in some embodiments, ’ I ’ may store a low density liquid or low density fluid with a vapor pressure greater than the atmospheric pressure and / or the internal pressure of ‘ 1’ may be about the same as the vapor pressure of the low density fluid at the temperature of the low density fluid. For example, if n-Butane is the LDF and the LDF temperature is lOoC. the vapor pressure inside the higher elevation storage reservoir may be 1.15 Bar gauge pressure.

[0131] In some embodiments, the higher elevation storage reservoir or higher elevation reservoir may comprise a headspace comprising air, or inert gas, or inert gas system. For example, in some embodiments, if a portion of low density fluid is transferred from or out of the higher elevation reservoir, a portion of air or inert gas may be transferred into or occupy the volume in the higher elevation reservoir previously occupied by the liquid transferred. For example, in some embodiments, if a portion of low density fluid is transferred into the higher elevation reservoir, a portion of air or inert gas may be transferred out of the higher elevation reservoir and / or treated with a vapor recovery system to, for example, recovery at least a portion of any potential low density fluid vapors which may be in the portion of air or inert gas transferred out of the higher elevation reservoir.

[0132] 2 ‘2’ may comprise a lower elevation reservoir or a subsea tank which may be configured to store low density fluid and / or high density fluid or desalinated water. In some embodiments, ‘2’ may be desired or configured to withstand or resist a pressure difference greater than or equal to or about the same as or any combination thereof the hydrostatic pressure difference between the low density fluid and the adjacent seawater at about the same depth or elevation as thelower elevation reservoir. In some embodiments, a lower elevation storage reservoir or subsea tank may possess fluctuating or changing internal pressure. For example, when LDF is pumped or transferred into the lower elevation reservoir to displace freshwater in the lower elevation resen' oir into the freshwater pipeline, the internal pressure of the lower elevation reservoir may be greater than or equal or about the same as the hydrostatic pressure of freshwater at the elevation or depth of the lower elevation reservoir or subsea tank plus the pressure of any pressure drop which may need to be overcome transferring low density fluid and / or freshwater. For example, when freshwater, which may comprise desalination permeate, transfers into the lower elevation reservoir or subsea tank to displace the LDF in the lower elevation reservoir into the LDF riser or pipe to the higher elevation reservoir, the internal pressure in the lower elevation reservoir or subsea tank may be about the same as the hydrostatic pressure of LDF at the elevation or depth of the lower elevation reservoir or subsea tank plus any pressure drop. In some embodiments, ‘2’ may be anchored to the seabed, or ‘piled’ to the seabed, or tethered to the seabed, or weighted, or ballasted, or any combination thereof.

[0133] 3 ‘3’ may comprise a pump. For example. ‘3’ may comprise a hydraulic pump or a low densify fluid pump. In some embodiments, ‘3’ may be configured to pump liquids, and / or may be designed to provide pressure about the same as or greater than the gravitational hydrostatic pressure difference between the low densify fluid and freshwater, or low densify fluid and seawater, or low densify fluid and freshwater plus any pressure drop to overcome in the freshwater pipeline to application, or any combination thereof.

[0134] 4 '4’ may comprise a pipe or riser pipe transferring low densify fluid (LDF) between the higher elevation reservoir or tank and the lower elevation reservoir or subsea tank. In some embodiments, ‘4’ may comprise a riser in a lazy w ave configuration, or a tension leg riser or pipe. In some embodiments. ‘4’ may further comprise a power cable or power source or dynamic power cable, which may be installed separately or together with ‘4’. In some embodiments, a submarine power cable may transfer power from an source of pow er to a the system or to a dynamic power cable in the system.

[0135] 5 ‘5’ may comprise a vessel, which may comprise the higher elevation reservoir or storage tank and / or pump and / or mooring and / or electrical and control equipment. In some embodiments, ‘5’ may be moored. For example, in some embodiments, ‘5’ may be moored using a spread mooring system, or a tension leg moored system or TLP, or a semisub mooring system, or a turret mooring system, or a disconnectable mooring system, or a disconnectable buoy mooring system, or any combination thereof. For example, in some embodiments, ‘5’ may comprise a floating storage vessel, or a FSO, or a ship-shaped vessel, or a semi-submersible vessel, or a Tension Leg Platform or TLP vessel, or a cylindrical storage vessel, or any combination thereof.

[0136] 6 ‘6’ may comprise desalination feed intake pipe, which may comprise a seawater intake pipe. For example, in some embodiments, ’6’ may transfer seawater from a water depth or deep water depth, which may possess lower concentrations of biological activity and / or lower concentrations of foulants, which may reduce required pre-treatment of desalination feed water. In some embodiments, ‘6’ may further comprise a pre-treatment step.

[0137] RO RO' may comprise a reverse osmosis system, which, in some embodiments, may be located subsea. In some embodiments, the reverse osmosis system may be comprise semi- permeable membranes which may desalinate water by rejecting at least a portion of dissolved salt ions, while allowing the water molecules to permeate. Reverse osmosis may be powered by a pressure difference between the feed side and permeate side of the membrane, wherein the pressure difference may need to be greater than the osmotic pressure of the seawater or desalination feed. In some embodiments, the reverse osmosis system may be powered by the pressure difference between the gravitation hydrostatic pressure of seawater at the water depth or elevation of the seawater intake or reverse osmosis system the hydrostatic pressure of a low density fluid or liquid with a density lower than the density’ of freshwater at about the same depth or elevation. For example, in some embodiments, the low density fluid may comprise a liquid, which may be practically incompressible compared to a gas, and / or may have a density lower than the density of freshwater and / or may be practically insoluble in water or possess a minimal or ultra-low solubility in water. For example, in some embodiments, the low density fluid may comprise, for example, including, but not limited to. liquid n-Butane or liquid Pentane.

[0138] 7 ’7’ may comprise desalination brine discharge. In some embodiments, it may be desirable for the desalination brine discharge outlet to be located a sufficient distance from the desalination feed intake, to, for example, prevent or minimize the mixing or presence of brine in the seawater entering the desalination feed intake.

[0139] 8 ’8’ may comprise desalinated water permeate or reverse osmosis permeate, which may transfer from the reverse osmosis system to the lower elevation reservoir or subsea tank. It may be desirable for ‘8’ to be at a pressure about the same as the internal pressure of the lower elevation reservoir or subsea tank.

[0140] 9 ’9’ may comprise a desalinated water pipeline or freshwater pipeline. For example, in some embodiments, ‘9’ may transfer desalinated water produced by the system to an application requiring desalinated water. In some embodiments, ‘9’ may comprise a submarine power cable.

[0141] Ocean ‘Ocean" may comprise a body of water. ‘Ocean’ may comprise a saline body of water which may be a source of feed water for desalination. For example. ‘Ocean’ may comprise a sea, or bay, or estuary, or lake, or ocean, or region of an ocean, or any combination thereof.

[0142] Seabed ‘Seabed’ may comprise a seafloor or land or solid surface beneath the surface of a body of water.

[0143] Freshwaterin some embodiments, ‘Freshwater’ may comprise water with a salinity lower than the salinity of seawater. In some embodiments, ‘Freshwater’ may comprise water with a lower salinity than the desalination feed or seawater desalination feed. In some embodiments, ‘Freshwater’ may comprise desalinated water produced by a desalination system.

[0144] Low Density Fluid ‘Low density fluid’ may comprise a fluid with a density lower than the density of seawater, or desalinated water, or freshwater, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, a low density' fluid may comprise a liquid at the temperature of the ‘ocean’ or body of water and at the pressure of the lower elevation reservoir or subsea tank. For example, in some embodiments, the low density fluid may comprise a liquid in ‘ 1’, ‘4’, and ‘2’. For example, in some embodiments, in the higher elevation reservoir or higher elevation tank or ‘ 1 ’, the low density7fluid may comprise a liquid and / or the headspace above the stored low density7fluid may comprise low' density' fluid vapor. For example, if the low density fluid comprises n-Butane, the higher elevation tank may store n-Butane liquid and the head space above the n-Butane liquid in the tank may comprise n-Butane vapor, which may be desirable, due to, the ability to transfer n- Butane into or out of the tank while enabling the headspace to comprise n-Butane and / or by enabling the higher elevation reservoir to be potentially at least partially pressurized or at a pressure greater than atmospheric pressure at sea-level, which may prevent or reduce potential cavitation of low density liquid entering the pump when pumping.

[0145] To App ‘To App’ may represent the application which may use the desalinated w ater, such as a desalination

[0146] Electricity' ‘Electricity' may comprise a power or electricity input. In some embodiments, power or electricity may be provided by a submarine power cable and / or dynamic power cable. In some embodiments, power or electricity7may be provided by an electricity grid, or a pow7er plant, or an offshore w7ind farm, or offshore solar farm, or wave energy', or nuclear pow7er, or a renewable energy source, or a non-renew able energy' source, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, may be provided by a power station or power generating system located on or adjacent to or within the integrated system or process. For example, the higher elevation reservoir or floating vessel may further comprise a power station or power generating system and / or method. For example, a power station may comprise, including, but not limited to, one or more or any combination of the following: a combustion powered pow er station, or a renew able energy power station, or a nuclear power station, or an LNG power station, or an LPG power station, or a methanol power station, or an ammonia power station, or a hydrogen power station, or a naturalgas power station, or an oil power station, or a diesel power station, or a kerosene power station, or a gasoline power station.

[0147] Figures 5 - 6 Summary: Figures 5 - 6 may comprise an example embodiment comprising two or more subsea tanks for fluid displacement desalination. Some embodiments of Figures 5 - 6 may be desirable for continuous desalination, or may enable higher capacity utilization or capacity factor desalination.

[0148] In some embodiments, the volume or amount of low density fluid in the higher elevation reservoir may remain relatively constant due to, for example, the flow rate of low density fluid entering or being transferred into at least a first subsea tank being about the same as the flow rate of low density fluid exiting or being transferred out of at least a second subsea tank, which may be occurring simultaneously.

[0149] It may be important to note it may be desirable to configure the system with two or more subsea tanks for continuous fluid displacement desalination (for example, which may be shown in Figures 5 - 6) to, for example, enable the low density fluid pump to operate continuously or more continuously, which may improve efficiency and capacity utilization and reduce required maintenance, and / or to enable the desalinated water pipeline or export pipeline to flow continuously or more continuously, which may improve capacity utilization and / or reduce cost.

[0150] Example Figures 5 - 6 Key

[0151] Label Description

[0152] LI 'LL may comprise low density fluid transferred from ‘IT to 'PE. In some embodiments, LI may have a pressure about the same as the internal pressure of ‘IT.

[0153] L2 ‘L2’ may comprise low density fluid transferred from ‘Pl ’ to ‘VI’. In some embodiments, L2 may have a pressure about the same as the difference in pressure between gravitational hydrostatic pressure of desalinated water and the gravitational hydrostatic pressure of low density fluid across the elevation different between the higher elevation reservoir and lower elevation reservoir, plus pressure drop or other pressure difference required to be overcome in low density fluid transfer and desalinated water transfer.

[0154] L3 ‘L3’ may comprise low density fluid transferred from VI to V4. ‘L3’ may have a pressure about the same as the difference in pressure between gravitational hydrostatic pressure of desalinated water and the gravitational hydrostatic pressure of low density fluid across the elevation different between the higher elevation reservoir and lower elevation reservoir, plus pressure drop or other pressure difference required to be overcome in low density fluid transfer and desalinated water transfer.

[0155] L4 'L4’ may comprise low density fluid transferred from VI to V3. 'L4’ may have a pressure about the same as the difference in pressure between gravitational hydrostatic pressure ofdesalinated water and the gravitational hydrostatic pressure of low density fluid across the elevation different between the higher elevation reservoir and lower elevation reservoir, plus pressure drop or other pressure difference required to be overcome in low density fluid transfer and desalinated water transfer.

[0156] L5 ‘L5’ may comprise low density fluid transferred from V2 to Tl. ‘L5’ may be at a pressure about the same as the internal pressure of Tl, plus any pressure drop to be overcome in low density fluid transfer into Tl.

[0157] L6 ‘L6’ may comprise low density fluid transferred from V3 to V2. ‘L6’ may be at a pressure about the same as the internal pressure of Tl, plus any pressure drop to be overcome in low density fluid transfer.

[0158] L7 ‘L7’ may comprise low density fluid transferred from V4 to V2. ‘L7’ may be at a pressure about the same as the internal pressure of Tl, plus any pressure drop to be overcome in low density fluid transfer.

[0159] L8 ‘L8’ may comprise a pipe or riser transferring low density fluid between or to or from the lower elevation region (e.g. ‘Near Seabed’) and the higher elevation reservoir (e.g. ‘Near Surface’). ‘L8’ may comprise a pipe or riser transferring low density fluid between T3 and the higher elevation reservoir (e.g. ‘Near Surface’). In some embodiments, ‘L8’ may comprise a riser in a lazy7wave configuration, or a tension leg riser or pipe.

[0160] L9 ‘L9’ may comprise a pipe or riser transferring low density fluid between or to or from the lower elevation region (e.g. ‘Near Seabed’) and the higher elevation reservoir (e.g. ‘Near Surface’). ‘L9’ may comprise a pipe or riser transferring low density fluid between T2 and the higher elevation reservoir (e.g. ‘Near Surface’). In some embodiments, ‘L9’ may comprise a riser in a lazy wave configuration, or a tension leg riser or pipe.

[0161] L10 ‘LIO’ may comprise seawater desalination feed and / or may comprise the seawater intake to the desalination system or method. L10 may comprise desalination feed intake pipe, which may comprise a seawater intake pipe. For example, in some embodiments, L10 may transfer seawater from a water depth or deep w ater depth, which may possess lower concentrations of biological activity and / or lower concentrations of foulants, which may reduce required pretreatment of desalination feed water. In some embodiments, L10 may further comprise a pretreatment step.

[0162] Li l ‘LI 1 ’ may comprise desalination brine discharge. In some embodiments, it may be desirable for the desalination brine discharge outlet to be located a sufficient distance from the desalination feed intake, to, for example, prevent or minimize the mixing or presence of brine in the seawater entering the desalination feed intake.

[0163] L12 ‘L12’ may comprise reverse osmosis permeate or desalinated water transferred from RO to V5. In some embodiments, when flowing, L12 may be at a pressure about the same as the gravitational hydrostatic pressure of low density fluid in the elevation difference between the lower elevation reservoir and the higher elevation reservoir, plus any pressure drop which may need to be overcome to displace the low density' fluid from the lower elevation reserv oir at a desired flow rate.

[0164] L13 ‘L13’ may comprise reverse osmosis permeate or desalinated water transferred from V5 to T3. In some embodiments, when flowing, L13 may be at a pressure about the same as the gravitational hydrostatic pressure of low density' fluid in the elevation difference between the lower elevation reservoir and the higher elevation reservoir, plus any pressure drop which may need to be overcome to displace the low density fluid from the lower elevation reservoir at a desired flow rate.

[0165] L14 ‘L14’ may comprise reverse osmosis permeate or desalinated water transferred from V5 to T2. In some embodiments, when flowing, L14 may be at a pressure about the same as the gravitational hydrostatic pressure of low density fluid in the elevation difference between the lower elevation reservoir and the higher elevation reservoir, plus any pressure drop which may7need to be overcome to displace the low density fluid from the lower elevation reservoir at a desired flow rate.

[0166] Lt 5 ‘L15‘ may comprise desalinated water transferred from T3 to V6. In some embodiments, when flowing, LI 5 may be at a pressure about the same as the hydrostatic pressure of the desalinated water in the elevation difference between the lower elevation reservoir and the application of the desalinated water, and / or plus any pressure drop which may need to be overcome to displace the desalinated water from the lower elevation reservoir at a desired flow rate.

[0167] L16 "LI 6’ may comprise desalinated water transferred from T2 to V6. In some embodiments, when flowing, LI 6 may be at a pressure about the same as the hydrostatic pressure of the desalinated water in the elevation difference between the lower elevation reservoir and the application of the desalinated water, and / or plus any pressure drop which may need to be overcome to displace the desalinated water from the lower elevation reservoir at a desired flow rate.

[0168] LI 7 ‘LI 7’ may comprise a desalinated water pipeline. L17 may transfer desalinated water from the desalination system or process to the application requiring desalinated water. In some embodiments, L17 may be located on the seabed, or suspended above the seabed, or tethered in the water body, or floating, or any combination thereof.

[0169] El ‘El ’ may comprise a subsea power cable.

[0170] E2 ‘E2’ may comprise a dynamic power cable or a power source transferring power to the low density fluid pump.

[0171] ‘E2’ may comprise a power or electricity input. In some embodiments, power or electricity may be provided by a submarine power cable and / or dynamic power cable. In some embodiments, power or electricity may be provided by an electricity grid, or a power plant, or an offshore wind farm, or offshore solar farm, or wave energy, or nuclear power, or a renewable energy source, or a non-renewable energy source, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, may be provided by a power station or power generating system located on or adjacent to or within the integrated system or process. For example, the higher elevation reservoir or floating vessel may further comprise a power station or power generating system and / or method. For example, a power station may comprise, including, but not limited to. one or more or any combination of the following: a combustion powered power station, or a renew able energy power station, or a nuclear power station, or an LNG powder station, or an LPG power station, or a methanol power station, or an ammonia power station, or a hydrogen power station, or a natural gas power station, or an oil power station, or a diesel power station, or a kerosene power station, or a gasoline power station. In some embodiments, power may be provided by a hydraulic or pneumatic source. In some embodiments, power may be provided by a pressure exchanger or turbocharger device.

[0172] VI ‘VI’ may comprise a valve. ‘VI' may direct the flow of low density fluid to T2 or T3 from Pl ’. ‘VI’ may switch or swap flow of low density fluid in synchronization with or simultaneous to the switching or swapping of flow of low density fluid of ‘V2’. In Figure 5, VI is directing the flow' of low density fluid from Pl to T3. In Figure 6, VI is directing the flow of low density fluid from Pl to T2.

[0173] V2 ‘V2’ may comprise a valve. ‘V2’ may direct the flow of low density fluid to T2 or T3 to Tl. ‘V2’ may switch or swap flow of low' density fluid in synchronization with or simultaneous to the switching or swapping of flow' of low' density fluid of ‘V3’. In Figure 5, V2 is directing the flow' of low density fluid from T2 to Tl. In Figure 6, V2 is directing the flow of low density fluid from T3 to Tl.

[0174] V3 V3’ may comprise a valve. ‘V3’ may direct the flow of low density fluid to or from T3. In Figure 5, ‘V3’ may direct the flow' of low density fluid from Tl or Pl to T3. In Figure 6, ‘V3’ may direct the flow of low' density' fluid from T3 to Tl.

[0175] V4 ‘V4’ may comprise a valve. ‘V4‘ may direct the flow of low density fluid to or from T2. In Figure 5, ‘V4’ may direct the flow of low density fluid from T3 to Tl. In Figure 6. ‘V4’ may direct the flow of low' density fluid from Tl or Pl to T3.

[0176] V5 ‘V5’ may comprise a valve. ‘V5’ may direct the flow of reverse osmosis permeate or desalinated water to T2 or T3. In Figure 5, V5 may direct the flow of reverse osmosis permeate or desalinated water to T2. In Figure 6, V5 may direct the flow of reverse osmosis permeate or desalinated water to T3.

[0177] V6 ‘V6’ may comprise a valve. ‘V6‘ may direct the flow of desalinated water from T2 or T3 to a desalinated water export pipeline, or an application for desalinated water, or any combination thereof. In Figure 5, V6 may direct the flow of desalinated water from T3 to LI 7. In Figure 6, V6 may direct the flow' of desalinated w ater from T2 to L17.

[0178] RO ‘RO’ may comprise a reverse osmosis system, which, in some embodiments, may be located subsea. In some embodiments, the reverse osmosis system may be comprise semi- permeable membranes which may desalinate water by rejecting at least a portion of dissolved salt ions, while allowing the water molecules to permeate. Reverse osmosis may be powered by a pressure difference betw een the feed side and permeate side of the membrane, w herein the pressure difference may need to be greater than the osmotic pressure of the seawater or desalination feed. In some embodiments, the reverse osmosis system may be powered by the pressure difference between the gravitation hydrostatic pressure of seawater at the water depth or elevation of the seaw ater intake or reverse osmosis system the hydrostatic pressure of a low' density fluid or liquid with a density low er than the density of freshwater at about the same depth or elevation. For example, in some embodiments, the low density fluid may comprise a liquid, which may be practically incompressible compared to a gas. and / or may have a density lower than the density of freshwater and / or may be practically insoluble in water or possess a minimal or ultra-low solubility' in water. For example, in some embodiments, the low' density' fluid may comprise, for example, including, but not limited to, liquid n-Butane or liquid Pentane.

[0179] T1 ‘IT may comprise a higher elevation storage reservoir or higher elevation reservoir which may be configured to store low' density’ fluid. In some embodiments, ‘TT may comprise a fluid storage tank comprising a floating vessel, such as a floating storage vessel.

[0180] In some embodiments, ‘1’ may be moored. For example, in some embodiments, ‘1’ may be moored using a spread mooring system, or a tension leg moored system or TLP. or a semisub mooring system, or a turret mooring system, or a disconnectable mooring system, or a disconnectable buoy mooring system, or any combination thereof. For example, in some embodiments, ‘ 1’ may comprise a floating storage vessel, or an FSO, or a ship-shaped vessel, or a semi-submersible vessel, or a Tension Leg Platform or TLP vessel, or a cylindrical storage vessel, or any combination thereof.

[0181] In some embodiments, T1 may comprise a liquid buffer tank. For example, in some embodiments, if the T1 may provide storage volume or stored liquid in, for example, the event theflow rate of low density fluid entering T1 is different than the flow rate of low density fluid exiting Tl.

[0182] In some embodiments, the volume or amount of low density fluid in Tl or the higher elevation reservoir may remain relatively constant due to, for example, the flow rate of low density fluid entering or being transferred into at least a first subsea tank being about the same as the flow rate of low density fluid exiting or being transferred out of at least a second subsea tank, which may be occurring simultaneously.

[0183] Pl ‘Pl’ may comprise a low density7fluid pump. Pl may pump low density' fluid from a higher elevation region or the higher elevation reservoir to the lower elevation region or reservoir or subsea tank(s). For example, ‘Pl ’ may comprise a hydraulic pump or a low density fluid pump. In some embodiments, ‘Pl ’ may be configured to provide pressure about the same as or greater than the gravitational hydrostatic pressure difference between the low density fluid and desalinated water, or low' density fluid and seawater, or low' density fluid and desalinated water plus any pressure drop to overcome in the freshwater pipeline to application, or any combination thereof.

[0184] T2 ‘T2’ may comprise a subsea tank or a portion of the lower elevation reservoir. ‘T2’ may be located at a depth or elevation to ensure the hydrostatic pressure difference between the low7density fluid and seaw'ater is sufficient to provide driving force or enable desalination or reverse osmosis desalination. ‘T2’ may be configured to w ithstand or resist the pressure difference between the gravitational hydrostatic pressure of seawater or desalinated water and the gravitational hydrostatic pressure of low- density fluid at the depth or elevation of the subsea tank or lower elevation reservoir. In some embodiments, low density fluid may be transferred into T2 while low' density fluid is displaced out of T3. In some embodiments, low' density fluid may be transferred into T3 while low' density fluid is displaced out of T2.

[0185] ‘T2’ may comprise a lower elevation reservoir or a subsea tank which may be configured to store low density fluid and / or high density fluid or desalinated water. In some embodiments, ‘T2’ may be desired or configured to withstand or resist a pressure difference greater than or equal to or about the same as or any combination thereof the hydrostatic pressure difference between the low density fluid and the adjacent seawater at about the same depth or elevation as the low er elevation reservoir. In some embodiments, a lower elevation storage reservoir or subsea tank may possess fluctuating or changing internal pressure. For example, when LDF is pumped or transferred into the low er elevation reservoir to displace freshwater in the lower elevation reservoir into the freshwater pipeline, the internal pressure of the lower elevation reservoir may be greater than or equal or about the same as the hydrostatic pressure of freshwater at the elevation or depth of the lower elevation reservoir or subsea tank plus the pressure of any pressure drop which may need to be overcome transferring low' density’ fluid and / or freshw'ater. For example, whenfreshwater, which may comprise desalination permeate, transfers into the lower elevation reservoir or subsea tank to displace the LDF in the lower elevation reservoir into the LDF riser or pipe to the higher elevation reservoir, the internal pressure in the lower elevation reservoir or subsea tank may be about the same as the hydrostatic pressure of LDF at the elevation or depth of the lower elevation reservoir or subsea tank plus any pressure drop. In some embodiments, ‘T2’ may be anchored to the seabed, or "piled" to the seabed, or tethered to the seabed, or weighted, or ballasted, or any combination thereof.

[0186] T3 ‘T3’ may comprise a subsea tank or a portion of the lower elevation reservoir. ‘T3’ may be located at a depth or elevation to ensure the hydrostatic pressure difference between the low density fluid and seawater is sufficient to provide driving force or enable desalination or reverse osmosis desalination. 'T3‘ may be configured to withstand or resist the pressure difference between the gravitational hydrostatic pressure of seawater or desalinated water and the gravitational hydrostatic pressure of low density fluid at the depth or elevation of the subsea tank or lower elevation reserv oir. In some embodiments, low density fluid may be transferred into T3 while low density fluid is displaced out of T2. In some embodiments, low density fluid may be transferred into T2 while low density fluid is displaced out of T3.

[0187] ‘T3’ may comprise a lower elevation reservoir or a subsea tank which may be configured to store low density fluid and / or high density fluid or desalinated water. In some embodiments, T3' may be desired or configured to withstand or resist a pressure difference greater than or equal to or about the same as or any combination thereof the hydrostatic pressure difference between the low density fluid and the adjacent seawater at about the same depth or elevation as the lower elevation reserv oir. In some embodiments, a lower elevation storage reservoir or subsea tank may possess fluctuating or changing internal pressure. For example, when LDF is pumped or transferred into the lower elevation reservoir to displace freshwater in the lower elevation reserv oir into the freshwater pipeline, the internal pressure of the lower elevation reservoir may be greater than or equal or about the same as the hydrostatic pressure of freshwater at the elevation or depth of the lower elevation reservoir or subsea tank plus the pressure of any pressure drop which may need to be overcome transferring low density fluid and / or freshwater. For example, when freshwater, which may comprise desalination permeate, transfers into the lower elevation reservoir or subsea tank to displace the LDF in the lower elevation reservoir into the LDF riser or pipe to the higher elevation reservoir, the internal pressure in the lower elevation reservoir or subsea tank may be about the same as the hydrostatic pressure of LDF at the elevation or depth of the lower elevation reservoir or subsea tank plus any pressure drop. In some embodiments, ‘T3’ may be anchored to the seabed, or ‘piled’ to the seabed, or tethered to the seabed, or weighted, or ballasted, or any combination thereof.

[0188] RO ‘RO’ may comprise a reverse osmosis system, which, in some embodiments, may be located subsea. In some embodiments, the reverse osmosis system may be comprise semi- permeable membranes which may desalinate water by rejecting at least a portion of dissolved salt ions, while allowing the water molecules to permeate. Reverse osmosis may be powered by a pressure difference between the feed side and permeate side of the membrane, wherein the pressure difference may need to be greater than the osmotic pressure of the seawater or desalination feed. In some embodiments, the reverse osmosis system may be powered by the pressure difference between the gravitation hydrostatic pressure of seawater at the water depth or elevation of the seawater intake or reverse osmosis system the hydrostatic pressure of a low density fluid or liquid with a density lower than the density of freshwater at about the same depth or elevation. For example, in some embodiments, the low density fluid may comprise a liquid, which may be practically incompressible compared to a gas, and / or may have a density lower than the density of freshwater and / or may be practically insoluble in water or possess a minimal or ultra-low solubility in water. For example, in some embodiments, the low density fluid may comprise, for example, including, but not limited to. liquid n-Butane or liquid Pentane.

[0189] Near Surface ‘Near Surface’ may indicate a higher elevation. For example, in some embodiments, figure components above the 'Near Surface’ line may be at a higher elevation, or an elevation about the same as the first reservoir. For example, in some embodiments, figure components above the ‘Near Surface’ line may comprise ‘Near Surface’ components.

[0190] In some embodiments, the equipment or components above the ‘Near Surface’ line may comprise an integrated vessel or platform or floating platform. For example, in some embodiments, the equipment or components above ‘Near Surface’ line may be moored using a spread mooring system, or a tension leg moored system or TLP, or a semisub mooring system, or a turret mooring system, or a disconnectable mooring system, or a disconnectable buoy mooring system, or any combination thereof. For example, in some embodiments, the equipment or components above ‘Near Surface’ line may comprise a floating storage vessel, or an FSO, or a ship-shaped vessel, or a semi-submersible vessel, or a Tension Leg Platform or TLP vessel, or a cylindrical storage vessel, or any combination thereof.

[0191] Seabed to Surface ‘Seabed to Surface’ may indicate an elevation between the lower elevation and a higher elevation. For example, in some embodiments, ‘Seabed to Surface’ may comprise an elevation lower than a higher elevation and higher than a lower elevation. For example, in some embodiments, ‘Seabed to Surface' may comprise an elevation where risers or pipes transfer fluid between the higher elevation reservoir or first reservoir and the lower elevation reservoir or second reservoir. For example, in some embodiments, ‘Seabed to Surface’ maycomprise an elevation where dynamic power cables or power cables transfer power between the higher elevation reservoir and the lower elevation reservoir.

[0192] Near Seabed ‘Near Seabed’ may indication a lower elevation. For example, in some embodiments, figure components below the ‘Near Seabed’ line may be at a lower elevation, or an elevation about the same as the second reservoir. For example, in some embodiments, figure components below the ‘Near Seabed’ line may comprise ‘Near Seabed’ components. In some embodiments, at least a portion of the ’Near Seabed’ components may be skid mounted to, for example, facilitate installation.

[0193] Figures 7 - 10 Summary7: Figures 7 - 10 may comprise an example embodiment comprising one subsea tank for fluid displacement desalination. In some embodiments of Figures 7 - 10, the higher elevation reservoir may be configured to store low density fluid and desalinated water.

[0194] Some embodiments may comprise an integrated process or system for energy storage and desalination. For example, in some embodiments, Figures 1 - 4 and / or Figures 7 - 10 may store power or energy for desalination by pumping low density fluid into the lower elevation reservoir or subsea tank to displace desalinated water (for example, may be shown in Figure 2 and Figure 8). For example, in some embodiments, Figures 1 - 4 and / or Figures 7 - 10 may desalinate water using the stored power or energy7by allowing the low density7fluid into the lower elevation reservoir or subsea tank to be displaced by the desalinated water which may be generated by reverse osmosis from, for example, the pressure difference between the hydrostatic pressure of seawater adjacent to the lower elevation reservoir and the hydrostatic pressure of low density fluid (for example, may be shown in Figure 2 and Figure 8).

[0195] Example Figures 7 - 10 Key

[0196] Label Description

[0197] 1 ' 1 ’ may comprise a higher elevation storage reservoir or higher elevation reservoir which may be configured to store low density7fluid and desalinated water. In some embodiments, ‘ 1 ’ may comprise a fluid storage tank comprising a floating vessel, such as a floating storage vessel. In some embodiments, ‘1’ may comprise a positive pressure tank, or a tank with an internal pressure or an internal vapor pressure greater than the ambient pressure or greater than atmospheric pressure at sea-level. For example, in some embodiments, ‘1’ may store a low density liquid or low density7fluid with a vapor pressure greater than the atmospheric pressure and I or the internal pressure of ‘1 ’ may be about the same as the vapor pressure of the low density fluid at the temperature of the low density fluid. For example, if n-Butane is the LDF and the LDF temperature is lOoC, the vapor pressure inside the higher elevation storage reservoir may be 1.15 Bar gauge pressure.

[0198] 2 ‘2’ may comprise a lower elevation reservoir or a subsea tank which may be configured to store low density fluid and / or high density fluid or desalinated water. In some embodiments, ‘2’ may be desired or configured to withstand or resist a pressure difference greater than or equal to or about the same as or any combination thereof the hydrostatic pressure difference between the low density fluid and the adjacent seawater at about the same depth or elevation as the lower elevation reservoir. In some embodiments, a lower elevation storage reservoir or subsea tank may possess fluctuating or changing internal pressure. For example, when LDF is pumped or transferred into the lower elevation reservoir to displace freshwater in the lower elevation reservoir into the freshwater pipeline, the internal pressure of the lower elevation reservoir may be greater than or equal or about the same as the hydrostatic pressure of freshwater at the elevation or depth of the lower elevation reservoir or subsea tank plus the pressure of any pressure drop which may need to be overcome transferring low density fluid and / or freshwater. For example, when freshwater, which may comprise desalination permeate, transfers into the lower elevation reservoir or subsea tank to displace the LDF in the lower elevation reservoir into the LDF riser or pipe to the higher elevation reservoir, the internal pressure in the lower elevation reservoir or subsea tank may be about the same as the hydrostatic pressure of LDF at the elevation or depth of the lower elevation reservoir or subsea tank plus any pressure drop. In some embodiments, ‘2’ may be anchored to the seabed, or ‘piled’ to the seabed, or tethered to the seabed, or weighted, or ballasted, or any combination thereof.

[0199] 3 '3’ may comprise a pump. For example. ‘3’ may comprise a hydraulic pump or a low density fluid pump. In some embodiments, ‘3’ may be configured to pump liquids, and / or may be designed to provide pressure about the same as or greater than the gravitational hydrostatic pressure difference between the low density fluid and freshwater, or low density fluid and seawater, or low density fluid and freshwater plus any pressure drop to overcome in the freshwater pipeline to application, or any combination thereof.

[0200] 4 ‘4’ may comprise a pipe or riser pipe transferring low density fluid (LDF) between the higher elevation reservoir or tank and the lower elevation reservoir or subsea tank. In some embodiments,L4’ may comprise a riser in a lazy wave configuration, or a tension leg riser or pipe. In some embodiments, '4’ may further comprise a power cable or power source or dynamic power cable, which may be installed separately or together with ‘4’. In some embodiments, a submarine power cable may transfer power from an source of power to a the system or to a dynamic power cable in the system.

[0201] 5 ‘5’ may comprise a vessel, which may comprise the higher elevation reservoir or storage tank and / or pump and / or mooring and / or electrical and control equipment. In some embodiments, ‘5’ may be moored. For example, in some embodiments, ‘5’ may be moored usinga spread mooring system, or a tension leg moored system or TLP, or a semisub mooring system, or a turret mooring system, or a disconnectable mooring system, or a disconnectable buoy mooring system, or any combination thereof. For example, in some embodiments, ‘5’ may comprise a floating storage vessel, or a FSO, or a ship-shaped vessel, or a semi-submersible vessel, or a Tension Leg Platform or TLP vessel, or a cylindrical storage vessel, or any combination thereof.

[0202] 6 ’6' may comprise desalination feed intake pipe, which may comprise a seawater intake pipe. For example, in some embodiments, ‘6’ may transfer seawater from a water depth or deep water depth, which may possess lower concentrations of biological activity and / or lower concentrations of foulants, which may reduce required pre-treatment of desalination feed water. In some embodiments, ‘6’ may further comprise a pre-treatment step.

[0203] RO "RO’ may comprise a reverse osmosis system, which, in some embodiments, may be located subsea. In some embodiments, the reverse osmosis system may be comprise semi- permeable membranes which may desalinate water by rejecting at least a portion of dissolved salt ions, while allowing the water molecules to permeate. Reverse osmosis may be powered by a pressure difference between the feed side and permeate side of the membrane, wherein the pressure difference may need to be greater than the osmotic pressure of the seawater or desalination feed. In some embodiments, the reverse osmosis system may be powered by the pressure difference between the gravitation hydrostatic pressure of seawater at the water depth or elevation of the seawater intake or reverse osmosis system the hydrostatic pressure of a low density fluid or liquid with a density lower than the density of freshwater at about the same depth or elevation. For example, in some embodiments, the low density fluid may comprise a liquid, which may be practically incompressible compared to a gas, and / or may have a density7lower than the density of freshwater and / or may be practically insoluble in water or possess a minimal or ultra-low solubility in water. For example, in some embodiments, the low density fluid may comprise, for example, including, but not limited to, liquid n-Butane or liquid Pentane.

[0204] 7 ‘7’ may comprise desalination brine discharge. In some embodiments, it may be desirable for the desalination brine discharge outlet to be located a sufficient distance from the desalination feed intake, to, for example, prevent or minimize the mixing or presence of brine in the seawater entering the desalination feed intake.

[0205] 8 ‘8’ may comprise desalinated water permeate or reverse osmosis permeate, which may transfer from the reverse osmosis system to the lower elevation reservoir or subsea tank. It may be desirable for ‘8‘ to be at a pressure about the same as the internal pressure of the lower elevation reservoir or subsea tank.

[0206] 9 '9’ may comprise a desalinated water pipe which may transfer desalinated water from the lower elevation reservoir to the higher elevation reservoir. For example, in someembodiments, when a portion of low density fluid is pumped or transferred into the lower elevation reservoir to displace a portion of the desalinated water in the lower elevation reservoir, the displaced desalinated water may transfer through a pipe or riser, ‘9’, into the higher elevation reservoir.

[0207] 10 ‘ 10' may comprise a desalinated water pipeline or freshwater pipeline. For example, in some embodiments, ‘ 10’ may transfer desalinated water produced by the system to an application requiring desalinated water. In some embodiments, ’ 10’ may comprise a power cable. In some embodiments, ‘ 10’ may comprise a tethered or suspended or floating desalinated water pipeline.

[0208] Ocean ‘Ocean' may comprise a body of water. ‘Ocean’ may comprise a saline body of water which may be a source of feed water for desalination. For example. ‘Ocean’ may comprise a sea, or bay, or estuary, or lake, or ocean, or region of an ocean, or any combination thereof.

[0209] Seabed ‘Seabed’ may comprise a seafloor or land or solid surface beneath the surface of a body of water.

[0210] Freshwaterin some embodiments. ‘Freshwater’ may comprise water with a salinity lower than the salinity of seawater. In some embodiments, ‘Freshwater’ may comprise water with a lower salinity than the desalination feed or seawater desalination feed. In some embodiments, ‘Freshwater’ may comprise desalinated water produced by a desalination system.

[0211] Low Density Fluid ‘Low density fluid' may comprise a fluid with a density lower than the density of seawater, or desalinated water, or freshwater, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, a low density fluid may comprise a liquid at the temperature of the ‘ocean’ or body of water and at the pressure of the lower elevation reservoir or subsea tank. For example, in some embodiments, the low density fluid may comprise a liquid in ‘1’, ‘4’, and ‘2’. For example, in some embodiments, in the higher elevation reservoir or higher elevation tank or ‘ 1’, the low density fluid may comprise a liquid and / or the headspace above the stored low density fluid may comprise low density fluid vapor. For example, if the low density fluid comprises n-Butane, the higher elevation tank may store n-Butane liquid and the head space above the n-Butane liquid in the tank may comprise n-Butane vapor, which may be desirable, due to, the ability to transfer n- Butane into or out of the tank while enabling the headspace to comprise n-Butane and / or by enabling the higher elevation reservoir to be potentially at least partially pressurized or at a pressure greater than atmospheric pressure at sea-level, which may prevent or reduce potential cavitation of low density liquid entering the pump when pumping.

[0212] To App ‘To App’ may represent the application which may use the desalinated water, such as a desalination

[0213] Electricity ‘Electricity' may comprise a power or electricity input. In some embodiments, power or electricity may be provided by a submarine power cable and / or dynamic power cable. In some embodiments, power or electricity may be provided by an electricity grid, or a power plant, or an offshore wind farm, or offshore solar farm, or wave energy, or nuclear power, or a renewable energy source, or a non-renewable energy source, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, may be provided by a power station or power generating system located on or adjacent to or within the integrated system or process. For example, the higher elevation reservoir or floating vessel may further comprise a power station or power generating system and / or method. For example, a power station may comprise, including, but not limited to, one or more or any combination of the following: a combustion powered power station, or a renew able energy power station, or a nuclear power station, or an LNG power station, or an LPG power station, or a methanol power station, or an ammonia power station, or a hydrogen power station, or a natural gas powder station, or an oil power station, or a diesel powder station, or a kerosene powder station, or a gasoline pow er station.

[0214] Figures 11 - 14 Summary: Figures 11 - 14 may comprise an example embodiment for subsea fluid displacement desalination employing a subsea low density fluid pump. In some embodiments of Figures 11 - 14, the higher elevation res ervoir may be configured to store low density fluid.

[0215] Some embodiments may comprise an integrated process or system for energy storage and desalination. For example, in some embodiments. Figures 11 - 14 may store power or energy for desalination by pumping low' density fluid into the lower elevation reservoir or subsea tank to displace desalinated water (for example, may be shown in Figure 2 and Figure 8). For example, in some embodiments, Figures 11 - 14 may desalinate water using the stored power or energy by allowing the low density fluid into the lower elevation reservoir or subsea tank to be displaced by the desalinated water which may be generated by reverse osmosis from, for example, the pressure difference between the hydrostatic pressure of seawater adjacent to the lower elevation reservoir and the hydrostatic pressure of low' density' fluid

[0216] Figures 11 - 14 may show an embodiment employing a subsea low density fluid pump. In some embodiments, by locating the low density fluid pump subsea, the system or process may avoid or reduce the need for a dynamic power cable and / or the subsea pump may be powered using a subsea or submarine power cable. In some embodiments, the subsea pump low' density fluid may avoid or be less prone to biofouling or require less maintenance, than, for example, pumps in direct contact with water, because the low density fluid being pumped or wetting the pump may comprise fluid less prone to biofouling or scaling or corrosion than, for example, water,such as, for example, n-Butane. For example. n-Butane may be also known for its chemical stability, and may be less prone to degradation than, for example, some other hydrocarbons.

[0217] Example Figures 11 - 14 Key

[0218] Label Description

[0219] 1 ‘1’ may comprise a higher elevation storage reservoir or higher elevation reservoir or higher elevation tank which may be configured to store low density fluid. In some embodiments, ‘1’ may comprise a floating roof tank. In some embodiments, ‘ 1’ may comprise a fluid storage tank comprising a floating vessel, such as a floating storage vessel. In some embodiments, ‘1’ may further comprise a vapor recovery' system. In some embodiments, ‘ 1’ may comprise a positive pressure tank, or a tank with an internal pressure or an internal vapor pressure greater than the ambient pressure or greater than atmospheric pressure at sea-level. For example, in some embodiments, ‘ 1 ’ may store a low density liquid or low density fluid with a vapor pressure greater than the atmospheric pressure and / or the internal pressure of ‘ 1’ may be about the same as the vapor pressure of the low density' fluid at the temperature of the low density' fluid. For example, if n-Butane is the LDF and the LDF temperature is lOoC, the vapor pressure inside the higher elevation storage reservoir may be 1. 15 Bar gauge pressure.

[0220] In some embodiments, the higher elevation storage reservoir or higher elevation reservoir may comprise a headspace comprising air, or inert gas, or inert gas system. For example, in some embodiments, if a portion of low density fluid is transferred from or out of the higher elevation reservoir, a portion of air or inert gas may be transferred into or occupy the volume in the higher elevation reservoir previously occupied by the liquid transferred. For example, in some embodiments, if a portion of loyv density' fluid is transferred into the higher elevation reservoir, a portion of air or inert gas may be transferred out of the higher elevation reservoir and / or treated with a vapor recovery system to, for example, recovery at least a portion of any potential low density fluid vapors which may be in the portion of air or inert gas transferred out of the higher elevation reservoir.

[0221] In some embodiments, a higher density fluid may be stored in the higher elevation reservoir along with the low density fluid. In some embodiments, if a portion of low density fluid exits the higher elevation reservoir, the high density fluid may displace or occupy at least a portion of the volume previously occupied by the low' density fluid. In some embodiments, by displacing alow density liquid with a high density liquid, or vise versa, for example, the liquid volume inside the higher elevation reservoir may remain relatively constant and / or the need for vapor recovery systems or inert gas systems may be avoided or minimized or reduced.

[0222] 2 ’2’ may comprise a lower eley'ation reservoir or a subsea tank which may be configured to store loyv density fluid and / or high density fluid or desalinated water. In someembodiments, ‘2’ may be desired or configured to withstand or resist a pressure difference greater than or equal to or about the same as or any combination thereof the hydrostatic pressure difference between the low density fluid and the adjacent seawater at about the same depth or elevation as the lower elevation reservoir. In some embodiments, a lower elevation storage reservoir or subsea tank may possess fluctuating or changing internal pressure. For example, when LDF is pumped or transferred into the lower elevation reservoir to displace freshwater in the lower elevation reserv oir into the freshwater pipeline, the internal pressure of the lower elevation reservoir may be greater than or equal or about the same as the hydrostatic pressure of freshwater at the elevation or depth of the lower elevation reservoir or subsea tank plus the pressure of any pressure drop which may need to be overcome transferring low density fluid and / or freshwater. For example, when desalination permeate transfers into the lower elevation reservoir or subsea tank to displace the LDF in the lower elevation reserv oir into the LDF riser or pipe to the higher elevation reservoir, the internal pressure in the lower elevation reservoir or subsea tank may be about the same as the hydrostatic pressure of LDF at the elevation or depth of the lower elevation reservoir or subsea tank plus any pressure drop. In some embodiments. ‘2’ may be anchored to the seabed, or ‘piled’ to the seabed, or tethered to the seabed, or weighted, or ballasted, or any combination thereof.

[0223] 3 ‘3’ may comprise a subsea pump. For example, ‘3’ may comprise a hydraulic pump or a low density7fluid pump. In some embodiments, ‘3’ may be configured to pump liquids, and / or may be designed to provide pressure about the same as or greater than the gravitational hydrostatic pressure difference between the low density fluid and freshwater, or low density fluid and seawater, or low density fluid and freshwater plus any pressure drop to overcome in the freshwater pipeline to application, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, electricity or power for the subsea pump may be provided by a subsea or submarine power cable.

[0224] 4 ‘4’ may comprise a pipe or riser pipe transferring low density fluid (LDF) between the higher elevation reservoir or tank and the lower elevation reservoir or subsea tank. In some embodiments, ‘4’ may comprise a riser in a lazy7wave configuration, or a tension leg riser or pipe. In some embodiments, ‘4’ may further comprise a power cable, or power source, or subsea power power cable, or a submarine power cable, or a dynamic power cable, or any combination thereof, which may be installed separately or together with ‘4’.

[0225] 5 ‘5’ may comprise a vessel, which may comprise the higher elevation reservoir or storage tank and / or pump and / or mooring and / or electrical and control equipment. In some embodiments, ‘5’ may be moored. For example, in some embodiments, ‘5’ may be moored using a spread mooring system, or a tension leg moored system or TLP, or a semisub mooring system, or a turret mooring system, or a disconnectable mooring system, or a disconnectable buoy mooring system, or any combination thereof. For example, in some embodiments, ‘5’ may comprise afloating storage vessel, or a FSO, or a ship-shaped vessel, or a semi-submersible vessel, or a Tension Leg Platform or TLP vessel, or a cylindrical storage vessel, or any combination thereof.

[0226] 6 '6’ may comprise desalination feed intake pipe, which may comprise a seawater intake pipe. For example, in some embodiments, ‘6’ may transfer seawater from a water depth or deep water depth, which may possess lower concentrations of biological activity and / or lower concentrations of foulants, which may reduce required pre-treatment of desalination feed water. In some embodiments, ’6’ may further comprise a pre-treatment step.

[0227] RO ‘RO’ may comprise a reverse osmosis system, which, in some embodiments, may be located subsea. In some embodiments, the reverse osmosis system may be comprise semi- permeable membranes which may desalinate water by rejecting at least a portion of dissolved salt ions, while allowing at least a portion of water molecules to permeate. Reverse osmosis may be powered by a pressure difference between the feed side and permeate side of the membrane, wherein the pressure difference may need to be greater than the osmotic pressure of the seawater or desalination feed. In some embodiments, the reverse osmosis system may be powered by the pressure difference between the gravitation hydrostatic pressure of seawater at the water depth or elevation of the seawater intake or reverse osmosis system and the hydrostatic pressure of a low density fluid or liquid with a density' lower than the density of freshwater at about the same depth or elevation. For example, in some embodiments, the low density fluid may comprise a liquid, which may be practically incompressible or possess orders of magnitude lower compressibility compared to a gas. and / or may have a density lower than the density of freshwater and / or may be practically insoluble in water or possess a minimal or ultra-low solubility in water. For example, in some embodiments, the low density fluid may comprise, for example, including, but not limited to, liquid n-Butane.

[0228] 7 ‘7’ may comprise desalination brine discharge. In some embodiments, it may be desirable for the desalination brine discharge outlet to be located a sufficient distance from the desalination feed intake, to, for example, prevent or minimize the mixing or presence of brine in the seawater entering the desalination feed intake.

[0229] 8 ‘8’ may comprise desalinated water permeate or reverse osmosis permeate, which may transfer from the reverse osmosis system to the lower elevation reservoir or subsea tank. It may be desirable for ‘8’ to be at a pressure about the same as the internal pressure of the lower elevation reservoir or subsea tank.

[0230] 9 ‘9’ may comprise a desalinated water pipeline or freshwater pipeline or desalinated water pipe. For example, in some embodiments, ‘9’ may transfer desalinated water produced by the system to an application requiring desalinated water. In some embodiments, ‘9’ may furthercomprise a submarine power cable. In some embodiments, ‘9’ may further comprise a submarine power cable, which may installed separately or together with the water pipe.

[0231] Ocean "Ocean’ may comprise a body of water. ‘Ocean’ may comprise a saline body of water which may be a source of feed water for desalination. For example, ‘Ocean’ may comprise a sea, or bay, or estuary, or lake, or ocean, or region of an ocean, or any combination thereof.

[0232] Seabed ‘Seabed’ may comprise a seafloor or land or solid surface beneath the surface of a body of water.

[0233] Freshwaterin some embodiments, ‘Freshwater’ may comprise water with a salinity lower than the salinity7of seawater. In some embodiments, ‘Freshwater’ may comprise water with a lower salinity than the desalination feed or seawater desalination feed. In some embodiments, ‘Freshwater’ may comprise desalinated water produced by a desalination system.

[0234] Low Density Fluid ‘Low density fluid’ may comprise a fluid with a density lower than the density7of seawater, or desalinated water, or freshwater, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, a low density fluid may comprise a liquid at the temperature of the ‘ocean’ or body of water and at the pressure or hydrostatic pressure of the lower elevation reservoir or subsea tank. For example, in some embodiments, the low density fluid may comprise a liquid in ‘1’, ‘4’, and ‘2’. For example, in some embodiments, in the higher elevation reservoir or higher elevation tank or ‘ 1 ’. For example, in some embodiments, the low density fluid may comprise a liquid. For example, in some embodiments, in the higher elevation reservoir or higher elevation tank or ‘1 ’. the low density fluid may comprise a liquid and / or the headspace above the stored low density7fluid may comprise low density7fluid vapor. For example, in some embodiments, if, for example, the low density7fluid comprises n-Butane, the higher elevation tank may store n- Butane liquid and the head space above the n-Butane liquid in the tank may comprise n-Butane vapor, which may be desirable, due to. the ability to transfer n-Butane into or out of the tank while enabling the headspace to comprise n-Butane and / or by enabling the higher elevation reservoir to be potentially at least partially pressurized or at a pressure greater than atmospheric pressure at sea-level, which may prevent or reduce potential cavitation of low density liquid entering the pump when pumping.

[0235] To App ‘To App’ may represent the application which may use the desalinated water, such as a desalination

[0236] Electricity7‘Electricity ' may comprise a power or electricity7input. In some embodiments, power or electricity may be provided by a submarine power cable and / or dynamic power cable. In some embodiments, power or electricity may be provided by an electricity grid, or a power plant, or an offshore wind farm, or offshore solar farm, or wave energy7, or nuclear power, or a renewable energy source, or a non-renewable energy7source, or any combination thereof. Insome embodiments, may be provided by a power station or power generating system located on or adjacent to or within the integrated system or process. For example, the higher elevation reservoir or floating vessel may further comprise a power station or power generating system and / or method. For example, a power station may comprise, including, but not limited to, one or more or any combination of the following: a combustion powered power station, or a renewable energy power station, or floating solar, or floating wind, or fixed wind, or wave power, or tidal power, or cunent power, or ocean thermal energy conversion power station, or ocean kinetic energy power station, or a nuclear power station, or an LNG power station, or an LPG power station, or a methanol power station, or an ammonia power station, or a hydrogen power station, or a natural gas power station, or an oil power station, or a diesel power station, or a kerosene power station, or a gasoline power station.

[0237] Figures 15 - 18 Summary: Figures 15 - 18 may comprise an embodiment of subsea fluid displacement desalination wherein seawater intake may be conducted on or near the higher elevation reservoir and / or wherein the system or process may be configured such that desalination feed pre-treatment or pre-treatment may be conducted on the higher elevation reservoir and / or wherein treated desalination feed may be transferred from the higher elevation to subsea desalination system or process located at a lower elevation.

[0238] In some embodiments, Figures 15 - 18 may be similar to Figures 7 - 10, except may differ in the elevation or location of the desalination pre-treatment and the source or elevation of the seawater intake and / or desalination feed. In some embodiments, it may be desirable to locate at least a portion of the desalination pre-treatment processes on or near the higher elevation reservoir or in an environment near atmospheric air to, for example, facilitate maintainability, or accessibility, or enable the use of available desalination pre-treatment equipment, or enable greater scalability, or reduce capital cost, or improve efficiency, or enable greater quality pre-treatment to minimize or reduce required maintenance of subsea desalination systems, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, at least a portion for the desalination pre-treatment processes may be located at a higher elevation or on or near the sea surface, how ever the seawater intake or seawater source may be located at a significant water depth or at an elevation significantly below or depth significantly below the elevation of the higher elevation tank or higher elevation reservoir. For example, it may be desirable to locate the intake at a water depth w herein less biological growth or less particulates are present, to, for example, reduce the intensity, or level, or amount, or cost, or any combination thereof of the required desalination pre-treatment systems or processes.

[0239] In some embodiments, it may be desirable for the sea ater intake to be located at an elevation or depth within the dysphotic zone, or twilight zone, of a sea or ocean. In some embodiments, it may be desirable for the seawater intake to be located at an elevation or depthwithin the aphotic zone of a sea or ocean. In some embodiments, it may be desirable for the seawater intake to be located at an elevation or depth below the euphotic zone, or below the dysphotic zone, or any combination thereof.

[0240] In some embodiments, it may be desirable for the seawater intake to be located near the sea surface, or body of water surface, or near the higher elevation reservoir or tank, or any combination thereof. For example, in some embodiments, it may be more economical, or simpler, or easier to maintain, or more desirable, or any combination thereof, to source seawater or locate the seawater intake in the euphotic zone.

[0241] Desalination pre-treatment systems or processes may include, but are not limited to, one or more or any combination of the following: systems or processes for reducing potential biological fouling, or systems or processes for reducing potential particle fouling, or systems or processes for reducing potential colloidal fouling, or systems or processes for reducing potential organic fouling, or systems or processes for reducing potential inorganic fouling, or systems or processes for reducing potential inorganic fouling, or systems or processes for reducing potential mineral fouling, or systems or processes for reducing potential oxidant fouling, or or systems or processes for reducing potential corrosion, or systems or processes for reducing potential scaling, or Filtration, or Chlorination, or chemical treatment, or ozonation, or Coagulation, Coagulation + Filtration, or Flocculation, or sedimentation, or Activated carbon adsorption, or Ultrafiltration, or Antiscalant dosing, or Acidification, or Basification, or Oxidant scavenger dosing, or Sodium (meta)bilsulfite, or Granulated Activated Carbon, or Potassium permanganate, or bromination.

[0242] In some embodiments, a seawater intake may be suspended or floating or tethered subsea. For example, in some embodiments, a seawater intake or seawater intake module may be suspended above the seafloor, or suspended a sufficient elevation above the seafloor to prevent or reduce potential disturbance of the seafloor or seabed and I or prevent or reduce the potential for sediments or solids from dislodging from the seafloor or seabed and / or prevent or reduce the potential for sediments or solids from entering the seawater intake. In some embodiments, the seawater intake module and I or the riser transferring seawater intake may be suspended or floating or tethered using, for example, buoyancy modules and / or anchoring or mooring systems or methods.

[0243] In some embodiments, brine discharge outlet may be suspended or floating or tethered using, for example, buoyancy modules and I or anchoring or mooring systems or methods.

[0244] In some embodiments, the desalination pre-treatment may further comprise supplemental pumping to, for example, facilitate the transfer of the pre-treated desalination feed to the desalination system or process and / or provide supplemental pressure to facilitate desalination. For example, in some embodiments, the desalination system may be located at a depth wherein thehydrostatic pressure difference between the low density fluid and the desalination feed or seawater may be insufficient or less than desired for desalination. For example, in some embodiments, supplemental pumping or supplemental pressure may be provided by a pump fluidly connected to the desalination feed, or a pump fluidly connected to the desalination feed to increase the pressure of the desalination feed, or a pump fluidly connected to the desalination permeate, or a pump fluidly- connected to the desalination permeate to reduce the pressure of the desalination permeate, or a pump fluidly connected to the low density fluid, or a pump fluidly connected to the low density fluid to lower the pressure of the low density fluid, or a pump fluidly connected to the desalinated water output pipe or desalinated water output, or a pump fluidly connected to the desalinated water output pipe or desalinated water output to lower the pressure of the desalination output on the side of the subsea tank and / or the permeate side of the desalination membrane, or any combination thereof.

[0245] The Example Figures 15 - 18 Key may show the example labeled components in Figures 15 - 18 which may be significantly different from Figures 7 - 10. In Figures 15 - 18, the numerical labels for 8, or. 9, or 10. or 11, or any combination thereof may be equivalent to the numerical labels for 7, or 8, or 9, or 10 of Figures 7 - 10, plus 1. For example, label ‘9:in Figures 7 - 10 may- be similar to label "10’ in Figures 15 - 18.

[0246] Example Figures 15 - 18 Key

[0247] Label Description

[0248] 6 '6’ may comprise a seawater intake and / or seawater intake pipe or riser. In some embodiments, seawater may be transferred from subsea through a pipeline into a pre-treatment system or process. In some embodiments, a subsea pump or submerged may be employed to facilitate the transfer of water from subsea into the pre-treatment process. In some embodiments, the pre-treatment process may be located at an elevation below the surface of the body of water, which may enable seawater to naturally flow through the seawater intake, through the seawater pipe or riser, and / or into the pre-treatment process. In some embodiments, the pre-treatment process may be located at an elevation below the surface of the body of water, which may enable seawater to naturally flow through the seawater intake, through the seawater pipe or riser, and / or into the pre-treatment process, wherein said transfer or flow may be facilitated by a pump, such as a surface pump, or a pump located in air, or a subsea pump, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the seawater intake or inlet may be located at a depth or elevation significantly lower than the elevation of the pre-treatment system or process.

[0249] Pre "Pre’ may comprise a seawater pre-treatment or desalination feed pre-treatment or any combination thereof pre-treatment system or process. In some embodiments, a pretreatment process may be located at an elevation near the elevation of the higher elevation reservoir or tank,or on a floating vessel, or above sealevel, or above or on a body of water. In some embodiments, a pretreatment process may be located subsea.

[0250] 7 '7’ may comprise a desalination feed or treated desalination feed or at least partially treated desalination feed transferred from a pre-treatment system or process to a desalination system or process. In some embodiments, ‘7’ may comprise a pipe or riser transferring at least partially treated desalination feed water, which may comprise treated seawater, from a pretreatment process, or storage tank, or any combination thereof to a desalination system or process, or a storage tank, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, ‘7’ may further comprise a pump to facilitate the transfer of desalination feed or treated desalination feed to the desalination system or process and / or to provide supplemental pressure.

[0251] Figures 19 - 22 Summary: Figures 19 - 22 may comprise an embodiment of subsea fluid displacement desalination employing a subsea pump fluidly connected to the desalinated water outlet or desalinated water transfer pipe or pipeline. Figures 19 - 22 may comprise an embodiment of subsea fluid displacement desalination wherein power for desalination may be provided by a subsea pump fluidly connected to the desalinated water outlet or desalinated water transfer pipeline, which may transfer desalinated water from the subsea tank or lower elevation reservoir to an application for desalinated water.

[0252] In some embodiments, employing the pump in the desalination process or system on the desalinated water outlet pipeline or export pipe may enable the subsea tank to operate at near or about a consistent internal pressure. For example, in some embodiments, at least a portion of water may be pumped from the subsea tank or lower elevation tank or lower elevation reservoir using a subsea pump fluidly connected to the desalinated water export pipeline, wherein low density fluid may transfer into the subsea tank to displace or occupy the volume of the subsea tank occupied or previously occupied by the water exiting subsea tank. For example, in some embodiments, to enable at least a portion of low density fluid to transfer into the subsea tank to displace at least a portion of the water in the subsea tank, the internal pressure of the subsea tank or the pressure of water entering the subsea pump may need to be less than or equal to the hydrostatic pressure of low density’ fluid at the depth or elevation of the subsea tank. For example, in some embodiments, water may be due to the pressure difference between the desalination feed side of a desalination membrane and desalination permeate side of a desalination permeate side, wherein water may permeate through a membrane from the desalination feed side to the desalination permeate side, generating permeate or desalinated water. In some embodiments, at least a portion of the difference in pressure driving desalination may be formed by the difference in hydrostatic pressure between the desalination feed, which may comprise saline water or seawater, and the hydrostatic pressure of the low density fluid, which may occupy at least a portionof the subsea tank or lower elevation reservoir, for example, wherein at least a portion of desalinated water or permeate formed may displace at least a portion of the low density fluid in the subsea tank. In some embodiments, it may be desirable for internal pressure of the subsea tank to be less than the hydrostatic pressure of the desalination feed, or near the hydrostatic pressure of the low density fluid, to form the pressure difference required or desired for desalination and to enable the formation of desalination permeate which may occupy at least a portion of the subsea tank or displace at least a portion of the low density fluid in the subsea tank.

[0253] Example Figures 19 - 22 Figure Key

[0254] Example Figures 19 - 22 Key

[0255] Label Description

[0256] 1 ‘ 1 ’ may comprise the higher elevation reservoir, or higher elevation tank, or higher elevation storage reservoir, or higher elevation storage tank, or any combination thereof.

[0257] 2 ‘2’ may comprise the lower elevation reservoir, or subsea tank, or lower elevation storage reservoir, or subsea storage tank, or any combination thereof.

[0258] 3 ‘3’ may comprise a subsea pump. ‘3?may comprise a subsea pump fluidly connected to the desalinated water outlet pipe, which may be fluidly connected to the subsea tank. ‘3’ may pump at least a portion of desalinated w ater or water from the subsea tank and / or ‘3’ may allow or enable at least a portion of low density fluid to displace desalinated w ater or water from the subsea tank.L3’ may be powered by, for example, including, but not limited to, one or more or any combination of the following: a subsea power cable, or submarine power cable, or a dynamic power cable, or an electricity cable, or any combination thereof.

[0259] 4 ‘4’ may comprise a low density fluid riser or pipe. ‘4‘ may transfer low density' fluid between the lower elevation reservoir and the higher elevation reservoir. ‘4‘ may transfer low density fluid between the lower elevation region and the higher elevation region.L4?may comprise a liquid column or pipe connecting the higher elevation region and the lower elevation region.

[0260] 5 ‘5’ may comprise a vessel or structure which may comprise the low density fluid storage reservoir, or the higher elevation reservoir, or the higher elevation tank, or the higher elevation region, or any combination thereof.

[0261] 6 ’6’ may comprise a desalination feed intake. ’6’ may comprise a seawater intake or seawater feed intake. In some embodiments, ‘6’ may further comprise one or more or any combination of pre-treatment, or seawater pre-treatment, or desalination pre-treatment, or any combination thereof steps, or processes, or any combination thereof.

[0262] 7 ‘7’ may comprise a desalination brine, or desalination retentate and / or may comprise an outflow^ pipe or outflow pipeline. It may be desirable for ’7’ to discharge or release desalination brine or retentate a significant distance away from the desalination feed intake to, forexample, prevent potentially undesirable increase in salinity of the desalination feed. ‘7‘ may comprise diffusers or other systems or methods for distributing or dissolving desalination brine.

[0263] 8 '8’ may comprise desalination permeate or desalinated water, which may be transferred between the desalination system or process and the subsea tank. In some embodiments, during, for example, the desalinating of water, it may be desirable for '8' to be at about the same pressure as the internal pressure of the subsea tank and / or otherwise be fluidly connected to the subsea tank.

[0264] 9 ‘9’ may comprise a desalinated water outlet or export or transfer pipe or pipeline.‘9’ may transfer water or desalinated water to one or more or any combination of applications for water, or to water storage, or any combination thereof.

[0265] RO "RO’ may comprise a desalination system or process. RO’ may comprise a membrane based desalination system or process, or a pressure driven desalination system or process, or any combination thereof. ‘RO’, for example, may comprise a reverse osmosis desalination system or process. ‘RO’ may be located in the lower elevation region, or at an elevation about the same as or near the elevation of the lower elevation reservoir.

[0266] Seabed ‘Seabed’ may comprise the seafloor or land near comprising the bottom of a body of water.

[0267] Ocean ‘Ocean’ may comprise a body of water, such as a sea, or ocean.

[0268] Freshwater‘Freshwater’ may comprise desalinated water, or water produced from the desalination system or process, or water stored in the subsea tank, or water transferred from the subsea tank, or water with a salinity less than desalination feed, or any combination thereof.

[0269] Low Density Fluid ‘Low density fluid' may comprise a fluid with a density lower than the density of desalination feed, or freshwater, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, ‘low density fluid’ may comprise a liquid.

[0270] Figures 23 - 26 Summary: Figures 23 - 26 may comprise an embodiment of fluid displacement desalination wherein the higher elevation tank or higher elevation reservoir may be located on land, or on land above sea level, while, for example, the subsea tank or lower elevation tank may be located subsea or underwater or beneath a body of water. In some embodiments, one or more pipes may be located on the seabed or land or both to transfer low density fluid and / or water or desalinated water between the lower elevation region or the subsea tank and the higher elevation region or higher elevation tank. In some embodiments, a pump may be located on land near the higher elevation reservoir, and may pump low density fluid from the higher elevation reservoir to the subsea tank or lower elevation reservoir. In some embodiments, pumping or otherwise transferring low density fluid from the higher elevation reservoir or higher elevation tank to the subsea tank or lower elevation reservoir may displace at least a portion of water ordesalinated water in the subsea tank, and / or the displaced desalinated water may be transferred to water storage located near or at the higher elevation region or the higher elevation reservoir and / or may be transferred to an application for water, such as a municipal water grid, or municipal water system, or water pipeline, or water consumer.

[0271] Example Figures 23 - 26 Key

[0272] Label Description

[0273] 1 ' 1 ’ may comprise the higher elevation reservoir, or higher elevation tank, or higher elevation storage reservoir, or higher elevation storage tank, or any combination thereof. ‘1’ may be located on land, or on the ocean, or on a fixed structure, or any combination thereof.

[0274] 2 ‘2’ may comprise the lower elevation reservoir, or subsea tank, or lower elevation storage reservoir, or subsea storage tank, or any combination thereof.

[0275] 3 '3’ may comprise a pump or low density fluid pump. ‘3’ may be located on land or near the higher elevation reservoir.

[0276] 4 ‘4’ may comprise a low density fluid pipe or pipeline. ‘4' may be located on land, or buried, or on the seabed, or in a tunnel, or trenched, or crossing the coastline, or crossing where land meets water, or any combination thereof. '4’ may transfer low density fluid between the lower elevation reservoir and the higher elevation reservoir. ‘4’ may transfer low density fluid between the lower elevation region and the higher elevation region. ‘4’ may comprise a liquid column or pipe connecting the higher elevation region and the lower elevation region.

[0277] 5 '5’ may comprise a desalination feed intake. '5’ may comprise a seawater intake or seawater feed intake. In some embodiments, ‘5’ may further comprise one or more or any combination of pre-treatment, or seawater pre-treatment, or desalination pre-treatment, or any combination thereof steps, or processes, or any combination thereof.

[0278] 6 ‘6?may comprise a desalination brine, or desalination retentate and / or may comprise an outflow pipe or outflow pipeline. It may be desirable for '6’ to discharge or release desalination brine or retentate a significant distance away from the desalination feed intake to, for example, prevent potentially undesirable increase in salinity of the desalination feed. ‘6’ may comprise diffusers or other systems or methods for distributing or dissolving desalination brine.

[0279] 7 '7’ may compnse desalination permeate or desalinated water, which may be transferred between the desalination system or process and the subsea tank. In some embodiments, during, for example, the desalinating of water, it may be desirable for ‘7’ to be at about the same pressure as the internal pressure of the subsea tank and / or otherwise be fluidly connected to the subsea tank.

[0280] 8 '8’ may comprise desalinated water pipeline, which may transfer water from the subsea tank to the higher elevation reservoir, or to the higher elevation region, or to an applicationrequiring water, or any combination thereof. ‘8’ may be located on land, or buried, or on the seabed, or in a tunnel, or trenched, or crossing the coastline, or crossing where land meets water, or any combination thereof.

[0281] 9 ‘9’ may comprise a desalinated water outlet or export or transfer pipe or pipeline.‘9’ may transfer water or desalinated water to one or more or any combination of applications for water, or to water storage, or any combination thereof.

[0282] RO 'RO’ may comprise a desalination system or process. ‘RO’ may comprise a membrane based desalination system or process, or a pressure driven desalination system or process, or any combination thereof. ‘RO’, for example, may comprise a reverse osmosis desalination system or process. ‘RO’ may be located in the lower elevation region, or at an elevation about the same as or near the elevation of the lower elevation reservoir. ‘RO’ may be located subsea.

[0283] Seabed ‘Seabed’ may comprise the seafloor or land near comprising the bottom of a body of water. Underneath the higher elevation reservoir and I or pump, and / or water export pipeline, the ‘Seabed’ may comprise land, or land above sealevel, or any combination thereof.

[0284] Ocean ‘Ocean’ may comprise a body of w'ater, such as a sea, or ocean.

[0285] Freshwater' Freshwater' may comprise desalinated water, or water produced from the desalination system or process, or water stored in the subsea tank, or water transferred from the subsea tank, or water with a salinity less than desalination feed, or any combination thereof.

[0286] Low Density Fluid ‘Low density fluid’ may comprise a fluid with a density lower than the density of desalination feed, or freshwater, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, ‘low' density fluid’ may comprise a liquid.

[0287] Figures 27 - 28 Summary: Figures 27 - 28 may comprise an embodiment of fluid displacement desalination comprising two or more subsea tanks, which may enable desalination or desalinating to be conducted continuously. Figures 27 - 28 may comprise an embodiment of fluid displacement desalination employing a subsea pump, w'hich may be fluidly connected to the desalinated w ater outlet pipe or pipeline, or the water export pipeline, or may pump water from the subsea tank, or any combination thereof.

[0288] In some embodiments, desalination may be conducted continuously by employing two or more subsea tanks. For example, in some embodiments, the desalinated w ater permeate side of a desalination system or process may be fluidly connected to a first subsea tank, such that desalinated water or permeate may be generated by the desalination process and transfer into the first subsea tank, displacing at least a portion of the low density fluid in the first subsea tank. In some embodiments, desalination may be enabled or driven by the significantly lower internal pressure inside the subsea tank relative to the pressure of the desalination feed due to, for example,the significantly lower hydrostatic pressure of the low density fluid at the depth or elevation of the subsea tank compared to the hydrostatic pressure of the desalination feed. The lower pressure of the first subsea tank may cause water to permeate in the desalination system or process and transfer into the subsea tank. In some embodiments, the pressure of the permeating water or the desalinated water formed may be greater than the hydrostatic pressure of the low density fluid, which mayresult in the permeating water transferring into the subsea tank and displacing at least a portion of the low density fluid in the subsea tank. In some embodiments, simultaneously, at least a portion of water may be pumped from or out of a second subsea tank into a water pipe or water pipeline or water export pipeline using, for example, a subsea pump and I or at least a portion of low density fluid may transfer into the second storage tank and may displace or occupy the volume of the subsea tank previously occupied by the water or desalinated water pumped out of the subsea tank. When the first subsea tank reaches or contains the desired capacity or amount or volume of water or desalinated water and / or the second subsea tank reached or contains the desired capacity' or amount or volume of low density fluid, the operation of the two tanks may be swapped by, for example, employing valves, or opening and closing valves, or redirecting fluid flows, or any combination thereof.

[0289] In some embodiments, the internal pressure of the subsea tank may vary' less or may change by a less significant amount or pressure due to, for example, water being transferred from the subsea tank by pumping out or by subsea water pump, rather than, for example, by positive displacement or by pumping, using a low density fluid pump, a low density fluid into the subsea tank to displace the water. In some embodiments, if low density fluid is pumped into a subsea tank to displace water from the subsea tank into a water pipeline or water export pipeline, the required internal pressure or required pressure applied or provided by the low density fluid may need to be greater than the gravitational hydrostatic pressure of the water or the desalinated water and / or plus any pressure drop in the water export pipeline. In some embodiments, if low density fluid is pumped from the subsea tank, from example, with a subsea pump fluidly connected to a water export pipeline or the water outlet of the subsea tank, the internal pressure of the subsea tank may be about the same as the hydrostatic pressure of the low density fluid minus any pressure drop of the low density fluid in the low density fluid pipe or riser during the transfer or pumping of water from the subsea tank. In some embodiments, it may be desirable for the pressure in the subsea tank to remain relatively near or about the same as the hydrostatic pressure of the low density fluid, which, for example, may be enabled by locating the pump on or fluidly connected to the subsea water outlet or subsea water export pipe or pipeline and / or pumping water from a subsea tank or lower elevation reservoir.

[0290] In some embodiments, it may be desirable to employ a subsea pump to avoid or reduce the need for or reduce the required capacity of. for example, dynamic power cables. In some embodiments, for example, by locating the pump subsea or at an elevation near the lower elevation reservoir or subsea tank or lower elevation region, the subsea pump may be located in a stable environmental or fixed location or at least partially fixed location, which may enable the subsea pump to be powered directly by a submarine cable or subsea cable, while potentially avoiding or reducing the need for a high power dynamic power cable.

[0291] Example Figures 27 - 28 Key

[0292] Label Description

[0293] L2 ‘L2’ may comprise a pipe transferring low density fluid between a higher elevation tank or higher elevation reservoir and a valve. "VI ’.

[0294] L3 L3’ may comprise a pipe transferring low density fluid between a valve, ‘VI and a valve, ‘V4.’

[0295] L4 ‘L4’ may comprise a pipe transferring low density fluid between a valve, ‘VI,’ and a valve, ‘V3.’

[0296] L5 L5’ may comprise a pipe transferring low density fluid between a higher elevation tank or higher elevation reservoir and a valve, ‘V2’.

[0297] L6 ‘L6’ may comprise a pipe transferring low density fluid between a valve, ‘V2,’ and a valve, ‘V3.’

[0298] L7 'L7’ may comprise a pipe transferring low density fluid between a valve, ‘ V2.’ and a valve, ‘V4.’

[0299] L8 ‘L8’ may comprise a pipe, or riser, or dynamic pipe, or any combination thereof transferring low density fluid between a valve, ‘V3,’ and a subsea tank, T3. ‘L8’ may transfer low density fluid between the higher elevation reservoir or region and the lower elevation reservoir or region.

[0300] L9 ‘L9’ may comprise a pipe, or riser, or dynamic pipe, or any combination thereof transferring low7density7fluid between a valve, ‘V4,’ and a subsea tank, T2. ‘L9’ may transfer low- density fluid between the higher elevation reservoir or region and the lower elevation reservoir or region.

[0301] L10 ‘L10’ may comprise a desalination feed intake, or seawater intake, or desalination feed pipe, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, ‘L10’ may further comprise desalination pre-treatment systems or methods and / or pre-treated desalination feed pipe transferring pre-treated desalination feed into a desalination system or process. In some embodiments, it may be desirable for the desalination feed to be sourced or intake from an elevation sufficiently higher than the seabed to prevent substantial disturbance of the seabed, or formationof substantial sediments or solids or contaminants which may increase required desalination pretreatment, or any combination thereof.

[0302] LI 1 ‘LI L may comprise desalination brine, or a desalination brine outlet pipe, or a desalination brine discharge pipe, or desalination retentate, or desalination concentrate, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, it may be desirable for ‘LIL to comprise diffusers or other systems or methods for facilitating the dissolution or distribution of desalination brine or concentrate. In some embodiments, it may be desirable for ’LI L to be located at an elevation sufficiently higher than the seabed to prevent substantial disturbance of the seabed, or formation of substantial sediments, or prevent substantial accumulation of brine on the seabed. In some embodiments, it may be desirable for ‘LI to be located a sufficient distance from the seawater intake or desalination feed intake to. for example, prevent or reduce a potential localized increase in salinity from the desalination brine from potentially undesirably substantially increasing the salinity of the desalination feed or the intake seawater.

[0303] L12 ‘L12’ may comprise desalination permeate, or freshwater, or desalinated water, or water with a lower salinity than desalination feed, or any combination thereof. ’L l 2’ may comprise a pipe transferring and / or fluidly connecting desalination permeate to a valve, ‘V5,’ or to at least one or more subsea tanks.

[0304] LI 3 ‘L13’ may comprise desalination permeate, or freshwater, or desalinated water, or water with a lower salinity than desalination feed, or water, or any combination thereof, which may be transferred from a valve. V5. to a subsea tank. T3. In some embodiments, for example, ‘L13’ may only operate or transfer water when T3 is in a power or energy discharging mode, which may comprise when T3 is filling with water and displacing or emptying or transferring out low density fluid from T3.

[0305] L14 ‘L14’ may comprise desalination permeate, or freshwater, or desalinated water, or water with a lower salinity than desalination feed, or water, or any combination thereof, which may be transferred from a valve, V5, to a subsea tank, T2. In some embodiments, for example, ‘L14’ may only operate or transfer water when T2 is in a power or energy discharging mode, which may comprise when T2 is filling with water and displacing or emptying or transferring out low density fluid from T2.

[0306] L15 ‘L15’ may comprise desalination permeate, or freshwater, or desalinated water, or water with a lower salinity than desalination feed, or water, or any combination thereof, which may be transferred from a subsea tank, T3, to a valve, V6. or fluidly connected with a subsea pump, or fluidly connected to a water outlet or water export pipeline.

[0307] LI 6 ‘LI 6’ may comprise desalination permeate, or freshwater, or desalinated water, or water with a low er salinity' than desalination feed, or water, or any combination thereof,which may be transferred from a subsea tank, T2, to a valve, V6. or fluidly connected with a subsea pump, or fluidly connected to a water outlet or water export pipeline or pipe.

[0308] L17 ‘L17’ may comprise desalination permeate, or freshwater, or desalinated water, or water with a lower salinity than desalination feed, or water, or any combination thereof, which may be transferred from or between a valve, ‘V6’, or a subsea tank, or any combination thereof, and a subsea pump, Pl, and / or a water outlet or water export pipeline or pipe, LI 8.

[0309] LI 8 ‘LI 8’ may comprise a water export pipe or pipeline, or a desalinated water export pipe or pipeline, or water outlet, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, ‘LI 8’ may transfer water to storage, or to an application using or consuming water, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, it may be desirable to employ one or more subsea or surface pumping systems or methods, if, for example, water may be transferred over a long distance, or elevation gain, or any combination thereof.

[0310] VI ‘VI’ may comprise a valve which may transfer or direct low density fluid from L2 to L3 or to L4, for example, depending on the mode of operation or operating mode of the system or process.

[0311] V2 ‘V2’ may comprise a valve which may transfer or direct low density fluid to L5 from L6 or L7, for example, depending on the mode of operation or operating mode of the system or process.

[0312] V3 ‘V3’ may comprise a valve which may transfer or direct low density fluid between L8 and L6 or L4 and L8, for example, depending on the mode of operation or operating mode of the system or process.

[0313] V4 ‘V4’ may comprise a valve which may transfer or direct low' density fluid between L9 and L7 or L3 and L9, for example, depending on the mode of operation or operating mode of the system or process.

[0314] V5 ‘V5’ may comprise a valve which may transfer or direct permeate, or desalinated water permeate, or w aler, or any combination thereof between L12 and L13 or L14, for example, depending on the mode of operation or operating mode of the system or process.

[0315] V6 ‘V6’ may comprise a valve which may transfer or direct permeate, or desalinated water permeate, or water, or any combination thereof to L17 from L15 or L16, for example, depending on the mode of operation or operating mode of the system or process.

[0316] Pl ‘PL may comprise a subsea pump or a subsea water pump. ‘PL may be fluidly connected to the water outlet or water outlets of one or more subsea tanks. ‘PL may be fluidly connected to the water outlet or water outlets of one or more subsea tanks, which may be periodically swapped or alternated to enable continuous or semi -continuous operation of the subsea pump. ‘Pl ’ may transfer water from a subsea tank to a w'ater export pipe or pipeline, L18. In someembodiments, power for Pl may be supplied by a subsea power cable, which may comprise a subsea power cable, or a submarine power cable, or a dynamic power cable, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, ‘Pl’ may provide a pressure difference or may pump water from a subsea tank, which may be at a pressure near or about the same as the hydrostatic pressure of the low density' fluid at the depth of the subsea tank, to a pressure near or about the same as the hydrostatic pressure of desalinated water or water at the depth of the subsea pump plus any pressure drop associated with pumping or transferring water or desalinated water through at least a portion of the water pipeline or water export pipe or pipeline.

[0317] El ‘El ’ may comprise a power cable, or power source, or subsea power cable, or submarine power cable, or an electrical cable, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, ‘El’ may power or provide power to a pump, or subsea pump, or subsea water pump, or any combination thereof.

[0318] T1 ‘IT may comprise a higher elevation tank, or higher elevation reservoir, or higher elevation storage tank, or high elevation storage reservoir, or any combination thereof. ‘Tl ' may store low density fluid, or water, or any combination thereof.

[0319] T2 ‘T2’ may comprise a subsea tank, or lower elevation tank, or lower elevation reservoir, or lower elevation storage tank, or lower elevation storage reservoir, or lower elevation subsea tank, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, more than one T2 tank may be located subsea and / or may be interconnected or fluidly connected. T2 may store low density fluid, or water, or any combination thereof.

[0320] T3 ‘T3’ may comprise a subsea tank, or lower elevation tank, or lower elevation reservoir, or lower elevation storage tank, or lower elevation storage reservoir, or loyver elevation subsea tank, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, more than one T3 tank may be located subsea and / or may be interconnected or fluidly connected. T3 may store low density fluid, or water, or any combination thereof.

[0321] RO ‘RO’ may comprise a desalination system or process. ‘RO’ may comprise a membrane based desalination system or process, or a pressure driven desalination system or process, or any combination thereof. ‘RO’, for example, may comprise a reverse osmosis desalination system or process. ‘RO’ may be located in the lower elevation region, or at an elevation about the same as or near the elevation of the low er elevation reservoir. ‘RO’ may be located subsea.

[0322] Near Surface ‘Near Surface’ may indicate a higher elevation. For example, in some embodiments, figure components above the ‘Near Surface’ line may be at a higher elevation, or an elevation about the same as the first reservoir. For example, in some embodiments, figure components above the ‘Near Surface’ line may comprise ‘Near Surface’ components.

[0323] In some embodiments, the equipment or components above the ‘Near Surface' line may comprise an integrated vessel or platform or floating platform. For example, in some embodiments, the equipment or components above ‘Near Surface’ line may be moored using a spread mooring system, or a tension leg moored system or TLP, or a semisub mooring system, or a turret mooring system, or a disconnectable mooring system, or a disconnectable buoy mooring system, or any combination thereof. For example, in some embodiments, the equipment or components above ‘Near Surface’ line may comprise a floating storage vessel, or an FSO, or a ship-shaped vessel, or a semi-submersible vessel, or a Tension Leg Platform or TLP vessel, or a cylindrical storage vessel, or any combination thereof.

[0324] Seabed to Surface ‘Seabed to Surface’ may indicate an elevation between the lower elevation and a higher elevation. For example, in some embodiments, ‘Seabed to Surface’ may comprise an elevation lower than a higher elevation and higher than a lower elevation. For example, in some embodiments, ‘Seabed to Surface’ may comprise an elevation where risers or pipes transfer fluid between the higher elevation reservoir or first reservoir and the lower elevation reservoir or second reservoir. For example, in some embodiments, ‘Seabed to Surface’ may comprise an elevation where dynamic power cables or power cables transfer power between the higher elevation reservoir and the lower elevation reservoir.

[0325] Near Seabed ‘Near Seabed’ may indication a lower elevation. For example, in some embodiments, figure components below the ‘Near Seabed’ line may be at a lower elevation, or an elevation about the same as the second reservoir. For example, in some embodiments, figure components below- the ‘Near Seabed’ line may comprise ‘Near Seabed’ components. In some embodiments, at least a portion of the ‘Near Seabed’ components may be skid mounted to, for example, facilitate installation.

[0326] Figures 29 - 30 Summary: Figures 29 - 30 may comprise an embodiment of fluid displacement desalination comprising two or more subsea tanks, which may enable desalination or desalinating to be conducted continuously. Figures 29 - 30 may comprise an embodiment wherein a process or system for desalination feed pretreatment, or desalination pre-treatment, or seawater pretreatment, or any combination thereof may be conducted in a higher elevation region, or near or on or above the surface of a body of w ater, or any combination thereof. Figures 29 - 30 may show an embodiment wherein pre-treated desalination feed may be transferred from the higher elevation region to the lower elevation region or to the desalination system or process.

[0327] In some embodiments, for example, it may be desirable to locate at least a portion of the desalination pre-treatment in the higher elevation region to, for example, including, but not limited to, one or more or any combination of the following: improve accessibility for maintenance, or to enable use of more easily scalable or readily available pre-treatment equipment, or to enablesimply replacements of potential consumables or waste products, such as filters or activated carbon or pre-treatment chemicals or pre-treatment coagulants or pre-treatment products. In some embodiments, it may be desirable to source desalination feed or locate the seawater intake at a water depth or seawater depth or subsea depth sufficiently deep to minimize or reduce the potential required desalination pre-treatment. For example, in some embodiments, it may be desirable to source seawater or desalination feed from near the lower elevation tank or subsea tank or from a subsea depth below the photic zone, or below the dysphotic zone, or below the twilight zone, or any combination thereof, for example, to reduce or minimize the required pre-treatment of seawater and / or reduce or minimize potential interference with marine life or marine ecosystem.

[0328] Example Figures 29 - 30 Key

[0329] Label Description

[0330] LI 'LL may comprise a pipe transferring low density fluid between a higher elevation tank or higher elevation reservoir and a pump or a low density fluid pump, PL

[0331] L2 ‘L2’ may comprise a pipe transferring low density fluid between a pump or low density fluid pump, Pl, and a valve, ‘VI’.

[0332] L3 L3’ may comprise a pipe transferring low density fluid between a valve, ‘VL’ and a valve, ‘V4.’

[0333] L4 ‘L4’ may comprise a pipe transferring low density fluid between a valve, ‘VI,’ and a valve, ‘V3.’

[0334] L5 ‘L5’ may comprise a pipe transferring low density fluid between a higher elevation tank or higher elevation reservoir and a valve, ‘V2’.

[0335] L6 ‘L6’ may comprise a pipe transferring low density fluid between a valve, ‘V2,’ and a valve, ‘V3.’

[0336] L7 ‘L7’ may comprise a pipe transferring low density fluid between a valve, ‘V2,’ and a valve, ‘V4.’

[0337] L8 ‘L8’ may comprise a pipe, or riser, or dynamic pipe, or any combination thereof transferring low density fluid between a valve, ‘V3,’ and a subsea tank, T3. ‘L8’ may transfer low density fluid between the higher elevation reservoir or region and the lower elevation reservoir or region.

[0338] L9 ‘L9’ may comprise a pipe, or riser, or dynamic pipe, or any combination thereof transferring low density fluid between a valve, ‘V4,’ and a subsea tank, T2. ‘L9’ may transfer low density fluid between the higher elevation reservoir or region and the lower elevation reservoir or region.

[0339] L10 ‘L10’ may comprise pipe, or riser, or dynamic pipe, or any combination thereof for transferring pre-treated seawater, or pre-treated desalination feed, or desalination feedbetween a pre-treatment system or process and a desalination system or process. In some embodiments, ‘LIO’ may comprise or further comprise a pump to facilitate the transfer of desalination feed and / or supplement or facilitate desalination, if desired.

[0340] LI 1 ‘LI 1 ’ may comprise desalination brine, or a desalination brine outlet pipe, or a desalination brine discharge pipe, or desalination retentate, or desalination concentrate, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, it may be desirable for ‘LI L to comprise diffusers or other systems or methods for facilitating the dissolution or distribution of desalination brine or concentrate. In some embodiments, it may be desirable for ‘LU ’ to be located at an elevation sufficiently higher than the seabed to prevent substantial disturbance of the seabed, or formation of substantial sediments, or prevent substantial accumulation of brine on the seabed. In some embodiments, it may be desirable for ‘LI 1 ’ to be located a sufficient distance from the seawater intake or desalination feed intake to, for example, prevent or reduce a potential localized increase in salinity from the desalination brine from potentially undesirably substantially increasing the salinity of the desalination feed or the intake seawater.

[0341] L12 ‘L12’ may comprise desalination permeate, or freshwater, or desalinated water, or water with a lower salinity than desalination feed, or any combination thereof. ‘LI 2’ may comprise a pipe transferring and / or fluidly connecting desalination permeate to a valve, ‘V5,’ or to at least one or more subsea tanks.

[0342] LI 3 ‘L13’ may comprise desalination permeate, or freshwater, or desalinated water, or water with a lower salinity than desalination feed, or water, or any combination thereof, which may be transferred from a valve, V5, to a subsea tank, T3. In some embodiments, for example, ‘L13’ may only operate or transfer water when T3 is in a power or energy discharging mode, which may comprise when T3 is filling with water and displacing or emptying or transferring out low density fluid from T3.

[0343] L14 ‘L14’ may comprise desalination permeate, or freshwater, or desalinated water, or water with a lower salinity' than desalination feed, or water, or any combination thereof, which may be transferred from a valve, V5, to a subsea tank, T2. In some embodiments, for example, ‘L14’ may only operate or transfer water when T2 is in a power or energy discharging mode, which may comprise when T2 is filling with water and displacing or emptying or transferring out low density fluid from T2.

[0344] LI 5 ‘L15’ may comprise desalination permeate, or freshwater, or desalinated water, or water with a lower salinity than desalination feed, or water, or any combination thereof, which may be transferred from a subsea tank. T3, to a valve. V6, or fluidly connected to a water outlet or water export pipe or pipeline, or any combination thereof.

[0345] LI 6 ‘LI 6’ may comprise desalination permeate, or freshwater, or desalinated water, or water with a lower salinity than desalination feed, or water, or any combination thereof, which may be transferred from a subsea tank, T2, to a valve, V6, or fluidly connected to a water outlet or water export pipe or pipeline, or any combination thereof.

[0346] L17 ‘L17’ may comprise a water export pipe or pipeline, or a desalinated water export pipe or pipeline, or water outlet, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, ‘LI 7’ may transfer water to storage, or to an application using or consuming water, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, it may be desirable to employ one or more subsea or surface pumping systems or methods, if, for example, water may be transferred over a long distance, or elevation gain, or any combination thereof.

[0347] L18 ‘L18’ may comprise a feed, or seawater intake, or untreated desalination feed, or desalination feed intake, or a process or system for sourcing seawater, or a process or system for sourcing or intaking desalination feed, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, it may be desirable for the desalination feed to be sourced or intake from an elevation sufficiently higher than the seabed to prevent substantial disturbance of the seabed, or formation of substantial sediments or solids or contaminants which may increase required desalination pretreatment, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the desalination feed inlet or seawater feed inlet or seawater intake may be suspended above the seabed, or tethered, or suspended using buoyancy modules, or the pipe or riser or pipeline may be at least partially suspended or supported by buoyancy modules or supplemental buoyancy, or tethered to anchors or moorings, or any combination thereof.

[0348] VI ‘VI’ may comprise a valve which may transfer or direct low density fluid from L2 to L3 or to L4, for example, depending on the mode of operation or operating mode of the system or process.

[0349] V2 'V2’ may comprise a valve which may transfer or direct low density fluid to L5 from L6 or L7, for example, depending on the mode of operation or operating mode of the system or process.

[0350] V3 ‘V3’ may comprise a valve which may transfer or direct low density fluid between L8 and L6 or L4 and L8, for example, depending on the mode of operation or operating mode of the system or process.

[0351] V4 ‘V4’ may comprise a valve which may transfer or direct low' density fluid between L9 and L7 or L3 and L9, for example, depending on the mode of operation or operating mode of the system or process.

[0352] V5 ‘V5’ may comprise a valve which may transfer or direct permeate, or desalinated water permeate, or water, or any combination thereof between L12 and L 13 or L 14, for example, depending on the mode of operation or operating mode of the system or process.

[0353] V6 ‘V6’ may comprise a valve which may transfer or direct permeate, or desalinated water permeate, or water, or any combination thereof to LI 7 from LI 5 or LI 6, for example, depending on the mode of operation or operating mode of the system or process.

[0354] Pl 'PL may comprise a low density fluid pump. In some embodiments, ‘PL may be located in the higher elevation region. In some embodiments, ‘Pl ’ may pump low density fluid from the higher elevation reservoir or higher elevation tank to the lower elevation tank or subsea tank to, for example, displace water or desalination permeate and I or power or supply energy- or supply stored energy to the desalination system, or process or to power desalination, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, for example, the pressure difference provided by the low- density fluid pump or ‘PL may be about the same as or greater than the hydrostatic pressure of the freshw ater or desalinated w ater at the elevation or depth of the subsea tank or the lower elevation reservoir, plus, for example, any pressure drop in. for example, the water export pipe or pipeline and / or the pressure difference between the hydrostatic pressure of low density fluid at the elevation or depth of the subsea tank or lower elevation reservoir, plus any pressure drop in, for example, the riser or pipe. In some embodiments, Pl may be powered by electricity or power provided by a dynamic power cable, or subsea power cable, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, Pl may be powered by electricity or mechanical power or power from on-board power. For example, in some embodiments, on-board power may comprise, for example, including, but not limited to, one or more or any combination of the follow ing: nuclear power, or floating nuclear power plant, or combustion power plant, or natural gas power plant, or associated gas power plant, or diesel or oil power plant, or fossil fuel power plant, or renewable fuel power plant, or low carbon fuel power plant, or zero carbon fuel power plant, or hydrogen power plant, or ammonia power plant, or methanol powder plant, or e-fuel power plant, or solar power, or wind pow er, or wave power, or tidal power, or ocean or marine or body of water kinetic energy pow er, or salinity power, or density difference power, or ocean thermal energy conversion power plant.

[0355] El 'El ’ may comprise a power cable, or power source, or subsea power cable, or submarine power cable, or an electrical cable, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, ‘El’ may power or provide power to a pump, or subsea pump, or subsea water pump, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, ‘El’ may be connected to a power source, or an electrical grid, or a power substation, or any combination thereof.

[0356] E2 ‘E2’ may comprise a dynamic power cable, or power source, or subsea power cable, or submarine powder cable, or an electrical cable, or any combination thereof. In someembodiments, ‘E2’ may transfer power from a lower elevation region to a higher elevation region. In some embodiments. ‘E2’ may power or provide power to a pump, or subsea pump, or subsea water pump, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, ‘E2’ may be connected to a power source, or an electrical grid, or a power substation, or any combination thereof.

[0357] T1 ‘IT may comprise a higher elevation tank, or higher elevation reservoir, or higher elevation storage tank, or high elevation storage reservoir, or any combination thereof. Tl ’ may store low density fluid, or water, or any combination thereof.

[0358] T2 ‘T2’ may comprise a subsea tank, or lower elevation tank, or lower elevation reservoir, or lower elevation storage tank, or lower elevation storage reservoir, or lower elevation subsea tank, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, more than one T2 tank may be located subsea and / or may be interconnected or fluidly connected. T2 may store low density fluid, or water, or any combination thereof.

[0359] T3 ‘T3’ may comprise a subsea tank, or lower elevation tank, or lower elevation reservoir, or lower elevation storage tank, or lower elevation storage reservoir, or lower elevation subsea tank, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, more than one T3 tank may be located subsea and / or may be interconnected or fluidly connected. T3 may store low density fluid, or water, or any combination thereof.

[0360] Pretreatment ‘Pretreatment' may comprise a seawater pre-treatment or desalination feed pre-treatment or any combination thereof pre-treatment system or process. In some embodiments, a pretreatment process may be located at an elevation near the elevation of the higher elevation reservoir or tank, or on a floating vessel, or above sealevel, or above or on a body of water. In some embodiments, a pretreatment process may be located subsea. In some embodiments, pre-treatment may include, but is not limited to, one or more or any combination of systems or methods of pretreatment described herein or one or more or any combination of systems or methods of pretreatment described or known in the art.

[0361] RO ‘RO’ may comprise a desalination system or process. ‘RO’ may comprise a membrane based desalination system or process, or a pressure driven desalination system or process, or any combination thereof. ‘RO’, for example, may comprise a reverse osmosis desalination system or process. ‘RO’ may be located in the lower elevation region, or at an elevation about the same as or near the elevation of the low er elevation reservoir. ‘RO’ may be located subsea.

[0362] Near Surface ‘Near Surface’ may indicate a higher elevation or higher elevation region. For example, in some embodiments, figure components above the ‘Near Surface’ line may be at a higher elevation, or an elevation about the same as the first reservoir. For example, in someembodiments, figure components above the ‘Near Surface' line may comprise ‘Near Surface’ components.

[0363] In some embodiments, the equipment or components above the ‘Near Surface’ line may comprise an integrated vessel or platform or floating platform. For example, in some embodiments, the equipment or components above ‘Near Surface’ line may be moored using a spread mooring system, or a tension leg moored system or TLP, or a semisub mooring system, or a turret mooring system, or a disconnectable mooring system, or a disconnectable buoy mooring system, or any combination thereof. For example, in some embodiments, the equipment or components above ‘Near Surface’ line may comprise a floating storage vessel, or an FSO, or a ship-shaped vessel, or a semi-submersible vessel, or a Tension Leg Platform or TLP vessel, or a cylindrical storage vessel, or any combination thereof.

[0364] Seabed to Surface ‘Seabed to Surface’ may indicate an elevation between the lower elevation and a higher elevation. For example, in some embodiments, ‘Seabed to Surface’ may comprise an elevation lower than a higher elevation and higher than a lower elevation. For example, in some embodiments, ‘Seabed to Surface’ may comprise an elevation where risers or pipes transfer fluid between the higher elevation reservoir or first reservoir and the lower elevation reservoir or second reservoir. For example, in some embodiments, ‘Seabed to Surface’ may comprise an elevation where dynamic power cables or power cables transfer power between the higher elevation reservoir and the lower elevation reservoir.

[0365] Near Seabed ‘Near Seabed’ may indicate a lower elevation or lower elevation region. For example, in some embodiments, figure components below the ‘Near Seabed’ line may be at a lower elevation, or an elevation about the same as the second reservoir. For example, in some embodiments, figure components below the ‘Near Seabed’ line may comprise ‘Near Seabed’ components. In some embodiments, at least a portion of the ‘Near Seabed’ components may be skid mounted to, for example, facilitate installation.

[0366] Figures 31 - 32 Summary': Figures 31 - 32 may comprise an embodiment of fluid displacement desalination comprising two or more subsea tanks, which may enable desalination or desalinating to be conducted continuously. Figures 31 - 32 may comprise an embodiment with a low density' fluid pump located subsea, or a subsea low density' fluid pump. Figures 31 - 32 may comprise an embodiment with a low density fluid pump in the lower elevation region, or at an elevation or depth near or about the same as a subsea tank or lower elevation reservoir, or lower elevation tank.

[0367] In some embodiments, for example, it may be desirable to employ a subsea low density fluid pump to reduce the need for, or reduce the required capacity of, or reduce the cost of, or any combination thereof a dynamic power cable or dynamic electrical cable.

[0368] In some embodiments, for example, a subsea low density fluid pump may require significantly less maintenance than, for example, a subsea water pump, depending on the type of low density fluid. For example, some low density fluids may possess a lower propensity for biofouling or microbial activity than water, such as, for example, n-Butane. For example, potential sealants may be insoluble or practically insoluble in some low density7fluids, while said potential sealants may be soluble in water.

[0369] In some embodiments, for example, a subsea low density fluid pump may be more energy efficient than a subsea water pump. For example, in some embodiments, the low density fluid may possess a lower viscosity7than water, or may enable the pump to be configured in a more energy efficient configuration or design, or any combination thereof.

[0370] Example Figures 31 - 32 Key

[0371] Label Description

[0372] LI ‘LI ’ may comprise a pipe, or riser, or dynamic riser, or any combination thereof transferring low density fluid between a higher elevation tank or higher elevation reservoir and a lower elevation region. For example, ‘LI’ may comprise a pipe transferring low density fluid from a higher elevation tank or higher elevation reservoir and a pump, or a low density fluid pump, or subsea pump, PL ’LL may transfer low density fluid between the higher elevation reservoir or region and the lower elevation reservoir or region.

[0373] L2 ‘L2’ may comprise a pipe transferring low density fluid between a pump or low density fluid pump, Pl, and a valve. ‘VI’.

[0374] L3 ‘L3’ may comprise a pipe transferring low density fluid between a valve, ‘VI,’ and a valve, ‘V4.’

[0375] L4 ‘L4’ may comprise a pipe transferring low density fluid between a valve, ‘VI,’ and a valve, V3.’

[0376] L5 ‘L5’ may comprise a pipe, or riser, or dynamic riser, or any combination thereof transferring low density7fluid between a lower elevation region and a higher elevation tank or higher elevation reservoir. For example, ‘L5’ may comprise a pipe transferring low density fluid from a valve. V2, which may be located in a lower elevation region and a higher elevation tank, or higher elevation reservoir located in a higher elevation region, Tl. ‘L5’ may transfer low density fluid between the higher elevation reservoir or region and the lower elevation reservoir or region.

[0377] L6 ‘L6’ may comprise a pipe transferring low density7fluid between a valve, ‘V3,’ and a valve, ‘V2.’

[0378] L7 ‘L7’ may comprise a pipe transferring low density fluid between a valve, ‘V4,’ and a valve, ‘V2.’

[0379] L8 ‘L8’ may comprise a pipe transferring low density fluid between a valve, ‘V3,’ and a subsea tank, T3.

[0380] L9 ‘L9’ may comprise a pipe transferring low density fluid between a valve, ‘V4,’ and a subsea tank, T2.

[0381] LIO ‘LIO’ may comprise a desalination feed intake, or seawater intake, or desalination feed pipe, or desalination feed or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, ‘LIO’ may further comprise desalination pre-treatment systems or methods and / or pre-treated desalination feed pipe transferring pre-treated desalination feed into a desalination system or process. In some embodiments, it may be desirable for the desalination feed to be sourced or intake from an elevation sufficiently higher than the seabed to prevent substantial disturbance of the seabed, or formation of substantial sediments or solids or contaminants which may increase required desalination pre-treatment, or any combination thereof.

[0382] LI 1 ‘LI 1 ’ may comprise desalination brine, or a desalination brine outlet pipe, or a desalination brine discharge pipe, or desalination retentate, or desalination concentrate, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, it may be desirable for ‘LI 1 ’ to comprise diffusers or other systems or methods for facilitating the dissolution or distribution of desalination brine or concentrate. In some embodiments, it may be desirable for ‘LU ’ to be located at an elevation sufficiently higher than the seabed to prevent substantial disturbance of the seabed, or formation of substantial sediments, or prevent substantial accumulation of brine on the seabed. In some embodiments, it may be desirable for ’Ll 1 ’ to be located a sufficient distance from the seawater intake or desalination feed intake to, for example, prevent or reduce a potential localized increase in salinity from the desalination brine from potentially undesirably substantially increasing the salinity of the desalination feed or the intake seawater.

[0383] L12 ‘L12’ may comprise desalination permeate, or freshwater, or desalinated water, or water with a lower salinity than desalination feed, or any combination thereof. ‘LI 2’ may comprise a pipe transferring and / or fluidly connecting desalination permeate to a valve, ‘V5,’ or to at least one or more subsea tanks.

[0384] LI 3 ‘L13’ may comprise desalination permeate, or freshwater, or desalinated water, or water with a lower salinity than desalination feed, or water, or any combination thereof, which may be transferred from a valve, V5, to a subsea tank, T3. In some embodiments, for example, ‘L13’ may only operate or transfer water when T3 is in a power or energy discharging mode, which may comprise when T3 is filling with water and displacing or emptying or transferring out low density fluid from T3.

[0385] L14 ‘LI 4’ may comprise desalination permeate, or freshwater, or desalinated water, or water with a lower salinity' than desalination feed, or water, or any combination thereof,which may be transferred from a valve, V5, to a subsea tank, T2. In some embodiments, for example. ’L I4’ may only operate or transfer water when T2 is in a power or energy discharging mode, which may comprise when T2 is filling with water and displacing or emptying or transferring out low density fluid from T2.

[0386] LI 5 ‘L15’ may comprise desalination permeate, or freshwater, or desalinated water, or water with a lower salinity than desalination feed, or water, or any combination thereof, which may be transferred from a subsea tank, T3, to a valve, V6, or fluidly connected to a water outlet or water export pipe or pipeline, or any combination thereof.

[0387] LI 6 ‘LI 6’ may comprise desalination permeate, or freshwater, or desalinated water, or water ith a lower salinity than desalination feed, or water, or any combination thereof, which may be transferred from a subsea tank. T2, to a valve. V6, or fluidly connected to a water outlet or water export pipe or pipeline, or any combination thereof.

[0388] L17 ‘L17’ may comprise a water export pipe or pipeline, or a desalinated water export pipe or pipeline, or water outlet, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, ‘L17’ may transfer water to storage, or to an application using or consuming water, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, it may be desirable to employ one or more subsea or surface pumping systems or methods, for example, if water may be transferred over a long distance, or elevation gain, or any combination thereof.

[0389] VI ‘VI’ may comprise a valve which may transfer or direct low density fluid from L2 to L3 or L4, for example, depending on the mode of operation or operating mode of the system or process.

[0390] V2 ‘V2’ may comprise a valve which may transfer or direct low density fluid to L5 from L6 or L7, for example, depending on the mode of operation or operating mode of the system or process.

[0391] V3 V3’ may comprise a valve which may transfer or direct low density fluid between L8 and L6 or L4 and L8, for example, depending on the mode of operation or operating mode of the system or process.

[0392] V4 ‘V4’ may comprise a valve which may transfer or direct low density fluid between L9 and L7 or L3 and L9, for example, depending on the mode of operation or operating mode of the system or process.

[0393] V5 ‘V5’ may comprise a valve which may transfer or direct permeate, or desalinated water permeate, or w ater, or any combination thereof between L12 and L13 or L14, for example, depending on the mode of operation or operating mode of the system or process.

[0394] V6 ‘V6’ may comprise a valve which may transfer or direct permeate, or desalinated water permeate, or water, or any combination thereof to L17 from LI 5 or LI 6, for example, depending on the mode of operation or operating mode of the system or process.

[0395] Pl ‘PL may comprise a low density fluid pump. In some embodiments, ‘Pl ’ may be located in the lower elevation region. In some embodiments, ‘P may pump low density fluid from the higher elevation reservoir or higher elevation tank to the lower elevation tank or subsea tank to, for example, displace water or desalination permeate and / or power or supply energy or supply stored energy to the desalination system, or process or to power desalination, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, for example, the pressure difference provided by the low density fluid pump or ‘Pl’ may be about the same as or greater than the hydrostatic pressure of the freshwater or desalinated water at the elevation or depth of the subsea tank or the lower elevation reservoir, plus, for example, any pressure drop in, for example, the water export pipe or pipeline and / or the pressure difference between the hydrostatic pressure of low density fluid at the elevation or depth of the subsea tank or lower elevation reservoir, plus any pressure drop in, for example, the riser or pipe. In some embodiments, Pl may be powered by electricity or power provided by a subsea power cable, or a dynamic power cable, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, Pl may be powered by electricity or mechanical power or power from on-board power. For example, in some embodiments, on-board power may comprise, for example, including, but not limited to, one or more or any combination of sources of power or onboard power described herein.

[0396] El 'EL may comprise a power cable, or power source, or subsea power cable, or submarine power cable, or an electrical cable, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, ‘EL may power or provide power to a pump, or subsea pump, or subsea water pump, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, ‘El’ may be connected to a power source, or an electrical grid, or a power substation, or any combination thereof.

[0397] T1 ‘T1 ’ may comprise a higher elevation tank, or higher elevation reservoir, or higher elevation storage tank, or high elevation storage reservoir, or any combination thereof. ‘Tl ’ may store low density fluid, or water, or any combination thereof.

[0398] T2 ‘T2’ may comprise a subsea tank, or lower elevation tank, or lower elevation reservoir, or low er elevation storage tank, or lower elevation storage reservoir, or lower elevation subsea tank, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, more than one T2 tank may be located subsea and / or may be interconnected or fluidly connected. T2 may store low density fluid, or water, or any combination thereof.

[0399] T3 ‘T3’ may comprise a subsea tank, or lower elevation tank, or lower elevation reservoir, or lower elevation storage tank, or low er elevation storage reservoir, or lower elevationsubsea tank, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, more than one T3 tank may be located subsea and / or may be interconnected or fluidly connected. T3 may store low density fluid, or water, or any combination thereof.

[0400] RO ‘RO’ may comprise a desalination system or process. ‘RO’ may comprise a membrane based desalination system or process, or a pressure driven desalination system or process, or any combination thereof. ‘RO’, for example, may comprise a reverse osmosis desalination system or process. ‘RO’ may be located in the lower elevation region, or at an elevation about the same as or near the elevation of the lower elevation reservoir. ‘RO’ may be located subsea.

[0401] Near Surface ‘Near Surface’ may indicate a higher elevation. For example, in some embodiments, figure components above the ‘Near Surface’ line may be at a higher elevation, or an elevation about the same as the first reservoir. For example, in some embodiments, figure components above the ‘Near Surface’ line may comprise ‘Near Surface’ components.

[0402] In some embodiments, the equipment or components above the ‘Near Surface' line may comprise an integrated vessel or platform or floating platform. For example, in some embodiments, the equipment or components above ‘Near Surface’ line may be moored using a spread mooring system, or a tension leg moored system or TLP, or a semisub mooring system, or a turret mooring system, or a disconnectable mooring system, or a disconnectable buoy mooring system, or any combination thereof. For example, in some embodiments, the equipment or components above ’Near Surface’ line may comprise a floating storage vessel, or an FSO, or a ship-shaped vessel, or a semi-submersible vessel, or a Tension Leg Platform or TLP vessel, or a cylindrical storage vessel, or any combination thereof.

[0403] Seabed to Surface ‘Seabed to Surface’ may indicate an elevation between the lower elevation and a higher elevation. For example, in some embodiments, ‘Seabed to Surface’ may comprise an elevation lower than a higher elevation and higher than a lower elevation. For example, in some embodiments, ‘Seabed to Surface’ may comprise an elevation where risers or pipes transfer fluid between the higher elevation reservoir or first reservoir and the lower elevation reservoir or second reservoir. For example, in some embodiments, ‘Seabed to Surface’ may comprise an elevation where dynamic power cables or power cables transfer power between the higher elevation reservoir and the lower elevation reservoir.

[0404] Near Seabed ‘Near Seabed’ may indication a lower elevation. For example, in some embodiments, figure components below the ‘Near Seabed’ line may be at a lower elevation, or an elevation about the same as the second reservoir. For example, in some embodiments, figure components below- the ‘Near Seabed’ line may comprise ‘Near Seabed’ components. In someembodiments, at least a portion of the ‘Near Seabed’ components may be skid mounted to, for example, facilitate installation.

[0405] Figures 33 - 34 Summary: Figures 33 - 34 may comprise an embodiment of fluid displacement desalination comprising a pressure equilibrized subsea tank, which may enable larger subsea storage volumes, or lower cost subsea tank or lower elevation reservoir, or thinner wall subsea tank or lower elevation reservoir, or longer duration energy storage, or higher energy storage capacity, or any combination thereof.

[0406] In some embodiments, the lower elevation reservoir may be maintained or may be enabled to be maintained at a relatively consistent pressure. In some embodiments, the lower elevation reservoir may be maintained or may be enabled to be maintained at a relatively consistent pressure, which may be near or about the same as the hydrostatic pressure of the seawater adjacent to the lower elevation reservoir at about the same elevation, plus or minus a tolerance pressure, or about the same as the hydrostatic pressure of desalinated water or freshwater at about the same elevation or depth as the lower elevation reservoir, plus or minus as tolerance pressure. For example, a tolerance pressure may comprise a pressure difference which a subsea tank or other tank or other reservoir may be capable of resisting or may be designed to resist. In some embodiments, during storing of power, low density fluid may be pumped into or otherwise transferred into a lower elevation reservoir, displacing water in the lower elevation reservoir with the low density fluid. In some embodiments, for example, the pressure required for low density fluid to displace water in a subsea tank, for example, may be greater than or equal to the hydrostatic pressure of desalinated water or water at the depth or elevation of the subsea tank or lower elevation reservoir, plus any pressure drop which may be overcome in the water outlet pipe or water export pipe, wherein at least a portion of displaced desalinated water or water may be transferred. In some embodiments, for example, during generating power, such as desalinating water or generating power in the form of desalinating water, low density fluid in the lower elevation reservoir, which may be at a pressure about the same as the hydrostatic pressure of freshwater or seawater at the elevation or depth of the lower elevation reservoir, may be transferred from the lower elevation reservoir into a low density fluid riser pipe, wherein the pressure inside the low density fluid riser pipe may be about the same as the hydrostatic pressure of low density fluid at the elevation or depth of the lower elevation reservoir. In some embodiments, for example, the pressure difference betw een the low7density fluid w ith a pressure about the same as the internal pressure of the subsea tank and the low density fluid in the riser pipe may be significant, due to, for example, the difference in gravitational hydrostatic pressure between water and low density fluid due to, for example, the density difference between water and low density fluid. In some embodiments, power may be extracted from the difference in pressure between the low density fluid exiting the lowerelevation reservoir, which may be at a pressure about the same as the internal pressure of the lower elevation reservoir, and the low density fluid in the riser pipe, which may be at a pressure about the same as the low density fluid hydrostatic pressure. In some embodiments, power may be extracted from said pressure difference by a power generation system or method, or a pressure exchanger, or a power exchanger, or any combination thereof. For example, in some embodiments, low density fluid exiting the lower elevation reservoir may be pressure exchanged with desalinated water permeate or the desalinated water permeate side of a desalination system or process, which may reduce the pressure of the low density fluid to a pressure near or about the same as the pressure of the low density fluid in the riser pipe, and which may increase the pressure of the desalinated water permeate to a pressure near or about the same as the internal pressure of the lower elevation reservoir. In some embodiments, the pressure exchange may result in the transferring or pumping of desalinated water permeate from the desalination system or process into the lower elevation reservoir, which may result in the desalinating of w ater and / or the displacement of at least a portion of low density fluid in the lower elevation reservoir with water or desalinated water. In some embodiments, a low pressure difference pump or subsea pump may be employed to provide supplemental pumping or pressure to facilitate the transfer of desalinated water into the lower elevation reservoir due to, for example, potential pressure losses or efficiency losses of the pressure exchange or pressure exchanger. In some embodiments, low7density fluid exiting the pressure exchanger may transfer into the riser or pipe transferring low density fluid from the lower elevation region to the higher elevation region and / or the higher elevation reservoir or higher elevation tank.

[0407] In some embodiments, a pressure exchanger may comprise, for example, including, but not limited to, one or more or any combination of the following: a rotary pressure exchanger, or a PX pressure exchanger, or a turbocharger pressure exchanger, or a turbine pressure exchanger, or a mechanically coupled pressure exchanger, or a power exchanger, or a pump and a generator hydraulically interconnected, or a pump and a generator electrically interconnected, or any combination thereof.

[0408] Some embodiments may further comprise a subsea pump, which may enable, for example, during charging energy storage or displacing water with a low density fluid, for example, the desalination of desalination feed or seawater. For example, in some embodiments, it may be desirable to maximize the utilization or capacity7factor of desalination, and / or may be desirable to utilize power from electrical sources when electricity may be inexpensive, or low carbon emissions, or in excess, or from renewable energy sources, or any combination thereof. For example, in some embodiments, when it may be desirable to consume electricity or power, a desalination process may desalinate water and / or the energy storage system or process mayundergo charging. In some embodiments, charging may comprising pumping or otherwise transferring at least a portion of low density fluid into a subsea tank or lower elevation reservoir to displace at least a portion of water, which may require at least a portion of power and / or may store at least a portion of power. In some embodiments, for example, the flow of water in the export pipeline may be equivalent to, for example, both the flow rate of water actively being desalinated and / or the flow rate of water being displaced by low density fluid from the pumping or transfer of low density fluid into the lower elevation reservoir or subsea tank. In some embodiments, during discharging, or wherein water may be desalinated from the hydrostatic pressure difference between the low density7fluid and the desalination feed and / or the displacement of low density7fluid in a lower elevation reservoir with desalination permeate, at least a portion of desalinated water may transfer or flow into the subsea tank, which may displace at least a portion of low density fluid in the subsea tank or lower elevation reservoir.

[0409] In some embodiments, pressure exchangers or pressure equilibrized tanks may be employed in embodiments comprising one lower elevation reservoir or one subsea tank. In some embodiments, pressure exchangers or pressure equilibrized tanks may be employed in embodiments comprising two or more lower elevation reservoirs or two or more subsea tanks.

[0410] Figures 33 - 34 Example Figure Key

[0411] Example Figures 33 - 34 Key

[0412] Label Description

[0413] LI 'LL may comprise a pipe transferring low density fluid between a higher elevation tank or higher elevation reservoir and a pump or a low density fluid pump, PL

[0414] L2 ‘L2’ may comprise a pipe transferring low density7fluid between a pump or low density fluid pump, Pi, and a valve, ‘VI’.

[0415] L3 ‘L3’ may comprise a pipe transferring low density fluid between a valve, ‘VI,’ and a higher elevation reservoir or higher elevation tank, T1 ’.

[0416] L4 ‘L4’ may comprise a pipe, or riser, or dynamic pipe, or any combination thereof transferring low density7fluid between a valve, ‘ VI , ’ and a subsea tank or lower elevation reservoir, T2. ‘L4’ may transfer low density fluid between the higher elevation reservoir or region and the lower elevation reservoir or region.

[0417] L5 ‘L5’ may comprise a pipe transferring low density fluid between a valve, V2, and a lower elevation reservoir or subsea tank, T2.

[0418] L6 ‘L6’ may comprise a pipe transferring low density fluid between a pressure exchanger. PX, and a valve. V2. In some embodiments, ‘L6’ may comprise lower pressure low density fluid, or low density7fluid with a pressure about the same as the pressure of low density fluid in the riser pipe or L-4 during discharging, or low density7fluid with a pressure about the sameas the hydrostatic pressure of low density fluid at the depth or elevation of the lower elevation reservoir or subsea tank plus any pressure drop, or low density fluid after pressure extraction, or low density fluid after pressure exchanging, or any combination thereof.

[0419] L7 ‘L7’ (Between T2 and PX) may comprise a pipe transferring low density fluid between a lower elevation reservoir, T2, and a pressure exchanger, PX. In some embodiments, ‘L7?may comprise higher pressure low density fluid, or low density’ fluid with a pressure about the same as the internal pressure of the lower elevation reservoir or subsea tank, or low density fluid with a pressure about the same as the hydrostatic pressure of water at the depth or elevation of the lower elevation reservoir, or low density’ fluid before pressure extraction, or low density fluid before pressure exchanging, or any combination thereof.

[0420] L17 ‘L17’ may comprise a desalination feed intake, or seawater intake, or desalination feed pipe, or desalination feed or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, ‘L17’ may further comprise desalination pre-treatment systems or methods and / or pre-treated desalination feed pipe transferring pre-treated desalination feed into a desalination system or process. In some embodiments, it may be desirable for the desalination feed to be sourced or intake from an elevation sufficiently higher than the seabed to prevent substantial disturbance of the seabed, or formation of substantial sediments or solids or contaminants which may increase required desalination pre-treatment, or any combination thereof.

[0421] L8 ‘L8’ may comprise desalination brine, or a desalination brine outlet pipe, or a desalination brine discharge pipe, or desalination retentate, or desalination concentrate, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, it may be desirable for ‘L8’ to comprise diffusers or other systems or methods for facilitating the dissolution or distribution of desalination brine or concentrate. In some embodiments, it may be desirable for ‘L8’ to be located at an elevation sufficiently higher than the seabed to prevent substantial disturbance of the seabed, or formation of substantial sediments, or prevent substantial accumulation of brine on the seabed. In some embodiments, it may be desirable for ‘L8’ to be located a sufficient distance from the seawater intake or desalination feed intake to, for example, prevent or reduce a potential localized increase in salinity from the desalination brine from potentially undesirably substantially increasing the salinity of the desalination feed or the intake seawater.

[0422] L9 ‘L9’ may comprise desalination permeate, or freshwater, or desalinated water, or water with a lower salinity than desalination feed, or any combination thereof. ‘L9‘ may comprise a pipe transferring and / or fluidly connecting desalination permeate to a valve, ‘V5,‘ or to at least one or more subsea tanks or a lower elevation reservoir.

[0423] L10 ’L I O' may comprise desalination permeate, or freshwater, or desalinated water, or water with a lower salinity’ than desalination feed, or water, or any combination thereof,which may be transferred from a valve, V5, to a subsea pump, P2, or a subsea tank or lower elevation reservoir, T2, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, ‘LIO’ may comprise lower pressure desalinated water or water. In some embodiments, for example, ’LIO’ may comprise desalinated water or water with a pressure less than the pressure of desalination feed by a pressure greater than or equal to the difference in pressure required for desalination, or the osmotic pressure of the desalination feed, or the osmotic pressure difference between the desalination feed and desalination permeate, or any combination thereof.

[0424] Li l ‘LU ’ may comprise a pipe transferring desalination permeate, or freshwater, or desalinated water, or water with a lower salinity than desalination feed, or water, or any combination thereof from a valve, ‘V5’ to a pressure exchanger, ‘PX’. In some embodiments, ‘Li l’ may comprise lower pressure desalinated water or water. In some embodiments, for example, ‘LI 1 ’ may comprise desalinated water or water with a pressure less than the pressure of desalination feed by a pressure greater than or equal to the difference in pressure required for desalination, or the osmotic pressure of the desalination feed, or the osmotic pressure difference between the desalination feed and desalination permeate, or any combination thereof.

[0425] L12 ‘L12’ may comprise desalination permeate, or freshwater, or desalinated water, or water with a lower salinity than desalination feed, or any combination thereof transferred from a pressure exchanger, PX, to a low pressure difference pump, LPP1. ‘L12’ may comprise desalination permeate, or freshwater, or desalinated water, or water with a lower salinity than desalination feed, or any combination thereof after pressure exchanging with low density- fluid. In some embodiments, 'L12’ may be at a pressure near the internal pressure of the lower elevation reservoir or subsea tank, or at a pressure less than the pressure of the lower elevation reservoir or subsea tank by an amount about the same as the pressure losses or equivalent pressure losses of the pressure exchanger and / or related equipment. In some embodiments, for example, if the pressure of the low density fluid from the lower elevation reservoir may be 150 Bar, and the pressure of the desalinated water permeate may be 60 Bar, and the efficiency of the pressure exchanger may be 98%, the pressure losses or equivalent pressure losses may be about 1.8 Bar, or may be about 90 Bar (which may comprise 1 0 Bar - 60 Bar = 90 Bar) multiplied by the decimal efficiency losses of the pressure exchanger or about 0.02 (1 - 0.98 = 0.02) which may be about equal to 1.8 Bar.

[0426] LI 3 ‘L13’ may comprise desalination permeate, or freshwater, or desalinated water, or water ith a lower salinity than desalination feed, or water, or any combination thereof, which may be transferred from a low pressure difference pump, LPP2, to a lower elevation reservoir or subsea tank, T2.

[0427] L14 ‘L14’ may comprise desalination permeate, or freshwater, or desalinated water, or water with a lower salinity than desalination feed, or water, or any combination thereof, which may be transferred from a lower elevation reservoir, T2, to a valve, V6. For example, in some embodiments, ‘L14’ may comprise water displaced by low density fluid in the lower elevation reservoir or subsea tank, during or which may comprise, for example, charging or storing energy.

[0428] L15 ‘L15’ may comprise desalination permeate, or freshwater, or desalinated water, or water with a lower salinity7than desalination feed, or water, or any combination thereof, which may be transferred from a subsea pump, P2, to a valve, V6, or fluidly connected to a water outlet or water export pipe or pipeline, or any combination thereof.

[0429] L16 ‘L16’ may comprise a water export pipe or pipeline, or a desalinated water export pipe or pipeline, or water outlet, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, ‘LI 6’ may transfer water to storage, or to an application using or consuming water, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, it may be desirable to employ one or more subsea or surface pumping systems or methods, for example, if water may be transferred over a long distance, or elevation gain, or any combination thereof.

[0430] PX ‘PX’ may comprise a pressure exchanger, or subsea pressure exchanger, or power exchanger, or pressure extraction system or process, or pressure transfer system or process, or power transfer system or process, or a process or system for transferring kinetic energy or pressure or fluid power from a first fluid to a second fluid, or a process or system for transferring kinetic energy or pressure or fluid power from a second fluid to a first fluid, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, ‘PX’ may transfer pressure or power from a higher pressure low7density fluid transferred from the lower elevation reservoir, to a lower pressure desalination permeate water or water, forming a lower pressure low density fluid transferred to the higher elevation reservoir and a higher pressure desalination permeate w ater or water transferred to a low7pressure difference pump, LPP1, or a lower elevation reservoir or subsea tank, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, ‘PX’ may comprise, including, but not limited to, one or more or any combination of the following: a power extractor, or a generator, or a mechanical pressure exchanger, or a turbine, or a turbocharger pressure exchanger, or a PX pressure exchanger, or a rotary pressure exchanger, or a PX pressure exchanger system or process, or a pressure exchanger system, or a turbine pressure exchanger, or a mechanically coupled pressure exchanger, or a power exchanger, or a pump and a generator hydraulically interconnected, or a pump and a generator electrically interconnected, or any combination thereof.

[0431] Pl ‘PT may comprise a low density fluid pump. In some embodiments, ‘P l ’ may transfer or pump low7density fluid from a higher elevation reservoir or tank, Tl, to a valve, VI. Insome embodiments, ‘Pl’ may be located in the higher elevation region. In some embodiments, ‘Pl ’ may pump low density fluid from the higher elevation reservoir or higher elevation tank to the lower elevation tank or subsea tank to, for example, displace water or desalination permeate and / or power or supply energy or supply stored energy to the desalination system, or process or to power desalination, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, for example, the pressure difference provided by the low density fluid pump or ‘P 1 ’ may be about the same as or greater than the hydrostatic pressure of the freshwater or desalinated water at the elevation or depth of the subsea tank or the lower elevation reservoir, plus, for example, any pressure drop in, for example, the water export pipe or pipeline and / or the pressure difference between the hydrostatic pressure of low density fluid at the elevation or depth of the subsea tank or lower elevation reservoir, plus any pressure drop in. for example, the riser or pipe. In some embodiments, Pl may be powered by electricity or power provided by a dynamic power cable, or subsea power cable, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, Pl may be powered by electricity or mechanical power or power from on-board power. For example, in some embodiments, on-board power may comprise, for example, including, but not limited to, one or more or any combination of the following: nuclear power, or floating nuclear power plant, or combustion power plant, or natural gas power plant, or associated gas power plant, or diesel or oil power plant, or fossil fuel power plant, or renewable fuel power plant, or low carbon fuel power plant, or zero carbon fuel power plant, or hydrogen power plant, or ammonia power plant, or methanol power plant, or e-fuel power plant, or solar power, or wind power, or wave power, or tidal power, or ocean or marine or body of water kinetic energy power, or salinity power, or density difference power, or ocean thermal energy conversion power plant. In some embodiments, ‘Pl’ may operate or be powered when it may be desirable to store power or energy for desalination, such as, for example, including, but not limited to. one or more or any combination of the following: when electricity or power prices are lower, or when renewable energy is available, or when excess renewable energy is available, or when the CO2 intensity of electricity or power is lower, or when power is available, or when desired, or any combination thereof.

[0432] P2 ‘P2’ may comprise a subsea pump which may be fluidly connected to, for example, desalination permeate water, or desalinated water, or the desalination permeate side of a desalination process or system, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, for example, ‘P2’ may pump or transfer at least a portion of desalinated water from a desalination process or system to a valve, ‘V6‘, or water outlet or water export pipe or pipeline, ‘L16‘, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, ‘P2’ may be employed to ensure the desalination process operates continuously or at a high capacity factor or high utilization by, for example, enabling the desalination process or system to operate or produce desalinated water or desalinate desalinationfeed even if or while the energy storage system or process is charging or may be charging. In some embodiments, ‘P2’ may operate or be powered when it may be desirable to store power or energy for desalination, such as, for example, including, but not limited to, one or more or any combination of the following: when electricity or power prices are lower, or when renewable energy is available, or when excess renewable energy is available, or when the CO2 intensity of electricity or power is lower, or when power is available, or when desired, or any combination thereof.

[0433] LPP1 LPP1’ may comprise a low pressure difference pump, or low pressure difference subsea pump, or any combination thereof. ‘LPP1’ may increase the pressure of, or provide supplemental pressure to, or facilitate the transfer of, or any combination thereof the desalinated water or water following pressure exchange with low density fluid. For example, in some embodiments, LPP1 may provide pumping or pressure or supplemental pressure about the same as or greater than the pressure losses in the pressure exchanger or related systems or processes.

[0434] T1 ‘IT may comprise a higher elevation tank, or higher elevation reservoir, or higher elevation storage tank, or high elevation storage reservoir, or any combination thereof. ’Tl ’ may store low density fluid, or water, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, more than one higher elevation tank may be employed or the higher elevation reservoir may comprise one or more tanks.

[0435] T2 ‘T2’ may comprise a subsea tank, or lower elevation tank, or lower elevation reservoir, or lower elevation storage tank, or lower elevation storage reservoir, or lower elevation subsea tank, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, more than one T2 tank may be located subsea and / or may be interconnected or fluidly connected. T2 may store low density fluid, or water, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, more than one lower elevation tank may be employed or the lower elevation reservoir may comprise one or more tanks.

[0436] VI 'VI’ may comprise a valve which may transfer or direct low density fluid between L4 and L3 or L2.

[0437] V2 ‘V2’ may comprise a valve which may transfer or direct low' density fluid between L4 and L5 or L6.

[0438] V5 'V5' may comprise a valve which may transfer or direct desalination permeate, or freshwater, or desalinated water, or water w ith a lower salinity than desalination feed, or w ater, or any combination thereof to, for example, a subsea pressure exchanger, PX, or a subsea pump, P2, or a subsea tank or lower elevation reservoir, T2, or any combination thereof, for example, depending on the mode of operation of the system or process. A mode of operation may comprise, for example, including, but not limited to, one or more or any combination of the following:charging or discharging, or low density fluid displacing water in the lower elevation reservoir or subsea tank, or water displacing low density fluid in the lower elevation reservoir or subsea tank.

[0439] V6 ‘V5’ may comprise a valve which may transfer or direct desalination permeate, or freshwater, or desalinated water, or water with a lower salinity than desalination feed, or water, or any combination thereof from L 14 and / or LI 5 to LI 6.

[0440] El ‘EL may comprise a power cable, or power source, or subsea power cable, or submarine power cable, or an electrical cable, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, ‘El’ may power or provide power to a pump, or subsea pump, or subsea water pump, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, ‘El’ may be connected to a power source, or an electrical grid, or a power substation, or any combination thereof.

[0441] E2 ‘E2’ may comprise a dynamic power cable, or power source, or subsea power cable, or submarine power cable, or an electrical cable, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, ‘E2’ may transfer power from a lower elevation region to a higher elevation region. In some embodiments. ‘E2’ may power or provide power to a pump, or subsea pump, or subsea water pump, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments. ‘E2‘ may be connected to a power source, or an electrical grid, or a power substation, or any combination thereof.

[0442] E3 ‘E3’ may comprise a subsea power cable.

[0443] E4 ‘E4’ may comprise a subsea power cable.

[0444] RO ‘RO’ may comprise a desalination system or process. ‘RO’ may comprise a membrane based desalination system or process, or a pressure driven desalination system or process, or any combination thereof. ‘RO’, for example, may comprise a reverse osmosis desalination system or process. ‘RO’ may be located in the lower elevation region, or at an elevation about the same as or near the elevation of the lower elevation reservoir. ‘RO’ may be located subsea.

[0445] Near Surface ‘Near Surface’ may indicate a higher elevation. For example, in some embodiments, figure components above the ‘Near Surface’ line may be at a higher elevation, or an elevation about the same as the first reservoir. For example, in some embodiments, figure components above the ‘Near Surface’ line may comprise ‘Near Surface’ components.

[0446] In some embodiments, the equipment or components above the ‘Near Surface’ line may comprise an integrated vessel or platform or floating platform. For example, in some embodiments, the equipment or components above ‘Near Surface’ line may be moored using a spread mooring system, or a tension leg moored system or TLP, or a semisub mooring system, or a turret mooring system, or a disconnectable mooring system, or a disconnectable buoy mooring system, or any combination thereof. For example, in some embodiments, the equipment or components above ‘Near Surface’ line may comprise a floating storage vessel, or an FSO, or a ship-shaped vessel, ora semi-submersible vessel, or a Tension Leg Platform or TLP vessel, or a cylindrical storage vessel, or any combination thereof.

[0447] Seabed to Surface ‘Seabed to Surface’ may indicate an elevation between the lower elevation and a higher elevation. For example, in some embodiments, ‘Seabed to Surface’ may comprise an elevation lower than a higher elevation and higher than a lower elevation. For example, in some embodiments, ‘Seabed to Surface’ may comprise an elevation where risers or pipes transfer fluid between the higher elevation reservoir or first reservoir and the lower elevation reservoir or second reservoir. For example, in some embodiments, ‘Seabed to Surface’ may comprise an elevation where dynamic power cables or power cables transfer power between the higher elevation reservoir and the lower elevation reservoir.

[0448] Near Seabed ‘Near Seabed’ may indication a lower elevation. For example, in some embodiments, figure components below the ‘Near Seabed’ line may be at a lower elevation, or an elevation about the same as the second reservoir. For example, in some embodiments, figure components below the ‘Near Seabed’ line may comprise ‘Near Seabed’ components. In some embodiments, at least a portion of the ‘Near Seabed’ components may be skid mounted to, for example, facilitate installation.

[0449] Example Figure 35 - 36 Summary:

[0450] Figures 35 - 36 may comprise an embodiment employing a higher elevation reserv oir located subsea, or at least partially underneath or beneath the surface of a body of water, or submerged, or tether, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, for example, the higher elevation reservoir may be located at an elevation higher than or above the elevation of the lower elevation reservoir. In some embodiments, it may be desirable to locate the higher elevation reservoir below the surface of a body of water to, for example, due to. including, but not limited to, one or more or any combination of the following; reduce dynamic movements, or reduce potential fatigue, or reduce capital cost, or reduce potential riser fatigue, or enable the use of larger diameter pipes or risers, or reduce potential cable fatigue, or increase system or process lifespan, or reduce cost, or reduce potential biofouling, or reduce potential biofouling due to the potentially lower bioactivity at depths beneath the surface of a body of water due to, for example, lower light or dissolved oxygen. In some embodiments, the higher elevation reservoir may be tethered or suspended by a mooring, or anchor-line, or cable, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, it may be desirable to add ballast or other material or weight or density to reduce the upward buoyancy force of the higher elevation reservoir to, for example, reduce the cost, or required strength of cabling, or any combination thereof of, for example, tethering or suspending the higher elevation reservoir. In some embodiments, it may be desirable for the higher elevationreservoir to be at a depth sufficiently deep to avoid or prevent exposure to at least a portion of ocean or body of water kinetic energy, or surface waves, or storms, or any combination thereof.

[0451] In some embodiments, Figures 35 - 36 may employ a subsea pump, or subsea low density fluid pump, or any combination thereof.

[0452] In some embodiments, the labels in Figures 35 - 36 may be similar to Figures 31 - 32.

[0453] Example Figure 37 - 38 Summary:

[0454] Figures 37 - 38 may comprise an embodiment employing a higher elevation reservoir located subsea, or at least partially underneath or beneath the surface of a body of water, or submerged, or tether, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, for example, the higher elevation reservoir may be located at an elevation higher than or above the elevation of the lower elevation reservoir. In some embodiments, it may be desirable to locate the higher elevation reservoir below the surface of a body of water to, for example, due to, including, but not limited to, one or more or any combination of the following; reduce dynamic movements, or reduce potential fatigue, or reduce capital cost, or reduce potential riser fatigue, or enable the use of larger diameter pipes or risers, or reduce potential cable fatigue, or increase system or process lifespan, or reduce cost, or reduce potential biofouling, or reduce potential biofouling due to the potentially lower bioactivity at depths beneath the surface of a body of water due to, for example, lower light or dissolved oxygen. In some embodiments, the higher elevation reservoir may be tethered or suspended by a mooring, or anchor-line, or cable, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, it may be desirable to add ballast or other material or weight or density to reduce the upward buoyancy force of the higher elevation reservoir to, for example, reduce the cost, or required strength of cabling, or any combination thereof of, for example, tethering or suspending the higher elevation reservoir. In some embodiments, it may be desirable for the higher elevation reservoir to be at a depth sufficiently deep to avoid or prevent exposure to at least a portion of ocean or body of water kinetic energy, or surface waves, or storms, or any combination thereof.

[0455] In some embodiments, Figures 37 - 38 may employ a higher elevation pump, or higher elevation low density fluid pump, or any combination thereof.

[0456] In some embodiments, the labels in Figures 37 - 38 may be similar to Figures 5 - 6.Example Figures 39 - 44 Summary

[0457] Figures 39 - 44 may show a tank of a storage reservoir which may be configured to store low density fluid and high density fluid. Figures 39 - 42 may show7the changes in relative fluid amounts, or fluid-fluid interface level, or floating barrier or divider level, or barrier level, or plunger level, or any combination thereof during charging and discharging of some embodiments.

[0458] Figure 39 and 40 may provide ‘liquid-liquid interface’ as an example fluid-fluid interface. In some embodiments, fluid-fluid interfaces instead of, or in addition to, liquid-liquid interfacesmay be employed, and may, for example, include, but are not limited to, one or more or any combination of the following: liquid-liquid interfaces, or gas-liquid interfaces, or [solid-liquid] - liquid interfaces, or emulsion - liquid interfaces, or suspension - liquid interfaces, or suspension - suspension interfaces, or [solid-liquid] - [solid-liquid] interfaces, or gas-suspension interfaces, or gas - emulsion interfaces, or interfaces comprising at least one fluid comprising a supercritical fluid, or supercritical fluid - liquid interfaces.

[0459] Figure 39 and figure 40 may show a tank of a storage reservoir with a direct fluid-fluid interface or direct contact between the low density fluid and high density7fluid within a storage reservoir tank. In some embodiments, it may be desirable to employ tanks configured w ith a direct fluid-fluid interface when the system may be designed to have the high density fluid and low density fluid practically mutually insoluble, or have the high density fluid and low density fluid mutually nearly fully saturated at solubility limits, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, tanks configured with direct fluid-fluid interface may employ high density fluid and low7density fluid which are mutually soluble. In some embodiments, tanks configured with direct fluid-fluid interface employing a high density fluid and low density fluid which are mutually soluble may possess a stratification layer or cline layer or chemocline at the interface between the low7density fluid and high density fluid, which may comprise a varying concentration of high density fluid components and / or low' density fluid components depending on location or elevation within the stratification layer or cline layer or chemocline layer. In some embodiments a stratification layer and / or flow stability’ may be facilitated by diffusions, or laminar flow, or any combination thereof.

[0460] Figure 41 and Figure 42 may show' a tank of a storage reservoir with a divider or barrier which at least partially occupies a region which may otherw ise be occupied by a direct fluid-fluid interface within a storage reservoir tank. In some embodiments, a divider or barrier at a fluid-fluid interface or a hypothetical fluid-fluid interface may reduce the surface area of a direct fluid-fluid interface, or reduce the surface area by which a high density fluid is in direct contact with a low' density fluid, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, a divider or barrier at a fluidfluid interface or a hypothetical fluid-fluid interface may reduce the rate or amount of mixing between the low density fluid and / or high density fluid within a tank relative to embodiments with a direct fluid-fluid interface, which may reduce potential contamination of the high density fluid, or low density fluid, or both. In some embodiments, it may be desirable to employ at least a portion of a barrier or divider at a fluid-fluid interface between a high density fluid and low density fluid wherein the high density fluid may be at least a portion soluble in the low density fluid, or wherein the low density fluid may be at least a portion solution in the high density fluid, or any combination thereof.

[0461] Figure 43 and Figure 44 may comprise a tank or hydraulic cylinder configured to store low density fluid and high density fluid. In some embodiments, low density fluid may be stored in a first portion of the tank or hydraulic cylinder and the high density fluid may be stored in a second portion of the tank or hydraulic cylinder. In some embodiments, the first portion and second portion may be mechanically or hydraulically connected by a ‘Barrier’ or plunger. In some embodiments, if low density fluid is transferred into the first portion, then the ‘Barrier’ or plunger may move to displace high density fluid in the second portion. In some embodiments, if high density fluid is transferred into the second portion, then the ’Barrier’ or plunger may move to displace low density fluid in the first portion. In some embodiments, the tank or hydraulic cylinder may be of a fixed volume, and, for example, if low density fluid of a volume is transferred into the tank or hydraulic cylinder, high density fluid of about the same volume may be displaced or transferred out of the tank. In some embodiments, it may be desirable for the wetted surfaces of the first portion and second portion to remain wetted or in contact with their respective fluids during standard operating modes, which may reduce or prevent the mixing or transfer of low density fluid into the high density fluid, or high density fluid into the low density fluid, or any combination thereof.

[0462] In some embodiments, a portion of one or more chemical constituents of the higher density fluid may dissolve in the lower density fluid. It may be desirable to regenerate or otherwise remove said one or more chemical constituents of the higher density fluid from the lower density fluid. It may be desirable to employ systems for regenerating or otherwise removing said one or more chemical constituents of the higher density fluid from the lower density fluid using one or more or a combination of separation methods or processes.

[0463] In some embodiments, a portion of one or more chemical constituents of the lower density fluid may dissolve in the higher density fluid. It may be desirable to regenerate or otherwise remove said one or more chemical constituents of the lower density fluid from the higher density fluid. It may be desirable to employ systems for regenerating or otherwise removing said one or more chemical constituents of the lower density fluid from the higher density7fluid using one or more or a combination of separation methods or processes.Example Figures 39 - 44 KeyExample Figures 39 - 44 Step-by-Step Description

[0464] In some embodiments, at least a portion of low density fluid may be transferred into the top region of a tank, displacing at least a portion of high density fluid below the low density fluid, wherein at least a portion of the displaced high density fluid may exit from the bottom region of the tank. The position of the fluid-fluid interface or hypothetical fluid-fluid interface within the tank may change as at least a portion of low density fluid may enter the tank and at least a portion of high density fluid may be displaced. For example, the position or elevation of the fluid-fluid interface or hypothetical fluid-fluid interface may decrease. If a barrier or divider may be present, the position of the barrier or divider may change and / or match or nearly match the change in position or elevation of the fluid-fluid interface or hypothetical fluid-fluid interface.

[0465] In some embodiments, at least a portion of high density fluid may be transferred into the bottom region of a tank, displacing at least a portion of low density fluid above the high density fluid, wherein at least a portion of low density7fluid may exit from the top region of the tank. The position of the fluid-fluid interface or hypothetical fluid-fluid interface within the tank may change as high density fluid may enter the tank and low density7fluid may be displaced. For example, the position or elevation of the fluid-fluid interface or hypothetical fluid-fluid interface may increase. If a barrier or divider may be present, the position of the barrier or divider may change and / or match or nearly match the change in position or elevation of the fluid-fluid interface or hypothetical fluid-fluid interface.Figure 45 and Figure 46 Example Summary

[0466] Figures 45 and 46 may comprise a process or system for desalinating water comprising a higher elevation reservoir and a lower elevation reservoir, wherein the higher elevation reservoir may be configured to store high density fluid. In some embodiments, desalination may beconducted by allow at least a portion of high density fluid from the higher elevation reservoir to transfer into the lower elevation reservoir to pressurize and / or displace at least a portion of low density fluid, which may comprise seawater or treated seawater or desalination feed, and transfer at least a portion of said displaced low density fluid into a desalination system or process, forming at least a portion of desalination permeate, which may comprise desalinated water, and I or desalination retentate or concentrate. Figures 45 and 46 may show an embodiment employing a subsea pump fluidly connected to the high density fluid. Figure 45 may show the system or process charging. Figure 46 may show the system or process discharging or desalinating water.

[0467] It may be important to note that, in some embodiments, two or more subsea tanks may be employed. In some embodiments, the operating mode shown in Figure 45 may be conducted or may occur in at least one tank, while, for example the operating mode shown in Figure 46 may be conducted or may occur in another tank simultaneously. In some embodiments, the operating modes of tanks may be swapped. For example, in some embodiments, the operating modes of tanks may be swapped to, for example, enable desalination to be conducted continuously.

[0468] Figure 45 and Figure 46 Example Figure KeyFigure 47 and Figure 48 Example Summary

[0469] Figures 47 and 48 may comprise a process or system for desalinating water comprising a higher elevation reservoir and a lower elevation reservoir, wherein the higher elevation reservoir may be configured to store high density fluid. In some embodiments, desalination may be conducted by allow at least a portion of high density fluid from the higher elevation reservoir to transfer into the lower elevation reservoir to pressurize and / or displace at least a portion of low density fluid, which may comprise seawater or treated seawater or desalination feed, and transfer at least a portion of said displaced low density fluid into a desalination system or process, forming at least a portion of desalination permeate, which may comprise desalinated water, and / or desalination retentate or concentrate. Figures 47 and 48 may show an embodiment employing a subsea pump fluidly connected to the low density fluid, or seawater intake, or desalination feed, or treated desalination feed, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, low density fluid may be pumped or otherwise transferred into the lower elevation reservoir or subsea tank and / or displace high density' fluid in the lower elevation reservoir or subsea tank. Figure 47 may show the system or process charging. Figure 48 may show the system or process discharging or desalinating water.

[0470] It may be important to note that, in some embodiments, two or more subsea tanks may be employed. In some embodiments, the operating mode shown in Figure 47 may be conducted or may occur in at least one tank, while, for example the operating mode shown in Figure 48 may be conducted or may occur in another tank simultaneously. In some embodiments, the operating modes of tanks may be swapped. For example, in some embodiments, the operating modes of tanks may be swapped to, for example, enable desalination to be conducted continuously.

[0471] Figure 47 and Figure 48 Example Figure Key

[0472] Figure 49 and Figure 50 Example Summary

[0473] Figures 49 and 50 may comprise a process or system for desalinating water comprising a higher elevation reservoir and a lower elevation reservoir, wherein the higher elevation reservoir may be configured to store high density fluid. In some embodiments, desalination may be conducted by allow at least a portion of high density7fluid from the higher elevation reservoir to transfer into the lower elevation reservoir to pressurize and / or displace at least a portion of low density fluid, which may comprise seawater or treated seawater or desalination feed, and transfer at least a portion of said displaced low density^ fluid into a desalination system or process, forming at least a portion of desalination permeate, which may comprise desalinated water, and / or desalination retentate or concentrate. Figures 49 and 50 may show an embodiment employing a pump fluidly connected to the low density fluid, or seawater intake, or desalination feed, or treated desalination feed, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, low density fluid may be pumped or otherwise transferred into the lower elevation reservoir or subsea tank and / or displace high density7fluid in the lower elevation reservoir or subsea tank. In some embodiments, Figures 49 and 50 may show a pump located in the higher elevation region, or at an elevation about the same as the higher elevation reservoir, or any combination thereof and / or may show desalination feed pretreatment located in the higher elevation region. Figure 49 may show the system or process charging. Figure 50 may show the system or process discharging or desalinating water.

[0474] It may be important to note that, in some embodiments, two or more subsea tanks may be employed. In some embodiments, the operating mode shown in Figure 49 may be conducted or may occur in at least one tank, while, for example the operating mode shown in Figure 50 may be conducted or may occur in another tank simultaneously. In some embodiments, the operating modes of tanks may be swapped. For example, in some embodiments, the operating modes of tanks may be swapped to, for example, enable desalination to be conducted continuously.Figure 49 and Figure 50 Example Figure KeyEXAMPLE FIGURE STEP BY STEP DESCRIPTIONS

[0475] Figures 1 - 4 Example Step-by-Step Description

[0476] Step 1 : Low Density Fluid Displaces Desalinated Water in the Subsea Tank

[0477] A valve in the desalinated water or desalination permeate pipe ('8’) between the lower elevation reservoir (‘2’) and the reverse osmosis desalination system (‘RO’) may be closed, and a valve between the higher elevation reservoir (‘1’) and the pump (‘ 3 ’) may open in the pipe between ‘ 1 ’ and ‘3’. and the valve in the pipe between ‘ 1 ’ and the dynamic pipe or riser (£4‘) bypassing the ‘3’ may be closed, and a valve in the pipe between the higher elevation region and ‘4’ may be open.

[0478] Low density fluid may be pumped (‘3’) from a higher elevation reservoir (‘ 1 ’), through the dynamic pipe or riser (£4‘), into a lower elevation reservoir or subsea tank (‘2’), displacingdesalinated water from the lower elevation reservoir or subsea tank (‘2’) into a desalinated water export pipeline (‘9’).

[0479] Before pumping is initiated, it may be desirable to close a valve in the desalinated water or desalination permeate pipe (‘8’) between ‘RO’ and ‘2’ to, for example, prevent the transfer of pumping pressure to the desalination permeate.

[0480] The internal pressure of the lower elevation reservoir (‘2’) in step 1 may be, for example, about the same as, or equal to, or greater than, or any combination thereof the gravitational hydrostatic pressure of the desalinated water at the water depth of the lower elevation reservoir (‘2’) and / or plus any pressure drop associated with transferring desalinated water through the desalinated water export pipeline (‘9’).

[0481] Step 2: Desalinated Water Displaces Low Density Fluid in the Subsea Tank

[0482] A valve in the desalinated water or desalination permeate pipe ('8’) between the lower elevation reservoir (‘2’) and the reverse osmosis desalination system (‘RO’) may be opened, and a valve between the higher elevation reservoir (‘ 1’) and the pump (‘3’) may closed in the pipe between ‘ 1’ and ‘3’. and the valve in the pipe between ‘ 1 ’ and the dynamic pipe or riser (‘4’) bypassing the ‘3’ may be open, and a valve in the pipe between the higher elevation region and ‘4’ may be open.

[0483] Due to, for example, the opening of the valve in the pipe (‘4’) between the lower elevation reservoir (‘2’) and the higher elevation reservoir (‘1’), the internal pressure of the lower elevation reservoir or subsea tank may decrease to a pressure about the same as the gravitational hydrostatic pressure of the low density fluid at the depth of the lower elevation reservoir or subsea tank (‘2’) and / or the gravitational hydrostatic pressure the elevation difference between the higher elevation reservoir and the lower elevation reservoir.

[0484] A pressure difference may exist between the seawater adjacent to the lower elevation reservoir at about the same elevation or seawater desalination feed (‘6’) and the internal pressure inside the lower elevation reservoir. The pressure of the desalination permeate pipe (‘8’) may be about the same as the internal pressure of the lower elevation reservoir (‘2’) when, for example, the valve in the desalinated water or desalination permeate pipe (‘8’) between the lower elevation reservoir (‘2’) and the reverse osmosis desalination system (‘RO’) may be opened. The pressure difference between ‘6’ and ‘8’ or ‘2’ may be greater than the osmotic pressure of seawater and / or sufficient to drive or power the desalination of the seawater.

[0485] For example, seawater desalination feed (‘6’) may flow into the reverse osmosis desalination system (‘RO’) at a pressure about the same as the gravitational hydrostatic pressure of seawater at the depth or elevation of the seawater intake, or the RO. Tn the RO, water in the seawater desalination feed may permeate the semi-permeable desalination membrane while therejecting at least a portion of the dissolved salts, which may result in the formation of a permeate C 8’ ) comprising desalinated water at about the same pressure as the internal pressure of the lower elevation reservoir (‘2’) and a retentate or concentrate comprising a concentrated solution of at least a portion of said rejected dissolved salts which may be at about the same pressure as the gravitational hydrostatic pressure adjacent seawater or body of water at the same depth or elevation as RO (‘7’) if released at about the same elevation or depth as RO. Said permeate transfer through a pipe (‘8’) into the lower elevation reservoir ('2’) displacing low density fluid in the lower elevation reservoir (‘2’). Said displaced low density fluid may transfer through the low density fluid pipe between the lower elevation reservoir and higher elevation reservoir (‘4’) into the higher elevation reservoir (‘ 1 ’).

[0486] In some embodiment, low pressure difference subsea pumps may be employed to facilitate the flow of fluid or liquid. For example, a low pressure difference subsea pump may be employed to pump or transfer the retentate or concentrate from ‘RO’ through ‘7’ into the ocean or body of water.

[0487] Figures 5 - 6 Example Step-by-Step Description

[0488] Step 1 : Low Density Fluid Displaces Desalinated Water in T3, while Desalinated Water Displaces Low Density Fluid in T2

[0489] VI opens to L4, closes to L3. V2 opens to L7 and closes to L6. V3 opens to L4, closes to L6, and allows low density fluid to flow in L8 from the higher elevation region (‘Near Surface’) to the lower elevation region (‘Near Seabed’) or from T1 to T3. V4 opens to L7, closes to L3, and allows low7density7fluid to flow in L9 from the lower elevation region (‘Near Seabed’) to the higher elevation region (‘Near Surface') or from T2 to Tl. V5 is open to L12, closes to L13, and opens to L14, allowing desalination permeate to transfer from RO to T2. V6 is open to L17, closes to L16, and opens to L15, allowing desalinated water to transfer from T3 to L17.

[0490] Due to, for example, the opening of the V4 to L7 and / or the opening of V2 to L7, the internal pressure of T2 may decrease to a pressure about the same as the gravitational hydrostatic pressure of the low density fluid at the depth of T2 and / or the gravitational hydrostatic pressure the elevation difference T2 and Tl and / or plus any pressure drop associated with displacing or transferring low density fluid. Due to, for example, the opening of the V3 to L4 and / or the opening of VI to L4 and the applied pressure or pressure increase provided by Pl, the internal pressure of T3 may increase to a pressure about the same as the gravitational hydrostatic pressure of the desalinated water at the depth of T3 and / or the gravitational hydrostatic pressure due to the elevation difference between T3 and Tl and / or plus any pressure drop associated with displacing or transferring desalinated water.

[0491] Seawater or seawater desalination feed (‘L10‘) may flow into the reverse osmosis desalination system (‘RO’). For example, seawater desalination feed (‘LIO’) may flow into the reverse osmosis desalination system (‘RO’) at a pressure about the same as the gravitational hydrostatic pressure of seawater at the depth or elevation of the seawater intake, or the RO. In the RO, water in the seawater desalination feed may permeate the semi-permeable desalination membrane while the rejecting at least a portion of the dissolved salts, which may result in the formation of a permeate (‘L 12’) comprising desalinated water at about the same pressure as the internal pressure of T2 and aretentate or concentrate comprising a concentrated solution of at least a portion of said rejected dissolved salts which may be at about the same pressure as the gravitational hydrostatic pressure adjacent seawater or body of water at the same depth or elevation as RO (‘LI 1 ’) if released at about the same elevation or depth as RO. Said permeate (‘L12’) may transfer through a pipe (’Ll 2’) through V5, through a pipe (‘V14’), and into T2, displacing low density fluid in T2. Said displaced low density' fluid may transfer through the low density' fluid pipe between T2 and V4 (‘L9’), through a valve (‘V4’), through a pipe (‘L7’), through a valve (‘V2’), through a pipe (‘L5’), and into Tl.

[0492] Low density fluid may be pumped (‘Pl’) from Tl, through a pipe (‘L2’), through a valve (‘VI ’) through a pipe (‘L4’), through a valve (‘V3’), through the low' density' fluid pipe between V3 and T3 (‘L8’), and into T3, displacing desalinated water from T3 into a pipe (‘L15’), through a valve (‘V6’), and into a desalinated water export pipeline (‘L17’).

[0493] In some embodiment, low pressure difference subsea pumps may be employed to facilitate the flow of fluid or liquid. For example, a low' pressure difference subsea pump may be employed to pump or transfer the retentate or concentrate from ‘RO’, through ‘LI 1 ’, and into the ocean or body of w ater.

[0494] Potential Example Simplified Description of Step 1 :

[0495] Desalinated water permeate is generated by the reverse osmosis system due to the pressure difference between the seawater desalination feed and the internal pressure of T2, and said generated desalinated water displaces low' density' fluid from T2. Said displaced low density fluid transfers through or travels through a pipe into TL

[0496] Low density fluid is pumped from Tl to T3, displacing desalinated water in T3. Said displaced desalinated water transfers into a water export pipe or pipeline.

[0497] Step 2: Low' Density' Fluid Displaces Desalinated Water in T2, while Desalinated WaterDisplaces Low Density Fluid in T3

[0498] VI opens to L3, closes to L4. V2 opens to L6 and closes to L7. V3 opens to L6, closes to L4, and allows low density fluid to flow in L8 from the lower elevation region (’Near Seabed’) to the higher elevation region (‘Near Surface’) or from T3 to TL V4 opens to L3, closes to L7, andallows low density fluid to flow in L9 from the higher elevation region ("Near Surface’) to the lower elevation region ("Near Seabed’) or from T1 to T2. V5 is open to L12, closes to L14, and opens to L13, allowing desalination permeate to transfer from RO to T3. V6 is open to L17, closes to L15, and opens to L16, allowing desalinated water to transfer from T3 to L17.

[0499] Due to, for example, the opening of the V3 to L6 and / or the opening of V2 to L6, the internal pressure of T3 may decrease to a pressure about the same as the gravitational hydrostatic pressure of the low densify fluid at the depth of T3 and / or the gravitational hydrostatic pressure the elevation difference T3 and T1 and / or plus any pressure drop associated with displacing or transferring low densify fluid. Due to, for example, the opening of the V4 to L3 and I or the opening of VI to L3 and the applied pressure or pressure increase provided by Pl, the internal pressure of T2 may increase to a pressure about the same as the gravitational hydrostatic pressure of the desalinated water at the depth of T2 and / or the gravitational hydrostatic pressure due to the elevation difference between T2 and T1 and / or plus any pressure drop associated with displacing or transferring desalinated water.

[0500] Seawater or seawater desalination feed (‘LIO’) may flow into the reverse osmosis desalination system (‘RO’). For example, seawater desalination feed (‘LIO’) may flow into the reverse osmosis desalination system (‘RO’) at a pressure about the same as the gravitational hydrostatic pressure of seawater at the depth or elevation of the seawater intake, or the RO. In the RO, water in the seawater desalination feed may permeate the semi-permeable desalination membrane while the rejecting at least a portion of the dissolved salts, which may result in the formation of a permeate (‘L12’) comprising desalinated water at about the same pressure as the internal pressure of T3 and aretentate or concentrate comprising a concentrated solution of at least a portion of said rejected dissolved salts which may be at about the same pressure as the gravitational hydrostatic pressure adjacent seawater or body of water at the same depth or elevation as RO (‘LI 1 ’) if released at about the same elevation or depth as RO. Said permeate (‘L12’) may transfer through a pipe (‘L12’) through V5, through a pipe (‘V13’), and into T3, displacing low densify fluid in T3. Said displaced low densify fluid may transfer through the low densify fluid pipe between T3 and V3 (‘L8’), through a valve (‘V3’). through a pipe (‘L6’). through a valve (‘V2’), through a pipe (‘L5’), and into Tl.

[0501] Low densify fluid may be pumped (‘Pl ’) from Tl, through a pipe (‘L2’), through a valve (‘VI’) through a pipe (‘L3’), through a valve (‘V4’), through the low densify fluid pipe between V4 and T2 (‘L9’), and into T2, displacing desalinated water from T2 into a pipe (‘L16‘), through a valve (‘V6’), and into a desalinated water export pipeline (‘L 17 ’).

[0502] In some embodiment, low pressure difference subsea pumps may be employed to facilitate the flow of fluid or liquid. For example, a low pressure difference subsea pump may beI l lemployed to pump or transfer the retentate or concentrate from ‘RO', through ‘LI 1’, and into the ocean or body of water.

[0503] Potential Example Simplified Description of Step 2:

[0504] Desalinated water permeate is generated by the reverse osmosis system due to the pressure difference between the seawater desalination feed and the internal pressure of T3, and said generated desalinated water displaces low density fluid from T3. Said displaced low density fluid transfers through or travels through a pipe into Tl.

[0505] Low density fluid is pumped from Tl to T2, displacing desalinated water in T2. Said displaced desalinated water transfers into a w ater export pipe or pipeline.

[0506] Figures 7 - 10 Example Step-by-Step Description

[0507] Step 1: Low Density Fluid Displaces Desalinated Water in the Subsea Tank

[0508] A valve in the desalinated water or desalination permeate pipe (‘8’) between the lower elevation reservoir (‘2’) and the reverse osmosis desalination system (‘RO’) may be closed, and a valve between the higher elevation reservoir (‘ 1 ') and the pump (‘ 3 ’) may open in the pipe between ‘ 1 ’ and ‘3’. and the valve in the pipe between ‘ 1 ’ and the dynamic pipe or riser (‘4’) bypassing the ‘3’ may be closed, and a valve in the pipe between the higher elevation region and ’4’ may be open, and a valve in the pipe between the lower elevation region and ‘9’ may be open, and a valve in the desalinated water export pipe or pipeline ‘ 10’ may be closed.

[0509] Low density fluid may be pumped (‘3') from a higher elevation reservoir (‘ 1 ’), through the dynamic pipe or riser (‘4’), into the lower elevation reservoir or subsea tank (‘2’). displacing desalinated water from the lower elevation reservoir or subsea tank (‘2’) through a dynamic pipe or riser (‘9’), and into the higher elevation reser oir (‘ 1 ’).

[0510] Before pumping is initiated, it may be desirable to close a valve in the desalinated water or desalination permeate pipe (‘8’) between ‘RO’ and ‘2’ to, for example, prevent the transfer of pumping pressure to the desalination permeate.

[0511] The internal pressure of the lower elevation reservoir (‘2’) in step 1 may be, for example, about the same as, or equal to, or greater than, or any combination thereof the gravitational hydrostatic pressure of the desalinated water at the water depth of the lower elevation reservoir (‘2’) and / or plus any pressure drop associated with transferring desalinated water through the pipe or dynamic pipe or riser pipe (‘9’) into the higher elevation reservoir (‘ 1 ’).

[0512] Step 2: Desalinated Water Displaces Low Density7Fluid in the Subsea Tank

[0513] A valve in the desalinated water or desalination permeate pipe (‘8’) between the lower elevation reservoir (‘2’) and the reverse osmosis desalination system (‘RO’) may be opened, and a valve between the higher elevation reservoir (‘ I ’) and the pump (‘3’) may closed in the pipe between ‘ 1’ and ‘3’, and the valve in the pipe between ‘1 ’ and the dynamic pipe or riser (‘4’)bypassing the ‘3’ may be open, and a valve in the pipe between the higher elevation region and ‘4’ may be open, and a valve in the pipe between the lower elevation region and ‘9’ may be closed, and a valve in the desalinated water export pipe or pipeline ' 10’ may be open.

[0514] Due to, for example, the opening of the valve in the pipe (‘4’) between the lower elevation reservoir (‘2’) and the higher elevation reservoir (‘ 1’), the internal pressure of the lower elevation reservoir or subsea tank may decrease to a pressure about the same as the gravitational hydrostatic pressure of the low density fluid at the depth of the lower elevation reservoir or subsea tank (‘2’) and / or the gravitational hydrostatic pressure the elevation difference between the higher elevation rese...

Claims

What is claimed is:

1. A process for desalination comprising: providing a fluidly connected first reservoir, second reservoir, and desalination membrane wherein the desalination membrane has a permeate side and a desalination feed side; exposing the permeate side of the desalination membrane to hydrostatic pressure of a low density fluid in the second reservoir; exposing the desalination feed side of the desalination membrane to hydrostatic pressure of a body of water in need of desalination; allowing at least a portion of the water in the body of water in need of desalination to permeate the desalination membrane from the desalination feed side to the desalination permeate side forming a desalination permeate; and allowing a transfer of the desalination permeate into the second reservoir to displace at least a portion of the low density fluid in the second reservoir and transfer the low density fluid from the second reservoir to a first reservoir; wherein the elevation of the first reservoir is above the elevation of the second reservoir.

2. The process of claim 1 wherein the desalination membrane comprises a reverse osmosis membrane or a nanofiltration membrane.

3. The process of claim 1 wherein the desalination membrane is located at an elevation that is about the same as the elevation of the second reservoir.

4. The process of claim 1 further comprising regenerating the process, wherein the regenerating comprises: pumping low density fluid into the second reservoir to displace desalinated water in the second reservoir; and transferring said desalinated water displaced from the second reservoir to an application for desalinated w ater.

5. The process of claim 1 wherein the hydrostatic pressure of low density fluid is less than the hydrostatic pressure of the body of water and wherein the pressure difference is greater than an osmotic pressure of desalination feed.

6. The process of claim 5 wherein the hydrostatic pressure of the low7density fluid includes pressure loss due to the transfer of the low density fluid.

7. The process of claim 1 wherein the hydrostatic pressure of the body of water includes pressure loss due to a transfer or a pretreatment of the body of water in need of desalination.

8. The process of claim 1 wherein a pipe or a riser pipe transfers low density fluid between the first reservoir and second reservoir.

9. The process of claim 1 wherein the low density fluid has a solubility in water of less than 1 gram of low density fluid per 100 grams of water.

10. The process of claim 1 wherein the body of water comprises a sea or ocean.

11. The process of claim 1 wherein the elevation difference between the first reservoir and second reservoir is greater than or equal to 500 meters.

12. The process of claim 1 wherein the desalination feed comprises seawater, produced water,brine, saline water, brackish water, or any mixture thereof.

13. The process of claim 1 wherein the low density fluid comprises n-butane.

14. A process for hydrostatic desalination comprising: producing desalinated water by allowing desalinated water from a desalination process to displace at least a portion of a low density fluid from a second reservoir into a first reservoir; and exporting at least a portion of the desalinated water from the second reservoir by transferring the low density fluid from the first reservoir into the second reservoir to displace at least a portion of the desalinated water in the second reservoir; wherein said first reservoir is located subsea; and wherein said second reservoir is located above the first reservoir.

15. A system for desalination comprising: a first storage reservoir configured to be near the surface of a body of water and configured to store a low density fluid; a second storage reservoir operably connected to the first storage reservoir wherein the second storage reservoir is configured to be located below the surface of the body of water; and a desalination system operatively coupled to the second reservoir; and a water export pipeline operably connected to the second reservoir; wherein the system is configured such that: desalinated water is produced by allowing a desalination permeate from the desalination system to displace a low density fluid in the second reservoir and transfer the low density fluid from the second reservoir to the first reservoir: anddesalinated water is exported by transferring low density fluid from the first reservoir into the second reservoir to displace desalinated water from the second reservoir into the water export pipeline.

16. The system of claim 15 wherein the low density fluid comprises a liquid with a density at 20°C which is less than the density of water at 20°C.

17. The system of claim 15 further comprising a pump fluidly connected to the low density fluid.

18. The system of claim 17 wherein the pump is located at an elevation about the same as the first storage reservoir.

19. The system of claim 17 wherein the pump is located at an elevation about the same as the second storage reservoir.

20. The system of claim 15 wherein the water export pipeline is configured to transfer said displaced desalinated water from the second reservoir to an application for desalinated water.

21. The system of claim 20 further comprising a pump fluidly connected to the desalinated water export pipeline to transfer desalinated water from the second reservoir and allow low density fluid to displace desalinated water in the second reservoir.

22. The system of claim 1 wherein the second reservoir comprises a first tank and a second tank.

23. The system of claim 22 wherein the desalination permeate displaces low density7fluid in the first tank and wherein low density fluid displaces desalination permeate in the second tank.

24. The system of claim 23 wherein said displacing in the first tank is conducted simultaneously to said displacing in the second tank.

25. The system of claim 23 wherein an operating mode of the first tank and second tank are periodically swapped such that low density fluid displaces desalination permeate in the first tank; and wherein desalination permeate displaces low density fluid in the second tank.

26. The system of claim 25 wherein said periodic swapping is configured to enable continuous desalination.

27. The system of claim 25 wherein said periodic swapping is configured to occur when a volume of low7density fluid or desalinated water in the first tank, or second tank, or both reach a predetermined percentage of tank volumetric capacity.

28. The system of claim 27 wherein the predetermined percentage of tank volumetric capacity7is greater than about 70 volume percentage of tank volumetric capacity.

29. The system of claim 15 wherein the desalination system comprises a reverse osmosis membrane.

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