Animal feed additive

Abstract

The invention relates to an additive for animal feed and its uses, said additive consisting of a compound corresponding to the following formula: in which R1 is chosen from the C1-11 alkyl groups; R2 is chosen from the C1-20 alkyl groups; CmH2m-OR4; CmH2m-NHR4 where R4 is chosen from H and C1-11 C(O)-alkyl and m is equal to 0 or represents an integer from 1 to 11; R3 is chosen from H and the C1-20 alkyl groups; n is equal to 0 or represents an integer from 1 to 10; and k represents an integer from 1 to 10; or in a salt of said compound.

Description

Title of the invention: Additive for animal nutrition

[0001] The present invention relates to an additive for animal nutrition.

[0002] Animal production depends on the use of appropriate, high-quality feed. Additives are compounds intended to be incorporated into this feed to give it improved properties, both in terms of the feed itself and with regard to the animals thus fed, or even the food products obtained from them. Among the additives for animal nutrition are compounds that favorably influence the preservation, presentation, handling, and palatability of this feed. There are also nutritional compounds such as vitamins, amino acids, and trace elements, as well as agents that improve the digestibility and bioavailability of substances contained in the feed or in the additives.

[0003] European regulations [Regulation (EC) No 1831 / 2003] prohibit the use of antibiotics, which has encouraged the development of natural substitutes with antibacterial properties. Organic acids, long used in food preservation, constitute an alternative whose use is becoming widespread in animal nutrition, and in particular butyric acid, lactic acid, propionic acid, acetic acid, and formic acid. They are used as additives in animal nutrition for the preservation of animal feed and its bacterial decontamination, but also in animal feed and drinking water, for their nutritional and health benefits. Thus, butyric acid possesses both nutritional qualities and antibacterial properties that can act on the animal's gastrointestinal flora. Lactic acid is a bacteriostatic agent used as an additive.The drawback encountered by many active molecules is their fragility in relation to the environment of the animal digestive system. As a result, they are released prematurely in the upper part of the intestine where they cross the intestinal barrier and quickly reach the blood, before they can exert their beneficial effects on the intestinal flora in the lower part of the intestine.

[0004] A protected form of butyric acid, tributyrin, or butyric acid triglyceride, is commercially available. It provides butyric acid in a form that is at least partially resistant to the aggressive conditions of the stomach.

[0005] Document CN 103082094 A provides a solution with a mixed triglyceride whose structure represented below combines two molecules of lactic acid and one molecule of butyric acid carried by an esterified glycerol molecule,

[0006] [Chem. 10]

[0007] and which allows the progressive release of both butyric acid and lactic acid into the gastrointestinal tract of animals.

[0008] Just like tributyrin, it is observed that the release of lactic acid and / or butyric acid molecules occurs mainly in the upper part of the intestine and that only a tiny fraction of these molecules reach the lower part of the intestine.

[0009] The administration of butyric acid and lactic acid, in the form of a triglyceride as mentioned above, provides a starting point for a solution.

[0010] But to date, there is a real need to have these molecules in particular, but also many other molecules, of the carboxylic acid type, of small size, having favorable effects on the microbiota, in a form which allows them to access the lower part of the intestine in order to exert their favorable effect on the intestinal flora.

[0011] This is the problem that the present invention solves by providing a compound corresponding to the formula below:

[0012] [Chem.l] R1C (O HO-(CH2)n-CH (R2)-C(O)]kOR3,

[0013] in which

[0014] RI is chosen from among the alkyl groups in Cm;

[0015] R2 is chosen from the alkyl groups C1_20; CmH2m-OR4 and CmH2m-NHR4 where R4 is chosen from H and C(O)-alkyl in Cmi and m is equal to 0 or represents an integer from 1 to H;

[0016] R3 is chosen from H and the alkyl groups C, 20;

[0017] n is equal to 0 or represents an integer from 1 to 10; and

[0018] k represents an integer from 1 to 10;

[0019] or in a salt of said compound.

[0020] Thus the present invention relates to an additive for animal feed consisting of a compound as defined above.

[0021] It has indeed been demonstrated that this compound, on the one hand, manages to reach the part lower part of the animal's intestine, having resisted the conditions residing in the entire part of the gastrointestinal tract up to the cecum, and on the other hand, allows the transported molecules to exert their benefits on the intestinal flora.

[0022] Before discussing the various objects of the invention in more detail, certain terms used in this text are defined.

[0023] A salt of the compound of formula [Chem 1] of the invention may be a salt of a carboxylic group of said compound to obtain a carboxylate group, a salt of a hydroxyl group, a salt of an amine group. It may be a combination of these possibilities.

[0024] By alkyl, we mean a CxH2x+i radical, aliphatic, which may comprise one or more non-aromatic rings; it may be linear or branched; by branched alkyl radical, we mean a linear alkyl radical in which one or more carbon atoms are substituted by an alkyl group as defined above and which is itself linear or branched.

[0025] In the definition of R2 in formula [Chem 1] above, it must be understood that when it represents a CmH2m-OR4 or CmH2m-NHR4 group, the bond to the carbon bearing R2 is established at the level of the Cm carbon of the CmH2m-OR4 or CmH2m-NHR4 group.

[0026] A compound of the invention corresponds to the formula [Chem 1] as defined above and in which one or more asymmetric carbon atoms may be present; it is understood according to the invention that the term "compound" covers all enantiomers of said compound, alone or in mixture.

[0027] A premix for animal nutrition, also called a premix, is a mixture of additives or a mixture of one or more additives with raw materials for animal feed or water used as a carrier, which are not intended for direct feeding of animals.

[0028] Thus, the invention provides an additive for animal nutrition consisting of a compound corresponding to the formula [Chem 1] above, or one of its salts.

[0029] When the compound of formula [Chem 1] is in salt form, it is advantageously a salt selected from alkali metal salts, alkaline earth metal salts, transition metal salts, ammonium salts, and salts of ammonium derivatives. Advantageously, salts of Li, Na, K, Ca, Zn, Cu, Ni, Fe, Mn, Mg, and Ag are selected.

[0030] It was unexpectedly discovered that the structure of the compound of formula [Chem 1] exhibits both stability against the deleterious environment of the animal's digestive system and allows the release of active molecules in the lower part of the intestine where they will exert their beneficial effect on the intestinal microbiota.

[0031] Another advantage of a compound (1) of the invention is that it combines several molecules, identical or different, of interest in animal nutrition. For example, it may contain molecules of butyric acid, valeric acid, and lactic acid, which are molecules well known for their beneficial effects on intestinal microorganisms.

[0032] Thus, according to advantageous embodiments of the invention which can be considered alone or in combination, it provides additives which consist respectively of the following compounds: - a compound corresponding to the formula [Chem 1] in which RI is chosen from the methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl groups; - a compound corresponding to the formula [Chem 1] in which R2 is chosen from the methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl and hexyl groups; OH; and the OC(O)-methyl, OC(O)-ethyl, OC(O)-propyl, OC(O)-butyl, OC(O)-pentyl and OC(O)-hexyl groups; - a compound corresponding to the formula [Chem 1] in which n goes from 0 to 2 and k goes from 1 to 5. Butyryl lactylate corresponds to the following formula:

[0033] [Chem.2] - a compound corresponding to the following formula

[0034] [Chem.3] R1C(O)-[O-CH2-CH(R2)-C(O)OR3,

[0035] in which R2 is chosen from CmH2m-OR4 where m goes from 0 to 2 and R4 is chosen from H and C(O)-alkyl Ci_6; - a compound corresponding to the following formula:

[0036] [Chem.4] CH3(CH2)2C(O)-O-(CH2)n-CH(R2)-COOH,

[0037] in which R2 is chosen from OH; CH2CH2OH; and OC(O)CH2CH2CH3; and n' is equal to 0 or 1; - a compound corresponding to any one of the following formulas:

[0038] [Chem.5]

[0039] [Chem.6]

[0040] and

[0041] [Chem.7]

[0042] The invention also relates to an additive consisting of any salt of a compound as defined below, as well as an additive consisting of any mixture of said compounds, of said salts or of said compounds and said salts.

[0043] The invention is of course not limited to these compounds, but these allow us to support that the structure [Chem 1] is suitable for the optimized release, for example, of butyric acid on the one hand, and of a hydroxylated carboxylic acid having nutritional properties on the other hand, such as lactic acid, 2,4-dihydroxybutyric acid.

[0044] The invention also relates to any presentation and any use in animal nutrition of such an additive, as indicated below.

[0045] Thus, an object of the invention is a premix for food animal comprising a mixture of additives, said premix comprising at least one additive of the invention as described above, and optionally a vegetable or mineral raw material.

[0046] Another object of the invention is a feed or animal nutrition product comprising at least one additive of the invention or a premix of the invention as described above.

[0047] The invention further relates to the use in animal nutrition of a compound corresponding to the following formula:

[0048] [Chem.l] R1C(O)-[O-(CH2)rrCH(R2)-C^^

[0049] in which

[0050] RI is chosen from among the alkyl groups in Cm;

[0051] R2 is chosen from the alkyl groups Ci_20; CmH2m-OR4; CmH2m-NHR4; where R4 is chosen from H and C(O)-alkyl in Cmi and m is equal to 0 or represents an integer from 1 to H;

[0052] R3 is chosen from H and the alkyl groups Ci_20;

[0053] n is equal to 0 or represents an integer from 1 to 10; and

[0054] k represents an integer from 1 to 10;

[0055] or a salt of said compound.

[0056] In an advantageous use according to the invention, the compound is selected from the following compounds:

[0057] the compound corresponding to the following formula

[0058] [Chem.2]

[0059] a compound corresponding to the following formula

[0060] [Chem.3] R1 C(O)-[O-CH2-CH(R2)-C(O^

[0061] in which

[0062] R2 is chosen from CmH2m-OR4 where m goes from 0 to 2 and R4 is chosen from H and C(O)-alkyl C16;

[0063] a compound corresponding to the following formula

[0064] [Chem.4] CH3(CH2)2C(O)-O-(C H2)n -CH(R2)-COOH,

[0065] in which R2 is chosen from OH; CH2CH2OH; and OC(O)CH2CH2CH3 and n' is equal to 0 or 1,

[0066] and the salts of said compound.

[0067] According to one embodiment of the invention, this use is for feeding livestock. According to one implementation of this use, the compound, or its salt, is intended for feeding monogastric livestock.

[0068] In animal nutrition, said compound of the invention, or one of its salts, also has the advantage of being effective in any state whatsoever.

[0069] Thus, a compound of the invention such as butyryl lactylate can be incorporated into the drinking water of livestock without risk of hydrolysis into lactic acid and free butyric acid in the water. Indeed, butyryl lactylate is soluble in water, whereas tributyrin is not.

[0070] A compound of the invention, such as liquid butyryl lactylate, can be distributed as a dry product after dispersion on a support, in particular an inorganic support, such as a silica or calcium carbonate support. According to one embodiment, a compound of the invention such as butyryl lactylate can be dispersed or adsorbed onto silica particles in a weight ratio of approximately 50 to 80% butyryl lactylate and approximately 20 to 50% silica particles.

[0071] In another embodiment, a compound of the invention can also be administered in another solid form. For example, a butyryl lactylate salt, such as calcium salt, is in solid form. It can thus be distributed as a dry product with a high butyric acid content, the butyric acid content in the butyryl lactylate salt being between approximately 1% by weight and approximately 60% by weight.

[0072] Furthermore, butyric acid has a very unpleasant odor, which poses handling problems, whereas a compound of the invention is odorless.

[0073] Another object of the invention is a method for manufacturing a compound of the invention. This method involves reactive distillation. Thus, a mixture of the carboxylic acid molecules of interest is obtained, and a reactive distillation is carried out to obtain a compound of formula [Chem 1] of the invention.

[0074] Thus, the invention further relates to a method for manufacturing a compound of the invention or a salt of this compound, as defined above, comprising the following steps: - at least two molecules of carboxylic acids are mixed, corresponding respectively to the following formulas

[0075] [Chem. 8] R1GOQH

[0076] where RI is chosen from among the alkyl groups in Cm;

[0077] [Chem.9] OH(CHs) «-CH(R2)COQH

[0078] where n is equal to 0 or represents an integer from 1 to 10, and R2 is chosen from the alkyl groups Ci.^; CmH2m-OR4 ; CmH2m-NHR4 where R4 is chosen from H and C(O)-alkyl in C mi and m is equal to 0 or represents an integer from 1 to 11;

[0079] in the presence of a catalyst, - a reactive distillation is applied to the mixture thus obtained, and - a compound of formula [Chem 1] or a salt of this compound is obtained, corresponding to any one of the preceding definitions.

[0080] In a typical reaction, molecules of carboxylic acids of interest are mixed with a suitable catalyst, and the mixture is heated to a temperature ranging from 25°C to 150°C. The catalyst used is homogeneous or heterogeneous; when heterogeneous, it can be a fixed-bed catalyst (the reaction medium passes through the catalyst) or a slurry catalyst (the catalyst is mixed with the reaction medium). A condenser or distillation column can be attached to the reaction vessel so that water, any unreacted by-products, and / or reactants can be removed from the vessel during the reaction. Furthermore, a vacuum can be applied to the reaction mixture to expel water, said by-products, and / or unreacted reactants more rapidly, thus bringing the reaction to completion more quickly. A third compound facilitating the removal of water from the reaction mixture, such as toluene, can be added.

[0081] The reaction can be monitored, for example by TLC and / or GC and / or HPLC. If the reaction is complete, it can be stopped by cooling the reaction mixture. If necessary, the catalyst is neutralized and filtered after the reaction and before or after purification. The compound thus obtained can then be further purified by distillation or otherwise.

[0082] As previously stated, for animal feed, the compound can be used as is, dispersed on a support, or in the form of a corresponding salt. The resulting salt can optionally be purified by washing, recrystallization, or extraction with a solution to obtain a product of higher purity.

[0083] The present invention is illustrated in the following examples relating to the synthesis of compounds of the invention and their effects as an additive in animal nutrition and in support of [Fig. 1] which shows the content of butyric acid released (in % by weight relative to the weight of tributyrin or butyryl lactylate administered), in the stomach and intestine defining the upper part of the gastrointestinal system, and the cecum defining the lower part of the gastrointestinal system.

[0084] Example 1: Preparation of butyryl lactylate from lactic acid and butyric acid in the presence of sulfuric acid as a catalyst

[0085] 1068.7 g (12 moles) of butyric acid (99%) are added to 151.9 g (1.52 moles) of a A 90% (w / w) aqueous solution of lactic acid is added. 8 g (0.0775 mol) of sulfuric acid (95% w / w) is then added to the mixture. The mixture is heated to 110°C and the butyric acid / water azeotrope is continuously distilled. A vacuum is applied if necessary. After 5 h, the reaction mixture is cooled and 20.50 g (0.1538 mol) of a 30% (w / w) aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide is added. The resulting precipitate is filtered. Excess water and butyric acid are removed by evaporation, yielding 222.8 g of butyryl lactylate.

[0086] Example 2: Preparation of butyryl lactylate salt by wet method

[0087] 946.6 g (0.63 mole) of a 5% w / w aqueous solution of calcium hydroxide are added to 208.9 g (1.26 mole) of a butyryl lactylate mixture as prepared in Example 1. The solid salt of butyryl lactylate is obtained from the solution obtained by evaporation or spray-drying.

[0088] Example 3: Preparation of butyryl lactylate salt by dry method

[0089] 63.06 g (0.63 mol) of solid calcium carbonate are mixed with 208.9 g (1.26 mole) of a mixture of butyryl lactylate as prepared in Example 1. A neutralization reaction is carried out in an extruder to obtain the solid calcium salt of butyryl lactylate.

[0090] Example 4: Preparation of butyryl lactylate salt carried out on silica

[0091] 208.9 g (1.26 mole) of butyryl lactylate as prepared in Example 1 are dispersed on 112.5 g of suitable silica. The resulting preparation is dried to yield the solid butyryl lactylate salt.

[0092] Example 5: Preparation of butyryl lactylate from lactic acid and butyric acid in the presence of a heterogeneous catalyst

[0093] 20.5 g (0.2303 mol) of butyric acid (99%) are added to 5.2 g (0.0556 mol) 2 g of lactic acid (98% w / w) and 2 g of sulfonic acid resin are added to the mixture. The mixture is heated to 110°C and the butyric acid / water azeotrope is continuously distilled. A vacuum is applied if necessary. After 20 h, the reaction mixture is cooled and the resin is filtered. Excess butyric acid is removed by evaporation, yielding 7.69 g of liquid butyryl lactylate.

[0094] Example 6: Preparation of butyryl lactylate from lactic acid and methyl butyrate by transesterification

[0095] 22.45 g (0.22 mole) of methyl butyrate are added to 5 g (0.0544 mole) of acid L-lactic acid. 0.281 g (0.0027 mole) of sulfuric acid (95% w / w) are added to The mixture is heated to 90°C. A vacuum is applied if necessary. After 6 hours, the reaction mixture is cooled, excess methyl butyrate is removed by distillation, and butyryl lactylate is obtained.

[0096] Example 7: Preparation of butyryl lactylate from methyl lactate and butyric acid by transesterification

[0097] 2.02 g (0.0192 mol) of methyl lactate are added to 6.79 g (0.0763 mol) of acid butyric acid. 0.11 g (0.0011 mol) of sulfuric acid (95% w / w) is added to the mixture. The mixture is heated to 110°C. A vacuum is applied if necessary. After 6 h, the reaction mixture is cooled, the excess butyric acid is removed by distillation, and butyryl lactylate is obtained.

[0098] Example 8: Preparation of butyryl lactylate from lactic acid and the sodium salt of butyric acid

[0099] 3.01 g (0.0268 mole) of sodium butyrate are added to 0.449 g (0.0049 mole) D,L-lactic acid is added. 1.74 g (0.0169 mol) of sulfuric acid (95% w / w) is added to the mixture. The mixture is heated to 110°C and the butyric acid / water azeotrope is continuously distilled. A vacuum is applied if necessary. After 5 h, the reaction mixture is cooled and the resulting precipitate is filtered. Excess water and butyric acid are removed by evaporation, yielding 0.509 g of liquid butyryl lactylate.

[0100] Example 9: Effects of butyryl lactylate - Comparison with tributyrine

[0101] The experimental tests were conducted in in vitro models described below.

[0102] 1) Model of the upper digestive tract:

[0103] The method developed by Menezez and Blackburn was used to simulate the chicken digestive tract [Menezes-Blackburn D, Gabier S, Greiner R. “Performance of Seven Commercial Phytases in an in Vitro Simulation of Poultry Digestive Tract.” J Agric Food Chem. 2015 Jul 15;63(27):6142-9]. It consists of simulating the 3 compartments of the upper part of the digestive tract: the crop (30 min at pH 5, 40°C with agitation), the proventriculus / gizzard (45 min at pH 3, 40°C with agitation and the addition of pepsin), and the intestine (60 min at pH 6.5, 40°C with agitation and the addition of pancreatin and bile extract). The protection and release rate of butyrate for each molecule (50 mM butyric acid equivalent of the butyryl lactylate of the invention or tributyrin of the prior art) was evaluated in each of the compartments sequentially (quantification of butyric acid release and residual butyric ester).

[0104] 2) In vitro model: lower digestive tract (cecal fermentation):

[0105] Twelve twenty-one-day-old broiler chickens (Ross PM33), housed in cages and fed and watered ad libitum, were euthanized and their cecal contents were collected and pooled. All experiments were conducted in accordance with the guidelines of The European Union's animal protection regulations and legislation governing the ethical treatment of animals, and the researchers have been certified by the French government to conduct animal experiments. The facilities of the Nutrition Expertise and Research Center comply with Convention No. C 03 159 4 of 6 November 2008, concerning experimentation on live vertebrate animals (European Regulation 24 / 11 / 86 / EEC; Ministerial Decree of 19 April 1988).

[0106] The cecal contents were mixed (5% w / v) with an anaerobic buffer prepared according to Theodorou et al. [Theodorou, Michael K., et al. “A simple gas production method using a pressure transducer to determine the fermentation kinetics of ruminant feeds.” Animal feed science and technology 48.3-4 (1994): 185-197], then the microbial suspension was transferred into Hungate tubes containing 50 mM equivalent butyric acid for each candidate (butyryl lactylate of the invention or prior art tri-butyrin) and incubated for 24h under constant stirring at 40°C.

[0107] To ensure that none of the treatments had an adverse effect on microbial activity and viability, gas production was measured kinetically throughout the fermentation using a pressure transducer following the methodology of Theodorou et al.

[0108] At the end of fermentation, residual butyric acid and butyric ester were quantified. Example 10: Test Results

[0109] The results are shown in the figure.

[0110] It is observed that butyryl lactylate does not release butyric acid in the stomach and has an improved intestinal release profile with balanced release in the upper and lower intestine, unlike tributyrine which shows non-negligible gastric loss and complete release at the beginning of the small intestine.

[0111] These results demonstrate the effectiveness of a compound of the invention compared to tributyrin.

Claims

Demands

1. Use of a compound for the preparation of an additive, a premix or a feed or forage, for animal nutrition, said compound having the following formula: [Chem.1] R1C(OHO-(CH2)n-CH(R2>C(O)]kOR3, in which R1 is selected from the alkyl groups in Cm; R2 is selected from the alkyl groups C, 2o; CmH2m-OR4; CmH2m-NHR4 where R4 is selected from H and C(O)-alkyl in Cmi and m is equal to 0 or represents an integer from 1 to 11; R3 is selected from H and the alkyl groups C1_20; n is equal to 0 or represents an integer from 1 to 10; and k represents an integer from 1 to 10; or a salt of said compound.

2. Use according to claim 1, for the animal nutrition of monogastric farm animals.

3. An animal feed additive consisting of a compound having the following formula: [Chem.1] R1C(OHO-(CH2)n-CH(R2)-C(O)]kOR3, wherein R1 is selected from Cm alkyl groups; R2 is selected from C1-20 alkyl groups; CmH2m-OR4; CmH2m-NHR4, where R4 is selected from Cm H and C(O)-alkyl groups and m is 0 or an integer from 1 to 11; R3 is selected from H and C1-20 alkyl groups; n is 0 or an integer from 1 to 10; and k is an integer from 1 to 10; or a salt of said compound, said compound being different from the compound having the following formula [Chem. 2] 0 ch3 JL Il 0

4. Use according to claim 1 or 2, or additive according to claim 3, characterized in that it consists of a compound corresponding to the formula [Chem 1] in which RI is selected from the methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl groups, or a salt of said compound.

5. Use according to any one of claims 1, 2, 4, or additive according to claim 3 or 4, characterized in that the compound corresponds to the formula [Chem 1] in which R2 is selected from the methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl and hexyl groups; OH; and the OC(O)-methyl, OC(O)-ethyl, OC(O)-propyl, O-C(O)-butyl, OC(O)-pentyl and OC(O)-hexyl groups, or a salt of said compound.

6. Use according to any one of claims 1, 2, 4, 5, or additive according to any one of claims 3, 4, 5, characterized in that n goes from 0 to 2 and k goes from 1 to 5.

7. Use according to any one of claims 1, 2, 4-6, characterized in that the compound corresponds to the following formula: [Chem. 2] 0 ch, JL / k, 0 or a salt of said compound.

8. Use according to any one of claims 1, 2, 4-6 or additive according to any one of claims 3, 4-6, characterized in that it consists of a compound corresponding to the following formula: [Chem. 3] R1 C(O)-[O-CH2-GH(R2)-C(O)OR3, in which R2 is chosen from CmH2m-OR4 where m goes from 0 to 2 and R4 is chosen from H and C(O)-alkyl Ci.6, or a salt of said compound.

9. Use according to any one of claims 1, 2, 4-8 or an additive according to any one of claims 3, 4-6, 8, characterized in that the compound corresponds to the following formula: [Chem. 4] CH3(CH2)2C(O)-O-(CH2)n-CH(R2)-COOH. in which R2 is selected from OH; CH2CH2OH; and OC(O)CH2CH2 CH3 and n' is equal to 0 or 1, or a salt of said compound.

10. Use according to any one of claims 1, 2, 4-9, or additive according to any one of claims 3, 4-6, 8, 9, characterized in that the salt of any one of the compounds of formula [Chem 1], [Chem 2], [Chem 3] and [Chem 4] is selected from alkali metal salts, alkaline earth metal salts, transition metal salts, ammonium salts and ammonium derivative salts.

11. Use according to claim 10, or additive according to claim 10, characterized in that the salt of said compound is selected from the salts of Li, Na, K, Ca, Zn, Cu, Ni, Fe, Mn, Mg and Ag.

12. Premix for animal feed comprising a mixture of additives, characterized in that it comprises an additive according to any one of claims 3, 4-6, 8-10, and optionally a vegetable or mineral raw material.

13. Animal feed or forage characterized in that it comprises at least one additive according to any one of claims 3, 4-6, 8-10, or a premix according to claim 12.

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