Gravity wall for retaining steep terrain, comprising a reinforcement and stabilization framework for a gravity wall enclosure filled with backfill.

Abstract

The invention relates to a retaining wall (1) for a piece of land (2), of the type comprising a metal framework (3) delimiting an enclosure (4) for receiving a fill material (5). A front face (6a) of the framework (3) extends in elevation along a constant direction (P1) and a rear face (6b) of the framework (3) extends in elevation along a directing slope (P2) from the rear of the base of the framework 3 towards its front top (ST1). The framework (3) is subdivided into several successively superimposed layers (S1), each comprising polygons (10a, 10b, 10c) which extend in elevation and transversely between the front face (6a) and the rear face (6b) of the framework (3), the polygons (10a, 10b, 10c) collectively delimiting via their front sides (11a) the front face (6a) and via their rear side (11b) the rear face (6b) of the framework (3). Abstract figure: FIG.10

Description

Title of the invention: Gravity wall for retaining steep terrain, comprising a reinforcement and stabilization framework for a gravity wall enclosure filled with backfill. Technical field of the invention

[0001] The invention relates to the field of retaining walls for land, such as land in a steep natural environment, such as steep land or an embankment, or to the support of an embankment for developing land. The invention relates more particularly to such a retaining wall of the type comprising a framework which delimits an enclosure for receiving a fill material, in particular from the spoil of an excavation made at the edge of the land. Prior art

[0002] Among the retaining walls, those of the type arranged as a self-supporting wall, those of the type arranged as a gravity wall and those of the type arranged as a reinforced embankment wall are essentially known. Self-supporting walls are based on a principle of balance between the load to be supported from the ground and the retaining wall which supports it. Gravity walls are based on an enclosure filled with rock material or soil aggregate, the weight of the filling material opposing the load to be supported from the ground. Reinforced embankment walls are based on a fortification of the embankment by reinforcement elements which increase the sliding coefficient of the embankment.

[0003] More specifically, a self-supporting wall is constructed from prefabricated materials made of concrete blocks or concrete, and has, along a vertical and transverse plane, a constant profile shaped like an inverted T or an L. A gravity wall delimits an enclosure for receiving a filling material giving it its heavy character opposing the load to be supported. Reinforced embankment walls consist of several superimposed beds of granular embankments mixing earth and rock aggregate, layers of reinforcing elements formed from strips of metal or synthetic reinforcements each being interposed between the embankment beds to increase the friction angle of the embankment, and a concrete reinforcement facing installed on the front face of the reinforced embankment wall and linked to the reinforcing elements.

[0004] The choice among these different retaining walls depends mainly on: -) geological and / or climatic characteristics, or even seismic characteristics, of the site where the retaining wall is to be installed, -) the reinforcement of the support to be provided to the ground to be supported, in particular taking into account for example its extension in elevation and / or its potential inclination in the case of a slope -) the context of use of the retaining wall in a natural or artificial environment, such as for supporting a traffic lane for example, -) possibilities of access to the site of installation of the retaining wall, in particular with regard to the transport to the site of materials, earthmoving equipment and / or those necessary for the construction of the wall, -) the environmental and / or ecological impact of the retaining wall, and / or -) the costs incurred by the installation of the retaining wall which require additional research efforts, in particular taking into account labor costs and other constraints previously stated.

[0005] It is clear from the above that a problem to be solved is to find a retaining wall whose structure and the performance obtained from supporting a terrain are best suited to its installation site. The architecture and / or structure of the retaining wall of the present invention are thus notably defined by taking into account at least the constraints previously stated.

[0006] In the intended but non-restrictive context of the invention, this is the case with regard to terrains in a steep natural environment which have significant differences in level to be sloped. A key difficulty to overcome is to construct a retaining wall which is capable of effectively and permanently supporting steep terrain which may have a potentially significant elevation extension, for example of the order of several meters. In such a case, it is more precisely to be taken into account that the thrust forces of the ground against the retaining wall may be significant. In addition, such steep environments are also known to be difficult to access for bulky and / or heavy materials, and / or for vehicles of significant tonnage.It is also difficult - or even impossible - to allow bulky earthmoving equipment, such as those used to develop the land to be supported and / or to create an excavation at the base of the land prior to installing the retaining wall, to be transported to the site where the retaining wall is installed. Presentation of the invention.

[0007] In this context, the invention relates to a retaining wall for a piece of land, of the type of retaining wall comprising a metal framework delimiting an enclosure for receiving a fill material. The enclosure is delimited between a front face and a rear face oriented towards the land to be supported, which extend in elevation and longitudinally between end faces or in other words longitudinal end faces of the framework.

[0008] Based on the observation previously set out in the preamble concerning the prior art and on which the approach of the invention is based, the aim of the invention is to propose a retaining wall for a piece of land - particularly in a steep environment - which is reliable, efficient and durable, taking into account at least the various constraints which have been presented. It should nevertheless be noted that the application of the invention to the support of steep land is not restrictive as to the scope of the invention. In other words, a retaining wall in accordance with the invention is potentially applicable to the support of land according to any configuration of the natural environment in which the retaining wall is installed, particularly a natural environment which is not steep and / or where the land to be supported is likely to have an extension in elevation perpendicular to the ground or a more or less significant slope.

[0009] In the context of the invention and its description which follows from now on, the relative notions used are obviously understood but if necessary specified: -) The vertical, transverse and longitudinal concepts are relative concepts of an orthonormal reference system identifying the extension of the retaining wall and / or the ground to be supported. Typically, the retaining wall extends transversely between its front face and its rear face oriented towards the ground to be supported, in elevation from the ground towards its summit independently of any possible slope that the ground to be supported and / or the retaining wall may have at its front face and / or its rear face in relation to the vertical direction, and horizontally at the longitudinal edge of the extension of the ground to be supported. -) The relative concepts of front and rear are considered according to the transverse extension of the retaining wall and / or the ground to be supported. The front face and / or the rear face of the retaining wall are individually considered according to the longitudinal and elevation extension of the retaining wall. -) Relative notions such as superimposed or overhanging, base and summit, upper and lower or other related relative notions, are considered according to the extension in elevation of the retaining wall and / or the ground to be supported, from the ground towards their summit. -) The concept of end faces or longitudinal end faces applied to the retaining wall, are faces considered with respect to the respective longitudinal ends of the retaining wall which extend in elevation and transversely between the front face and the rear face of the retaining wall. -) The notions of face or side are notions of extension of a face or a side considered along two concurrent directions of a geometric plane, in particular in elevation and longitudinally or transversely, without necessarily implying a continuity of full material. More precisely concerning the notion of face, such continuity of full material is notably absent with regard to a framework comprising the retaining wall of the present invention, which - according to one aspect of the invention - is formed from filiform metal elements, of the type arranged in rods, rods, bars or any other similar filiform elements of varying thickness.

[0010] As described below, such filiform elements - also called wire elements - are for some folded back on themselves along a geometric plane of elevation and transverse extension, being distributed along the longitudinal extension of the frame. Consequently, the notion of face is appreciated as being defined by a geometric profile extending along two directions defined in an orthonormal reference frame, such as a geometric plane of vertical and transverse extension and / or a geometric plane of vertical and longitudinal extension, in particular with regard to the rear face and the front face of the frame.

[0011] According to a global presentation of the invention, there is proposed a retaining wall of the type comprising a metal framework delimiting - between front and rear faces and end faces - an enclosure for receiving an embankment. The framework defining the enclosure of the retaining wall filled by the embankment, it is understood but if necessary specified that the front, rear and end faces of the framework respectively define the faces of the retaining wall.

[0012] According to a first aspect of the invention, the framework comprises wire elements assembled together, including at least wire elements folded back on themselves which form structural elements of the framework which are each shaped into hollow polygons of the same height. Each of the polygons is closed on itself by fixing together the ends of the wire element from which the polygons are respectively formed. It is understood but if necessary specified that the notion of end applied to the wire elements is not restricted to their end, but to portions of the wire elements extending respectively to their ends. The polygons are in particular kept closed on themselves, by fixing between the upper end of their front side and the front end of their upper side, such as by welding at several welding points.

[0013] The polygons extend in elevation and transversely between the front face and the rear face of the frame, and are distributed by successively superimposed strata composing the frame. The polygons of each of the strata are oriented parallel to each other along the frame between its longitudinal end faces. The transverse and elevation extension of the polygons defines their individual profile in elevation considered transversely between the front face and the rear face of the frame.

[0014] The elevation extensions of each of the polygons along their profile are identical and define the elevation extension of the stratum of which they are constituents. Preferably, all of the polygons constituting the framework are of identical heights and consequently each of the successively superimposed strata of the framework are of the same height. By successive strata, the front sides of the polygons collectively define the front face of the frame and the back sides of the polygons collectively define the back face of the frame.

[0015] For each of the layers, the polygons are preferably divided into modules which are successively longitudinally abutted and which each group at least two polygons. The polygons which each of the modules comprises are successively arranged at a longitudinal distance. The modules are each reinforced longitudinally by reinforcing bars to reinforce their individual maintenance in conformation and / or to facilitate their handling by human hands, including in particular for each of the modules at least one front reinforcing bar and one rear reinforcing bar, and preferably also at least one lower reinforcing bar.

[0016] A front reinforcement bar is in particular fixed to the front sides of the polygons and a rear reinforcement bar is in particular fixed to the rear sides of the polygons. More specifically in relation to a second aspect of the invention described later, the rear reinforcement bar is fixed to polygons of a specific type among the set of polygons constituting the modules. The reinforcement bars - front and rear - are in particular advantageously fixed to the polygons by welding. This allows: -) to reinforce the individual handling of modules by hand during the assembly of the framework successively from layer to layer of the framework, -) to individually reinforce the conformation of the modules subjected to the thrust forces exerted by the ground against the retaining wall via the framework, and -) in relation to the second aspect of the invention described below, to reinforce for each of the modules of the longitudinal assembly members between them polygons constituting the same layer and of the assembly members in elevation between them polygons respectively constituting successively superimposed layers of the framework from its base to its top.

[0017] More specifically, the modules each comprise at least one group of at least two polygons of respective differentiated types, being specified from now on - with regard to the second aspect of the invention described later - with the exception of the modules constituting a top layer of the framework in the obvious absence of another layer of the framework which would overhang the top layer. More particularly, the top layer comprises a single type of polygons, the polygons constituting the top layer being of the same type of one of the types of polygons that comprise the other layers of the framework. For each of the layers of the framework, the same module may comprise more than two polygons. Furthermore, the modules that comprise the same layer of the framework may be modules of differentiated type by respectively comprising polygons which may be in different numbers.Such specificities between the different modules make it possible to vary the adjacency positions suc . transitions between the stratum modules in successively superimposed strata of the framework.

[0018] The vertical loads supported individually by the modules of the same stratum are thus longitudinally offset from stratum to successively superimposed stratum of the framework, promoting the stabilization of the framework on the ground. In addition to such a result provided by the first aspect of the invention, such a variation in longitudinal positioning of the modules from stratum to successively superimposed stratum is used to reinforce an intrinsic stabilization of the retaining wall via the framework that it comprises. Such methods of intrinsic stabilization of the retaining wall are described later in accordance with the second aspect of the invention.

[0019] The different types of polygons are identifiable in that the polygons they respectively comprise have profiles which are differentiated. For each of the modules comprising different types of polygons, the polygons are successively arranged alternately by differentiated type of polygons at a longitudinal distance from each other, preferably equidistant.

[0020] Successively from module to longitudinally adjacent module, all the polygons of the same layer are connected longitudinally to each other by front pinning via front pins and by rear pinning via rear pins. In other words, the front pins and the rear pins on the one hand longitudinally connect the polygons of the same module to its front face and to its rear face, and on the other hand longitudinally connect via their ends the modules of the same layer of the framework successively at least two by two along the entire longitudinal extension of the framework.

[0021] Furthermore, the polygons constituting the entire framework are linked together in elevation from layer to layer successively superimposed on the framework, via said front pinning and said rear pinning. In other words, the respective polygons of two superimposed layers of the framework are linked together in elevation by said front pinning and by said rear pinning. The rear pinning between all the polygons is notably carried out via polygons of the same type of polygons among the types of polygons that the framework comprises, which are hereinafter referred to as rear pinning polygons.

[0022] Thus, the respective polygons of two successively superimposed strata of the framework are structurally linked together longitudinally and in elevation by said front pinning and said rear pinning successively from strata to superimposed strata of the framework. All of the constituent polygons of the framework being linked together longitudinally and in elevation, the framework forms a cohesive reinforcement of the retaining wall against the thrust forces exerted by the ground and which are supported by the retaining wall. This results both: -) of the longitudinal assembly by front broaching and by rear broaching of the set of polygons that each of the layers comprises. The front broaches take from layer to layer successively superimposed, at least one transverse and vertical support against the front side of the set of polygons respectively constituting the successively superimposed layers, and -) of the assembly in elevation of all the polygons comprising the framework of successively superimposed strata in strata, said rear pinning being provided from the fixing to the rear pins of the rear pinning polygons, in particular by hooking as referred to below. The rear pins fixed to the rear pinning polygons take from successively superimposed strata to strata a vertical support against the lower side of all the polygons of the same stratum, thus linking together in elevation the constituent polygons of the same stratum and all the constituent polygons of the framework of successively superimposed strata in strata of the framework.

[0023] For this purpose, special methods are proposed for producing longitudinal and elevation connections by front pinning and rear pinning between the polygons of successively superimposed strata of the framework: -) Concerning the front pinning methods between the polygons, each of the polygons constituting the frame comprises a front hook which is formed by bending the front end of an upper side of the polygons and which is fixed - in particular by welding - to the upper end of a front side of the polygons. The front hooks and the ends of the front side of the polygons form between them a front eyelet which is arranged at the front of the polygons and through which a so-called front pin extends. -) Concerning the rear pinning methods of the polygons, the rear pinning polygons are each equipped at their upper rear end with a rear hook. The rear hook is fixed - in particular by welding - to the upper end of a rear side and to the rear end of an upper side of the rear pinning polygons. The rear hook and the rear end of the upper side of each of the rear pinning polygons, provide between them a rear eyelet. The rear eyelet overhangs both the lower side of an upper rear pinning polygon that comprises an upper layer and the upper side of a lower rear pinning polygon that comprises a lower layer. The rear eyelet provides a passage through it for a rear pin.All the polygons are linked together in elevation from strata to successively superimposed strata of the framework, by the rear pins resting against the lower side of all the polygons constituting the framework from strata to successively superimposed strata of the framework.

[0024] Consequently, all of the polygons constituting the framework are linked together longitudinally and in elevation from layer to layer successively superimposed. of the frame, being collectively positioned parallel to each other between the front face and the rear face of the frame. The reinforcement bars are preferably fixed - in particular by welding - according to the following methods for each of the modules that make up the frame: -) a front reinforcement bar is fixed on the one hand to the upper side of these polygons and on the other hand to an extension in elevation of the end of the front side of the polygons which extends in elevation overhanging the front hook. In addition to the reinforcement provided to the front side of the polygons, it will be noted that the extension in elevation of the end of the front side of the polygons is also used for the individual fixing to the modules of a front grid. From layer to layer of the frame, the individual front grids of the modules collectively form a grid of cladding of the front face of the frame. -) a rear reinforcement bar is attached on the one hand to the upper side of the rear pinning polygons and on the other hand to the front of the rear hooks that each of the rear pinning polygons has.

[0025] Incidentally, it cannot be excluded that the rear pinning polygons constituting each of the modules comprising the successively superimposed layers of the framework also carry a rear grid. Such subsidiary rear grids comprising each of the modules are capable of collectively forming a covering grid for the rear face of the framework.

[0026] Furthermore, it should be noted that the overall mass of the frame is limited by being composed of wire elements - including in particular the polygons, the front pins and the rear pins, the front reinforcement bars and the rear reinforcement bars, the cladding grid of the front face of the frame, the closing grids of the end faces of the frame and possibly the accessory cladding grid of the rear face of the frame. Such a globally limited desired mass of the frame is obtained: -) without affecting its robustness or preventing the formation of a reinforcement frame for the retaining wall, as specified below, -) without hindering a dispersion of the loads they support from module to module which are longitudinally juxtaposed by strata and which are preferably longitudinally offset from strata to successively superimposed strata of the framework, and / or -) as described further according to the second aspect of the invention, by exploiting the framework to return vertically towards the ground the forces exerted against the retaining wall by the ground.

[0027] The frame is thus capable of being installed on the ground on a base which is advantageously provided on the ground by tamping an aggregate or formed from a thin layer of lean, non-structuring concrete spread on the ground. It should be noted that it is thus excluding ground installation of the framework on a massive base, such as in particular which would be formed of a concrete base, and this without affecting the ground stability of the framework filled with an embankment. The base extends transversely under the retaining wall, preferably with a slight transverse overhang on either side of the framework. More preferably, a base cover grid is interposed between the framework and a geotextile base cover fabric. The base cover grid promotes the increase in the sliding coefficient of the embankment against the base and the geotextile fabric improves the transmission of the descent of vertical loads at the base of the retaining wall.

[0028] At least the advantages provided by the framework according to the following provisions relating to the first aspect of the invention will be noted, considered in isolation or in combination at least two by two: -) A formation of the openwork enclosure for receiving the embankment forming the retaining wall, the front face and the rear face of which are delimited respectively by the front side and the rear side of all the polygons constituting the framework. -) The use of only metal wire elements to constitute a metal framework delimiting the enclosure of the retaining wall, including in particular to individually form on the one hand the polygons, the front pins and the rear pins, the reinforcement bars of the modules, at least the grids equipping each of the modules by collectively providing the front grid covering the front face of the framework, and the end grids closing the end faces of the framework to which the end grids are fixed. -) The use of at least - and more advantageously according to the first aspect of the invention of only - two differentiated types of polygons constituting the frame, the front sides of which delimit the front face of the frame and the rear sides of which delimit the rear face of the frame. -) The connection between them of the polygons longitudinally by strata on the front face and on the rear face of the frame, and the connection in elevation successively from strata to strata of the frame between all the polygons constituting the frame - in particular via the front broaching and the rear broaching of the polygons of the same stratum - the polygons and the broaches composing a cohesive whole constituting the frame. -) A distribution of strata into successively superimposed strata of juxtaposed modules which are successively longitudinally linked together via the ends of the front and rear pins linking together at least two juxtaposed modules. According to such a distribution, modules advantageously of differentiated types - according to the number of sets of differentiated type polygons which they respectively comprise - are successively superimposed while being longitudinally offset from strata to strata superimposed on the frame.

[0029] Such research efforts make it possible in particular to overcome the difficulties to be overcome concerning a steep natural environment for installing the retaining wall. Such an arrangement of the retaining wall makes it possible in particular: -) to facilitate the transport of all the materials constituting the framework to the installation site of the retaining wall, via a low-tonnage vehicle; -) to allow the handling and installation by hand of the constituent elements of the framework, in particular the polygons grouped by modules and the methods of connection between the polygons and the modules by pinning; -) to allow the retaining wall to be assembled by hand, layer after layer of the framework, successively superimposed, for a height of the retaining wall which may be substantial, and this without requiring lifting equipment, such as lifting equipment which would be massive; -) to limit the carbon footprint of the retaining wall by forming the framework from metal wire elements and from the aforementioned methods of transport and / or assembly on site of the materials constituting the framework; -) to facilitate the installation of cladding grids on the front face of the frame which are subdivided into elementary grids fixed to the modules via the polygons they comprise and / or end grids installed on the end faces of the frame; -) subsidiarily the possibility of manipulating and installing metallic interface elements between successively superimposed layers - such as grids and / or rods or transversely distant reinforcement bars - which can be interposed between the successive layers of the framework and this by modules or groups of adjacent modules, which favors a distribution of the transverse and / or vertical loads supported by the framework from layer to layer.

[0030] Other advantages are also provided with regard to the structural arrangement of the frame in accordance with the first aspect of the invention. The frame is reinforced by its architecture which provides its intrinsic resistance against the thrust forces exerted by the ground against the rear face of the retaining wall. The architecture of the frame is arranged in a cohesive skeleton essentially composed of the polygons and the front and rear pins via which the polygons are linked together longitudinally and in elevation.

[0031] The polygons which extend along a transverse and elevational extension plane form reinforcement members of the retaining wall, against the thrust forces exerted by the ground to be supported against the rear face of the retaining wall which is backed by the ground. The vertical and transverse support of the front and rear pins against the polygons successively from layer to layer of the framework, makes it possible to distribute and return the thrust forces exerted by the ground against the retaining wall of successively superimposed strata of the framework from its top to its base.

[0032] The structure as designed thus intrinsically constitutes a reinforcement frame for the retaining wall against the thrust forces exerted by the ground it supports. Furthermore, according to the first aspect of the invention: -) The retaining wall is a gravity wall whose enclosure filled with the excavation has the particularity of being delimited longitudinally and in elevation by transverse structural elements arranged in polygons which are assembled together by front and rear pinning, on the one hand longitudinally for each of the layers of the framework, and on the other hand in elevation from layer to layer successively superimposed on the framework. -) The retaining wall can also be likened to a reinforced embankment wall - or in other words a wall containing an embankment reinforced by the framework - whose reinforcement, however, has the particularity of being formed by the framework comprising polygons which are distributed in successively superimposed strata and which are linked together longitudinally and in elevation by successively superimposed strata, and this in the absence of reinforcement of the framework by one or more massive facings, in particular concrete.

[0033] It follows that according to the first aspect of the invention, the retaining wall of the present invention combines the advantages provided by both a gravity wall and a reinforced embankment wall, while overcoming their disadvantages. Such disadvantages are notably linked to the use of massive facing reinforcements, to the difficulties of access for transport equipment for the materials usually used for the formation of a rockfill gravity wall or a reinforced embankment wall, and / or for construction equipment for such retaining walls, which are bulky and / or massive and / or generate significant costs and / or considerably increase the carbon footprint of the retaining wall.

[0034] Such transport and / or construction equipment is unsuitable for the installation of a retaining wall on land in a steep natural environment, which nevertheless requires a significant elevation extension of the retaining wall which can reach several meters, for example between three and four meters in height.

[0035] Furthermore, it should be noted that the retaining wall falling within the first aspect of the invention is reinforced by the framework, avoiding the presence of a concrete facing usually used for retaining walls of the reinforced embankment wall type and / or avoiding the formation of a gravity wall whose mass in a steep environment commonly comes from rockfilling the ground. The openwork formation of the front face of the retaining wall falling within the first aspect of the invention allows its vegetation. taking root in the embankment, which notably comes from an excavation made at the base of the land prior to the installation of the retaining wall, providing natural reinforcement of the retaining wall promoting its stability.

[0036] It is recalled here that the height of each of the polygons that the framework comprises is preferably identical for all the polygons that the framework comprises, and that it consequently defines the identical individual heights of the successively superimposed strata of the framework. The polygons of differentiated types are constitutive of each of the strata of the framework which are successively superimposed from strata to strata, the polygons of a lower stratum being linked in elevation to the polygons of an immediately higher stratum by front and rear pinning between the polygons. Consequently, it is obviously understood that a top stratum of the framework does not constitute a lower stratum linked in elevation to an upper stratum which is non-existent.As a result, the vertex layer may be devoid of different polygons by comprising only polygons of a single type of polygons, as proposed in connection with the second aspect of the invention described later.

[0037] The different types of polygons are preferably limited to two in number, being shaped in particular as follows: -) a type of back-pinning polygons, according to which the back-pinning polygons are each shaped into a quadrilateral whose elevational extension defines their height, and -) a type of polygons each shaped into a triangle. A lower side of the triangles extends transversely between the front face and the rear face of the frame and a front side of the triangles extends in elevation defining their height. The lower side and the upper side of the triangles form between them an acute angle pointing at the rear face of the frame and advantageously housing a rear pin.

[0038] The quadrilateral conformation of the rear broaching polygons provides overall reinforcement of the framework and reinforcement of the elevation connection between all the polygons that comprise the framework. The triangular conformation of the polygons gives them a structure by pulling between the front face and the rear face of the framework. The different types of polygons provide effective reinforcement of the retaining wall against the thrust forces exerted by the ground against the retaining wall, in addition to its resistance provided by the reinforced embankment with which it is filled. In addition, the polygons shaped into triangles promote a return of the loads supported by the framework successively from layer to layer from its top to its base.

[0039] The second aspect of the invention is now discussed, according to which: -) The front face of the frame extends in elevation from the base to the top of the frame in a constant direction which is parallel to the face of the ground against which is leaned against the retaining wall. It is included here but if necessary specified that the constant direction of extension in elevation of the front face of the frame can either be oriented perpendicular to the ground in the case of steep terrain, or be inclined following a constant slope towards the rear face of the frame, in particular parallel to the slope of a bank to be supported. -) The rear face of the frame extends in elevation from the base to the top of the frame at the height of the front face of the frame. The rear face of the frame is generally inclined towards its front face, following a directing slope of overall extension in elevation of the rear face of the frame from the rear of the base of the frame to the top of the front face of the frame. -) The polygons constituting the framework are connected by layer to each other longitudinally by front and rear pinning respectively to the front face and to the rear face of the framework, and are connected to each other in elevation from layer to successively superimposed layer of the framework via said front and rear pinnings. The top layer of the framework only comprises the polygons each shaped into a triangle which are connected in elevation to the polygons of the layer lower than the top layer.

[0040] Along a vertical and transverse plane of extension of the framework, the vertical and elevation profile of the framework which is collectively defined by the polygons comprised by the successively superimposed layers of the framework, has transversely a thickness which is greater at its base than at its summit between the front face of the framework and the overall extension direction slope in elevation of the rear face of the framework.

[0041] The thrust forces exerted by the ground against the rear face of the framework are reflected - or in other words are returned - successively from strata to strata towards each of the polygons. The polygons linked together longitudinally by stratum and vertically from strata to successively superimposed strata, collectively constitute a cohesive reinforcement of the framework with the return of said thrust forces transversely, longitudinally and in elevation successively from strata to successively superimposed strata of the framework. It emerges that said thrust forces tend to be gradually absorbed from strata to strata of the framework.

[0042] However, it is noted that said thrust forces are not homogeneous, in particular along the extension in elevation of the framework. The overall extension of the rear face along its directing slope tends to dissipate the thrust forces to which the framework is subjected. Despite the variation in length and the longitudinal offset between the successively superimposed modules from layer to layer of the framework, the modules may be locally individually subjected to various stresses which may cause destabilization of the framework, or even potentially its overall or localized deformation in the event of small-scale telluric movements. notably.

[0043] From this observation on the basis of which the second aspect of the present invention is founded, a problem to be solved is to stabilize the framework as best as possible against the thrust forces exerted against the framework at its rear face, in particular to allow the extension in elevation of the retaining wall to be increased. To this end, according to the second aspect of the invention, it is proposed to return the thrust forces exerted by the ground against the retaining wall, vertically towards the base of the framework and therefore towards the ground, successively from layer to successively superimposed layer of the framework via the constituent polygons of the framework.

[0044] To do this, the framework is not only subdivided into strata, but is also subdivided into successive floors according to its extension in elevation. The successive floors of the framework - preferably at least three in number - each selectively comprise one or more strata. The polygons that the different floors of the framework respectively comprise collectively define the rear face of the framework according to a transverse elevation configuration with broken lines successively from floor to floor.

[0045] It is understood but if necessary specified that the number of strata composing each of the floors and the number of floors that the framework comprises are in particular defined as a function of the extension in elevation of the ground to be supported and therefore of the framework, of the inclination of the slope of the ground or of its steep nature, and / or of the amplitude of the forces supported by the respective rear faces of the different floors of the framework, as a result of the transverse thrust forces exerted by the ground on the rear face of the framework.

[0046] The polygons that comprise the different floors of the frame respectively, collectively define the rear face of the frame according to a transverse elevation configuration with broken lines successively from floor to floor. In other words, the polygons that comprise the frame define an elevation profile of the rear face of the frame, which is configured in successively concurrent segments that are respectively defined by the floors that comprise the frame successively from its base to its top. In other words, said segments define the respective rear faces of the floors of the frame and collectively define the rear face of the frame.The segments collectively defining the extension profile in elevation and transversely of the rear face of the framework, extend successively from floor to floor of the framework in elevation and transversely, generally respecting the directing slope of the rear face of the framework and generating from strata to strata of the framework a return of the thrust forces exerted by the ground against the rear face of the retaining wall vertically from its top to its base.

[0047] In other words, the elevation and transverse extension profile of the rear face of the frame extends - from its base towards its top - along transversely inclined segments following successively divergent individual slopes which are respectively defined by the successive floors of the frame, generally respecting the directing slope of elevation extension of the rear face of the frame.

[0048] The framework comprises successively from its base to its top at least: -) a foundation floor comprising at least one stratum, the rear face of the foundation floor defining a segment - designated foundation segment - of the transverse profile and in elevation of the rear face of the frame, -) a middle floor comprising at least one stratum, the rear face of the middle floor defining a segment - designated the middle segment - of the transverse profile and in elevation of the rear face of the frame, and -) a top floor comprising a single layer, the rear face of the top floor defining a segment - designated the top segment - of the transverse profile and in elevation of the rear face of the frame.

[0049] More particularly: -) The angle formed between the transverse base of the foundation floor and the foundation segment is an acute angle, the foundation floor being transversely more extensive at its base than at its top. The slope of the foundation segment is thus inclined towards the front face of the frame from its base to its top. -) The top of the foundation segment is extended by the middle segment which is divergent from the foundation segment. The middle segment is inclined parallel to the front face of the frame. -) The top of the middle segment is extended by the top segment defined by the top story. The angle formed between the transverse base of the top story and the top segment is an acute angle of small angular amplitude pointing at the rear face of the frame. The top segment is divergent from the middle segment by being inclined from the rear of the middle segment to the top of the front face of the frame.

[0050] Considered globally, the architecture of the framework is thus synthetically defined according to at least the following characteristics: -) the configuration of the transverse profile and elevation of the rear face of the frame in successively divergent segments transversely from floor to floor of the frame, from the base to the top of the frame while respecting the direct slope of the inclination of its rear face; -) the front and rear horizontal pin connections to each of the layers, the polygons constituting the framework, and -) the elevation connections via the said front and rear pinouts, between all of the polygons constituting the framework from its base to its summit from successively superimposed strata to strata of the framework.

[0051] From such a reinforced architecture of the frame, the transverse thrust forces exerted by the ground against the rear face of the frame are successively reflected from floor to floor by returning forces from strata to strata of the frame - via the polygons - generally vertically from the top of the frame towards its base. This ultimately has the effect of intrinsically stabilizing the retaining wall of the ground vertically to the ground via the reinforced frame filled with backfill, despite potentially significant thrust forces exerted by the ground against the frame, particularly in steep environments where the ground has a significant elevation extension that can reach several meters in height.

[0052] The strength of the retaining wall is thus not only obtained from its own weight resulting from its filling with an excavation, but also on the one hand by being reinforced by the framework as previously described, and on the other hand by exploiting the transverse thrust forces exerted by the ground against the rear face of the retaining wall, which are returned from strata to strata of the framework generally vertically towards the ground. The retaining wall is thus intrinsically stabilized by the framework which - by virtue of its architecture and in particular from the configuration of the elevation and transverse extension profile of its rear face as just presented - vertically returns said thrust forces exerted by the ground against the retaining wall, progressively from its top towards the ground.

[0053] In this, the retaining wall provides not only the technical effects of a gravity wall and / or a reinforced backfill wall as previously mentioned, but also the technical effects of a self-supporting wall based on a principle of balance between the load to be supported from the ground and the retaining wall which supports it. As a reminder, the self-supporting walls commonly implemented: -) are constructed from prefabricated materials in concrete blocks or concrete, giving them an intrinsic mass to balance the load to be supported and the retaining wall, and -) have a constant vertical and transverse profile, notably being shaped like an inverted T or an L.

[0054] Unlike such conventional self-supporting walls, the retaining wall of the invention is self-stabilized by exploiting the thrust forces exerted by the ground against the retaining wall, which are returned by the framework vertically towards the ground. Such a return of forces results in particular from the segmented configuration of the extension profile in elevation and transverse of the rear face of the framework as just described, and from the arrangement of the framework in polygons which are linked by stratum longitudinally by front and rear broaching and which are linked in elevation by said front and rear broaching of layers in successively superimposed layers of the framework.

[0055] The polygons of the constituent stratum of the top floor are more specifically each constituted by polygons of the type shaped into a triangle. The triangles are in particular triangles of the acute triangle type, or in other words each of whose angles is less than 90° degrees (ninety degrees). The front sides of the triangles define the front face of the top floor of the framework, and the upper sides of the triangles overhanging their lower sides define said vertex segments of the elevation and transverse extension profile of the rear face of the framework. The apex of the acute angles formed between the lower side and the upper side of each of the triangles are arranged on the rear face of the framework.The rear pins connecting the polygons of a lower stratum to the polygons of a higher stratum extend longitudinally through the interior space of the acute angle of the set of triangles that comprise the frame and that point to the rear face of the frame.

[0056] The polygons of said at least one constituent stratum of the middle stage are each constituted by polygons of the type shaped into quadrilaterals, which are more specifically shaped into parallelograms whose upper and lower sides are parallel to each other along the transverse extension of the framework. The front sides of the parallelograms define the front face of the middle stage of the framework by being inclined along its constant slope and the rear sides of the parallelograms - which are parallel to their front side - define the median segments of the elevation and transverse extension profile of the rear face of the framework.

[0057] The polygons of the constituent stratum of the foundation stage are each constituted by polygons of the type shaped into quadrilaterals. The quadrilaterals constituting the foundation stage are more specifically trapezoids whose bases are respectively defined by the upper side and the lower side of the trapezoids which are parallel to each other. The upper side of the trapezoids is transversely shorter than the lower side of the trapezoids which rests on the ground, in particular in vertical support against said base. The front sides of the trapezoids define the front face of the foundation stage of the frame and the rear sides of the trapezoids define the foundation segments of the elevation and transverse extension profile of the rear face of the frame.

[0058] As previously described concerning the connections between the polygons by front broaching and by rear broaching, the trapezoids and the triangles constituting said at least one stratum of the foundation stage, the parallelograms and the triangles constituting said at least one stratum of the middle stage, as well as the triangles constituting the top stage, are linked together by front broaching and by rear broaching longitudinally by stratum of which they are respectively constitutive. and in elevation from strata to successively superimposed strata of the framework.

[0059] The thrust forces exerted by the ground against the rear face of the frame: -) not only are transmitted via the polygons towards the front of the frame, generating in reaction a counter-thrust towards the rear of the frame, the counter-thrust forces being progressively transmitted from layer to layer of the frame from its top to its base via the polygons which are linked together horizontally by layer and in elevation from layer to layer successively superimposed, in particular as a result of the rear broaching of the polygons between them, -) but are also returned vertically towards the ground, by transferring the loads supported by the frame successively from floor to floor from its top to its base, via each of the polygons whose respective profiles are successively differentiated from floor to floor of the frame, by defining the successively concurrent segments of the elevation and transverse extension profile of the rear face of the frame.

[0060] It should be noted in particular that this avoids the need to reinforce the framework by adding solid facings, particularly made of concrete, commonly fitted to the front face and / or the rear face of a retaining wall, and / or the formation of a solid slab to support the retaining wall on the ground, also commonly made of concrete.

[0061] The use of large tonnage vehicles for transporting materials and / or massive construction machinery for the retaining wall is also avoided at the retaining wall installation site. The installation of the retaining wall is made easier by being able to be carried out by hand, based on the methods of distribution and assembly of the polygons successively from layer to layer, advantageously by successive modules comprising at least two polygons of different types.

[0062] The intrinsic stabilization of the retaining wall results in particular from its reinforcement by said reinforcement, from the longitudinal offset of the differentiated type modules from strata to successively superimposed strata of the framework, and / or from the configuration of the extension profile in elevation and transverse of its rear face in divergent segments from floor to floor of the framework. Thus structured, the framework mechanically returns from strata and strata - via the polygons - the majority of the thrust forces exerted by the ground against the retaining wall vertically towards the ground.

[0063] It should be noted in particular that this avoids the need for a counterweight architecture of the retaining wall for its stabilization, such as for example by means of: -) Of a retaining wall structure comprising counterweight members which are embedded in the mass of the ground - being included outside the volume of filling by the embankment of a retaining wall enclosure - which require substantial earthworks of the ground. Such a counterweight type retaining wall is stabilized against its tipping by the mass of the ground bearing on the counterweights. -) Formation of the front face of the retaining wall constructed from prefabricated materials such as concrete blocks or panels, which are heavy and expensive and require massive lifting equipment and / or on-site installation of the retaining wall.

[0064] It emerges in summary that overall according to the different aspects of the invention, the retaining wall of the present invention combines the advantages provided by a gravity wall, a reinforced embankment wall of the reinforced embankment type and a self-supporting wall, while overcoming the disadvantages of such usual retaining walls and nevertheless being capable of supporting land extensions in elevation which can reach several meters and / or having indifferently an absence, a weak or a strong slope of inclination with respect to the vertical. The retaining wall can be easily installed on site by hand, from the successive assembly of layers in layers of the framework, of metallic wire elements which are advantageously assembled into modules which comprise at least two polygons of differentiated shapes and which are successively linked together longitudinally and in elevation by front and rear pinning.

[0065] Synthetically as described above, the invention relates to a retaining wall for a piece of land, of the type comprising a metal framework delimiting an enclosure for receiving a fill material. The enclosure comprises openwork faces which are formed by the framework, which each extend in elevation from the base to the top of the retaining wall and which are assembled together, including a front face and a rear face for supporting the retaining wall against the ground, the front face and the rear face of the framework extending longitudinally. End faces of the enclosure with transverse extensions are respectively formed at the longitudinal ends of the front face and the rear face of the framework, extending transversely between its front face and its rear face.

[0066] In this context, the invention is mainly recognizable in that the front face of the framework extends in elevation from the base towards the top of the framework in a constant direction defined in accordance with the extension in elevation of the ground to be supported. The rear face of the framework extends in elevation following a directing slope from the rear of the base of the framework towards the front top of the framework. Furthermore, the framework is subdivided into several successively superimposed layers each comprising structural elements shaped as polygons which extend in elevation and transversely between the front face and the rear face of the framework. The polygons are distributed for each of the layers successively at a longitudinal distance from each other, collectively delimiting the front face and the rear face openwork of the enclosure.

[0067] Advantageously, the retaining wall incorporates a reinforcement frame to counter the thrust forces exerted by the ground against the retaining wall. The frame structurally forms a cohesive assembly which defines the enclosure longitudinally, transversely and in elevation. The frame is more specifically made up of all the polygons which are linked together by front pinning via at least one front pin and by rear pinning via at least one rear pin, on the one hand successively longitudinally by stratum of the framework and on the other hand in elevation from strata to successively superimposed strata of the framework.

[0068] According to an advantageous aspect of the invention, the frame comprises wire elements assembled together, including at least: -) Folded wire elements respectively forming the polygons which are hollowed out and closed on themselves. The polygons each extend along a transverse extension plane and in elevation between the front face and the rear face of the frame. The polygons collectively define on their front side the front face of the frame and on their rear side the rear face of the frame. The polygons are for each of the layers of the frame at least in major part if not in totality longitudinally equidistant successively from each other. To remove any possible doubt about the notions "major part" and "totality", it is recalled here that the polygons of the same layer can be arranged in their entirety at a longitudinal distance from each other or be preferentially grouped by longitudinally juxtaposed modules, the end polygons of the juxtaposed modules then being adjacent. -) Wire elements forming said at least one front pin and said at least one rear pin for connecting the polygons successively by superimposed layers, which are of longitudinal extensions. -) Wire elements fixed together to form different grids respectively, including at least one front grid covering the front face of the frame which is fixed to the front sides of the polygons and end grids constituting the end faces of the enclosure which are respectively fixed to the polygons located at the longitudinal ends of the frame.

[0069] Furthermore, the polygons comprise in particular at least two differentiated types of polygons of respective conformations. The polygons of a lower stratum linked in elevation to an upper stratum of the framework, comprise at least polygons of a first type of polygons and polygons of a second type of polygons of conformations differentiated by types of polygons. The polygons of differentiated types respectively constituting each of the lower strata which are overhung by an upper stratum of the framework, are longitudinally distributed alternately by type of polygons.

[0070] More particularly selectively for the layers of the framework of which they respectively constitute, the polygons of the first type of polygons are each identically shaped into a quadrilateral. The polygons of the second type of polygons are each identically shaped into a triangle comprising an acute angle of small angular amplitude pointing at the rear face of the framework. For all the polygons constituting the framework, the height of the quadrilaterals and the height of the triangles defined by their front side - which each of the layers of the framework respectively comprises - are identical.

[0071] It is understood here but if necessary specified that the height of the polygons is more specifically considered between their connection by front pinning of layers in successively superimposed layers of the framework. Furthermore, preferably for all the constituent polygons of the framework, the height of the quadrilaterals and the height of the triangles defined by their front side are identical and define the height of each of the successively superimposed layers of the framework which are of the same heights.

[0072] The polygons are assembled together from layer to layer successively superimposed on the framework, preferably by robust crocheting of the polygons according to the following methods for each of the successively superimposed layers. The front pinning of the polygons together is achieved via a front hook which is integrated into the front end of an upper side of the polygons and the end of the front hook of which is fixed to the upper end of the front side of the polygons. The front hooks respectively integrated into the polygons each provide a front eyelet for the passage of said at least one front pin. Said at least one front pin bears vertically against the front hooks of the polygons and transversely against the front face of the upper ends of the front sides of the polygons. The front grille covering the front face of the frame is fixed to the rear face of the front sides of the polygons. The rear pinning of the polygons together is achieved via a rear hook which is integrated by fixing to the upper end of the rear side of the quadrilaterals. The end of the rear hook is fixed to the rear end of the upper side of the quadrilaterals. The rear hooks respectively integrated into the quadrilaterals each provide a rear eyelet for the passage of said at least one rear pin. Said at least one rear pin bears vertically against the lower side of the triangles inside a space delimited by the acute angle of the triangles pointing at the rear face of the frame, and against the upper side of the quadrilaterals at their rear end.

[0073] Furthermore, according to an advantageous embodiment of the invention, said at least one front pin and said at least one rear pin which extend longitudinally for each of the layers between the longitudinal ends of the framework, are each subdivided into multiple front pins and multiple rear pins. The polygons respectively constituting each of the successively superimposed layers of the framework, are grouped by modules of longitudinally juxtaposed polygons. The modules respectively constituting each of the layers of the framework are connected to each other at least two by two via the ends of the front pins and the ends of the rear pins. Each of the modules includes in particular at least one set of two polygons of differentiated types, with the exception of the modules of a top layer of the framework which only include polygons of a single type, being in fact included in the obvious absence of a layer of the framework which would overhang the top layer. For each of the layers of the framework, the modules are modules of differentiated types according to the number of polygons they respectively comprise. The modules of an upper layer of the framework which are superimposed on the modules of a lower layer of the framework, are at least in part modules of differentiated types of strata in successively superimposed layers of the framework. The modules of an upper layer and the modules of a lower layer are longitudinally offset from each other by successively superimposed layers of the framework.

[0074] According to a particularly advantageous embodiment of the invention, the framework is not only subdivided in elevation into successively superimposed strata, but is also subdivided in elevation into successively superimposed stages from the base to the top of the framework. The different stages of the framework respectively comprise at least one stratum of the framework. The transverse and elevation profile of the rear face of the frame is successively segmented from floor to floor successively superimposed on the frame. The different segments of the transverse and elevation profile of the rear face of the frame are respectively defined by the rear faces of the floors of the frame, being successively divergent transversely with respect to each other from floor to floor successively superimposed on the frame.

[0075] The framework preferably comprises at least three floors, including a foundation floor provided at the base of the retaining wall, which is surmounted by a middle floor itself surmounted by a top floor of the framework. From floor to successively superimposed floor of the framework, the segments of the profile of the rear face of the framework considered collectively, are generally oriented along the overall transverse and elevational extension direction slope of the rear face of the framework.

[0076] The segments of the transverse profile and in elevation of the rear face of the frame are successively divergent from each other according to, for non-restrictive information purposes, the following advantageous methods: -) a foundation segment which is defined by the foundation floor, is inclined from the rear of the base of the foundation floor towards the front of the retaining wall, -) a middle segment which is defined by the middle floor, is inclined from the foundation segment towards the rear of the retaining wall, the middle segment being oriented substantially parallel to the front face of the retaining wall, -) a top segment which is defined by the top story, is inclined from the middle segment towards the front of the retaining wall extending from the middle segment to the top of the front face of the frame.

[0077] The quadrilaterals constituting the framework are of differentiated conformations according to the successively superimposed stages of the framework, such as according to the particularly advantageous methods which follow. The quadrilaterals that constitute a stratum of the foundation floor are each shaped like a trapezoid. The lower side and the upper side of the trapezoids are each oriented parallel to the ground. The front side of the trapezoids extends in the constant direction of extension in elevation of the front face of the retaining wall. The rear side of the trapezoids defining the foundation segment is inclined from the rear base of the foundation floor towards the front of the retaining wall. The quadrilaterals that constitute a stratum of the middle floor are each shaped like a parallelogram. The lower side and the upper side of the parallelograms are each oriented parallel to the ground. The front side and the rear side of the parallelograms each extend from the top of the foundation floor following the constant direction of extension in elevation of the front face of the frame. The rear sides of the parallelograms defining the middle segment are divergent towards the rear of the retaining wall relative to the foundation segment. The crown stage consists of a single crown layer consisting only of triangles. The lower side of the triangles is oriented parallel to the ground and the upper side of the triangles is inclined from the top of the middle segment towards the top of the front face of the frame. The upper sides of the triangles define the crown segment which is divergent towards the front of the retaining wall from the middle segment. Presentation of figures

[0078] An example of the embodiment of a retaining wall in accordance with the invention will be described in relation to the following figures: [Fig.l] is a schematic perspective illustration of a framework comprising a retaining wall for a piece of land in accordance with the invention, the land to be supported being, for example, more specifically an embankment. The framework delimits an enclosure for receiving a fill material, as illustrated for example in [Fig. 10] mentioned later. The framework is subdivided vertically into strata and floors, and comprises longitudinally spaced polygons which are linked together by longitudinal and elevational pinning. [Fig.2] is a schematic perspective detail of the framework shown in [Fig.l], illustrating more clearly the methods of assembly by pinning between polygons comprising two superimposed layers of the framework. [Fig.3] is a profile representation - transversely and in elevation - of different types of polygons that comprise the entire framework illustrated in [Fig.l]. In [Fig.3], the different types of polygons are illustrated and referenced individually from each other. [Fig.4] is a schematic perspective representation of the pinning assembly between identical polygons of triangular conformations, which comprise a top layer of the framework illustrated in [Fig.l]. Only a set of polygons comprising three triangles is shown for illustration purposes. [Fig.5] is a schematic perspective representation of the assembly by pinning between polygons of differentiated conformations formed into triangles and parallelograms that comprise a middle layer of the framework illustrated in [Fig.l]. Only a set of one triangle and two parallelograms are shown for illustrative purposes. [Fig.6] is a schematic perspective representation of the pin assembly between polygons of differentiated conformations that comprise a foundation layer of the framework illustrated in [Fig.l]. The types of polygons illustrated are polygons of the triangle and trapezoid type. Only a set of one triangle and two trapezoids that comprise the foundation layer are shown for illustrative purposes. [Fig.7] is a perspective representation from above of an example of the construction of a module constituting a middle layer that comprises the framework illustrated in [Fig.l], which groups together a set of polygons of differentiated conformations including two triangles and three parallelograms. To facilitate the reading of [Fig.7], the polygons are drawn progressively thicker and thicker following the longitudinal extension of the module. Such a difference in the thickness of the polygons and reinforcement bars that comprise the module does not prejudge a variation in the thickness of the wire elements from which the polygons are formed. [Fig.8] is a schematic perspective representation of the assembly by pinning between two juxtaposed modules that comprise a foundation layer of the framework illustrated in [Fig.l] and [Fig.6]. The modules each comprise several polygons of differentiated conformations. For each of the modules, only a set of polygons shaped into a triangle and two trapezoids that comprise a foundation layer of the framework illustrated in [Fig.l] and [Fig.6]. foundation are shown for illustrative purposes. [Fig.9] is a partial schematic representation of the front face of the framework illustrated in [Fig.l] - along a longitudinal extension plan and in elevation - which illustrates for example the methods of distribution of differentiated modules that comprise each of the layers of the framework, and their longitudinal distribution in superposition of layers in successively superimposed layers of the framework. [Fig. 10] is a schematic representation - along a transverse plan and in elevation - of a retaining wall according to an exemplary embodiment of the invention. In [Fig. 10], the retaining wall is leaned via its rear face against the ground to be supported. The enclosure formed by the framework constituting the retaining wall which is illustrated in [Fig.l], rests vertically on a base formed on the ground and is filled with a backfill material. [Fig.l 1] is a schematic representation - along a transverse plan and in elevation - of the framework delimiting the enclosure of the retaining wall as illustrated in [Fig.10]. In [Fig.11], it is more specifically illustrated the methods of return by the framework vertically towards the ground, of the thrust forces exerted by the ground against the rear face of the retaining wall illustrated in [Fig. 10]. Detailed description of the invention

[0079] The figures and their detailed, non-limiting descriptions set out the invention in particular ways that are not restrictive as to the scope of the invention. The figures and their detailed descriptions of an exemplary embodiment of the invention may serve to better define it, if necessary in relation to the general description which has just been given. Furthermore, each of the figures indicates an orthonormal reference defining the longitudinal, transverse and vertical concepts and other related concepts used for the description of the exemplary embodiment of the invention. Also to avoid overloading the figures and thus facilitate their reading, the reference numbers assigned to the terms and / or concepts used to describe the invention and indicated in any one of the figures are potentially repeated in the description of any other figure without implying their presence in all of the figures.

[0080] In Figures 1 and 10, a retaining wall 1 of a steep terrain 2, such as a slope according to the illustrated example of the invention, comprises a metal framework 3 delimiting an enclosure 4 for filling the retaining wall 1 with a backfill material 5 - as illustrated in [Fig. 10] - in the manner of a retaining wall of the type arranged in a gravity wall. It is understood that the retaining wall 1 is essentially formed by the framework 3 delimiting the enclosure 4 and by the backfill 5 for filling the enclosure 4 giving the retaining wall 1 its heavy character.

[0081] In [Fig.l], the enclosure 4 delimited by the framework 3 extends in elevation, providing a volume for receiving the backfill material 5, between at least four openwork faces 6a, 6b, 6c, 6d of the framework 3. The faces 6a, 6b, 6c, 6d of the framework 3 extend in elevation and are assembled together while successively converging with respect to each other.

[0082] The faces 6a, 6b, 6c, 6d of the framework 3 delimiting the enclosure 4 comprise a rear face 6b via which the retaining wall 1 is backed against the ground 2 to be supported - as illustrated in [Fig. 10] - and a front face 6a covered with a front grid 7 transversely distant from the rear face 6b of the enclosure 4. End faces 6c, 6d of the framework 3 are provided respectively at its longitudinal ends, extending transversely between the rear face 6b and the front face 6a of the framework 3. The end faces 6c, 6d are formed of end grids 8a, 8b which are fixed to the longitudinal ends of the framework 3.

[0083] The base of the retaining wall 1 rests on the ground on a base 9, the framework 3 extending in elevation from its base resting on the base 9 towards its top STI. As more particularly illustrated in [Fig.l] and figures 10 and 11, the framework 3 extends in elevation by being subdivided on the one hand into successively superimposed strata SI and on the other hand into successively superimposed stages E1, E2, E3, each stage E1, E2, E3 comprising at least one stratum SL The number of stages E1, E2, E3 and / or the number of strata SI that each stage E1, E2, E3 individually comprises vary according to the extension in elevation of the ground 2 to be supported and consequently according to the extension in elevation of the retaining wall 1 which extends from the base to the top of the ground 2.

[0084] In [Fig.l] and more clearly visible on details of the framework 3 illustrated in figures 2 to 6 and 8, each of the layers SI of the framework 3 comprises a longitudinal row of polygons 10a, 10b and / or 10c which are closed on themselves and which are for the most part successively equidistant longitudinally from each other, with the exception of identical adjacent polygons 10b or 10c which comprise longitudinally abutting modules Ml as described later in relation to figures 7 to 9. The polygons 10a, 10b, 10c which comprise the framework 3 each extend along a plane in elevation and transversely between the front face 6a and the rear face 6b of the framework 3, being oriented parallel to each other for each of the layers SI of the framework 3.The front sides of the polygons 10a, 10b, 10c which comprise the frame 3, collectively delimit the front face 6a of the retaining wall 1, and their rear sides collectively delimit the rear face 6b of the retaining wall 1.

[0085] In Figures 1 and 2, Figures 4 to 8, 10 and 11, the polygons 10a, 10b, 10c constituting the same SI stratum - and for each of the SI strata - are collectively linked together longitudinally by front pinning via front pins 12a and by rear pinning via rear pins 12b. In Figures 1 and 2 and Figures 10 and 11, the polygons 10a, 10b, 10c constituting the successively superimposed SI layers of the framework 3 are vertically linked together from SI layers to SI layers of the framework 3 via said front pinning or in other words via the front pins 12a, and via said rear pinning or in other words via the rear pins 12b.

[0086] It emerges that the framework 3 forms a cohesive assembly of metallic wire elements from which are formed at least the polygons 10a, 10b, 10c, the front pins 12a and the rear pins 12b longitudinally connecting the polygons 10a, 10b, 10c to each other both longitudinally and vertically from strata SI to successively superimposed strata SI of the framework 3. Said cohesive assembly of wire elements thus constitutes a reinforcement frame for the retaining wall 1 filled with an embankment 5, against the thrust forces exerted by the ground 2 against the retaining wall 1.

[0087] As more clearly visible in Figures 10 and 11, each of the polygons 10a, 10b, 10c extends along a plane in elevation and transversely between the front face 6a and the rear face 6b of the framework 3. The polygons 10a, 10b, 10c collectively define - from successively superimposed SI strata to SI strata of the framework 3 - the front face 6a of the framework 3 via their front side 11a and the rear face 6b of the framework 3 via their rear side 11b oriented towards the ground 2 to be supported.

[0088] In [Fig. 3], the polygons that comprise the framework 3 are divided into differentiated types of polygons 10a, 10b, 10c. All of the polygons 10a, 10b, 10c that comprise the framework 3 each extend in elevation along the same height H1 defining the respective and identical heights H1 of each of the layers SI of the framework. The height H1 of the polygons 10a, 10b, 10c is defined by their front side 11a considered between the lower side 11d and the upper side 11e of the polygons 10a, 10b, 10c.

[0089] The upper end 19 of the front side 11a of the polygons 10a, 10b, 10c extends in elevation overhanging a closure zone ZI of the polygons 10a, 10b, 10c on themselves. Such an extension in elevation of the upper end 19 of the front side 11a of the polygons 10a, 10b, 10c is notably used for fixing grids to the front sides 11a of the polygons 10a, 10b, 10c, which collectively compose - successively from strata SI to strata SI of the framework 3 - the front grid 7 for covering the front face 6a of the framework 3. The grids are fixed to the front sides 11a of the polygons 10a by modules Ml longitudinally abutted by stratum, such a module Ml being described later.

[0090] The polygons of a first category fall under a type of polygons shaped as triangles 10a, comprising an acute angle 13 of small angular amplitude, for non-restrictive information of the order between 30° (thirty degrees) and 40° (forty degrees), which points to the rear face 6b of the frame 3. The polygons of a second category of polygons fall under a type of polygons conformed into quadrilaterals 10b, 10c, including polygons conformed into parallelograms 10b and polygons conformed into trapezoids 10c.

[0091] As illustrated in particular in Figures 1, 10 and 11, the polygons 10a and 10b or 10c constituting each of the lower SI strata of successively superimposed SI strata that the framework 3 comprises, are of the type shaped into triangles 10a and of the type shaped into quadrilaterals 10b or 10c. As illustrated in particular in Figures 4 to 8, the different types of polygons shaped into triangles 10a and shaped into quadrilaterals 10b or 10c constituting the same SI stratum, are longitudinally distributed alternately.

[0092] More particularly visible in [Fig. 3], each of the polygons shaped into a triangle 10a and a quadrilateral 10b or 10c comprises at the upper end of their front side 11a a front hook 14a via which the polygons 10a, 10b, 10c are closed ZI on themselves. The upper end 19 of the front side 11a of the polygons 10a, 10b, 10c extends overhanging the front hook 14a, participating in the fixing of said grid to the front sides 11a of the polygons 10a, 10b, 10c.

[0093] The front hook 14a is formed by folding the upper side 11c of the polygons 10a, 10b, 10c and extends to the front of the front side 11a of the polygons 10a, 10b, 10c to which the front hooks 14a are fixed, in particular by welding at two welding points 15a distant from each other along the extension in elevation of the front side 11a of the polygons 10a, 10b, 10c.

[0094] A front eyelet 16a is thus provided on the front sides 11a of the polygons 10a, 10b, 10c at their upper end in the closing zone ZI of the polygons 10a, 10b, 10c on themselves, between the front hook 14a and the outer face of the front sides 11a of the polygons 10a, 10b, 10c. The front eyelets 16a provide passages for the longitudinal introduction of a front pin 12a via which the polygons 10a, 10b, 10c of the same layer SI are successively assembled longitudinally together via their front side 11a. It will be noted, as illustrated in Figures 10 and 11, that the front eyelets 16a thus do not prevent the fixing to the rear face of the front side 11a of the polygons 10a, 10b, 10c, of the grids comprising adjacent modules M1 and successively superimposed from layer to layer of the framework, of the entire front grid 7 covering the front face 6a of the framework 3.

[0095] The quadrilaterals 10b, 10c each comprise at the upper end of their rear side 11b a rear hook 14b. The rear hooks 14b are each formed from a wire element and are individually welded to the upper end of the rear side 11b of the quadrilaterals 10b, 10c, in particular at two welding points 15b distant from each other in elevation, and at a welding point 15b of the rear hooks 14b at the rear end of the upper side links quadrilaterals 10b, 10c.

[0096] A rear eyelet 16b is thus provided at the upper end of the rear sides 11b of the quadrilaterals 10b, 10c, between the rear hook 14b and the upper side 11c of the quadrilaterals 10b, 10c. The rear eyelets 16b with which the quadrilaterals 10b, 10c are respectively provided provide passages for the longitudinal introduction of at least one rear pin 12b via which the polygons 10a, 10b or 10c of the same layer SI are successively linked longitudinally to each other.

[0097] More particularly, the rear pins 12b extend longitudinally and each successively through the rear eyelets 16b that comprise the quadrilaterals 10b, 10c of the same layer SI. From successively superimposed layers SI to layers SI of the framework 3, the rear pins 12b bear against the rear ends respectively of the lower side 11d and of the upper side 11c of the triangles 10a of the same layer SI, the rear pins 12b extending through the triangles 10a while being housed at the bottom of the acute angle 13 that they each comprise and which points to the rear face 6b of the framework 3.

[0098] In relation to figures 1, 10 and 11, the framework 3 is subdivided into stages E1, E2, E3 successively superimposed from the base 9 towards the top STI of the framework 3. According to the example illustrated, the framework 3 comprises three stages including a foundation stage E1 comprising a single layer SI, a middle stage E2 comprising three layers SI and a top stage E3 comprising a single layer SI.

[0099] [Fig.4] illustrates the front and rear pinning methods between three polygons 10a constituting the top floor E3 of the framework 3, which only comprises polygons shaped as triangles 10a. [Fig.5] illustrates the front and rear pinning methods between three polygons constituting a layer SI of the middle floor E2 of the framework 3, which comprise polygons shaped as parallelograms 10b and triangles 10a which are alternately distributed longitudinally. [Fig.6] illustrates the front and rear pinning methods between three polygons constituting the layer SI of the foundation floor El of the framework 3, which comprise polygons shaped as trapezoids 10c and triangles 10a which are alternately distributed longitudinally.

[0100] In Figures 7 to 9, the polygons 10a and 10b or 10c constituting two successively superimposed strata SI are grouped by modules ML. Each module Ml comprises polygons 10a and 10b or 10c of differentiated types, including at least one triangle 10a and at least one quadrilateral which is either shaped into a parallelogram 10b or shaped into a trapezium 10c.

[0101] In [Fig.7], an example of the embodiment of such a module Ml is illustrated in isolation, before its installation on the retaining wall 1 by front and rear pinning via which the module Ml is intended to be assembled longitudinally and in elevation to other modules Ml that comprise the framework 3, from strata SI to strata SI successfully- sively superimposed.

[0102] To facilitate reading of [Fig.7], the front face Mla, the rear face Mlb, the lower face Mlc and the upper face Mld of the module Ml are marked with broken lines. In addition, an individual covering grid of the front face Mla of the module Ml is removed. As previously indicated in relation to [Fig.3], the individual covering grids of the front face Mla of each of the modules Ml collectively form the front covering grid 7 of the front face 6a of the frame 3.

[0103] The module Ml illustrated in [Fig.7] comprises five polygons 10a, 10b which are arranged longitudinally at equal distances from each other. The polygons 10a, 10b are of differentiated types, comprising quadrilaterals shaped as parallelograms 10b - three in number - and triangles 10a - two in number - such as those illustrated individually in [Fig.3].

[0104] According to different types of modules Ml, the parallelograms 10b or 10c and the triangles 10a are arranged alternately according to the longitudinal distribution of the polygons 10a and 10b or 10c of differentiated types. The end faces - or in other words the longitudinal end faces of the module Ml - are each delimited by a parallelogram 10b or 10c. As illustrated in [Fig.8], the adjacent parallelograms 10b or 10c of two longitudinally juxtaposed modules Ml are joined close to each other.

[0105] In [Fig.7], the module Ml is reinforced by reinforcing bars 17a, 17b to reinforce its conformation and facilitate its handling by hand by at least one fitter. The reinforcing bars 17a, 17b extend longitudinally, between the end faces of the module Ml - or in other words between its longitudinal end faces - to the upper face Mld and to the lower face Mlc of the module ML. The reinforcing bars 17a, 17b are fixed to the polygons 10a, 10b, in particular by welding.

[0106] Upper reinforcing bars 17a are respectively fixed to the transverse ends of the upper sides 11c of the polygons 10a, 10b. Lower reinforcing bars 17b - three in number according to the illustrated example - are fixed under the lower sides 11d of the polygons 10a, 10b, being successively distributed at a transverse distance from each other.

[0107] A front upper reinforcement bar 17a is fixed to the upper sides 11c of all the polygons 10a, 10b, and to the rear of the ends 19 of the front sides 14a of the polygons 10a, 10b. A rear upper reinforcement bar 17a is fixed to the upper sides 11c and to the front of the rear hooks 14b of the parallelograms 10b. The front face of the module M1 also preferably comprises at least one front middle reinforcement bar - not clearly visible in the figure - which extends longitudinally while being fixed between the elevation ends of the front sides 11a of the polygons 10a, 10b.

[0108] In [Fig.8], the longitudinal assembly methods between two longitudinally juxtaposed modules Ml of the same layer SI of the framework 3 are schematically illustrated. According to the example of the illustrated modules Ml and to avoid complicating [Fig.8], the modules Ml are identical and the number of polygons 10a, 10c that each of the modules Ml comprises is limited to three. Each of the illustrated modules Ml comprises a polygon shaped as a triangle 10a which is longitudinally interposed equidistant between two polygons each shaped as a trapezium 10c. It is nevertheless understood that the modules Ml of the same layer SI of the framework 3 each comprise at least one set of two polygons 10a, 10b or 10c of differentiated types.

[0109] More particularly, the modules M1 constituting the framework 3 each comprise at least one triangle 10a and a quadrilateral shaped either into a parallelogram 10b or into a trapezium 10c, as referred to further below in relation to figures 10 and 11. The modules M1 of the same stratum SI are also preferably of types differentiated according to the number of polygons 10a and 10b or 10c that they comprise respectively, as referred to further below in relation to [Fig.9].

[0110] Preferably, the longitudinal ends of the modules M1 each comprise the same quadrilateral 10b or 10c, as for example illustrated in [Fig.8] a quadrilateral shaped like a trapezium 10c. The modules M1 constituting the same layer SI of the framework 3 being successively juxtaposed longitudinally, two quadrilaterals 10b or 10c of the longitudinal end of two respective juxtaposed modules are adjacent.

[0111] The triangles 10a and the trapeziums 10c that each of the modules M1 comprise are connected to each other longitudinally via front pins 12a and rear pins 12b as previously described. The modules M1 of the same stratum SI are juxtaposed in longitudinal adjacency successively two by two, being connected to each other via the respective ends 12c of the front pins 12a and the rear pins 12b that they comprise respectively and which extend jointly through the eyelets 16a, 16b that the trapeziums 10c of the longitudinal end of the modules ML comprise.

[0112] In [Fig.9], there is shown partially in a frontal view a front face 6a of a framework 3 of a retaining wall 1 according to the invention, for example successively comprising in elevation four layers SL The modules M1 that comprise each of the layers SI are modules M1 of differentiated types, which are illustrated distinctly from layers SI to layers SI of the framework 3 by different hatchings per module M1 which are successively abutted longitudinally and which are installed overhanging From layers SI to successively superimposed layers SI of the framework 3. From layers SI to successively superimposed layers SI of the framework 3, the modules M1 of differentiated types that comprise each of the States S1 are longitudinally shifted between a lower SI stratum and an upper SI stratum.

[0113] This has the effect in particular of reinforcing the frame 3 and stabilizing it with respect to the vertical loads that it is likely to support, in particular with regard to the second aspect of the invention discussed below in relation to the description of figures 10 and 11.

[0114] In Figures 10 and 11 - as previously mentioned in relation to [Fig. 1] - the framework 3 is subdivided in elevation not only into successively superimposed strata SI but also into successively superimposed stages E1, E2, E3 which each comprise at least one stratum SI. According to the example shown of the framework 3, the framework 3 is structured in three successive stages E1, E2, E3 for the support by the retaining wall 1 illustrated in [Fig. 10], of a terrain 2 extending in elevation for information purposes between 2 meters and 2.5 meters. It is understood that the number of floors El, E2, E3 and / or the number of strata SI per floor El, E2, E3 of the frame 3 - and therefore of the retaining wall 1 - are adapted according to the extension in elevation of the land 2 to be supported.

[0115] In [Fig. 10], the retaining wall 1 is illustrated comprising the framework 3 resting on the base 9 delimiting the enclosure 4 of the retaining wall 1 which is filled by the embankment 5, the embankment 5 being illustrated by cross-hatching of the interior volume of the enclosure 4. The ground 2 is illustrated at the rear of the retaining wall 1 by unidirectional inclined hatching. In Figures 10 and 11, the base 9 is illustrated at the base of the framework 3 by horizontal hatching.

[0116] In Figures 10 and 11, the framework 3 comprises, along its extension in elevation from its base to its top STI, a foundation floor E1 comprising a single stratum SI, then a middle floor E2 superimposed on the foundation floor E1 which comprises three strata SI, then a top floor E3 comprising only a single stratum SI superimposed on the middle floor E2. It will be noted that the base 9 and partially the lower stratum SI which comprises the foundation floor E1, are buried on the one hand at the front by backfill 5 from an excavation made at the base of the land 2 prior to the assembly of the retaining wall 1, and on the other hand at the rear by the natural material constituting the land 2. In [Fig. 10], the framework 3 extends in elevation substantially at the height of the land 2.

[0117] The front face 6a of the retaining wall 1 and therefore of the framework 3, extends along a constant slope PI - or in other words a one-way slope PI - which is inclined towards the rear face 6b of the framework 3. An earthwork operation of the ground 2 prior to the installation of the framework 3 is carried out to, on the one hand, develop the ground 2 in correlation with the constant direction PI of extension of the front face 6a of the framework 3, and on the other hand to prepare the said excavation. Conventionally, to be specified if necessary, such an excavation makes it possible to prepare at the front of a ground 2 to support a space for installing a retaining wall on site 2 and a circulation space for personnel. In the context of a gravity wall, the material from such an earthwork is then used as excavation to fill the gravity wall enclosure, otherwise it is removed from the site.

[0118] The earthworks of the ground 2 having been carried out, the framework 3 is successively assembled from SI strata to SI strata which it comprises. SI strata after successively superimposed SI strata, the modules M1 are installed by the manual assemblers and are linked longitudinally SI strata by SI strata and in elevation by successively superimposed SI strata, via the front pins 12a and the rear pins 12b.

[0119] The rear face 6b of the retaining wall 1 extends in application against the ground 2 following a directing slope P2 of overall extension of the rear face 6b of the framework 3 in elevation, from the rear end of the base of the framework 3 towards the front end of the summit STI and at the height of the front face 6a of the framework 3. Advantageously, the end 19 of the polygons 11 constituting the summit stratum SI and the front grid 7 overhang the summit of the ground 2, preventing the possible passage towards the front of the retaining wall 1 of any bodies coming from the ground 2.

[0120] More visible and referenced in [Fig.l 1], the transverse and elevation profile of the rear face 6b of the frame 3 is successively segmented from stage to stage E1, E2, E3 successively superimposed on the frame 3. The different segments 18a, 18b, 18c delimiting the transverse and elevation profile of the rear face 6b of the frame 3 are respectively defined by the rear faces of the stages E1, E2, E3 of the frame 3, being successively divergent transversely with respect to each other following the extension in elevation of the frame 3. Thus according to the example illustrated: -) A foundation segment 18a is collectively defined by the rear sides 11b of the trapezoid-shaped polygons 10c which constitute the stratum SI forming the foundation floor EL -) The foundation segment 18a is extended in elevation by a median segment 18b which is collectively defined by the rear sides 11b of the polygons shaped into parallelograms 10b which constitute the successively superimposed strata SI forming the median floor E2. -) The median segment 18b is extended in elevation by a vertex segment 18c which is collectively defined by the upper sides 11c of the polygons shaped into triangles 10a which constitute the stratum SI forming the vertex stage E3. As an obvious consequence, as illustrated in Figures 10 and 11, the upper sides 11c of the triangles 10a constituting the vertex stage E3 collectively delimit the rear face 6b of the framework 3 at its vertex stage E3.

[0121] The foundation segment 18a is inclined from the rear of the base of the floor of foundation El towards the front of the retaining wall 1. The middle segment 18b is inclined from the foundation segment 18a towards the rear of the retaining wall 1, being oriented parallel to the front face 6a of the retaining wall 1 following its constant slope PI of inclination. The top segment 18c is inclined from the middle segment 18b towards the top STI of the front face 6a of the frame 3.

[0122] It should be noted that: -) the inclination of the upper side 11c of the set of triangles 10a which comprise each of the strata SI of the framework 3, is steeply inclined from their front side 11a towards the acute angle 13 arranged at the rear of the triangles 10a which points towards the ground 2 -) the front pins 12a bear transversely at the base of the front sides 11a of the set of triangles 10a which comprise the frame 3; -) the upper sides 11c and the lower sides 11d of the quadrilaterals 10b, 10c constituting the whole of the frame 3 are oriented parallel to each other and parallel to the ground - the frame 3 resting the base 9 - and successively linked together by front pinning 12a and by rear pinning 12b longitudinally by layer SI of the frame 3 in elevation by successively superimposed layers of the frame 3.

[0123] The thrust forces EPI exerted by the ground 2 against the retaining wall 1 therefore cause a progressive return RI via the polygons 10, 10b, 10c of the loads supported by the retaining wall 1 - caused by the thrust forces EPI exerted by the ground 2 against the retaining wall 1 - towards the ground and more specifically towards the base 9 on which rests the frame 3 and the embankment 5 of the retaining wall 1.

[0124] More particularly, the thrust forces EPI are returned RI successively from strata SI to strata SI from the top STI towards the base of the frame 3: -) by the lower side 1 Id and mainly via the upper side 1 le with a steep slope of the set of triangles 10a constituting the frame 3, towards the rear sides 11b of the quadrilaterals 10b, 10c from their front side 11a; -) by the upper sides 1 le and by the lower sides 1 Id of the quadrilaterals 10b, 10c, towards their rear side 11b, as a result of their connection between them longitudinally by stratum SI and in elevation from strata SI to successively superimposed strata SI of the framework 3.

[0125] It will also be noted that the steeply sloping upper side 11 of the triangles 11 of an upper SI stratum also generates, along its transverse extension, vertical components VR1 for returning the loads supported by the framework 3, as a result of the thrust forces exerted by the ground 2 against the retaining wall 1. Such vertical components VR1 for returning forces are progressively returned to each of the successively superimposed SI strata of the framework 3, which promotes the global return RI, R2 successively from SI strata to SI strata of the loads supported by the frame 3 towards the ground and more specifically in the rest zone of the frame 3 on the ground via the base 9.

[0126] In summary, with regard to the technical results obtained overall by the invention, it is worth noting the technical results obtained specifically from an architecture of the framework 3 progressively presenting various arrangements of the retaining wall 1 relating to the invention.

[0127] The retaining wall 1 is arranged as a gravity wall, the enclosure 4 of which is subdivided into successively superimposed strata SI and the front face 6a and the rear face 6b of which are each delimited by robust structural elements. Such robust structural elements are in particular shaped into polygons 10a, 10b, 10c of transverse and vertical extension and which are formed from metallic wire elements and which extend between the front face and the rear face of the retaining wall 1 which are defined by the framework 3. Such an arrangement of the retaining wall 1 in a gravity wall according to the invention gives it effective resistance against the thrust forces EPI exerted by the ground 2 against the retaining wall 1. Such a gravity wall can in particular be used for supporting a ground 2 rising to a moderate or more substantial height depending on the number of SI strata that the framework 3 comprises.

[0128] The retaining wall 1 is also more specifically arranged as a gravity wall reinforced by the framework 3, the polygons 10a, 10b, 10c of which are linked by front pinning 12a and by rear pinning 12b between them, longitudinally by stratum SI and in elevation by successively superimposed strata SI of the framework 3. The framework 3 thus arranged forms a cohesive reinforcement frame for the retaining wall, via which the loads supported by the retaining wall 1 are transmitted from polygons 10a, 10b or 10c to polygons 10a, 10b or 10c - and this by successively superimposed strata SI of the framework 3 - by promoting their dissipation by the backfill 5. Such a reinforced gravity wall can be used for supporting a terrain 2 rising to a moderate or significantly greater height.

[0129] The retaining wall 1 is also more specifically arranged as a moderately self-supporting reinforced gravity wall, the polygons 10a, 10b, 10c of which are distributed by modules Ml of differentiated types which are longitudinally offset from successively superimposed SI strata to SI strata of the framework 3. Such a moderately self-supporting reinforced gravity wall can be used for supporting a terrain 2 rising to a moderate or significantly greater height, while being potentially resistant in the event of low-amplitude telluric movements.

[0130] The retaining wall 1 is also more specifically arranged as a significantly self-stable reinforced gravity wall, from the configuration of the transverse profile and in elevation of its rear face 6b, in successively divergent segments 18a, 18b, 18c of floors in floors El, E2, E3 superimposed on the frame 3. Such a configuration of the rear face 6b of the frame 3, provides a global return RI, VR1 towards the ground of the loads supported by the frame 3 caused by the thrust forces EPI exerted by the ground 2 against the retaining wall 1. Such a reinforced and effectively self-supporting gravity wall can be used for the support of a ground 2 rising in particular to a significant height of several meters, for non-restrictive information up to an extension in elevation of the retaining wall which can reach several meters depending on the number of floors El, E2, E3 and / or depending on the number of strata SI which the different floors El, E2, E3 of the frame 3 respectively comprise.

Claims

Claims

1. Retaining wall (1) for a piece of land (2), of the type comprising a metal framework (3) delimiting an enclosure (4) for receiving a fill material (5), the enclosure (4) comprising openwork faces which are formed by the framework (3), which each extend in elevation from the base to the top of the retaining wall (1) and which are assembled together, including a front face (6a) and a rear face (6b) for supporting the retaining wall (1) against the ground, the front face (6a) and the rear face (6b) of the framework (3) extending longitudinally, and including end faces (6c, 6d) of transverse extensions which are respectively formed at the longitudinal ends of the front face (6a) and the rear face (6b) of the framework (3) extending transversely between its front face (6a) and its rear face (6b),characterized: in that the front face (6a) of the frame (3) extends in elevation from the base towards the top (STI) of the frame (3) in a constant direction (PI) defined in accordance with the extension in elevation of the ground (2) to be supported, and in that the rear face (6b) of the frame (3) extends in elevation following a directing slope (P2) from the rear of the base of the frame (3) towards the top (STI) before the frame (3), and in that the frame (3) is subdivided into several successively superimposed strata (SI) each comprising structural elements shaped as polygons (10a, 10b, 10c) which extend in elevation and transversely between the front face (6a) and the rear face (6b) of the frame (3), the polygons (10a, 10b, 10c) being distributed for each of the strata (SI) successively at a longitudinal distance from each other, collectively delimiting the openwork front face (6a) and rear face (6b) of the enclosure (4),and in that all of the polygons (10a, 10b, 10c) are linked together by front pinning (12a) and by rear pinning (12b), on the one hand successively longitudinally by stratum (SI) of the framework (3) and on the other hand in elevation from strata (SI) to successively superimposed strata (SI) of the framework (3).,

2. - Retaining wall (1) of a land (2) according to claim 1, ca characterized: in that the retaining wall (1) incorporates a reinforcement frame to counter the thrust forces exerted by the ground (2) against the retaining wall (1), the frame structurally forming an assembly

3.

4. cohesive which defines the enclosure (4) longitudinally, transversely and in elevation, the frame being made up of all the polygons (10a, 10b, 10c) which are linked together via at least one front pin (12a) and via at least one rear pin (12b). Retaining wall (1) of a plot of land (2) according to claim 2, characterized in that the framework (3) comprises wire elements assembled together, including at least: -) folded wire elements respectively forming the polygons (10a, 10b, 10c) which are hollowed out and closed on themselves, the polygons (10a, 10b, 10c) each extending along a transverse extension plane and in elevation between the front face (6a) and the rear face (6b) of the frame (3), the polygons (10a, 10b, 10c) collectively defining at their front side (11a) the front face (6a) of the frame (3) and at their rear side (11b) the rear face (6b) of the frame (3), the polygons (10a, 10b, 10c) being for each of the layers (SI) of the frame (3) at least in major part if not in total longitudinally successively equidistant from each other, -) wire elements forming said at least one front pin (12a, 12b) and said at least one rear pin (12b) for connecting the polygons (10a, 10b, 10c) successively by superimposed layers (SI), which are of longitudinal extensions, -) wire elements fixed together, respectively forming different grids, including at least one front grid (7) covering the front face (6a) of the frame (3) which is fixed to the front sides (11a) of the polygons (10a, 10b, 10c) and end grids (8a, 8b) constituting the end faces (6c, 6d) of the enclosure (4) which are respectively fixed to the polygons (10a, 10b, 10c) located at the longitudinal ends of the frame (3). Retaining wall (1) of a terrain (2) according to any one of claims 2 and 3, characterized in that the polygons (10a, 10b, 10c) comprise at least two differentiated types of polygons (10a and 10b or 10c) of respective conformations, the polygons (10a and 10b or 10c) of a lower stratum (SI) linked in elevation to an upper stratum (SI) of the framework (3) comprising at least polygons (10a and 10b or 10c) of a first type of polygons (10b, 10c) and polygons of a second type of polygons (10a) of conformations differentiated by types of polygons (10a and 10b or 10c), the polygons (10a and 10b or 10c) of differentiated types respectively constituents of each of the

5.

6. lower strata (SI) which are overhung by an upper stratum (SI) of the framework (3) being longitudinally distributed alternately by type of polygons (10a and 10b or 10c). Retaining wall (1) of a land (2) according to claim 4, characterized: in that selectively for the layers (SI) of the framework (3) of which they are respectively constitutive, the polygons of the first type of polygons are each identically shaped into a quadrilateral (10b, 10c) and the polygons of the second type of polygons are each identically shaped into a triangle (10a) comprising an acute angle (13) of small angular amplitude pointing at the rear face (6b) of the framework (3), and in that for all the polygons (10a, 10b, 10c) constituting the framework (3), the height of the quadrilaterals (10b, 10c) and the height of the triangles (10a) defined by their front side (11a), which are respectively comprised by each of the layers (SI) of the framework (3), are identical. Retaining wall (1) of a terrain (2) according to claim 5, characterized in that the polygons (10a and 10b or 10c) are assembled together from strata (SI) to strata (SI) successively superimposed on the framework (3), by robust hooking of the polygons (10a and 10b or 10c) according to the following methods for each of the strata (SI) successively superimposed: -) the front pinning of the polygons (10a and 10b or 10c) between them is carried out via a front hook (14a) which is integrated into the front end of an upper side (11c) of the polygons (10a and 10b or 10c) and the end of the front hook (14a) of which is fixed to the upper end of the front side (11a) of the polygons (10a and 10b or 10c), the front hooks (14a) respectively integrated into the polygons (10a and 10b or 10c) each providing a front eyelet (16a) for the passage of said at least one front pin (12a) which bears vertically against the front hooks (14a) of the polygons (10a and 10b or 10c) and transversely against the front face of the upper ends of the front sides (11a) of the polygons (10a and 10b or 10c), the front grid (7) covering the front face (6a) of the frame (3) being fixed to the rear face of the front sides (11a) of the polygons (10a and 10b or 10c), and -) the rear pinning of the polygons (10a and 10b or 10c) between them is carried out via a rear hook (14b) which is integrated by fixing to the upper end of the rear side (11b) of the quadrilaterals (10b, 10c),

7.

8. the end of the rear hook (14b) being fixed to the rear end of the upper side (11c) of the quadrilaterals (10b, 10c), the rear hooks (14b) respectively integrated into the quadrilaterals (10b, 10c) each providing a rear eyelet (16b) for the passage of said at least one rear pin (12b) which bears vertically against the lower side (11d) of the triangles (10a) inside a space delimited by the acute angle (13) of the triangles (10a) pointing at the rear face (6b) of the frame (3), and against the upper side (11c) of the quadrilaterals (10b, 10c) at their rear end. Retaining wall (1) of a land (2) according to any one of claims 2 to 6, characterized: in that said at least one front pin (12a) and said at least one rear pin (12b) which extend longitudinally for each of the layers (SI) between the longitudinal ends of the framework (3), are each subdivided into multiple front pins (12a) and multiple rear pins (12b), in that the polygons (10a and 10b or 10c) respectively constituting each of the successively superimposed layers (SI) of the framework (3), are grouped by modules (Ml) of polygons (10a and 10b or 10c) longitudinally juxtaposed, the modules (Ml) respectively constituting each of the layers (SI) of the framework (3) being connected to each other at least two by two via the ends of the front pins (12a) and the ends of the rear pins (12b), and in that each of the modules (Ml) comprises at least one set of two polygons of differentiated types (10a and 10b or 10c), with the exception of the modules (Ml) of a stratum (SI) at the top of the framework (3) which only comprise polygons (10a) of a single type, in that for each of the strata (SI) of the framework (3), the modules (Ml) are modules (Ml) of types differentiated according to the number of polygons (10a and 10b or 10c) which they comprise respectively, the modules (Ml) of an upper stratum (SI) of the framework (3) which are superimposed on the modules (Ml) of a lower stratum (SI) of the framework (3) being at least in part modules (Ml) of types differentiated from strata (SI) to successively superimposed strata (SI) of the framework (3), the modules (Ml) of an upper stratum (SI) and the modules (Ml) of a lower stratum (SI) being longitudinally offset relative to each other by successively superimposed strata (SI) of the framework (3). Retaining wall (1) of a plot of land (2) according to any of the re preceding claims, characterized: in that the frame (3) is not only subdivided in elevation into successively superimposed strata (SI), but is also subdivided in elevation into successively superimposed stages (El, E2, E3) from the base to the top (STI) of the frame (3), the different stages (El, E2, E3) of the frame (3) respectively comprising at least one stratum (SI) of the frame (3), in that the transverse profile and in elevation of the rear face (6b) of the frame (3) is successively segmented from stage to stage (El, E2, E3) successively superimposed of the frame (3), the different segments (18a, 18b, 18c) of the transverse profile and in elevation of the rear face (6b) of the frame (3) being respectively defined by the rear faces of the stages (El, E2, E3) of the frame (3), being successively divergent transversely with respect to each other from floors (El, E2, E3) to floors (El, E2, E3) successively superimposed on the frame (3).

9. Retaining wall (1) of a terrain (2) according to claim 8, characterized: in that the framework (3) comprises at least three floors (El, E2, E3), including a foundation floor (El) arranged at the base of the retaining wall (1), which is surmounted by a middle floor (E2) itself surmounted by a top floor (E3) of the framework (3), and in that from floor to floor (El, E2, E3) successively superimposed on the framework (3), the segments (18a, 18b, 18c) of the transverse profile and in elevation of the rear face (6b) of the framework (3) considered collectively, are generally oriented along the direction slope (P2) of overall transverse extension and in elevation of the rear face (6b) of the framework (3), in that the segments (18a, 18b, 18c) of the transverse profile and in elevation of the rear face (6b) of the frame (3) are successively divergent from each other according to the following methods: -) a foundation segment (18a) which is defined by the foundation floor (El),is inclined from the rear of the base of the foundation floor (El) towards the front of the retaining wall (1), -) a middle segment (18b) which is defined by the middle floor (E2), is inclined from the foundation segment (18a) towards the rear of the retaining wall (1), the middle segment (18b) being oriented parallel to the front face (6a) of the retaining wall (1), -) a top segment (18c) which is defined by the top floor (E3), is inclined from the middle segment (18b) towards the front of the retaining wall (1) extending from the middle segment (18b) to the top (STI) of the front face (6a) of the frame (3).

10. Retaining wall (1) of a land (2) according to any one of claims 5 and 6, according to claim 7 and according to claim 9, characterized: in that the quadrilaterals 10b, 10c) constituting the framework (3) are of differentiated conformations according to the successively superimposed stages (El, E2, E3) of the framework (3) according to the following methods: -) the quadrilaterals which constitute a stratum (SI) of the foundation stage (El) are each shaped into a trapezium (10c), the lower side (11d) and the upper side (11c) of the trapeziums (10c) each being oriented parallel to the ground, the front side (11a) of the trapeziums (10c) extending in the constant direction (PI) of extension in elevation of the front face (6a) of the retaining wall (1), and the rear side of the trapeziums (10c) defining the foundation segment (18a) being inclined from the rear base of the foundation stage (El) towards the front of the retaining wall (1), -) the quadrilaterals which constitute a stratum (SI) of the middle floor (E2) are each shaped into a parallelogram (10b), the lower side (1 Id) and the upper side (1 le) of the parallelograms (10b) each being oriented parallel to the ground, the front side (1 la) and the rear side (11b) of the parallelograms (10b) each extending from the top of the foundation floor (18a) along the constant direction (PI) of extension in elevation of the front face (6a) of the framework (3), the rear sides (11b) of the parallelograms (10b) defining the middle segment (18b) being divergent towards the rear of the retaining wall (1) relative to the foundation segment (18a), -) the top floor (E3) comprises a single top layer (SI) comprising only triangles (10a), the lower side (lld) of the triangles (10a) being oriented parallel to the ground and the upper side (11c) of the triangles (10a) being inclined from the top of the median segment (18b) towards the top (STI) of the front face (6a) of the frame (3), the upper sides (11c) of the triangles (10a) defining the top segment (18c) which is divergent towards the front of the retaining wall (1) relative to the median segment (18b).

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