Driver circuitry for capacitive transducers

Abstract

The present disclosure relates to circuitry for driving a capacitive transducer. The circuitry may be implemented as an integrated circuit and comprises driver circuitry configured to supply a drive signal to the capacitive transducer to cause the transducer to generate an output signal and active inductor circuitry configured to be coupled with the capacitive transducer. The active inductor circuitry may be tuneable to adjust a frequency characteristic of the output signal.

Description

Field of the Invention 5 The present disclosure relates to driver circuitry for capacitive transducers. Background Piezoelectric transducers are used in a variety of applications. For example, parking 10 sensor systems for cars and other vehicles typically employ a plurality of piezoelectric transducers for transmitting and detecting ultrasonic signals. In such systems, an ultrasonic signal is transmitted by a piezoelectric element and the time taken for a reflection of the transmitted signal to be detected (usually by the same 15 piezoelectric element) is measured. Based on this measured time, a distance to the object from which the ultrasonic signal was reflected can be calculated, and a signal (typically an audible signal) indicative of the distance to the object can be generated and output. 20 A common approach in such systems is to use a transformer to provide a driving voltage (i.e. the voltage across the piezoelectric element when transmitting an ultrasonic signal) of the order of, for example, 70-100V, in order to increase the signal to noise ratio of the transmitted signal. This has the effect of increasing the effective range of the system, since the energy of a transmitted ultrasound signal is increased, allowing the transmitted 25 signal and any resulting reflected ultrasound signal to travel further. This approach is illustrated in simplified form in Figure 1, which shows a system 100 including driver circuitry 110, a piezoelectric element 120, and a transformer 130. A primary coil 132 of the transformer 130 is coupled to the driver circuitry 110 so as to 30 receive a primary drive signal Vdrive output by the driver circuitry 110. A secondary coil 134 of the transformer 130, which has fewer turns than the primary coil 132, is coupled to the piezoelectric element 120, such that the piezoelectric element 120 receives a secondary drive signal Vdrive’ whose amplitude is greater than that of the primary drive signal Vdrive. As will be appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art, the increase in 35 the amplitude of the secondary drive signal Vdrive’ with respect to the primary drive 11 09 24 signal Vdrive is governed by the turns ratio of the transformer (i.e. the ratio of turns of the primary coil 132 to turns of the secondary coil 134). There are a number of disadvantages to the approach illustrated in Figure 1. In 5 particular, the transformer 130 is typically physically large, heavy and costly (compared to an integrated circuit that may be used to implement the driver circuitry 110). Further, the effective range of the system 100 is limited, and the system 100 is susceptible to interference from signals transmitted by other transducers. 10 Summary According to a first aspect, the invention provides circuitry for driving a capacitive transducer, the circuitry comprising: driver circuitry configured to supply a drive signal to the capacitive transducer to cause the transducer to generate an output signal; and 15   active inductor circuitry configured to be coupled with the capacitive transducer, wherein the active inductor circuitry is tuneable to adjust a frequency characteristic of the output signal, and wherein the circuitry is configured such that, in use of the circuitry, the active inductor circuitry is coupled in series with the capacitive transducer. 20 The active may inductor circuitry comprise gyrator circuitry and a capacitance. The gyrator circuitry may comprise first and second transconductors arranged in a back-to-back configuration. 25 The capacitance may be adjustable. Additionally or alternatively, a transconductance of at least one of the first and second transconductors may be adjustable. 30 The first and second transconductors may comprise operational transconductance amplifiers, each having a variable bias current or voltage. The circuitry may further comprise current monitor circuitry configured to be coupled to the capacitive transducer, the current monitor circuitry comprising control circuitry 35 configured to: estimate an impedance of the capacitive transducer; and output a control signal to the active inductor circuitry to cause the active inductor circuitry to adjust a 11 09 24 parameter thereof so as to adjust an operational frequency characteristic of the capacitive transducer. The active inductor circuitry may comprise first and second transconductors and a 5 capacitance, and the active inductor circuitry may be configured to adjust a transconductance of at least one of the first and second transconductors or a capacitance value of the capacitance in response to the control signal. The control circuitry may be configured to estimate the impedance of the capacitive 10 transducer based on a voltage of known amplitude output to the capacitive transducer by the driver circuitry and current through the capacitive transducer detected by the current monitor circuitry. The driver circuitry may be configured to output a chirp signal, and the active inductor 15 circuitry may be configured to adjust a frequency characteristic thereof according to the chirp signal, such that the frequency characteristic of the active inductor circuitry tracks the changing frequency of the chirp signal The active inductor circuitry may be configured to receive the chirp signal or a signal 20 indicative of the chirp signal from the driver circuitry. The active inductor circuitry may comprise first and second transconductors and a capacitance, and the active inductor circuitry may be configured to adjust a transconductance of at least one of the first and second transconductor or a capacitance 25 value of the capacitance according to the chirp signal. The capacitive transducer may comprise a piezoelectric transducer, a MEMS transducer or an electrostatic transducer. 30 According to a second aspect the invention provides an integrated circuit comprising driver circuitry configured to generate a drive signal for driving a capacitive transducer to cause the transducer to generate an output signal and active inductor circuitry configured to be coupled with the capacitive transducer, wherein the integrated circuit is configured such that, in use of the integrated circuit, the active inductor circuitry is coupled in series 35 with the capacitive transducer. 11 09 24 The active inductor circuitry may be tuneable to adjust a frequency characteristic of the output signal. The active inductor circuitry may comprise gyrator circuitry and a capacitance. 5 The gyrator circuitry may comprise first and second transconductors arranged in a back-to-back configuration. The capacitance and / or a transconductance of at least one of the first and second 10 transconductors may be adjustable. According to a third aspect, the invention provides a system comprising a first capacitive transducer associated with first driver circuitry and first active inductor circuitry and a second capacitive transducer associated with second driver circuitry and second active 15 inductor circuitry, wherein the first active inductor circuitry is tuneable so as to provide a first operational bandwidth for the first capacitive transducer and the second active inductor circuitry is tuneable so as to provide a second operational bandwidth, different from the first operational bandwidth, for the second capacitive transducer, and wherein the system is configured such that, in use of the system, the first active inductor circuitry 20 is coupled in series with the first capacitive transducer and the second active inductor circuitry is coupled in series with the second capacitive transducer. The first capacitive transducer and / or the second capacitive transducer may comprise a piezoelectric transducer, a MEMS transducer or an electrostatic transducer. 25 According to a fourth aspect, the invention provides circuitry for driving a capacitive transducer, the circuitry comprising driver circuitry configured to supply a drive signal to the capacitive transducer and gyrator circuitry configured to be coupled with the capacitive transducer, wherein the gyrator circuitry is tuneable to adjust an operational 30 frequency characteristic of the capacitive transducer, and wherein the circuitry is configured such that, in use of the circuitry, the gyrator circuity is coupled in series with the capacitive transducer. The capacitive transducer may comprise a piezoelectric transducer, a MEMS transducer 35 or an electrostatic transducer. 11 09 24 According to a fifth aspect, the invention provides an integrated circuit comprising the circuitry of the first aspect. Brief Description of the Drawings 5 Embodiments of the invention will now be described, strictly by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings, of which: Figure 1 is a simplified schematic diagram illustrating circuitry for driving a piezoelectric 10 transducer for use in a parking sensor system; Figure 2 is a simplified schematic diagram illustrating alternative circuitry for driving a piezoelectric transducer; 15 Figure 3a is a schematic diagram illustrating a Butterworth Van Dyke (BVD) model of a piezoelectric transducer; Figure 3b illustrates a frequency response of the model of Figure 3a; 20 Figure 4a is a schematic diagram illustrating the addition of a series inductor to the BVD model shown in Figure 3a; Figure 4b illustrates a frequency response of the modified model of Figure 4a; 25 Figure 5 is a schematic diagram illustrating an example of circuitry for driving a capacitive transducer, including driver circuitry and active inductor circuitry; Figure 6 is a schematic diagram of a system for driving a capacitive transducer including example gyrator circuitry; 30 Figure 7 is a schematic diagram illustrating electrical equivalent circuitry of the circuitry illustrated in Figure 6; Figure 8 is a schematic diagram illustrating a system including a plurality of capacitive 35 elements, each of which is associated with circuitry of the kind illustrated in Figure 5; 11 09 24 Figure 9 is a schematic diagram illustrating an example of the circuitry of Figure 5 in which the driver circuitry provides an indication of a frequency of a drive signal to the active inductor circuitry; and 5 Figure 10 is a schematic diagram illustrating a further example of circuitry for driving a capacitive transducer, including driver circuitry and active inductor circuitry. Detailed Description 10 In one alternative system, shown generally at 200 in Figure 2, an inductance 210 is coupled in series between the driver circuitry 110 and the piezoelectric element 120. This has the effect of increasing the operational bandwidth of the piezoelectric element 120, thus enabling the transformer 130 of Figure 1 to be removed, as lower frequency ultrasound signals, which inherently have longer range, can be used. 15 Figure 3a is a schematic diagram illustrating a Butterworth Van Dyke (BVD) model circuit 300 of a piezoelectric element such as the piezoelectric element 120. As can be seen, in the circuit 300 the piezoelectric element is modelled as a filter comprising a first capacitance 310 of value Cp in parallel with a series combination of an inductance 320 20 of value Lm, a second capacitance 330 of value Lm and a resistance 340 of value Rm. In the circuit 300, a voltage Vra (representing acoustic power output by the piezoelectric element 120) develops across the resistance 340 in response to an applied input voltage Vin. The transfer function from Vin to Vra in the model 300 is given by: 25 T = — = — sCmRa---- where s is the frequency operator jw. VIN 1+s2CmLm+sCmRa As will be apparent from the equation above and the frequency response shown at 350 in Figure 3b, the piezoelectric element 120 modelled by the circuit 300 is a strongly resonant system. 30 Modifying the circuit 300 by adding a series inductance 210 of value Ltune to the circuit (as in the system 200 of Figure 2) gives the model circuit illustrated at 400 in Figure 4a. The transfer function of from Vin to Vra of the circuit 400 is given by: VrA VlN + ^M(l + sCp(sLM + R^XX) (1 + sCm(sLm + ^))(1 + s2CPLTUNE + sCm(Lm(s + s3CPLTUNE) + RA + sLTUNE(l + sCpRa))) 11 09 24 If the value of the series inductance 210 is selected to maximally split the poles in the 5 transfer function in order to maximise the bandwidth of the circuit, by inspection the value Ltune of the series inductance is given by: L ~L — ltune ~ r LP 10 The frequency response of the circuit 400 is shown at 410 in Figure 4b (which also shows the frequency response 350 of the unmodified circuit 300 shown in Figure 3). As will be apparent from the frequency response 410, the addition of the series inductance 410 has increased the bandwidth of the circuit 400, in comparison to that of the circuit 300. However, this increase in bandwidth requires a large inductor to implement the 15 inductance 210. Such an inductor cannot be implemented as partofan integrated circuit, but must instead be provided off-chip. Figure 5 is a schematic illustration of an alternative approach according to an aspect of the present disclosure, which avoids the need for an off-chip inductor. 20 In the system shown generally at 500 in Figure 5, driver circuitry 110 for providing a drive signal to a piezoelectric element 120 and active inductor circuitry 510 are provided on an integrated circuit 520. The driver circuitry 110 provides a drive signal to a first terminal of the piezoelectric element 120 (which is provided externally of the integrated circuit 25   520, i.e. off-chip), and a second terminal of the piezoelectric element is coupled to the active inductor circuitry 510. The active inductor circuitry 510 is configured to implement an on-chip active inductor, and thus in the system 500 illustrated in Figure 5 there is no need for a separate off-chip inductor. The active inductor circuitry 510 may be implemented using gyrator circuitry and a capacitance, for example. The active inductor 30 circuitry 510 may be tuneable so as to permit adjustment of a frequency characteristic of an output signal generated by the piezoelectric element 120 in response to the drive signal. 11 09 24 It will be understood that, although the system 500 in this example drives a piezoelectric element, the system 500 is also suitable for driving other capacitive elements, transducers or loads. For example, the system 500 may be used to drive a MEMs transducer or an electrostatic transducer. 5 Figure 6 is a schematic representation of a system for driving a piezoelectric transducer. The system, shown generally at 600, includes driver circuitry 110 configured to provide a drive signal to a first terminal 122 of a piezoelectric element 120 of the piezoelectric 10 transducer. The system 600 further includes gyrator circuitry 610 coupled to a second terminal 124 of the piezoelectric element 120 and a capacitor 620 of value Cg coupled between the gyrator circuitry 610 and a reference voltage source, which in this example is a ground rail. The driver circuitry 110, gyrator circuitry 610 and capacitor 620 may be provided on an integrated circuit 630, whilst the piezoelectric element 120 is external to 15 the integrated circuit 630 (i.e. is off-chip). The combination of the gyrator circuity 610 and the capacitor 620 constitutes active inductor circuitry of the kind shown at 510 in Figure 5. The gyrator circuitry 610 includes first and second transconductors 612, 614 arranged in 20 a back to back configuration. The transconductors 612, 614 may be implemented by operational transconductance amplifiers, for example. Each of the transconductors 612, 614 has a first and second input and an output, and is configured to generate an output current lout based on 1) a difference between voltages V1, V2 at its first and second inputs and 2) a transconductance value Gm of the transconductor, i.e. lout = Gm.(V1 -25   V2). In use of the system 600, a first input (labelled + in Figure 6) of the first transconductor 612 is coupled to the second terminal 124 of the piezoelectric element 120 so as to receive an input voltage Vin. A second input (labelled - in Figure 6) of the first 30 transconductor 612 is coupled to a reference voltage source, which in the illustrated example is the ground rail. The first transconductor 612 is thus configured to generate aa first output current h that is dependent upon the input voltage Vin and a transconductance value Gm of the first transconductor 612, i.e. h = Gm.Vin. 35 The capacitor 620 is coupled to an output of the first transconductor 612 so as to receive the first output current h. A voltage Vcap develops across the capacitor 620 as a result 11 09 24 of the first output current h, and this voltage Vcap lags the first output current h by 90 degrees. The voltage Vcap thus also lags the input voltage Vin. A first input (labelled + in Figure 6) of the second transconductor 614 is coupled to the 5 reference voltage source, and a second input (labelled - in Figure 6) of the second transconductor 614 is coupled to the output of the first transconductor 612, and thus to the capacitor 620. The second transconductor 614 is thus configured to generate a second output current I2 that is dependent upon the voltage Vcap that develops across the capacitor 620 and a transconductance value Gm (which in this example is equal to 10   the transconductance value of the first transconductor 612) of the second transconductor 614, i.e. I2 = -Gm.Vcap. As it is based on the voltage Vcapthat develops across the capacitor 620, the second output current I2 lags the input voltage Vin. Thus the combination of the gyrator circuitry 610 and the capacitor 620 acts as an 15 inductor 710 of inductance = ^7, as illustrated in the equivalent circuit 700 of Figure 7. As will be apparent from the equation above, a desired equivalent inductance value L can be implemented by selecting appropriate values for the transconductances of the transconductors 612, 614 of the gyrator circuitry 610 and / or the capacitance of the 20 capacitor 620. In this way frequency characteristics of the system 600 such as the operational frequency response and bandwidth can be set and (if the transconductance and capacitance values are adjustable) adjusted as required to achieve desired effects such as increased range and / or reduced susceptibility to interference. 25 Again, it will be understood that, although the system 600 in this example drives a piezoelectric element, the system 600 is also suitable for driving other capacitive elements, transducers or loads. For example, the system 600 may be used to drive a MEMs transducer or an electrostatic transducer. 30 Figure 8 is a schematic diagram illustrating a system 800 including a plurality of piezoelectric elements 120a - 120n, each of which is associated with separate driver circuitry 110a - 11 On and separate active inductor circuitry 510a - 51 On of the kind described above with reference to Figure 5. The active inductor circuitry 510a - 51 On of the system 800 may be based on the gyrator-capacitor arrangement described above 35 with reference to Figure 6. As before, although the system 800 is shown as including multiple instances of driver circuitry that each drives a piezoelectric element, it will be 11 09 24 appreciated that the system could also be used to drive other capacitive elements, transducers or loads, e.g. MEMS transducers or electrostatic transducers. The active inductor circuitry 510a - 51 On of the system 800 permits the operational 5 frequency characteristics of each of the piezoelectric elements 120a - 120n to be tuned differently, e.g. by setting or adjusting the transconductance values of transconductors and / or the capacitance value of a capacitor used in the active inductor circuitry 510a -510n associated with each piezoelectric element 120a - 120n. For example, first active inductor circuitry 510a associated with a first piezoelectric element 120a can be tuned 10 so as to provide a first operational bandwidth for the first piezoelectric element 120a, whilst second active inductor circuitry 510b associated with a second piezoelectric element 120b can be tuned so as to provide a second operational bandwidth, different from the first operational bandwidth, for the second piezoelectric element 120b. Similarly, nth active inductor circuitry 51 On associated with an nth piezoelectric element 15   120n can be tuned so as to provide an nth operational bandwidth, different from the first and second operational bandwidths, for the nth piezoelectric element 120bn. In this way the risk of interference between the piezoelectric elements 120a - 120n can be reduced. Thus, in a system that has a plurality of co-located piezoelectric elements, each element 20 can be statically tuned to a different operational bandwidth, so as to minimise coexistence problems such as interference between elements. For example, in a system such as a parking sensor system that includes a plurality of piezoelectric transducers that are to operate simultaneously, the frequency response 25 and operational bandwidth of each transducer can be tuned differently (e.g. during a calibration process performed during manufacture or installation of the system) to reduce the risk of interference between the piezoelectric transducers. Additionally, the transconductance values of the transconductors 612, 614 and / or the 30 capacitance value of the capacitor 620 may be dynamically adjustable. For example, the transconductance values of the transconductors 612, 614 may be adjustable by adjusting a bias voltage or current, and the capacitor 620 may be implemented using, for example, a switched capacitor network or other variable capacitance arrangement, thus allowing the capacitance value of the capacitor 620 to be adjusted. This allows the 35 frequency parameters of the system 600 to be adjusted dynamically in use. 11 09 24 For example, where the system 600 is used to drive a piezoelectric element 120 in a system such as a parking sensor system, the operational bandwidth of the piezoelectric element 120 may be optimised by dynamically adjusting the frequency response and / or bandwidth of the system 600 to correspond to a driving signal generated by the driver 5 circuitry 110. Thus, a chirp signal (i.e. a signal whose frequency increases or decreases over time) can be generated by the driver circuitry 110 to drive the piezoelectric element 120, and the frequency response and / or bandwidth of the system 600 may be adjusted accordingly. 10 Figure 9 is a schematic illustration of such a system. As shown, the system 900 includes driver circuitry 110 and active inductor circuitry 510, configured as in the system 500 of Figure 5. The active inductor circuitry 510 may be implemented using the arrangement of gyrator circuitry 610 and a capacitor 620 shown in Figure 6 and described above. The driver circuitry 110 and active inductor circuitry 510 may be provided on an integrated 15 circuit 910. In the system 900 of Figure 9, the driver circuitry 110 is configured to generate a chirp signal to drive the piezoelectric element 120 (or some other capacitive element, transducer or load, e.g. a MEMS transducer or an electrostatic transducer). The driver 20 circuitry 110 in this example is coupled to the active inductor circuitry 510 so as to provide the chirp signal (or a signal indicative of the chirp signal) to the active inductor circuitry 510. The active inductor circuitry 510 is configured to adjust a frequency characteristic (e.g. a bandwidth or frequency response) thereof according to the signal received from the driver circuitry 110, such that the frequency characteristic of the active inductor 25 circuitry 510 tracks the changing frequency of the chirp signal. In this way the frequency characteristic of the active inductor can be dynamically adjusted to correspond to the instantaneous frequency of the chirp signal, thus allowing a wider bandwidth chirp signal to be generated and transmitted by the piezoelectric element than when the frequency characteristic of the active inductor 510 is static. This can improve the range and 30 selectivity of the system. As will be appreciated from the discussion above, where the active inductor circuitry 510 is implemented using transconductors and a capacitor as in the example illustrated in Figure 6, the frequency characteristic of the active inductor circuitry 510 may be adjusted 35 by adjusting the transconductance values of the transconductors 612, 614 and / or by 11 09 24 adjusting the capacitance value of the capacitor 620 according to the chirp signal in order to track the frequency of the chirp signal. Additionally, the active inductor circuitry 510 can be tuned to compensate for component 5 variations, e.g. a deviation from rated or nominal parameter values for the piezoelectric element 120. Figure 10 is a schematic diagram illustrating circuitry for detecting and compensating for a parameter value of a piezoelectric transducer 120 (or other capacitive element, 10 transducer or load, e.g. a MEMS transducer or an electrostatic transducer). As can be seen, the system 100 include driver circuitry 110 and active inductor circuitry 510 of the kind described above. The system further includes current monitor circuitry 1010, coupled in series between the piezoelectric transducer 120 and the active inductor circuitry. The driver circuitry 110, active inductor circuitry 510 and current monitor 15 circuitry 1010 may be provided in an integrated circuit 1020. The current monitor circuitry 1010 may comprise, for example, a resistance of known value, voltage detector circuitry coupled to the resistance so as to detect a voltage across the resistance, and control circuitry operative to control one or more parameters of the 20 active inductor circuitry 510 (e.g. a transconductance value and / or a capacitance value) based on the detected voltage. In operation of the system 1000, the driver circuitry 110 outputs a voltage of known amplitude to the piezoelectric element 120. The current monitor circuitry 1010 25 determines or infers a current through the piezoelectric element 120 and, based on the determined current and the known voltage output by the driver circuitry 110, estimates an impedance of the piezoelectric element 120. If this estimated impedance does not correspond to a rated or nominal impedance value for the piezoelectric element 120, the control circuitry of the current monitor circuitry 1010 can output a control signal Ctrl to 30 the active inductor circuitry 510 to adjust a parameter such as a transconductance and / or a capacitance of the active inductor circuitry 510 so as to adjust an operational frequency characteristic such as the operational bandwidth and / or frequency response of the piezoelectric element 120 to correspond to an operational bandwidth and / or frequency response of the piezoelectric element 120 that would be expected if the actual 35 impedance of the piezoelectric element 120 were the same as its rated or nominal impedance. 11 09 24 Thus the active inductor circuitry 510 can be tuned to compensate for variations in the parameters of the piezoelectric element 120 from rated or nominal parameter values. 5 The frequency characteristics of the active inductor circuitry 510 can then by dynamically adjusted as discussed above to track the frequency of a chirp signal output by the driver circuitry 110 in operation of the system 1000. As will be appreciated, either or both of static tuning of the active inductor circuitry 510 10 to compensate for the effects of variations in the piezoelectric element 120, as described above with reference to Figure 10, and dynamic tuning of the active inductor circuitry 510 to track the frequency of a chirp signal output by the driver circuitry 110, as described above with reference to Figure 10, can be employed in the multi-element system 800 described above with reference to Figure 8. 15 As will apparent from the foregoing discussion, the circuitry of the present disclosure provides driver circuitry for driving a piezoelectric transducer obviates the need for a transformer or an off-chip inductor, as the operational frequency characteristics such as the frequency response and bandwidth of a piezoelectric transducer can be optimised to 20 suit the requirements of a particular application by adjusting one or more parameters of the active inductor circuitry. Thus, parameters of the active inductor circuitry can be adjusted to compensate for variations in the electrical characteristics of individual piezoelectric elements (e.g. deviations from rated or nominal parameter values such as impedance). Further, parameters of the active inductor circuitry can be adjusted 25 dynamically during use in order to tune an operational frequency characteristic such as the operational bandwidth of a piezoelectric element to a driving signal such as a chirp signal. Still further, in a system comprising a plurality of co-located piezoelectric elements, the operational frequency characteristics of the elements can be individually tuned to mitigate co-Iocation issues such as interference between piezoelectric 30 elements. As will be appreciated, although the systems and circuitry of the present disclosure are described above with reference to driving piezoelectric elements or transducers, the disclosed systems and circuitry are equally suitable for driving other capacitive elements, 35 transducers or loads, e.g. MEMS transducers or electrostatic transducers. Thus, where a system or circuitry is described as being suitable for driving a piezoelectric element or 11 09 24 transducer, it should be understood that in other applications of the disclosed circuitry and systems a piezoelectric element or transducer could be replaced by another capacitive element, such as a MEMS transducer or an electrostatic transducer. 5 Embodiments may be implemented as an integrated circuit which in some examples could be a codec or audio DSP or similar. Embodiments may be incorporated in an electronic device, which may for example be a portable device and / or a device operable with battery power. The device could be a communication device such as a mobile telephone or smartphone or similar. The device could be a computing device such as a 10 notebook, laptop or tablet computing device. The device could be a wearable device such as a smartwatch. The device could be a device with voice control or activation functionality such as a smart speaker. In some instances the device could be an accessory device such as a headset, headphones, earphones, earbuds or the like to be used with some other product. 15 The skilled person will recognise that some aspects of the above-described apparatus and methods, for example the discovery and configuration methods may be embodied as processor control code, for example on a non-volatile carrier medium such as a disk, CD- or DVD-ROM, programmed memory such as read only memory (Firmware), or on a 20 data carrier such as an optical or electrical signal carrier. For many applications, embodiments will be implemented on a DSP (Digital Signal Processor), ASIC (Application Specific Integrated Circuit) or FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array). Thus the code may comprise conventional program code or microcode or, for example code for setting up or controlling an ASIC or FPGA. The code may also comprise code 25 for dynamically configuring re-configurable apparatus such as re-programmable logic gate arrays. Similarly the code may comprise code for a hardware description language such as Verilog™ or VHDL (Very high speed integrated circuit Hardware Description Language). As the skilled person will appreciate, the code may be distributed between a plurality of coupled components in communication with one another. Where 30 appropriate, the embodiments may also be implemented using code running on a field-(re)programmable analogue array or similar device in order to configure analogue hardware. It should be noted that the above-mentioned embodiments illustrate rather than limit the 35 invention, and that those skilled in the art will be able to design many alternative embodiments without departing from the scope of the appended claims. The word CXI “comprising” does not exclude the presence of elements or steps other than those listed in a claim, “a” or “an” does not exclude a plurality, and a single feature or other unit may fulfil the functions of several units recited in the claims. Any reference numerals or labels in the claims shall not be construed so as to limit their scope.

Claims

1. Circuitry for driving a capacitive transducer, the circuitry comprising:5               driver circuitry configured to supply a drive signal to the capacitive transducerto cause the transducer to generate an output signal; andactive inductor circuitry configured to be coupled with the capacitive transducer, wherein the active inductor circuitry is tuneable to adjust a frequency characteristic of the output signal, and wherein the circuitry is configured such that, in10 use of the circuitry, the active inductor circuitry is coupled in series with the capacitive transducer.

2. Circuitry according to claim 1, wherein the active inductor circuitry comprises: gyrator circuitry; and15              a capacitance.

3. Circuitry according to claim 2, wherein the gyrator circuitry comprises first and second transconductors arranged in a back-to-back configuration.20   4.    Circuitry according to claim 2 or claim 3, wherein the capacitance is adjustable.

5. Circuitry according to claim 3 or claim 4, wherein a transconductance of at leastone of the first and second transconductors is adjustable.25   6. Circuitry according to claim 5, wherein the first and second transconductorscomprise operational transconductance amplifiers, each having a variable bias current or voltage.

7. Circuitry according to any one of claims 1-6, further comprising current monitor30 circuitry configured to be coupled to the capacitive transducer, the current monitor circuitry comprising control circuitry configured to:estimate an impedance of the capacitive transducer; andoutput a control signal to the active inductor circuitry to cause the active inductor circuitry to adjust a parameter thereof so as to adjust an operational frequency35 characteristic of the capacitive transducer.11 09 248. Circuitry according to claim 7 wherein the active inductor circuitry comprises first and second transconductors and a capacitance, and wherein the active inductor circuitry is configured to adjust a transconductance of at least one of the first and second transconductors or a capacitance value of the capacitance in response to the control 5 signal.

9. Circuitry according to claim 7 or claim 8, wherein the control circuitry is configured to estimate the impedance of the capacitive transducer based on a voltage of known amplitude output to the capacitive transducer by the driver circuitry and current through 10 the capacitive transducer detected by the current monitor circuitry.

10. Circuitry according to any one of claims 1-9, wherein the driver circuitry is configured to output a chirp signal, and the active inductor circuitry is configured to adjust a frequency characteristic thereof according to the chirp signal, such that the frequency 15 characteristic of the active inductor circuitry tracks the changing frequency of the chirp signal11. Circuitry according to claim 10, wherein the active inductor circuitry is configured to receive the chirp signal or a signal indicative of the chirp signal from the driver circuitry. 2012. Circuitry according to claim 10 or claim 11, wherein the active inductor circuitry comprises first and second transconductors and a capacitance, and wherein the active inductor circuitry is configured to adjust a transconductance of at least one of the first and second transconductor or a capacitance value of the capacitance according to the 25 chirp signal.

13. Circuitry according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the capacitive transducer comprises a piezoelectric transducer, a MEMS transducer or an electrostatic transducer.3014. An integrated circuit comprising:driver circuitry configured to generate a drive signal for driving a capacitive transducer to cause the transducer to generate an output signal; andactive inductor circuitry configured to be coupled with the capacitive transducer, 35 wherein the integrated circuit is configured such that, in use of the integrated circuit, the active inductor circuitry is coupled in series with the capacitive transducer.11 09 2415. An integrated circuit according to claim 14, wherein the active inductor circuitry is tuneable to adjust a frequency characteristic of the output signal.5   16. An integrated circuit according to claim 14 or claim 15, wherein the active inductorcircuitry comprises gyrator circuitry and a capacitance.

17. An integrated circuit according to claim 16, wherein the gyrator circuitry comprises first and second transconductors arranged in a back-to-back configuration.1018. An integrated circuit according to claim 16 or claim 17, wherein the capacitance and / or a transconductance of at least one of the first and second transconductors is adjustable.15   19. An integrated circuit according to any one of claims 14 -18, wherein the capacitivetransducer comprises a piezoelectric transducer, a MEMS transducer or an electrostatic transducer.

20. A system comprising:20                   a first capacitive transducer associated with first driver circuitry and firstactive inductor circuitry; anda second capacitive transducer associated with second driver circuitry and second active inductor circuitry,wherein the first active inductor circuitry is tuneable so as to provide a first 25          operational bandwidth for the first capacitive transducer and the second activeinductor circuitry is tuneable so as to provide a second operational bandwidth, different from the first operational bandwidth, for the second capacitive transducer,and wherein the system is configured such that, in use of the system, the 30           first active inductor circuitry is coupled in series with the first capacitive transducerand the second active inductor circuitry is coupled in series with the second capacitive transducer.

21. A system according to claim 20, wherein the first capacitive transducer and / or the 35 second capacitive transducer comprises a piezoelectric transducer, a MEMS transducer or an electrostatic transducer.

22. Circuitry for driving a capacitive transducer, the circuitry comprising: driver circuitry configured to supply a drive signal to the capacitive transducer; and5               gyrator circuitry configured to be coupled with the capacitive transducer,wherein the gyrator circuitry is tuneable to adjust an operational frequency characteristic of the capacitive transducer, and wherein the circuitry is configured such that, in use of the circuitry, the gyrator circuity is coupled in series with the capacitive transducer.10   23. Circuitry according to claim 22, wherein the capacitive transducer comprises apiezoelectric transducer, a MEMS transducer or an electrostatic transducer.

24. An integrated circuit comprising the circuitry of any one of claims 1-13.CXI

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