Construction method for building structures

Abstract

The invention relates to the field of construction, buildings and structures made of ready-made block elements of a predetermined size and having through holes. The bocks are coupled by reinforcing ro

Description

This invention relates to the construction of buildings and structures from ready-made elements of predetermined size. The invention can be used in various industries where it is necessary to build buildings and structures from ready-made elements with a connection system that does not require ‘wet’ processes utilizing construction mortars. The technology for construction methods using individual blocks and reinforcement is widespread: reinforcement generally takes the fonn of long reinforcing rods or long steel bars placed in cavities. Prestressing performed via tension on the reinforcement is used only in full block masonry with mortar between each row. Specialized block systems with bars and plates require complex construction methods and skilled labor. Several conditions are required for mortar to be used in masonry structures. Firstly, water is needed for the mortar. Secondly, in most cases, a qualified mason is required to lay the blocks. Thirdly, electricity is usually needed for machines to mix the mortar. Fourth, it is necessary to carefully strengthen the connections and reinforcement before the mortar hardens and reaches a specified strength. Up until that point, the whole structure is fragile with respect to wind, extreme temperatures, and other natural weather conditions and environmental phenomenon, so it is not recommended to load it until the mortar has sufficiently hardened. In the prior art, a method of erecting structures is known according to patent US6088987A, published July 18, 2000, that consists in using ready-made elements, namely, building blocks with through holes, reinforcing rods with threaded end sections that are located in specified through holes in the blocks, centering elements for centering blocks, and coupling nuts that are located on at least one of the threaded ends of the reinforcing rods with which the blocks are drawn together. The blocks are put in place in a predetermined sequence with centering elements ensuring proper alignment between them, and the blocks are tightened using coupling nuts. The centering elements are positioned on the block via projections and depressions. The lateral ends of the modules are flush with the lateral ends of adjacent modules. The modules consist of a low-density aggregate cementitious mix, and / or have a hollow space extending from a depression (mortise) to a projection (tenon) and include a structural support member passing through the hollow space, and a compression retainer that secures the structural support member to the modules. The modules are preferably hermetically connected to each other using a sealant placed in the depressions. The disadvantages include: the presence of unique beginning and end blocks that must have special beginning and end reinforcing elements installed on them, and the inability to perform sequential connections in both the vertical and horizontal directions when assembling the reinforcing elements in such a way that every reinforcing element can be fixed to the given unit, and any reinforcing rod assembly can be performed and completed in the absence of beginning and ending elements. The technological solution is to eliminate the above noted shortcomings. The technological result consists in increasing the structural strength of the structure, while reducing the volume of material in the structure when implementing the developed method. The problem is solved and the technological result is achieved by the fact that this method of erecting building structures consists in using ready-made elements with pre-set dimensions, namely, building blocks with through holes; reinforcing rods with threaded end sections, which are located in specified through holes in the blocks; and centering inserts and coupling bushing nuts for centering blocks, which are installed on at least one of the threaded ends of the reinforcing rods with which the blocks are drawn together; while the blocks are installed in a predetermined sequence, with centering between them facilitated by centering inserts, and the blocks are tightened using coupling bushing nuts; while, according to the invention, the assembly of the building structure is carried out sequentially, drawing each new block to an already installed block with the coupling bushing nut mounted on the reinforcing rod; while the centering insert is made in the form of a separate ring-shaped insert with a through hole and two opposite projections, with its centering surfaces in contact with counter centering depressions in the assembled structure; while the centering surfaces in the blocks are arranged coaxially with through holes for reinforcing rods; while the centering insert is placed between the connected blocks with the ability to bring its opposite centering surfaces in contact with the corresponding centering surfaces of the depressions in both connected blocks. Before tightening the connected blocks, the centering insert is installed on the threaded end of a reinforcing rod, and the coupling bushing nut is tightened. After that, the free end of the reinforcing rod is inserted into the channel of the connected block so that the centering surface of its projection mates with the centering surface of the depression in the block being installed. When the blocks are tightened via the coupling bushing nut, the centering insert is pressed against the block, and the centering depression in the block being connected is mounted on the centering surface of the projection of the already tightened centering insert. The coupling bushing nut is made in the form of a threaded coupling, into which is screwed the next reinforcing rod, onto which the next building block is installed using the corresponding hole, which has been made in the block for reinforcing rods. In the blocks, at least one hole is made for a reinforcing rod, for example, in the X direction, to provide reinforcement in one direction, and at least two holes are made to provide reinforcement in two directions at once, for example X and Y, and three holes are made to provide reinforcement in three directions simultaneously, namely X, Y, and Z. The technological result is also achieved by the fact that the building blocks can be made in the form of a parallelepiped, cube, tetrahedron, octahedron, dodecahedron, prism, pyramid, cylinder, or a shape which contains many polyhedra, including a parallelepiped, cube, tetrahedron, octahedron, dodecahedron, prism, pyramid, or a combination thereof, interconnected to form a polyhedral element of complex geometry, while at least one block contains at least two surfaces located on two opposite sides of the block. The technical result is also achieved by the fact that the ring-shaped insert can also be made in a cup shape in which the hole on one side has a larger diameter than the hole in the opposite side. The technical result is also achieved by the fact that the coupling bushing nut can be made to perfectly fit into the centering insert. The technical result is also achieved by the fact that the coupling bushing nut can be provided with a means to limit the torque to which it is subjected when it is being tightened during the assembly of the structure. The claimed invention uses the principle of prestressing reinforcement, whose advantages over conventional non-stressed structures are, first of all, high crack resistance; increased structural rigidity - structural strength (due to upheaval buckling caused by compressing the structure); better resistance to dynamic loads; as well as a specific economic effect achieved by using high-strength reinforcement. For example, a prestressed beam under a concrete load experiences tensile stresses only after the initial compressive stresses are offset. From the prior art (Civil Engineering Journal, No. 3, 2010, A Prestressed Steel-Less Frame with a Flat Overlap, I.O. Pogrebnoy; Professor V.D. Kuznetsov, St. Petersburg State Polytechnic University, http s: / / eng stroy. spbstu.ru / userfiles / fi les / 2 010 / 3 (13 Vpogrebnov prednaprvazheniye.pdf), it is known that the crack resistance of prestressed structures is two to three times greater than that of reinforced concrete structures without prestressing. This is due to the fact that the precompression of concrete reinforcement significantly exceeds the stress tolerance of the concrete alone. In such constructions, the cross-sectional dimensions are reduced and, therefore, the volume and weight of the component elements are reduced by 20 to 30 percent, as well as cement usage. A more rational use of the properties of steel makes it possible to reduce the usage of reinforcement (rod and wire) by up to 50 percent, especially of high-strength grades (A-IV and higher) with significant tensile strength. The reason cracks form in ordinary reinforced concrete lies in concrete’s low elasticity. The first cracks already appear in concrete at an elongation of 0.1-0.15 mm / m, whereas reinforcement under an operational load of, for example, 1,250 kg / cm2, elongates by 4-6 times more, i.e., at operational load, there are always hairline cracks, albeit invisible, in the stressed area of the concrete. Due to concrete’s low elasticity, it is irrational to use high-strength steel in conventional reinforced concrete structures subject to a bending moment because, if hairline cracks are observed in concrete with ordinary soft steel, then unacceptable cracks will be obtained with reinforcement made of high-strength (hard) steel (Ra - 15,00 -20,000 kg / cm2) with almost the same value of elastic modulus. Subjecting a structure’s reinforcement to preliminary stress guarantees that premature cracking will be avoided. Crack resistance is the main advantage that prestressed structures have over conventional reinforced concrete structures, as it provides the ability to rationally use high-strength steel and concrete and, as a result, to reduce metal use by 40-50%, while reducing the weight of elements by up to 30%, which significantly mitigates another disadvantage of conventional reinforced concrete - its high weight. The technological result is ensured due to the fact that there are no specialized elements, as each assembly element can be a beginning and end element and there is no need for special beginning or end reinforcing elements; and the structural strength is ensured to exceed the strength of the masonry because, unlike a solvent-free connection, where there is no reduction in compressive strength, the compressive strength of brickwork made with conventional construction methods, for example, amounts to no more than 40-50 percent of the ultimate strength of the brick, even when made with very strong mortar, while the surfaces of the brick and the joints in the masonry are not perfectly flat or smooth. Therefore, each brick is only in contact with the mortar in particular areas, between which there are places with air pockets, besides which, neither the density nor the thickness of the mortar layer in horizontal joints are uniform everywhere, and, due to these reasons, the pressure in the masonry is unevenly distributed over the surface of the brick and is concentrated in specific areas, which causes, in addition to compression stresses, bending stresses and shear. Masonry materials have weak bending resistance, so, for example, brick has four to six times lower strength when subjected to bending stress than when under compression. This causes a significant decrease in the strength of the masonry when compared to the strength of its constituent materials. In the described invention, the shear stress is taken by centering inserts installed in the recesses between the connected blocks, and the tensile resistance is taken by the reinforcing system. Finished elements are manufactured with pre-set dimensions: a size value is selected, which is called a ‘building step’. The size of any block (length, width, or height) and the length of the reinforcing rod, depending on the direction in which the reinforcement is performed, is always equal to or a multiple of this building step. This means it is not necessary to select the length of the reinforcing rod for each unit every time. It is selected from a predefined set of dimensions that is equal to or a multiple of the building step. So, for example, if the selected building step is 100 mm, the block length can be equal to the building step, that is 100 mm, or two times the building step, that is, 200 mm; respectively, the reinforcing rods are made in accordance with the building step in a length of 100 mm, which is suitable for connecting blocks with a length of 100 mm, or a length of 200 mm, which is suitable for connecting blocks with a length of both 100 mm and 200 mm. This makes it possible to create a finite set of blocks and reinforcing elements that are easier to assemble due to their standard sizes, while preventing situations in which the objects to be connected are of unique or non-standard length. The invention explained in drawings: Figure 1 is an exterior view of the invention in its preferred embodiment. It shows an example of a structure consisting of blocks with reinforcing elements installed in both the horizontal and vertical direction. Figure 2 is an internal view of the invention in its the preferred embodiment. It shows an example of a structure with reinforcing elements installed in both the horizontal and vertical direction. Figure 3 is a quarter section view of the preferred embodiment of the block. Figure 4 shows an example of the reinforcing structure in the preferred embodiment of the invention. Figure 5 is a general view of a reinforcing element to be used in the preferred embodiment of the invention. Figure 6 shows two reinforcing rods screwed into a nut (5), which is made in the form of a threaded coupling. Figure 7 is an exploded view of the coupling assembly in a reinforcing element to be used in the preferred embodiment of the invention. Figure 8 shows a cross-sectional view of an assembled reinforcing element in the preferred embodiment of the invention. The described method is implemented using the following elements. The figures show: building blocks (1) with through holes (2), reinforcing rods (3) with threaded end sections (4), which are located in specified through holes (2) in the blocks (1). Coupling bushings nuts (5), a centering insert made in the form of a separate ring-shaped insert (6) with a through hole (7) and two opposite projections (8) with centering surfaces in contact with counter centering depressions (9) in the assembled structure, arranged coaxially with the through holes (2) for reinforcing rods in the blocks (1). The centering insert is placed between the connected blocks (1) with the ability to bring its opposite centering surfaces in contact with the corresponding centering surfaces of the depressions (9) in both connected blocks (1). Before tightening the connected blocks (1), the centering insert (6) is installed on the threaded end (4) of a reinforcing rod (3), mating the centering surface of its projection (8) with the centering surface of the depression (9) in the block (1) to be tightened. When the blocks (1) are tightened via the coupling bushing nut (5), the centering insert (6) is pressed against block (1), and the centering depression (9) in the block (1) being connected is mounted on the centering surface of the projection (8) of the already tightened centering insert (6). The coupling bushing nut (5) is made in the form of a threaded coupling, into which is screwed the next reinforcing rod (3), on which the next building block (1) is installed using the corresponding hole (2). The centering insert (6) is made in a cup shape, in which the hole on one side has a larger diameter than the hole in the opposite side. At the same time, the coupling bushing nut (5) can be made to perfectly fit into the centering insert (6). The coupling bushing nut (5) can be provided, for example, with a means built into it (not shown in the drawings) to limit the torque to which it is subjected when it is being tightened during the assembly of the structure. The assembly is carried out as follows: The first row of blocks (1) in the base of a free-standing structure or the foundation of a building is installed, while, in one of the XYZ directions, a reinforcing rod (3) is installed in a through hole (2) in the first block (1), after which centering inserts (6) are put on the reinforcing rod (3) on both sides of the through hole (2) in the depressions (9) on opposite faces of block (1) or the object, in such a way that the coupling bushing nuts (5), which screw onto the threaded end sections (4) of the reinforcing rod (3), are placed in the holes of the centering inserts (6), whose diameters are greater than or equal to the maximum diameter of the bushing nut. If it is necessary to perform subsequent assembly in more than one of the XYZ directions relative to the installed block (1), then reinforcing rods (3) are additionally inserted into the first block (1) in the required directions, after which centering inserts (6) are placed on the reinforcing rods (3) on both sides of the through hole (2) in the depressions (9) on opposite faces of the block (1) or object relative to the reinforcing rods (3), in such a way that the coupling bushing nuts (5), which screw onto the ends of the reinforcing rod (3), are placed in the holes of the centering insert (6). In this case, the through holes (2) are made intersecting, that is, intersecting in parallel planes, ensuring free passage of the reinforcing rods (3) in different directions. Then, the next block (1) is attached to the first block (1) and, when installed, the lateral face of each subsequent block (1) is added in a row with its lateral face connected to the lateral face of the previous block (1), so that the depressions (9) in the block being installed (1) are placed on the centering surfaces of the projections (8) of the centering insert (6) in the previous block (1) without a gap, while observing that the orientation of the upper and lower bases of the block being installed is the same as the orientation of the same bases in the previously installed blocks. Further, the free end of a reinforcing rod (3) with a centering insert on it and a coupling nut (5) screwed onto the other end (6) is inserted in a through hole (2) in the newly installed block (1) and screwed into the coupling nut (5), which was previously installed in the first block (1), until the required force is achieved. Subsequently, the assembly in this direction is repeated, with the lateral face of each subsequent block (1) added to a row, with its lateral face positioned flush with the lateral face of the previous block (1), and reinforcing rods (3) are installed by connecting them to the previously installed reinforcing rods (3), which have also been inserted in the through holes (2) of the blocks (1) with coupling bushing nuts at their ends, so that all of the reinforcing elements connected together form a stressed reinforcement system in which reinforcing rods (3) are subjected to tensile stress, and the centering inserts (6) transmit the tightening force to the centering surfaces of the block (1). The second and subsequent rows of blocks (1) of the base of a freestanding structure or foundation of a building are installed by sequentially placing the first, second, and subsequent blocks (1) next to the previously mounted blocks (1) so that the lateral face of each new block (1) is added to the row with its lateral face positioned flush with the lateral face of the previous block (1). In this case, the depressions (9) in the installed block (1) are placed on the projections (8) of the centering inserts (6) of the previous block (1) without a gap, while observing that the orientation of the upper and lower bases of the block being installed is the same as the orientation of the same bases in the previously installed blocks. In a row of the given assembly, reinforcing rods (3) are inserted in the through holes (2) of the first block (1) in two of the XYZ directions, after which centering inserts (6) are placed on the reinforcing rods (3) on both sides of the through hole (2) in the depressions (9) in the opposite faces of the block (1) or object relative to the reinforcing rods (3), in such a way that the coupling bushing nuts (5), which screw onto the ends of the reinforcing rod (3), are placed in the holes of the centering insert (6). If it is necessary to perform a subsequent assembly relative to the installed block in more than two of the XYZ directions, then a reinforcing rod (3) is additionally inserted into the first block (1) in the required direction, after which centering inserts (6) are placed on the reinforcing rod (3) on both sides of the through hole (2) in the depressions (9) in the opposite faces of the block (1) or object relative to the reinforcing rod (3), in such a way that the coupling bushing nuts (5), which screw onto the ends of the reinforcing rod (3), are placed in the holes of the centering inserts (6), whose diameter is greater than or equal to the maximum diameter of the bushing nut; Thus, the proposed method makes it possible to significantly increase the structural strength of the structure, while reducing material consumption in construction. The developed method makes it easy to erect buildings or structures from blocks, as well as objects with various structural configurations located in contact with each other, and in construction where a method involving consecutively stressed reinforcing elements is used, namely in a prefabricated structure, the stress in which is artificially created during assembly by subjecting all of the load-bearing reinforcement to stress, in order to guarantee stress in the entire reinforcing assembly, while the prestressed reinforcement yields increased tensile and bending strength compared to traditional masonry materials held together by mortars or adhesive mixtures. Compared to non-stressed reinforced structures, prestressed reinforcement makes it possible to reduce the volume of structural material in which it is placed without loss of strength, while the resistance of prestressed structures to plastic deformations and cracking when subjected to seismic loads is much higher than that of non-stressed structures, so they better resist damage during weak but frequent earthquakes, and due to their resilience under strain, which is not accompanied by the formation of cracks, they are not subject to damage that can accumulate and weaken a structure’s resistance to subsequent seismic impacts. In general, prestressed structures tend to work well for compression and deflection. In such construction, cross-sectional dimensions are reduced and, therefore, the volume and weight of the component elements are reduced (by 20-30%), as well as the amount of construction material used. A more rational use of the properties of steel makes it possible to reduce the usage of reinforcement by up to 50%, especially of high-strength grades (A-IV and higher), which have significant tensile strength. Concrete’s chemical neutrality to steel helps protect the reinforcement from corrosion. The claimed method of erecting buildings and structures makes it possible for unskilled workers to assemble and disassemble the components of the system for reuse using a simple tool.

Claims

1. A method of erecting structures, consisting in using ready-made elements, namely, building blocks with through holes, reinforcing rods with threaded end sections, which are located in specified through holes in the blocks, is unique in that centering inserts and coupling bushing nuts are used for centering blocks, which are installed on at least one of the threaded ends of the reinforcing rods with which the blocks are drawn together, while the blocks are placed in a predetermined sequence with centering between them facilitated by centering inserts and tightened using coupling bushing nuts, while the assembly of the building structure is carried out sequentially by pulling each subsequent block to an already installed block with a coupling bushing nut; while the centering inserts are made in the form of a separate ring-shaped insert with a through hole and two opposite projections with centering surfaces in contact with counter centering depressions in the assembled structure; while the centering surfaces in the blocks are arranged coaxially with the through holes for the reinforcing rods in the blocks; while the centering insert is placed between the connected blocks with the ability to bring its opposite centering surfaces in contact with the corresponding centering surfaces of the depressions in both connected blocks; while, before tightening the connected blocks, the centering insert is installed on the threaded end of the reinforcing rod, mating the centering surface of its projection with the centering surface of the depression in the block being connected, and, when tightening the blocks with the coupling bushing nut, the centering insert is pressed against the block, and the centering recess of the block being connected is mounted on the centering surface of the projection of the already tightened centering insert; and the coupling bushing nut is made in the form of a threaded coupling, into which is screwed the next reinforcing rod, onto which the next building block is installed using the corresponding hole, which has been made in the block for reinforcing rods.

2. The method according to claim 1 is unique in that the building blocks can be made in the form of a parallelepiped, cube, tetrahedron, octahedron, dodecahedron, prism, pyramid, cylinder or a shape which contains many polyhedra, including a parallelepiped, cube, tetrahedron, octahedron, dodecahedron, prism, pyramid, or a combination thereof, interconnected to form a polyhedral element of complex geometry, while at least one block contains at least two surfaces located on two opposite sides of the block.

3. The method according to claim 1, is unique in that the coupling bushing nut is made to perfectly fit into the centering insert.

4. The method according to claim 1, is unique in that the coupling bushing nut is provided with a means to limit the torque to which it is subjected when it is being tightened during the assembly of the structure.

5. The method according to claim 1 is unique in that at least one hole is made for a reinforcing rod, for example, in the X direction, to provide reinforcement in one direction, and at least two holes are made to provide reinforcement in two directions at once, for example X and Y, and three holes to provide reinforcement in three directions simultaneously, namely X, Y, and Z.

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