Heat transfer methods, systems and compositions

Abstract

To provide methods for providing heating and / or cooling of the type comprising evaporating refrigerant liquid and condensing refrigerant vapor in a plurality of repeating cycles.SOLUTION: This method comprises (a) providing a refrigerant comprising at least about 5 wt.% of a lower alkyl iodofluorocarbon and (b) exposing at least a portion of the refrigerant in at least a portion of the plurality of the cycles to a sequestration material, the sequestration material comprising: i) copper or a copper alloy; ii) a molecular sieve (preferably a zeolite), comprising copper, silver, lead or a combination thereof; iii) an anion exchange resin; and iv) a combination of two or more of these, wherein the exposing temperature is preferably above about 20°C.SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 1B

Description

[Technical field]

[0001] (CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS) This application claims the benefit of priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 62 / 560,558, filed September 19, 2017, and U.S. Provisional Application No. 62 / 587,600, filed November 17, 2017, each of which is incorporated herein by reference.

[0002] FIELD OF THEINVENTION The present invention relates to methods, systems, and compositions for transferring heat using iodofluorocarbon refrigerants, including air conditioning, refrigeration, and heat pump methods and apparatus. [Background technology]

[0003] Mechanical heat transfer systems using refrigerants and related heat transfer devices such as heat pumps and air conditioners are well known in the art for industrial, commercial, and domestic applications. Certain chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) were developed in the 1930s as refrigerants for such systems. However, since the 1980s, the impact of CFCs on the stratospheric ozone layer has attracted much attention. In 1987, many governments signed the Montreal Protocol for the Protection of the Global Environment, which set a timetable for the phase-out of the use of CFC products. More environmentally acceptable materials containing hydrogen, namely certain hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs), replaced CFCs. However, subsequent amendments to the Montreal Protocol accelerated the phase-out of CFCs, and the phase-out of HCFCs was also scheduled.

[0004] In response to the demand for more environmentally acceptable alternatives to the CFCs and HCFCs that have been used, the industry developed several hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) that have zero ozone depletion potentials. However, it was subsequently discovered that many of the same HFCs have high global warming potentials, and therefore the industry searched for alternative refrigerants that were environmentally acceptable in terms of low global warming potential and low ozone depletion.

[0005] Iodofluorocarbon trifluoroiodomethane (CF 3 I) are known as refrigerants and have very low Global Warming Potential (GWP) and Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP). Commonly assigned U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2008 / 0116417 discloses a method for removing iodine and iodide ions from heat transfer compositions containing hydrofluoroalkenes and iodocarbons. U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2008 / 0116417 discloses a method for removing iodine and iodide ions from heat transfer compositions containing hydrofluoroalkenes and iodocarbons. 3 It is disclosed that refrigerants containing iodocarbons such as I may result in iodine, iodide ions, organic radicals, and iodine-containing inorganic acids when exposed to certain components of the refrigerant system under temperature and other conditions that promote the formation of such compounds, which may negatively affect the reliability of the heat transfer system and / or the stability of any lubricants present in the system. It is stated that these unwanted iodine and iodide ions may be removed from such heat transfer and automotive refrigeration compositions by contacting the compositions circulating in the heat transfer or automotive refrigeration system with a metal-impregnated molecular sieve, a metal-impregnated ion exchange resin, a metal-impregnated clay, or a metal-impregnated alumina.

[0006] While the methods, systems, and compositions disclosed in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2008 / 0116417 may achieve some success in improving such systems, Applicants believe that the methods, systems, and compositions disclosed in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2008 / 0116417 may achieve some success in improving such systems, as will be described in more detail below, by removing unwanted ions from the compositions. It has been discovered that the particular selection of the particular materials and combinations of materials included for removal, and / or the particular locations / manners in which the materials are included in the systems and methods, and / or the temperatures at which the compositions and materials are in contact, can produce surprisingly and unexpectedly superior results, thereby producing surprisingly and unexpectedly improved systems, methods, and compositions. [Brief description of the drawings]

[0007] [Figure 1A] 1A-1C are diagrams illustrating schematic locations of sealing material, according to embodiments of the present invention. [Figure 1B] FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of an exemplary filter. [Figure 2A] 1 is a schematic diagram of an exemplary vapor compression heat transfer system, also illustrating the location of a sealant material, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. [Figure 3A] 1A-1C are diagrams illustrating schematic locations of sealing material, according to embodiments of the present invention. [Figure 3B] 1A-1C are diagrams illustrating schematic locations of sealing material, according to embodiments of the present invention. [Figure 4] 1 is a schematic diagram of a filter assembly according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. [Diagram 5] 1A-1C are diagrams illustrating schematic locations of sealing material, according to embodiments of the present invention. Summary of the Invention

[0008] The present invention is a method for providing a heat transfer of a type that includes evaporating a refrigerant liquid to produce a refrigerant vapor, compressing at least a portion of the refrigerant vapor in a compressor, and condensing the refrigerant vapor in a plurality of repeated cycles, the method comprising: (a) providing a refrigerant comprising at least about 5% by weight of a lower alkyl iodofluorocarbon; (b) optionally, but preferably, providing a lubricant to said compressor; (c) exposing at least a portion of the refrigerant and / or at least a portion of the lubricant to a sealing material during at least a portion of the plurality of the cycles, the sealing material comprising: i. Copper or copper alloys; ii. activated alumina; iii. zeolite molecular sieves containing copper, silver, lead, or combinations thereof; iiv. anion exchange resin, v. a moisture removing material, preferably a moisture removing molecular sieve, and iv. Includes a combination of two or more of the above; The exposure temperature is preferably greater than about 10° C. For convenience, the method for transferring heat according to this paragraph will be referred to herein as Heat Transfer Method 1.

[0009] As used herein, the term "lower alkyl iodofluorocarbon" means an organic compound having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms and at least one fluorine substituent and at least one iodine substituent.

[0010] As used herein, the term "exposed to temperature" refers to the temperature of either the refrigerant and / or the sealing material, preferably both, while the refrigerant and the sealing material are in contact according to the existing exposing step of the method.

[0011] As used herein, the term "Refrigerant 1" refers to a refrigerant containing at least about 5% by weight of a lower alkyl iodofluorocarbon.

[0012] As used herein, the term "refrigerant 2" refers to a refrigerant that is at least about 5% by weight of CF 3 This refers to refrigerants that contain I.

[0013] As used herein, the term "Refrigerant 3" refers to a refrigerant containing from about 5% to about 70% by weight lower alkyl iodofluorocarbon.

[0014] As used herein, the term "refrigerant 4" refers to a refrigerant that is between about 5% and about 70% by weight of CF 3 This refers to refrigerants that contain I.

[0015] As used herein, the term "Refrigerant 5" refers to a refrigerant containing from about 20% to about 70% by weight lower alkyl iodofluorocarbon.

[0016] As used herein, the term "refrigerant 6" refers to a refrigerant that is between about 20% and about 70% by weight of CF 3 This refers to refrigerants that contain I.

[0017] As used herein, the term "refrigerant 7" refers to a refrigerant containing from about 45% to about 60% by weight lower alkyl iodofluorocarbon.

[0018] As used herein, the term "refrigerant 8" refers to a refrigerant that is about 45% to about 60% by weight of CF 3 This refers to refrigerants that contain I.

[0019] As used herein, a sequestering material comprising two or more of: (i.) copper or a copper alloy; (ii.) activated alumina; (iii.) a zeolite molecular sieve comprising copper, silver, lead, or a combination thereof; (iv.) an anion exchange resin; and (v.) a moisture removing material is referred to herein as sequestering material 1.

[0020] As used herein, a sealing material comprising two or more of: (i.) copper or copper alloy, (ii.) activated alumina, (iii.) zeolite molecular sieve comprising copper, silver, lead, or a combination thereof, (iv.) anion exchange resin, and (v.) moisture removing molecular sieve is referred to herein as sealing material 2.

[0021] As used herein, the sequestering material comprising each of (i.) copper or copper alloy, (ii.) activated alumina, (iii.) zeolite molecular sieve containing copper, silver, lead, or a combination thereof, (iv.) anion exchange resin, and (v.) moisture removal material is referred to herein as sequestering material 3.

[0022] As used herein, a sealing material comprising two or more of: (i.) copper or copper alloy, (ii.) activated alumina, (iii.) zeolite molecular sieve comprising copper, silver, lead, or a combination thereof, (iv.) anion exchange resin, and (v.) moisture removing molecular sieve is referred to herein as sealing material 4.

[0023] The present invention includes heat transfer methods including Heat Transfer Method 1, where the refrigerant is Refrigerant 2 and the sequestering material is Sealant Material 1.

[0024] The present invention includes heat transfer methods including Heat Transfer Method 1, where the refrigerant is Refrigerant 2 and the sealing material is Seal Material 2.

[0025] The present invention includes a heat transfer method comprising heat transfer method 1, where the refrigerant is refrigerant 2 and the sealing material is sealing material 3.

[0026] The present invention includes a heat transfer method comprising heat transfer method 1, where the refrigerant is refrigerant 2 and the sealing material is sealing material 4.

[0027] The present invention includes heat transfer methods including Heat Transfer Method 1, where the refrigerant is Refrigerant 3 and the sealing material is Seal Material 1.

[0028] The present invention includes heat transfer methods including Heat Transfer Method 1, where the refrigerant is Refrigerant 3 and the sealing material is Seal Material 2.

[0029] The present invention includes heat transfer methods including Heat Transfer Method 1, where the refrigerant is Refrigerant 3 and the sealing material is Seal Material 3.

[0030] The present invention includes a heat transfer method comprising heat transfer method 1, where the refrigerant is refrigerant 3 and the sealing material is sealing material 4.

[0031] The present invention includes heat transfer methods including Heat Transfer Method 1, where the refrigerant is Refrigerant 4 and the sealant material is Sealant Material 1.

[0032] The present invention includes heat transfer methods including Heat Transfer Method 1, where the refrigerant is refrigerant 4 and the sealant material is sealant material 2.

[0033] The present invention includes a heat transfer method comprising heat transfer method 1, where the refrigerant is refrigerant 4 and the sealing material is sealing material 3.

[0034] The present invention includes heat transfer methods including Heat Transfer Method 1, where the refrigerant is Refrigerant 4 and the sealing material is Seal Material 4.

[0035] The present invention includes heat transfer methods including Heat Transfer Method 1, where the refrigerant is Refrigerant 5 and the sequestering material is Sequestering Material 1.

[0036] The present invention includes a heat transfer method comprising heat transfer method 1, where the refrigerant is refrigerant 5 and the sealing material is sealing material 2.

[0037] The present invention includes heat transfer methods including Heat Transfer Method 1, where the refrigerant is refrigerant 5 and the sequestering material is sequestering material 3.

[0038] The present invention includes heat transfer methods including heat transfer method 1, where the refrigerant is refrigerant 5 and the sealing material is sealing material 4.

[0039] The present invention includes heat transfer methods including Heat Transfer Method 1, where the refrigerant is Refrigerant 6 and the sealing material is Seal Material 1.

[0040] The present invention includes heat transfer methods including Heat Transfer Method 1, where the refrigerant is refrigerant 6 and the sealant material is sealant material 2.

[0041] The present invention includes heat transfer methods including heat transfer method 1 where the refrigerant is refrigerant 6 and the sealing material is sealing material 3 .

[0042] The present invention includes heat transfer methods including heat transfer method 1 where the refrigerant is refrigerant 6 and the sealing material is sealing material 4 .

[0043] The present invention includes heat transfer methods including Heat Transfer Method 1, where the refrigerant is refrigerant 7 and the sealing material is sealing material 1.

[0044] The present invention includes heat transfer methods including Heat Transfer Method 1, where the refrigerant is refrigerant 7 and the sealing material is sealing material 2.

[0045] The present invention includes heat transfer methods including heat transfer method 1 where the refrigerant is refrigerant 7 and the sealing material is sealing material 3 .

[0046] The present invention includes heat transfer methods including heat transfer method 1 where the refrigerant is refrigerant 7 and the sealing material is sealing material 4 .

[0047] The present invention includes heat transfer methods including Heat Transfer Method 1, where the refrigerant is refrigerant 8 and the sealant material is sealant material 1.

[0048] The present invention includes heat transfer methods including Heat Transfer Method 1, where the refrigerant is refrigerant 8 and the sealant material is sealant material 2.

[0049] The present invention includes heat transfer methods including heat transfer method 1 where the refrigerant is refrigerant 8 and the sealing material is sealing material 3 .

[0050] The present invention includes methods of heat transfer including heat transfer method 1 where the refrigerant is refrigerant 8 and the sealing material is sealing material 4 .

[0051] The heat transfer method 1 according to each of the preceding paragraphs, wherein the exposure temperature is greater than about 20° C.

[0052] The heat transfer method 1 according to each of the preceding paragraphs, wherein the exposure temperature is greater than about 30° C.

[0053] In a preferred embodiment, the moisture removing material, and preferably the moisture removing molecular sieve, is in the refrigerant flow at a point downstream of each of the other sealing materials. This preferred arrangement can be achieved by placing a separate moisture removing material, particularly including a molecular sieve, at a point downstream of the refrigerant of one sealing material but upstream of the other sealing material, or by placing a moisture removing material, particularly including a molecular sieve, downstream of all other sealing materials.

[0054] In other embodiments of the invention, the sealing material 1 is configured such that each of the at least two materials are contained together within a filter element. As used herein, the term "filter element" refers to any device, system, article, or container in which each of the sealing materials are in close physical proximity, preferably located in essentially the same location within the system.

[0055] In another aspect of the invention, the sealing material 1 is configured such that each of the at least two materials are contained together within a solid core. As used herein, the term "solid core" refers to a relatively porous solid that contains and / or incorporates two or more of the sealing materials therein such that such materials are accessible to fluid passing through the solid core. In a preferred embodiment, the one or more sealing materials are substantially uniformly distributed throughout the solid core.

[0056] In a preferred embodiment, the solid core of the present invention is contained within or comprises a filter element.

[0057] In another embodiment of the present invention, the sealing material 1 is constructed such that each of at least two materials is contained within a solid core.

[0058] In another embodiment of the invention, the sealing material 2 is configured such that each of at least two materials are contained together within the filter element.

[0059] In other embodiments of the present invention, the sealing material 2 is constructed such that all of the material is contained within a solid core.

[0060] In another embodiment of the invention, the sealing material 3 is configured such that each of at least two materials are contained together within the filter element.

[0061] In other embodiments of the present invention, the sealing material 3 is configured such that all of the material is contained within a solid core.

[0062] In another embodiment of the invention, the sealing material 4 is configured such that each of at least two materials are contained together within the filter element.

[0063] In other embodiments of the present invention, the sealing material 4 is configured such that all of the material is contained within a solid core.

[0064] The present invention includes a method of heat transfer according to heat transfer method 1, where the refrigerant is refrigerant 1 and the sealing material is sealing material 1 located within the filter element and / or within the solid core.

[0065] The present invention includes a method of heat transfer according to heat transfer method 1, where the refrigerant is refrigerant 1 and the sealing material is sealing material 2 located within the filter element and / or within the solid core.

[0066] The present invention includes a method of heat transfer according to heat transfer method 1, where the refrigerant is refrigerant 1 and the sealing material is sealing material 3 located within the filter element and / or within the solid core.

[0067] The present invention includes a method of heat transfer according to heat transfer method 1, where the refrigerant is refrigerant 1 and the sealing material is sealing material 4 located within the filter element and / or within the solid core.

[0068] The present invention includes a method of heat transfer according to heat transfer method 1, where the refrigerant is refrigerant 2 and the sealing material is sealing material 1 located within the filter element and / or within the solid core.

[0069] The present invention includes a method of heat transfer according to heat transfer method 1, where the refrigerant is refrigerant 2 and the sealing material is sealing material 2 located within the filter element and / or within the solid core.

[0070] The present invention includes a method of heat transfer according to heat transfer method 1, where the refrigerant is refrigerant 2 and the sealing material is sealing material 3 located within the filter element and / or within the solid core.

[0071] The present invention includes a method of heat transfer according to heat transfer method 1, where the refrigerant is refrigerant 2 and the sealing material is sealing material 4 located within the filter element and / or within the solid core.

[0072] The present invention includes a method of heat transfer according to heat transfer method 1, where the refrigerant is refrigerant 3 and the sealing material is sealing material 1 located within the filter element and / or within the solid core.

[0073] The present invention includes a method of heat transfer according to heat transfer method 1, where the refrigerant is refrigerant 3 and the sealing material is sealing material 2 located within the filter element and / or within the solid core.

[0074] The present invention relates to a filter element comprising a filter material and / or a solid core, the filter material being a refrigerant 3 and the sealing material being a refrigerant 3. The heat transfer method includes a heat transfer method 1, which is a sealing material 3 located at.

[0075] The present invention includes a method of heat transfer according to heat transfer method 1, where the refrigerant is refrigerant 3 and the sealing material is sealing material 4 located within the filter element and / or within the solid core.

[0076] The present invention includes a method of heat transfer according to heat transfer method 1, where the refrigerant is refrigerant 4 and the sealing material is sealing material 1 located within the filter element and / or within the solid core.

[0077] The present invention includes a method of heat transfer according to heat transfer method 1, where the refrigerant is refrigerant 4 and the sealing material is sealing material 2 located within the filter element and / or within the solid core.

[0078] The present invention includes a method of heat transfer according to heat transfer method 1, where the refrigerant is a refrigerant 4 and the sealing material is a sealing material 3 located within the filter element and / or within the solid core.

[0079] The present invention includes a method of heat transfer according to heat transfer method 1, where the refrigerant is refrigerant 4 and the sealing material is sealing material 4 located within the filter element and / or within the solid core.

[0080] The present invention includes a method of heat transfer according to heat transfer method 1, where the refrigerant is refrigerant 5 and the sealing material is sealing material 1 located within the filter element and / or within the solid core.

[0081] The present invention includes a method of heat transfer according to heat transfer method 1, where the refrigerant is a refrigerant 5 and the sealing material is a sealing material 2 located within the filter element and / or within the solid core.

[0082] The present invention includes a method of heat transfer according to heat transfer method 1, where the refrigerant is a refrigerant 5 and the sealing material is a sealing material 3 located within the filter element and / or within the solid core.

[0083] The present invention includes a method of heat transfer according to heat transfer method 1, where the refrigerant is a refrigerant 5 and the sealing material is a sealing material 4 located within the filter element and / or within the solid core.

[0084] The present invention includes a method of heat transfer according to heat transfer method 1, where the refrigerant is refrigerant 6 and the sealing material is sealing material 1 located within the filter element and / or within the solid core.

[0085] The present invention includes a method of heat transfer according to heat transfer method 1, where the refrigerant is a refrigerant 6 and the sealing material is a sealing material 2 located within the filter element and / or within the solid core.

[0086] The present invention includes a method of heat transfer according to heat transfer method 1, where the refrigerant is refrigerant 6 and the sealing material is sealing material 3 located within the filter element and / or within the solid core.

[0087] The present invention includes a method of heat transfer according to heat transfer method 1, where the refrigerant is refrigerant 6 and the sealing material is sealing material 4 located within the filter element and / or within the solid core.

[0088] The present invention includes a method of heat transfer according to heat transfer method 1, where the refrigerant is refrigerant 7 and the sealing material is sealing material 1 located within the filter element and / or within the solid core.

[0089] The present invention includes a method of heat transfer according to heat transfer method 1, where the refrigerant is a refrigerant 7 and the sealing material is a sealing material 2 located within the filter element and / or within the solid core.

[0090] The present invention includes a method of heat transfer according to heat transfer method 1, where the refrigerant is a refrigerant 7 and the sealing material is a sealing material 3 located within the filter element and / or within the solid core.

[0091] The present invention includes a method of heat transfer according to heat transfer method 1, where the refrigerant is refrigerant 7 and the sealing material is sealing material 4 located within the filter element and / or within the solid core.

[0092] The present invention includes a method of heat transfer according to heat transfer method 1, where the refrigerant is refrigerant 8 and the sealing material is sealing material 1 located within the filter element and / or within the solid core.

[0093] The present invention includes a method of heat transfer according to heat transfer method 1, where the refrigerant is a refrigerant 8 and the sealing material is a sealing material 2 located within the filter element and / or within the solid core.

[0094] The present invention includes a method of heat transfer according to heat transfer method 1, where the refrigerant is a refrigerant 8 and the sealing material is a sealing material 3 located within the filter element and / or within the solid core.

[0095] The present invention includes a method of heat transfer according to heat transfer method 1, where the refrigerant is a refrigerant 8 and the sealing material is a sealing material 4 located within the filter element and / or within the solid core.

[0096] The present invention also includes a method for transferring heat of a type that includes evaporating a refrigerant liquid and condensing a refrigerant vapor in multiple repeated cycles, the method comprising: (a) providing a refrigerant 1; (b) exposing at least a portion of the refrigerant 1 to a sealing material 1 within the filter element or solid core during at least a portion of the plurality of the repeating cycles.

[0097] The present invention also includes a method for transferring heat of a type that includes evaporating a refrigerant liquid and condensing a refrigerant vapor in multiple repeated cycles, the method comprising: (a) providing a refrigerant; (b) exposing at least a portion of the refrigerant to a sealing material of the present invention during at least a portion of said plurality of said repeating cycles. For convenience, the method according to this paragraph will be referred to herein as Heat Transfer Method 2.

[0098] The present invention includes a method of heat transfer according to heat transfer method 2, where the refrigerant is refrigerant 1 and the sealing material is sealing material 1 located within the filter element and / or within the solid core.

[0099] The present invention includes a method of heat transfer according to heat transfer method 2, where the refrigerant is refrigerant 1 and the sealing material is sealing material 2 located within the filter element and / or within the solid core.

[0100] The present invention includes a method of heat transfer according to heat transfer method 2, where the refrigerant is refrigerant 1 and the sealing material is sealing material 3 located within the filter element and / or within the solid core.

[0101] The present invention includes a method of heat transfer according to heat transfer method 2, where the refrigerant is refrigerant 1 and the sealing material is sealing material 4 located within the filter element and / or within the solid core.

[0102] The present invention includes a method of heat transfer by heat transfer method 2, where the refrigerant is refrigerant 2 and the sealing material is sealing material 1 located within the filter element and / or within the solid core.

[0103] The present invention includes a method of heat transfer according to heat transfer method 2, where the refrigerant is refrigerant 2 and the sealing material is sealing material 2 located within the filter element and / or within the solid core.

[0104] The present invention includes a method of heat transfer according to heat transfer method 2, where the refrigerant is refrigerant 2 and the sealing material is sealing material 3 located within the filter element and / or within the solid core.

[0105] The present invention relates to a method for treating a filter comprising the steps of: (a) providing a filter element having a filter material and / or a solid core having a filter material; The heat transfer method includes a heat transfer method 2, which is a sealing material 4 located at.

[0106] The present invention includes a method of heat transfer by heat transfer method 2, where the refrigerant is refrigerant 3 and the sealing material is sealing material 1 located within the filter element and / or within the solid core.

[0107] The present invention includes a method of heat transfer according to heat transfer method 2, where the refrigerant is refrigerant 3 and the sealing material is sealing material 2 located within the filter element and / or within the solid core.

[0108] The present invention includes a method of heat transfer according to heat transfer method 2, where the refrigerant is refrigerant 3 and the sealing material is sealing material 3 located within the filter element and / or within the solid core.

[0109] The present invention includes a method of heat transfer according to heat transfer method 2, where the refrigerant is refrigerant 3 and the sealing material is sealing material 4 located within the filter element and / or within the solid core.

[0110] The present invention includes a method of heat transfer by heat transfer method 2, where the refrigerant is refrigerant 4 and the sealing material is sealing material 1 located within the filter element and / or within the solid core.

[0111] The present invention includes a method of heat transfer according to heat transfer method 2, where the refrigerant is refrigerant 4 and the sealing material is sealing material 2 located within the filter element and / or within the solid core.

[0112] The present invention includes a method of heat transfer according to heat transfer method 2, where the refrigerant is refrigerant 4 and the sealing material is sealing material 3 located within the filter element and / or within the solid core.

[0113] The present invention includes a method of heat transfer according to heat transfer method 2, where the refrigerant is refrigerant 4 and the sealing material is sealing material 4 located within the filter element and / or within the solid core.

[0114] The present invention includes a method of heat transfer according to heat transfer method 2, where the refrigerant is refrigerant 5 and the sealing material is sealing material 1 located within the filter element and / or within the solid core.

[0115] The present invention includes a method of heat transfer according to heat transfer method 2, where the refrigerant is refrigerant 5 and the sealing material is sealing material 2 located within the filter element and / or within the solid core.

[0116] The present invention includes a method of heat transfer according to heat transfer method 2, where the refrigerant is a refrigerant 5 and the sealing material is a sealing material 3 located within the filter element and / or within the solid core.

[0117] The present invention includes a method of heat transfer according to heat transfer method 2, where the refrigerant is a refrigerant 5 and the sealing material is a sealing material 4 located within the filter element and / or within the solid core.

[0118] The present invention includes a method of heat transfer according to heat transfer method 2, where the refrigerant is refrigerant 6 and the sealing material is sealing material 1 located within the filter element and / or within the solid core.

[0119] The present invention includes a method of heat transfer according to heat transfer method 2, where the refrigerant is refrigerant 6 and the sealing material is sealing material 2 located within the filter element and / or within the solid core.

[0120] The present invention includes a method of heat transfer according to heat transfer method 2, where the refrigerant is refrigerant 6 and the sealing material is sealing material 3 located within the filter element and / or within the solid core.

[0121] The present invention includes a method of heat transfer according to heat transfer method 2, where the refrigerant is refrigerant 6 and the sealing material is sealing material 4 located within the filter element and / or within the solid core.

[0122] The present invention includes a method of heat transfer according to heat transfer method 2, where the refrigerant is refrigerant 7 and the sealing material is sealing material 1 located within the filter element and / or within the solid core.

[0123] The present invention includes a method of heat transfer according to heat transfer method 2, where the refrigerant is refrigerant 7 and the sealing material is sealing material 2 located within the filter element and / or within the solid core.

[0124] The present invention includes a method of heat transfer according to heat transfer method 2, where the refrigerant is a refrigerant 7 and the sealing material is a sealing material 3 located within the filter element and / or within the solid core.

[0125] The present invention includes a method of heat transfer according to heat transfer method 2, where the refrigerant is refrigerant 7 and the sealing material is sealing material 4 located within the filter element and / or within the solid core.

[0126] The present invention includes a method of heat transfer according to heat transfer method 2, where the refrigerant is a refrigerant 8 and the sealing material is a sealing material 1 located within the filter element and / or within the solid core.

[0127] The present invention includes a method of heat transfer according to heat transfer method 2, where the refrigerant is refrigerant 8 and the sealing material is sealing material 2 located within the filter element and / or within the solid core.

[0128] The present invention includes a method of heat transfer according to heat transfer method 2, where the refrigerant is a refrigerant 8 and the sealing material is a sealing material 3 located within the filter element and / or within the solid core.

[0129] The present invention includes a method of heat transfer according to heat transfer method 2, where the refrigerant is a refrigerant 8 and the sealing material is a sealing material 4 located within the filter element and / or within the solid core.

[0130] The present invention includes a refrigeration system, the refrigeration system comprising: (a) a refrigerant of the present invention circulating within the system; (b) a sealing material in contact with at least a portion of the refrigerant and / or the lubricant. A refrigerant system according to this paragraph is referred to herein as refrigerant system 1.

[0131] The present invention includes a refrigerant system 1 in which the refrigerant is refrigerant 1 and the sealing material is sealing material 1.

[0132] The present invention includes a refrigerant system 1 in which the refrigerant is refrigerant 1 and the sealing material is sealing material 2.

[0133] The present invention includes a refrigerant system 1 in which the refrigerant is refrigerant 1 and the sealing material is sealing material 3 .

[0134] The present invention includes a refrigerant system 1 in which the refrigerant is refrigerant 1 and the sealing material is sealing material 4 .

[0135] The present invention includes a refrigerant system 1 in which the refrigerant is refrigerant 2 and the sealing material is sealing material 1 .

[0136] The present invention includes a refrigerant system 1 in which the refrigerant is refrigerant 2 and the sealing material is sealing material 2.

[0137] The present invention includes a refrigerant system 1 in which the refrigerant is refrigerant 2 and the sealing material is sealing material 3 .

[0138] The present invention includes a refrigerant system 1 in which the refrigerant is refrigerant 2 and the sealing material is sealing material 4 .

[0139] The present invention includes a refrigerant system 1 in which the refrigerant is refrigerant 3 and the sealing material is sealing material 1 .

[0140] The present invention includes a refrigerant system 1 in which the refrigerant is refrigerant 3 and the sealing material is sealing material 2 .

[0141] The present invention includes a refrigerant system 1 in which the refrigerant is refrigerant 3 and the sealing material is sealing material 3 .

[0142] The present invention includes a refrigerant system 1 in which the refrigerant is refrigerant 3 and the sealing material is sealing material 4 .

[0143] The present invention includes a refrigerant system 1 in which the refrigerant is refrigerant 4 and the sealing material is sealing material 1 .

[0144] The present invention includes a refrigerant system 1 in which the refrigerant is refrigerant 4 and the sealing material is sealing material 2 .

[0145] The present invention includes a refrigerant system 1 in which the refrigerant is refrigerant 4 and the sealing material is sealing material 3 .

[0146] The present invention includes a refrigerant system 1 in which the refrigerant is a refrigerant 4 and the sealing material is a sealing material 4 .

[0147] The present invention includes a refrigerant system 1 in which the refrigerant is refrigerant 5 and the sealing material is sealing material 1 .

[0148] The present invention includes a refrigerant system 1 in which the refrigerant is a refrigerant 5 and the sealing material is a sealing material 2 .

[0149] The present invention includes a refrigerant system 1 in which the refrigerant is a refrigerant 5 and the sealing material is a sealing material 3 .

[0150] The present invention includes a refrigerant system 1 in which the refrigerant is a refrigerant 5 and the sealing material is a sealing material 4 .

[0151] The present invention includes a refrigerant system 1 in which the refrigerant is refrigerant 6 and the sealing material is sealing material 1 .

[0152] The present invention includes a refrigerant system 1 in which the refrigerant is refrigerant 6 and the sealing material is sealing material 2 .

[0153] The present invention includes a refrigerant system 1 in which the refrigerant is a refrigerant 6 and the sealing material is a sealing material 3 .

[0154] The present invention includes a refrigerant system 1 in which the refrigerant is a refrigerant 6 and the sealing material is a sealing material 4 .

[0155] The present invention includes a refrigerant system 1 in which the refrigerant is refrigerant 7 and the sealing material is sealing material 1 .

[0156] The present invention includes a refrigerant system 1 in which the refrigerant is refrigerant 7 and the sealing material is sealing material 2 .

[0157] The present invention includes a refrigerant system 1 in which the refrigerant is a refrigerant 7 and the sealing material is a sealing material 3 .

[0158] The present invention includes a refrigerant system 1 in which the refrigerant is a refrigerant 7 and the sealing material is a sealing material 4 .

[0159] The present invention includes a refrigerant system 1 in which the refrigerant is refrigerant 8 and the sealing material is sealing material 1 .

[0160] The present invention includes a refrigerant system 1 in which the refrigerant is a refrigerant 8 and the sealing material is a sealing material 2 .

[0161] The present invention includes a refrigerant system 1 in which the refrigerant is a refrigerant 8 and the sealing material is a sealing material 3 .

[0162] The present invention includes a refrigerant system 1 in which the refrigerant is a refrigerant 8 and the sealing material is a sealing material 4 .

[0163] The invention also includes a heat transfer refrigeration system comprising a heat transfer composition circulating within the heat transfer system that has been installed and operating for at least about one year, the heat transfer composition comprising a lubricant and a refrigerant according to the invention, the system comprising a sealing material of the invention, and the refrigerant and / or lubricant having an iodide content of about 1100 ppm or less based on the weight of the refrigerant and / or about 1100 ppm based on the weight of the lubricant. The heat transfer composition according to this paragraph is referred to herein as Heat Transfer System 1.

[0164] As used herein, the term "installed and operating" refers to new installations and retrofit installations that have been installed or modified in accordance with the present invention and are in normal operation. As used herein, the term "normal operation" includes periods of time during which the system is normally shut down for maintenance and / or repair, and other periods during which the system is not in normal operation, but is operational.

[0165] The present invention includes a heat transfer system 1 in which the refrigerant is Refrigerant 1, the lubricant comprises POE, and the sealing material is Sealant Material 1.

[0166] The present invention includes a heat transfer system 1 in which the refrigerant is refrigerant 1, the lubricant comprises POE, and the sealing material is sealing material 2.

[0167] The present invention includes a heat transfer system 1 in which the refrigerant is refrigerant 1, the lubricant includes POE, and the sealing material is sealing material 3.

[0168] The present invention includes a heat transfer system 1 in which the refrigerant is refrigerant 1, the lubricant includes POE, and the sealing material is sealing material 4.

[0169] The present invention includes a heat transfer system 1 in which the refrigerant is refrigerant 2, the lubricant comprises POE, and the sealing material is sealing material 1.

[0170] The present invention includes a heat transfer system 1 in which the refrigerant is refrigerant 2, the lubricant includes POE, and the sealing material is sealing material 2.

[0171] The present invention includes a heat transfer system 1 in which the refrigerant is refrigerant 2, the lubricant includes POE, and the sealing material is sealing material 3.

[0172] The present invention includes a heat transfer system 1 in which the refrigerant is refrigerant 2, the lubricant includes POE, and the sealing material is sealing material 4.

[0173] The present invention includes a heat transfer system 1 in which the refrigerant is refrigerant 3, the lubricant comprises POE, and the sealing material is sealing material 1.

[0174] The present invention includes a heat transfer system 1 in which the refrigerant is refrigerant 3, the lubricant includes POE, and the sealing material is sealing material 2.

[0175] The present invention includes a heat transfer system 1 in which the refrigerant is refrigerant 3, the lubricant includes POE, and the sealing material is sealing material 3.

[0176] The present invention includes a heat transfer system 1 in which the refrigerant is refrigerant 3, the lubricant includes POE, and the sealing material is sealing material 4.

[0177] The present invention includes a heat transfer system 1 in which the refrigerant is refrigerant 4, the lubricant includes POE, and the sealing material is sealing material 1.

[0178] The present invention includes a heat transfer system 1 in which the refrigerant is refrigerant 4, the lubricant includes POE, and the sealing material is sealing material 2.

[0179] The present invention includes a heat transfer system 1 in which the refrigerant is refrigerant 4, the lubricant includes POE, and the sealing material is sealing material 3.

[0180] The present invention includes a heat transfer system 1 in which the refrigerant is refrigerant 4, the lubricant includes POE, and the sealing material is sealing material 4.

[0181] The present invention includes a heat transfer system 1 in which the refrigerant is refrigerant 5, the lubricant includes POE, and the sealing material is sealing material 1.

[0182] The present invention includes a heat transfer system 1 in which the refrigerant is refrigerant 5, the lubricant includes POE, and the sealing material is sealing material 2.

[0183] The present invention includes a heat transfer system 1 in which the refrigerant is refrigerant 5, the lubricant includes POE, and the sealing material is sealing material 3.

[0184] The present invention includes a heat transfer system 1 in which the refrigerant is refrigerant 5, the lubricant includes POE, and the sealing material is sealing material 4.

[0185] The present invention includes a heat transfer system 1 in which the refrigerant is refrigerant 6, the lubricant includes POE, and the sealing material is sealing material 1.

[0186] The present invention includes a heat transfer system 1 in which the refrigerant is refrigerant 6, the lubricant includes POE, and the sealing material is sealing material 2.

[0187] The present invention includes a heat transfer system 1 in which the refrigerant is refrigerant 6, the lubricant includes POE, and the sealing material is sealing material 3.

[0188] The present invention includes a heat transfer system 1 in which the refrigerant is refrigerant 6, the lubricant includes POE, and the sealing material is sealing material 4.

[0189] The present invention includes a heat transfer system 1 in which the refrigerant is refrigerant 7, the lubricant includes POE, and the sealing material is sealing material 1.

[0190] The present invention includes a heat transfer system 1 in which the refrigerant is refrigerant 7, the lubricant includes POE, and the sealing material is sealing material 2.

[0191] The present invention includes a heat transfer system 1 in which the refrigerant is refrigerant 7, the lubricant includes POE, and the sealing material is sealing material 3.

[0192] The present invention includes a heat transfer system 1 in which the refrigerant is refrigerant 7, the lubricant includes POE, and the sealing material is sealing material 4.

[0193] The present invention includes a heat transfer system 1 in which the refrigerant is refrigerant 8, the lubricant includes POE, and the sealing material is sealing material 1.

[0194] The present invention includes a heat transfer system 1 in which the refrigerant is refrigerant 8, the lubricant includes POE, and the sealing material is sealing material 2.

[0195] The present invention includes a heat transfer system 1 in which the refrigerant is refrigerant 8, the lubricant includes POE, and the sealing material is sealing material 3.

[0196] The present invention includes a heat transfer system 1 in which the refrigerant is refrigerant 8, the lubricant includes POE, and the sealing material is sealing material 4.

[0197] A heat transfer system 1 according to each of the preceding paragraphs that has been installed and in operation for at least about two years.

[0198] A heat transfer system 1 according to each of the preceding paragraphs that has been installed and in operation for at least about five years.

[0199] The heat transfer system 1 according to each of the preceding paragraphs, wherein the refrigerant and / or lubricant have a fluoride content of about 500 ppm or less based on the weight of the refrigerant and / or 500 ppm or less based on the weight of the lubricant.

[0200] Suitable heat transfer compositions of the present invention are preferably non-flammable. As used herein, the term "non-flammable" refers to compounds or compositions that are determined to be non-flammable according to ASTM standard E-681-2001 under the conditions set forth in ASHRAE Standard 34-2013 and Appendix B1 of ASHRAE Standard 34-2013. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0201] method As noted above, the present invention includes a method for transferring heat that includes evaporating a refrigerant liquid and condensing a refrigerant vapor in multiple repeating cycles. Thus, the method aspect of the present invention broadly encompasses any and all such methods, including vapor compression refrigeration, absorption refrigeration, Rankine cycles, and heat pipes. In each of these methods, the refrigerant progresses or is transported through a cycle that includes exposing the refrigerant to various temperatures, pressures, materials of construction, and other components of the heat transfer composition, such as lubricants in the case of a compression refrigeration system that includes a lubricated compressor. As a result of exposure to such conditions, the refrigerant may be condensed by evaporating a refrigerant liquid and condensing a refrigerant vapor in a heat transfer system that includes a compression refrigeration system that includes a lubricated compressor. The ... 3 The refrigerant of the present invention containing I is an iodide (I - ), iodine (I 2 ), and fluoride (F - ), which can negatively impact the reliability of the heat transfer system and / or the stability of any lubricants present in the system.

[0202] Thus, preferred embodiments of the present method include exposing at least a portion of the refrigerant, preferably substantially all of the refrigerant, more preferably all of the refrigerant circulating in the system, and even more preferably substantially all of the heat transfer composition circulating in the system, to the sealing material of the present invention. Applicants have discovered that unexpected advantages can be achieved in such methods by carrying out the exposing step to have an exposure temperature of at least about 10° C., more preferably at least about 20° C., or preferably at least about 30° C. It is contemplated that the exposing step may include the refrigerant having a temperature of about 10° C., 20° C., or 30° C., or the sealing material having a temperature of about 10° C., 20° C., or 30° C., although in general it is preferred that both the refrigerant and the sealing material are at a temperature of at least about 10° C., 20° C., or 30° C. for at least a significant portion of the time that the refrigerant is in contact with the sealing material over a given exposure step, and preferably for substantially all of that time.

[0203] A preferred embodiment of the method also includes a sequestering material comprising a combination of at least: i. activated alumina, ii. a zeolite molecular sieve comprising copper, silver, lead, or a combination thereof, iii. an anion exchange resin, and iv. a moisture scavenging material, preferably a moisture scavenging molecular sieve. Applicants have found that this combination provides unexpected benefits even when exposure temperatures are below about 10° C., 20° C., or 30° C.

[0204] In preferred embodiments of the invention, the heat transfer method includes providing a stream or flow or body of refrigerant fluid and / or providing a stream or flow or body of refrigerant fluid, and the exposing step of the invention includes a quantity or volume, preferably a fixed volume, of the sealing material of the invention located in one or more of the streams or flows or bodies, such that the refrigerant and / or lubricant flows over, through, or otherwise in intimate contact with the sealing material. In certain preferred such embodiments, the stream or flow in which the sealing material is located includes a stream or flow that is part of a refrigeration cycle. For example, as described more fully elsewhere herein, the exposing step may include placing a fixed volume of the sealing material in a compressor discharge stream of a vapor compression system, preferably the compressor having a discharge temperature of at least about 10° C., more preferably at least about 20° C., or preferably at least about 30° C. In other embodiments, it is contemplated that the exposing step includes taking a slip or side stream of the refrigerant circulating in the heat transfer cycle, exposing the slip or side stream to a sealing material, preferably at a temperature of at least about 10° C., more preferably at 20° C., and even more preferably at least about 30° C., and then returning the slip or side stream either downstream from where it was drawn, upstream from where it was drawn, or returning a portion downstream and a portion upstream. In other or additional embodiments, the slip or side stream is exposed to a temperature of at least about 10° C., or at least about 20° C. The refrigerant may be removed from the refrigerant stream at a temperature below about 10° C., or 30° C., and the slip or side stream may be heated to about 10° C., or 20° C., or above 30° C. and then exposed to the sequestering material and / or the sequestering material is maintained at a temperature above about 10° C., or 20° C., or above 30° C. In yet other embodiments, the exposing step may include dissolving or suspending the sequestering material or placing the sequestering material in at least a portion of the refrigerant and / or lubricant stream or flow circulating through the refrigeration cycle or a portion of the refrigeration cycle. In such cases, the sequestering material may be a separate, fixed volume, or may not be a separate, fixed volume, but instead travels with the refrigerant and / or during at least a portion of the refrigerant and / or lubricant cycle, preferably during the portion of the cycle where the refrigerant or lubricant temperature is at least about 10° C., or about 20° C., more preferably at least about 30° C.

[0205] In embodiments of the present invention where the heat transfer system includes an oil separator, one or more of the sealing materials include i. activated alumina, ii. zeolite molecular sieves including copper, silver, lead, or combinations thereof, iii. anion exchange resin, and iv. moisture removing material, preferably moisture removing molecular sieves, in preferred embodiments, all of these materials may be located together inside the oil separator, or in some cases outside but downstream of the oil separator, such that the liquid lubricant contacts the sealing material(s), as shown in Figure 5 herein. The present invention also includes one or more of the materials located within the refrigerant liquid exiting the condenser.

[0206] For the process of the present invention which includes compressing a refrigerant vapor according to the present invention and then condensing the compressed refrigerant stream, at least a portion, and in a preferred embodiment, substantially all, of the sealing material is present in the compressor discharge refrigerant stream, i.e., in the discharge line, and preferably the temperature to which the sealing material is exposed is from about 70° C. to about 140° C. In other embodiments, at least a portion, and in a preferred embodiment, substantially all, of the sealing material is present in the liquid refrigerant exiting the condenser, and the temperature to which the sealing material is exposed can be from about 10° C. to about 80° C. In other embodiments, at least a portion, and in a preferred embodiment, substantially all, of the sealing material is present in the suction line of the compressor, and the temperature to which the sealing material is exposed can be from about −30° C. to about 30° C.

[0207] Thus, in a preferred embodiment, the exposure step is carried out at a temperature of about 50°C to about 140°C, more preferably about 70°C to about 140°C.

[0208] In preferred embodiments, the exposing step is carried out at a temperature of about 20° C. to about 80° C., or about −30° C. to about 20° C., and in such embodiments, the sequestering material is preferably i. activated alumina, ii. zeolite molecular sieves containing copper, silver, lead, or combinations thereof; iii. anion exchange resin, and iv. A combination of moisture removing materials, preferably moisture removing molecular sieves.

[0209] Preferred heat transfer compositions and sealant materials for use in accordance with the method aspects of the present invention are described in detail below.

[0210] sealing material The sequestering material may include one or more of a) copper or copper alloys, b) molecular sieves (preferably zeolites) containing copper, silver, lead, or combinations thereof, c) anion exchange resins, d) moisture removal materials, and e) activated alumina, or a combination of any two or more of these materials.

[0211] a. Copper / copper alloy sealing material The sealing material may be copper or a copper alloy, preferably copper.

[0212] The copper alloy may include, in addition to copper, one or more additional metals, such as tin, aluminum, silicon, nickel, or combinations thereof. Alternatively, or in addition, the copper alloy may include one or more non-metallic elements, such as carbon, nitrogen, silicon, oxygen, or combinations thereof.

[0213] It will be appreciated that the copper alloy may contain various amounts of copper. For example, the copper alloy may contain at least about 5 wt. %, at least about 15 wt. %, at least about 30 wt. %, at least about 50 wt. %, at least about 70 wt. %, or at least about 90 wt. % of copper based on the total weight of the copper alloy. It will also be appreciated that the copper alloy may contain about 5 wt. % to about 95 wt. %, about 10 wt. % to about 90 wt. %, about 15 wt. % to about 85 wt. %, about 20 wt. % to about 80 wt. %, about 30 wt. % to about 70 wt. %, or about 40 wt. % to about 60 wt. % of copper based on the total weight of the copper alloy.

[0214] Alternatively, copper may be used as the sequestering material. Copper metal may contain impurity levels of other elements or compounds. For example, copper metal may contain at least about 99% by weight, more preferably at least about 99.5% by weight, more preferably at least about 99.9% by weight elemental copper.

[0215] The copper or copper alloy may be in any form that allows the coolant to contact the copper or copper alloy surface. Preferably, the form of the copper or copper alloy is selected to maximize the surface area of ​​the copper or copper alloy (i.e., to maximize the area in contact with the coolant).

[0216] For example, the metal may be in the form of a mesh, wool, spheres, cones, cylinders, etc. The term "sphere" refers to a three-dimensional shape in which the difference between the largest and smallest diameters is no more than about 10% of the largest diameter.

[0217] Copper or copper alloys are at least about 10 m 2 / g, at least about 20m 2 / g, at least about 30m 2 / g, at least about 40m 2 / g, or at least about 50m 2 / g. The BET surface area may be measured according to ASTM D6556-10.

[0218] When the sealing material comprises copper or a copper alloy, the BET surface area of ​​the copper or copper alloy is about 0.01 to about 1.5 m per kg of refrigerant. 2 , preferably about 0.02 to about 0.5 m per kg of refrigerant 2 It could be.

[0219] For example, copper or copper alloys have a melting point of about 0.08 m per kg of refrigerant. 2 may have a surface area of

[0220] b. Zeolite molecular sieve blocking material The sequestering material may include a zeolite molecular sieve, which contains copper, silver, lead, or a combination thereof, preferably at least silver.

[0221] In a preferred embodiment, the zeolite molecular sieve contains a metal, preferably silver in a specific embodiment, in an amount of from about 1% to about 30% by weight, preferably from about 5% to about 20% by weight, based on the total weight of the zeolite.

[0222] The metals (i.e., copper, silver, and / or lead) may be present in a single oxidation state or in a variety of oxidation states (e.g., copper zeolites may contain both Cu(I) and Cu(II)).

[0223] The zeolite molecular sieve may contain metals other than silver, lead, and / or copper.

[0224] The zeolites may have openings having a size ranging from about 5 to 40 Å in their largest dimension. For example, the zeolites may have openings having a size ranging from about 35 Å or less in their largest dimension. Preferably, the zeolites may have openings having a size ranging from about 15 to about 35 Å in their largest dimension. Zeolites such as IONSIV D7310-C have active sites that applicants have found to effectively remove certain decomposition products in accordance with the present invention.

[0225] When the blocking material includes a zeolite molecular sieve containing copper, silver, lead, or a combination thereof, the molecular sieve (e.g., zeolite) can be present in an amount of about 1% to about 30% by weight, such as about 2% to about 25% by weight, based on the total amount of molecular sieve (e.g., zeolite), refrigerant, and lubricant (if present) being processed in the heat transfer system.

[0226] In a preferred embodiment, the sequestering material comprises a zeolite molecular sieve containing silver, and in such an embodiment, the molecular sieve is present in an amount of at least 5% parts by weight (pbw), preferably about 5 pbw to about 30 pbw, or about 5 pbw to about 20 pbw, per 100 parts by weight of lubricant (pphl), based on the total amount of molecular sieve (e.g., zeolite) and lubricant in the heat transfer system being treated. It has been found that the preferred embodiments described in this paragraph have excellent ability to remove fluoride from the heat transfer compositions described herein. Furthermore, in the preferred embodiments described in this paragraph, the amount of silver present in the molecular sieve is about 1 to about 30 wt%, or preferably about 5 to about 20 wt%, based on the total weight of the zeolite.

[0227] In a preferred embodiment, the sequestering material comprises a zeolite molecular sieve containing silver, and in such an embodiment, the molecular sieve (e.g., zeolite) may be present in an amount of at least 10 pphl, preferably from about 10 pphl to 30 pphl, or from about 10 pphl to about 20 pphl by weight based on the total amount of molecular sieve (e.g., zeolite) and lubricant in the heat transfer system being treated. The preferred embodiments described in this paragraph have been found to have excellent ability to remove iodide from the heat transfer compositions described herein. Furthermore, in the preferred embodiments described in this paragraph, the amount of silver present in the molecular sieve is from about 1 to about 30 weight percent, or preferably from about 5 to about 20 weight percent, based on the total weight of the zeolite.

[0228] In a preferred embodiment, the sequestering material comprises a zeolite molecular sieve containing silver, and in such an embodiment, the molecular sieve may be present in an amount of at least pphl, preferably about 15 pphl to 30 pphl, or about 15 pphl to about 20 pphl by weight based on the total amount of molecular sieve and lubricant in the heat transfer system being treated. The preferred embodiments described in this paragraph have been found to have excellent ability to reduce the TAN levels of the heat transfer compositions described herein. Furthermore, in the preferred embodiments described in this paragraph, the amount of silver present in the molecular sieve is about 1 to about 30 weight percent, or preferably about 5 to about 20 weight percent, based on the total weight of the zeolite.

[0229] Preferably, the zeolite molecular sieve is present in an amount of at least about 15 pphl or at least about 18 pphl, based on the total amount of molecular sieve and lubricant in the system. Thus, the molecular sieve is present in an amount of from about 15 pphl to about 30 pphl, or from about 18 pphl to about 30 pphl, based on the total amount of molecular sieve and lubricant present in the system. It may be present in an amount of about 25 pphl.

[0230] It will be appreciated that the zeolite may be present in an amount of about 5 pphl or about 21 pphl, based on the total amount of molecular sieve and lubricant in the system.

[0231] The amounts of zeolite molecular sieve described herein refer to the dry weight of the molecular sieve. As used herein, the term "dry weight" of a sequestering material means that the material has a moisture content of 50 ppm or less.

[0232] C anion exchange resin The sequestering material may include an anion exchange resin.

[0233] Preferably, the anion exchange resin is a strongly basic anion exchange resin. The strongly basic anion exchange resin can be a type 1 resin or a type 2 resin. Preferably, the anion exchange resin is a type 1 strongly basic anion exchange resin.

[0234] Anion exchange resins generally contain a positively charged matrix and exchangeable anions. The exchangeable anions are chloride anions (Cl - ) and / or hydroxy anion (OH - ).

[0235] The anion exchange resin can be provided in any form. For example, the anion exchange resin can be provided as beads. The beads, when dry, can have a size ranging from about 0.3 mm to about 1.2 mm in their largest dimension.

[0236] When the sequestering material includes an anion exchange resin, the anion exchange resin may be present in an amount of from about 1 pphl to about 60 pphl, or from about 5 pphl to about 60 pphl, or from about 20 pphl to about 50 pphl, or from about 20 pphl to about 30 pphl, or from about 1 pphl to about 25 pphl, such as from about 2 pphl to about 20 pphl, based on the total amount of anion exchange resin and lubricant in the system.

[0237] Preferably, the anion exchange resin is present in an amount of at least about 10 pphl, or at least about 15 pphl, based on the total amount of anion exchange resin and lubricant in the system. Thus, the anion exchange resin may be present in an amount of from about 10 pphl to about 25 pphl, or from about 15 pphl to about 20 pphl, based on the total amount of anion exchange resin and lubricant in the system.

[0238] It will be appreciated that the anion exchange resin may be present in an amount of about 4 pphl or about 16 pphl, based on the total amount of anion exchange resin and lubricant present in the system.

[0239] Applicants have discovered the unexpectedly advantageous ability of industrial grade weakly basic anion exchange adsorbent resins, including in particular the material sold under the trade name Amberlyst A21 (free base), to act as sequestering materials. As used herein, weakly basic anion resin refers to a resin in its free base form, which is preferably functionalized with a tertiary amine (uncharged). Tertiary amines contain one free lone pair of electrons on the nitrogen, which is easily protonated in the presence of an acid. In a preferred embodiment, the ion exchange resin used in accordance with the present invention is protonated by an acid, and then attracts and binds the counterion of the anion to completely remove the acid without contributing any additional species back into the solution.

[0240] Amberlyst A21 is a material that applicants have developed to be highly physically stable and resistant to breakage. This is a preferred material because Applicants have found it advantageous to provide a macroporous structure that renders the refrigeration system resistant to high flow rates and because Applicants have found that it is able to withstand the high flow rates of the refrigeration system over a relatively long period of time, preferably over the life of the system.

[0241] The amount of anion exchange resin described herein refers to the dry weight of the anion exchange resin. As used herein, the term "dry weight" of the sequestration material means that the material has a moisture content of 50 ppm or less.

[0242] As used herein, pphl of a particular sealant material means the weight percentage of that particular sealant material based on the total weight of that particular sealant material and lubricant in the system.

[0243] d. Moisture removal material The preferred sequestering material is a moisture-removing material. In a preferred embodiment, the moisture-removing material comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of a moisture-removing molecular sieve. Preferred moisture-removing molecular sieves include those commonly known as sodium aluminosilicate molecular sieves, which are preferably crystalline metal aluminosilicates having a three-dimensional interconnected network of silica and alumina tetrahedra. Applicants have found that such materials are effective in the system of the present invention to remove moisture, and are most preferably classified according to pore size as types 3A, 4A, 5A, and 13X.

[0244] The moisture removing material, and particularly the moisture removing molecular sieve, even more preferably the sodium aluminosilicate molecular sieve, is preferably from about 15 pphl to about 60 pphl by weight, even more preferably from about 30 pphl to 45 pphl by weight.

[0245] e. Activated alumina Examples of activated aluminas that applicants have found to be effective in accordance with the present invention and that are commercially available include sodium activated alumina sold by BASF under the trade name F200 and by Honeywell / UOP under the trade name CLR-204. Applicants have found that activated alumina in general, and the sodium activated alumina described above in particular, are particularly effective for sequestering the types of acidic, deleterious materials that are generated in connection with the refrigerant compositions and heat transfer methods and apparatus of the present invention.

[0246] When the sequestrant material includes activated alumina, the activated alumina can be present from about 1 pphl to about 60 pphl by weight, or from about 5 pphl to about 60 pphl by weight.

[0247] f. Combination of sealing materials The compositions of the present invention may include a combination of sequestrant materials.

[0248] For example, the sequestering material may include at least (i) copper or a copper alloy, and (ii) a molecular sieve (eg, a zeolite) containing copper, silver, lead, or a combination thereof.

[0249] In a preferred embodiment, which produces unexpected results when exposure is carried out at temperatures both above and below 30° C., the sequestering material may include (i) a molecular sieve (e.g., a zeolite) containing copper, silver, lead, or a combination thereof, and (ii) an anion exchange resin.

[0250] Alternatively, the sequestering material may include (i) copper or a copper alloy, and (ii) an anion exchange resin.

[0251] When the sequestering material combination includes an anion exchange resin, the anion exchange resin may preferably be present in an amount of from about 1 pphl to about 25 pphl, such as from about 2 pphl to about 20 pphl, based on the total amount of anion exchange resin and lubricant in the system.

[0252] Preferably, when the combination of sequestering materials includes an anion exchange resin, the anion exchange resin is present in an amount of at least about 10 pphl or at least about 15 pphl, based on the total amount of anion exchange resin and lubricant present in the system. Thus, the anion exchange resin may be present in an amount of from about 10 pphl to about 25 pphl, or from about 15 pphl to about 20 pphl, based on the total amount of anion exchange resin and lubricant present in the system.

[0253] It will be appreciated that the anion exchange resin may be present in an amount of about 4 pphl or about 16 pphl, based on the total amount of anion exchange resin and lubricant present in the system.

[0254] The amount of anion exchange resin described herein refers to the dry weight of the anion exchange resin. As used herein, the term "dry weight" of the sequestration material means that the material has a moisture content of 50 ppm or less.

[0255] When the combination of sequestering materials includes a molecular sieve (e.g., a zeolite) containing copper, silver, lead, or a combination thereof, the molecular sieve (e.g., a zeolite) can be present in an amount of from about 1 pphl to about 30 pphl, such as from about 2 pphl to about 25 pphl, based on the total amount of molecular sieve (e.g., zeolite) lubricant present in the system.

[0256] Preferably, when the combination of sequestering materials includes a molecular sieve (e.g., zeolite), the molecular sieve (e.g., zeolite) is present in an amount of at least about 15 pphl or at least about 18 pphl, based on the total amount of molecular sieve (e.g., zeolite) and lubricant present in the system. Thus, the molecular sieve (e.g., zeolite) can be present in an amount of from about 15 pphl to about 30 pphl, or from about 18 pphl to about 25 pphl, based on the total amount of molecular sieve (e.g., zeolite) and lubricant present in the system.

[0257] It will be appreciated that the molecular sieve (eg, zeolite) may be present in an amount of about 5 pphl or about 21 pphl, based on the total amount of molecular sieve (eg, zeolite) and lubricant present in the system.

[0258] The amounts of molecular sieves (eg, zeolites) described herein refer to the dry weight of the metal zeolite.

[0259] When the combination of sealing materials includes copper or copper alloy, the copper or copper alloy should be approximately 0.01 m per kg of refrigerant. 2 ~about 1.5m 2 , or approximately 0.02 m per kg of refrigerant 2 ~about 0.5m 2 may have a surface area of

[0260] Copper or copper alloys have a melting point of approximately 0.08 m per kg of refrigerant. 2 It will be appreciated that the surface area of ​​the substrate may be 100 mm or less.

[0261] When a combination of sequestering materials is present, the materials may be provided in any ratio relative to one another.

[0262] For example, if the sequestering material comprises an anion exchange resin and a molecular sieve (e.g., zeolite), the weight ratio of the anion exchange resin to the molecular sieve (e.g., zeolite) (when dry) is preferably in the range of about 10:90 to about 90:10, about 20:80 to about 80:20, about 25:75 to about 75:25, about 30:70 to about 70:30, or about 60:40 to about 40:60. Exemplary weight ratios of anion exchange resin to metal zeolite include about 25:75, about 50:50, and about 75:25.

[0263] Thus, the system of the present invention preferably comprises a sealing material in contact with at least a portion of the refrigerant according to the present invention, the temperature of the sealing material and / or the temperature of the refrigerant at said contact is preferably at least about 10° C., and the sealing material preferably comprises Anion exchange resin, Activated alumina, Moisture removal molecular sieve, a moisture removing material, preferably a moisture removing molecular sieve; Combinations of the above materials.

[0264] As used in this application, the term "in contact with at least a portion" is intended in its broadest sense to include each of the sealing materials and any combination of sealing materials in contact with the same or separate portions of the refrigerant in the system, and is intended to include, but is not necessarily limited to, embodiments in which each type or particular sealing material is a combination of: (i) types or particular materials that, when present, are physically located together with one another; (ii) types or particular materials that, when present, are physically located separately from one another; and (iii) two or more materials that are physically together and at least one sealing material that is physically separate from at least one other sealing material.

[0265] Refrigerant The refrigerant compositions used in accordance with the present invention preferably contain at least about 5% by weight of a lower alkyl iodofluorocarbon, more preferably at least about 5% by weight of CF, based on all refrigerant components in the composition. 3 Contains I.

[0266] In a preferred embodiment, the refrigerant is at least about 30% by weight, or at least about 50% by weight, lower alkyl iodofluorocarbon, more preferably at least about 30% by weight CF 3 I, or at least about 50% by weight of CF 3 Contains I.

[0267] The refrigerant composition may include one or more co-refrigerant compounds selected from the group consisting of HFC-32 (difluoromethane), HFC-125 (pentafluoroethane), HFC-134a (1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane), carbon dioxide, trans-HFO-1234ze (trans-1,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropane), trans-HFO-1233zd (trans-1-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropropane), HFC-227ea (1,1,1,2,3,3,3-heptafluoropropane), and combinations thereof.

[0268] Preferably, the refrigerant is at least about 5%, at least about 30%, or at least about 50% by weight of a lower alkyl iodofluorocarbon, or at least about 5%, at least about 30%, or at least about 50% by weight of a CF 3 I, and at least one additional co-refrigerant compound, preferably selected from the group consisting of HFC-32, HFC-125, HFC-134a, HFC-227ea, trans-HFO-1234ze, trans-HFO-1233zd, CO 2 and combinations thereof.

[0269] Preferably, the refrigerant consists essentially of a lower alkyl iodofluorocarbon, preferably CF 3 I, as well as HFC-32, HFC-125, HFC-134a, and HFC-227ea , Trans-HFO-1234ze, Trans-HFO-1233zd, CO 2 and combinations thereof. In a preferred embodiment, the refrigerant is a lower alkyl iodofluorocarbon or CF 3 It will be appreciated that the refrigerant may consist essentially of lower alkyl iodofluorocarbons or may consist essentially of CF 3 It can consist of I.

[0270] The refrigerant preferably has a Global Warming Potential (GWP) of about 700 or less, preferably about 300 or less, more preferably about 150 or less, and even more preferably about 100 or less.

[0271] The refrigerant has an ozone depletion potential of about 0.05 or less, more preferably about 0.02 or less, and even more preferably about zero.

[0272] The refrigerant is preferably non-flammable according to ASTM Standard E681-2001 under the conditions set forth in ASHRAE Standard 34-2013 and Appendix B1 of ASHRAE Standard 34-2013.

[0273] In addition, the refrigerant preferably has an Occupational Exposure Limit (OEL) of greater than about 400.

[0274] i.CF 3 I and HFC-32 Blends The methods, systems, and compositions include CF 3 Each component may be present in the refrigerant in a wide range of amounts.

[0275] For example, the refrigerant is CF 3 I and HFC-32, CF 3 I is present in an amount of at least about 5% by weight, at least about 30% by weight, or at least about 50% by weight.

[0276] Alternatively, the refrigerant is about 60% to about 66% by weight CF 3 % HFC-32 and about 34% to about 40% by weight of HFC-32. Preferably, the refrigerant is about 36% by weight HFC-32 and about 64% CF 3 I, or about 38% by weight HFC-32 and about 62% by weight CF 3 Includes I.

[0277] The refrigerant is basically CF 3 It will be appreciated that the refrigerant may consist of CF I and HFC-32. 3 I and HFC-32.

[0278] Thus, the present invention essentially provides a 3 Refrigerants consisting of HFC-32 and CF 3 I is present in an amount of at least about 5 wt%, at least about 30 wt%, or at least about 50 wt%. The refrigerant according to this paragraph is CF 3 I and HFC-32.

[0279] The present invention is basically about 60% by weight to about 66% by weight of CF 3In a preferred embodiment, the refrigerant consists essentially of about 36% by weight HFC-32 and about 64% by weight CF 3 I, or about 38% by weight HFC-32 and about 62% by weight CF 3 The refrigerant according to this paragraph consists of CF 3 I and HFC-32.

[0280] ii.CF 3 Blend of I, HFC-32, and HFC-125 The methods, systems, and compositions include CF 3 Refrigerants include HFC-1, HFC-32, and HFC-125. Each component may be present in the refrigerant in amounts ranging over a wide range.

[0281] For example, the refrigerant is CF 3 I, HFC-32, and HFC-125, CF 3 I in an amount of at least about 5 wt.%, at least about 30 wt.%, or at least about 50 wt.% exist.

[0282] Alternatively, the refrigerant may be about 39.5% to about 45.5% by weight of CF 3 % to about 43% by weight of CF3, about 42% to about 48% by weight of HFC-32, and about 6.5% to about 12.5% ​​by weight of HFC-125. Preferably, the refrigerant comprises about 41% to about 43% by weight of CF 3 % to about 46.5% by weight of HFC-32, and about 11.5% to about 12.5% ​​by weight of HFC-125.

[0283] The refrigerant is basically CF 3 It will be appreciated that the refrigerant may consist of CF I, HFC-32, and HFC-125. 3 I, HFC-32, and HFC-125.

[0284] The present invention is basically 3 Refrigerants include HFC-1, HFC-32, and HFC-125, and CF 3I is present in an amount of at least about 5 wt%, at least about 30 wt%, or at least about 50 wt%. The refrigerant according to this paragraph is CF 3 I, HFC-32, and HFC-125.

[0285] The present invention is essentially about 39.5% by weight to about 45.5% by weight of CF 3 % to about 43 wt. % CF3, about 42 wt. % to about 48 wt. % HFC-32, and about 6.5 wt. % to about 12.5 wt. % HFC-125. Preferably, the refrigerant is essentially about 41 wt. % to about 43 wt. % CF 3 % to about 12.5 wt. % HFC-125. 3 I, HFC-32, and HFC-125.

[0286] iii.CF 3 I, a blend of trans-HFO-1234ze and trans-HFO-1233zd The methods, systems, and compositions include CF 3 The refrigerants include trans-HFO-1234ze, trans-HFO-1233zd, and trans-HFO-1234ze. Each component may be present in the refrigerant in a wide range of amounts.

[0287] For example, the refrigerant is CF 3 I, trans-HFO-1234ze, and trans-HFO-1233zd; CF 3 I is present in an amount of at least about 5% by weight, at least about 30% by weight, or at least about 50% by weight.

[0288] Alternatively, the refrigerant may be about 15% to about 21% by weight CF 3 I, about 77% to about 83% by weight of trans-HFO-1234ze, and about 1% to about 2% by weight of trans-HFO-1233zd. Preferably, trans-HFO-1233zd is present in an amount of about 2% by weight.

[0289] Preferably, the refrigerant is about 18% to about 21% by weight of CF 3 I, about 77% to about 80% by weight of trans-HFO-1234ze, and about 1% to about 2% by weight of trans-HFO-1233zd. Preferably, trans-HFO-1233zd is present in an amount of about 2% by weight.

[0290] The refrigerant is basically CF 3 It will be appreciated that the refrigerant may consist of CF I, trans-HFO-1234ze, and trans-HFO-1233zd. 3 I, trans-HFO-1234ze, and trans-HFO-1233zd.

[0291] The present invention is basically 3 I, trans-HFO-1234ze, and trans-HFO-1233zd, 3 I is at least about 5% by weight, at least % by weight, or at least about 50% by weight. The refrigerant according to this paragraph is CF 3 I, trans-HFO-1234ze, and trans-HFO-1233zd.

[0292] Also, basically about 15% by weight to about 21% by weight of CF 3 Also disclosed is a refrigerant consisting of CF I, about 77% to about 83% by weight of trans-HFO-1234ze, and about 1% to about 2% by weight of trans-HFO-1233zd. Preferably, the trans-HFO-1233zd is present in an amount of about 2% by weight. 3 I, trans-HFO-1234ze, and trans-HFO-1233zd.

[0293] Preferably, the refrigerant is essentially about 18% to about 21% by weight CF 31, about 77% to about 80% by weight of trans-HFO-1234ze, and about 1% to about 2% by weight of trans-HFO-1233zd. Preferably, the trans-HFO-1233zd is present in an amount of about 2% by weight. The refrigerant according to this paragraph is CF 3 I, trans-HFO-1234ze, and trans-HFO-1233zd.

[0294] iv.CF 3 I, a blend of HFC-227ea, trans-HFO-1234ze, and trans-HFO-1233zd The methods, systems, and compositions include CF 3 The refrigerants include HFC-1, HFC-227ea, trans-HFO-1234ze, and trans-HFO-1233zd. Each component may be present in the refrigerant in amounts ranging over a wide range.

[0295] For example, the refrigerant is CF 3 I, HFC-227ea, trans-HFO-1234ze, and trans-HFO-1233zd; CF 3 I is present in an amount of at least about 5% by weight, at least about 30% by weight, or at least about 50% by weight.

[0296] Alternatively, the refrigerant may contain between about 6.6% and about 20.6% by weight of CF 3 %, about 4.4% by weight HFC-227ea, about 73 to about 87% by weight trans-HFO-1234ze, and about 1% to about 2% by weight trans-HFO-1233zd. Preferably, the trans-HFO-1233zd is present in an amount of about 2% by weight.

[0297] Preferably, the refrigerant contains about 7.6% to about 11.6% by weight of CF 3 % R227ea, about 82% to about 86% trans-HFO-1234ze, and about 1% to about 2% trans-HFO-1233zd. Preferably, the trans-HFO-1233zd is present in an amount of about 2% by weight.

[0298] The refrigerant is basically CF 3 It will be appreciated that the refrigerant may consist of CF I, HFC-227ea, trans-HFO-1234ze, and trans-HFO-1233zd. 3 I, HFC-227ea, trans-HFO-1234ze, and trans-HFO-1233zd.

[0299] The present invention is basically 3 I, HFC-227ea, trans-HFO-1234ze, and trans-HFO-1233zd refrigerants, CF 3 I is present in an amount of at least about 5% by weight, at least about 30% by weight, or at least about 50% by weight.

[0300] Also, basically about 6.6% by weight to about 20.6% by weight of CF 3 Also disclosed is a refrigerant consisting of about 4.4 wt.% HFC-227ea, about 73 wt.% to about 87 wt.% trans-HFO-1234ze, and about 1 wt.% to about 2 wt.% trans-HFO-1233zd. Preferably, the trans-HFO-1233zd is present in an amount of about 2 wt.%. The refrigerant according to this paragraph is CF 3 I, HFC-227ea, trans-HFO-1234ze, and tra The compound may comprise ace-HFO-1233zd.

[0301] Preferably, the refrigerant is essentially composed of about 7.6% to about 11.6% by weight CF 3 % R227ea, about 4.4% by weight R227ea, about 82% to about 86% by weight trans-HFO-1234ze, and about 1% to about 2% by weight trans-HFO-1233zd. Preferably, the trans-HFO-1233zd is present in an amount of about 2% by weight. The refrigerant according to this paragraph is CF 3 I, HFC-227ea, trans-HFO-1234ze, and trans-HFO-1233zd.

[0302] v.CF 3 Blend of I and HFO-1234yf The methods, systems, and compositions include CF 3 Each component may be present in the refrigerant in a wide range of amounts.

[0303] For example, the refrigerant is CF 3 I and HFO-1234yf, 3 I is present in an amount of at least about 5% by weight, at least about 30% by weight, or at least about 50% by weight.

[0304] Alternatively, the refrigerant may be about 28% to about 32% by weight CF 3 I, and about 68% to about 72% by weight HFO-1234yf.

[0305] The refrigerant is basically CF 3 It will be appreciated that the refrigerant may consist of CF I and HFO-1234yf. 3 I and HFO-1234yf.

[0306] So basically CF 3 The present invention discloses a refrigerant consisting of CF 3 I is present in an amount of at least about 5 wt%, at least about 30 wt%, or at least about 50 wt%. The refrigerant according to this paragraph is CF 3 I and HFO-1234yf.

[0307] The present invention is basically about 28% by weight to about 32% by weight of CF 3 % to about 72% by weight of HFO-1234yf. 3 I and HFO-1234yf.

[0308] vi.CF 3 Blend of I, HFC-32, and HFO-1234yf The methods, systems, and compositions include CF 3The refrigerants may include HFC-1234yf, HFC-32, and HFO-1234yf. Each component may be present in the refrigerant in amounts ranging over a wide range.

[0309] For example, the refrigerant is CF 3 I, HFC-32, and HFO-1234yf, CF 3 I is present in an amount of at least about 5% by weight, at least about 30% by weight, or at least about 50% by weight.

[0310] The refrigerant is basically CF 3 It will be appreciated that the refrigerant may consist of CF I, HFC-32, and HFO-1234yf. 3 I, HFC-32, and HFO-1234yf.

[0311] The present invention is basically 3 Refrigerants include HFC-1, HFC-32, and HFO-1234yf, and CF 3 I is present in an amount of at least about 5 wt%, at least about 30 wt%, or at least about 50 wt%. The refrigerant according to this paragraph is CF 3 I, HFC-32, and HFO-1234yf.

[0312] vii.CF 3 I, HFC-32, HFC-125, and HFO-1234yf blends thing The methods, systems, and compositions include CF 3 The refrigerants may include HFC-1, HFC-32, HFC-125, and HFO-1234yf. Each component may be present in the refrigerant in amounts ranging over a wide range.

[0313] For example, the refrigerant is CF 3 I, HFC-32, HFC-125, and HFO-1234yf; CF 3 I is present in an amount of at least about 5% by weight, at least about 30% by weight, or at least about 50% by weight.

[0314] Alternatively, the refrigerant may be about 33% to about 41% by weight CF 3 % to about 12 wt. % HFO-1234yf, from about 38 wt. % to about 48 wt. % HFC-32, from about 6 wt. % to about 12 wt. % HFC-125, and from about 2 wt. % to about 12 wt. % HFO-1234yf.

[0315] Preferably, the refrigerant is about 34% to about 36% by weight of CF 3 % to about 7% by weight of HFO-1234yf, about 46% to about 48% by weight of HFC-32, about 11% to about 12% by weight of HFC-125, and about 5% to about 7% by weight of HFO-1234yf.

[0316] The refrigerant is basically CF 3 It will be recognized that refrigerants according to this paragraph may consist of CF I, HFC-32, HFC-125, and HFO-1234yf. 3 I, HFC-32, HFC-125, and HFO-1234yf.

[0317] The present invention is basically 3 I, HFC-32, HFC-125, and HFO-1234yf, 3 I is present in an amount of at least about 5 wt%, at least about 30 wt%, or at least about 50 wt%. 3 I, HFC-32, HFC-125, and HFO-1234yf.

[0318] The present invention is basically about 33% to about 41% by weight of CF 3 % to about 12 wt. % HFO-1234yf. The refrigerant according to this paragraph comprises CF 3 I, HFC-32, HFC-125, and HFO-1234yf.

[0319] Preferably, the refrigerant is essentially about 34% to about 36% by weight CF 3% to about 7% by weight of HFO-1234yf. 3 I, HFC-32, HFC-125, and HFO-1234yf.

[0320] viii.CF 3 I, a blend of HFC-32, HFC-125, and trans-HFO-1234ze The methods, systems, and compositions include CF 3 The refrigerants may include HFC-1, HFC-32, HFC-125, and trans-HFO-1234ze. Each component may be present in the refrigerant in amounts ranging over a wide range.

[0321] For example, the refrigerant is CF 3 I, HFC-32, HFC-125, and trans-HFO-1234ze; CF 3 I is present in an amount of at least about 5% by weight, at least about 30% by weight, or at least about 50% by weight.

[0322] Alternatively, the refrigerant may be about 40% to about 49% by weight HFC-32, about 6% to about 12% by weight HFC-125, about 33% to about 40% by weight CF 3 I, and about 2% to about 12% by weight of transHFO-1234ze.

[0323] Preferably, the refrigerant is about 46.5% to about 48.5% by weight HFC-32, about 10.5% to about 12% by weight HFC-125, about 34.5% to about 36.5% by weight CF 3 I, and about 2% by weight to about 5% by weight of transHFO-1234ze.

[0324] The refrigerant is basically CF 3 It will be appreciated that the refrigerant may consist of CF I, HFC-32, HFC-125, and trans-HFO-1234ze. 3I, HFC-32, HFC-125, and trans-HFO-1234ze.

[0325] The present invention is basically 3 I, HFC-32, HFC-125, and trans-HFO-1234ze refrigerants, 3 I is present in an amount of at least about 5 wt%, at least about 30 wt%, or at least about 50 wt%. 3 I, HFC-32, HFC-125, and trans-HFO-1234ze.

[0326] The present invention is basically a mixture of about 40% by weight to about 49% by weight of HFC-32, about 6% by weight to about 12% by weight of HFC-125, and about 33% by weight to about 40% by weight of CF 3 % to about 12 wt. % of transHFO-1234ze. 3 I, HFC-32, HFC-125, and trans-HFO-1234ze.

[0327] Preferably, the refrigerant is essentially about 46.5% by weight to about 48.5% by weight of HFC-32, about 10.5% by weight to about 12% by weight of HFC-125, about 34.5% by weight to about 36.5% by weight of CF 3 % to about 5% by weight of transHFO-1234ze. 3 I, HFC-32, HFC-125, and trans-HFO-1234ze.

[0328] ix.CF 3 I, HFC-32, CO 2 , and a blend of HFO-1234yf The methods, systems, and compositions include CF 3 I, HFC-32, CO 2 Each component may be present in the refrigerant in a wide range of amounts.

[0329] For example, the refrigerant is CF3 I, HFC-32, CO 2 and HFO-1234yf, CF 3 I is present in an amount of at least about 5% by weight, at least about 30% by weight, or at least about 50% by weight.

[0330] The refrigerant is basically CF 3 I, HFC-32, CO 2 It will be appreciated that the refrigerant may consist of CF 3 I, HFC-32, CO 2 and HFO-1234yf.

[0331] The present invention is basically 3 I, HFC-32, CO 2 and HFO-1234yf, 3 I is present in an amount of at least about 5 wt%, at least about 30 wt%, or at least about 50 wt%. 3 I, HFC-32, CO 2 and HFO-1234yf.

[0332] x.CF 3 I, HFC-134a, and HFO-1234yf blends The methods, systems, and compositions include CF 3 The refrigerants may include HFC-134, HFC-134a, and HFO-1234yf. Each component may be present in the refrigerant in a wide range of amounts.

[0333] For example, the refrigerant is CF 3 I, HFC-134a, and HFO-1234yf; CF 3 I is at least about 5% by weight, at least about 30% by weight, or at least about 50% by weight %.

[0334] The refrigerant is basically CF 3 It will be appreciated that the refrigerant may consist of CF I, HFC-134a, and HFO-1234yf.3 I, HFC-134a, and HFO-1234yf.

[0335] The present invention is basically 3 I, HFC-134a, and HFO-1234yf, 3 I is present in an amount of at least about 5 wt%, at least about 30 wt%, or at least about 50 wt%. 3 I, HFC-134a, and HFO-1234yf.

[0336] Lubricants The heat transfer compositions of the present invention comprise a refrigerant as described herein and, optionally, at least one lubricant. Preferably, at least one lubricant is present in the heat transfer compositions of the present invention.

[0337] When present, the lubricant may be selected from the group consisting of polyol esters (POE), polyalkylene glycols (PAG), mineral oils, alkylbenzenes (AB), polyvinyl ethers (PVE), and polyester (alpha-olefins) (PAO), and combinations thereof.

[0338] Preferably, when present, the lubricant is a polyol ester (POE). Preferably, when present, the lubricant is a POE.

[0339] The lubricant may be present in the heat transfer composition in an amount of from about 10 to about 60 weight percent, from about 20 to about 50 weight percent, from about 20 to about 40 weight percent, from about 20 to about 30 weight percent, from about 30 to about 50 weight percent, or from about 30 to about 40 weight percent, based on all components in the heat transfer composition of the present invention.

[0340] Commercially available mineral oils include Witco LP 250® from Witco, Suniso 3GS from Witco, and Calumet R015 from Calumet. Commercially available alkyl benzene lubricants include Zerol 150® and Zerol 300® from Shrieve Chemical. Commercially available esters include neopentyl glycol dipelargonate available as Emery 2917® and Hatcol 2370®.

[0341] Stabilizers The heat transfer composition of the present invention comprises a refrigerant as described herein and may additionally comprise a stabilizer. Preferably, the stabilizer is selected from the group consisting of primary antioxidants, radical scavengers, secondary antioxidants, and combinations thereof.

[0342] Examples of suitable primary antioxidants include phenolic compounds.

[0343] The phenolic compound may be a hindered phenol. The phenol may be 4,4'-methylenebis(2,6-di-tert-butylphenol); 4,4'-bis(2,6-di-tert-butylphenol); 2,2- or 4,4-biphenyldiol, including 4,4'-bis(2-methyl-6-tert-butylphenol); derivatives of 2,2- or 4,4-biphenyldiol; 2,2'-methylenebis(4-ethyl-6-tert-butylphenol); 2,2'-methylenebis(4-methyl-6-tert-butylphenol); 4,4-butylidenebis(3-methyl-6-tert-butylphenol); 4,4-isopropylidenebis(2,6-di-tert-butylphenol); 2,2'-methylene 2,2'-methylenebis(4-methyl-6-nonylphenol);2,2'-isobutylidenebis(4,6-dimethylphenol);2,2'-methylenebis(4-methyl-6-cyclohexylphenol);2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol (BHT);2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-ethylphenol;2,4-dimethyl-6-tert-butylphenol;2,6-di-tert-alpha-dimethylamino-p-cresol;2,6-di-tert-butyl-4(N,N'-dimethylaminomethylphenol);4,4'-thiobis( The phenol compound may be one or more compounds selected from 2-methyl-6-tert-butylphenol, 4,4'-thiobis(3-methyl-6-tert-butylphenol), 2,2'-thiobis(4-methyl-6-tert-butylphenol), bis(3-methyl-4-hydroxy-5-tert-butylbenzyl)sulfide, bis(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl)sulfide, tocopherol, hydroquinone, 2,2',6,6'-tetra-tert-butyl-4,4'-methylenediphenol, and t-butylhydroquinone. Preferably, the phenol compound is BHT.

[0344] The phenolic compound may be provided in the heat transfer composition in an amount of from about 0.001% to about 5% by weight, preferably from about 0.01% to about 2% by weight, and more preferably from about 0.1 to 1% by weight, based on the total amount of components in the heat transfer composition, such as the refrigerant and lubricant (if present).

[0345] Examples of suitable radical scavengers include diene-based compounds.

[0346] The diene compounds include C3-C15 dienes and compounds formed by the reaction of any two or more C3-C4 dienes. Preferably, the diene compounds are selected from the group consisting of allyl ethers, propadiene, butadiene, isoprene, and terpenes. The diene compounds are preferably terpenes, including terben, retinal, geranoyl, terpinene, delta-3 carene, terpinolene, phellandrene, fencene, myrcene, farnesene, pinene, nerol, citral, camphor, menthol, limonene, nerolidol, phytol, carnosic acid, and vitamin A. 1 These include, but are not limited to:

[0347] Preferred terpene stabilizers are disclosed in US Provisional Patent Application No. 60 / 638,003, filed Dec. 12, 2004, which is incorporated herein by reference.

[0348] The diene compound may be provided in the heat transfer composition in an amount of from about 0.001% to about 5% by weight, preferably from about 0.01% to about 2% by weight, and more preferably from about 0.1 to 1% by weight, based on the total amount of refrigerant and lubricant (if present).

[0349] Further examples of radical scavengers include nitrogen compounds selected from dinitrobenzene, nitrobenzene, nitromethane, nitrosobenzene, and TEMPO [(2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-yl)oxyl].

[0350] The nitrogen compound may be provided in the heat transfer composition in an amount of from about 0.001% to about 5% by weight, preferably from about 0.01% to about 2% by weight, and more preferably from about 0.1 to 1% by weight, based on the total amount of refrigerant and lubricant (if present).

[0351] Examples of suitable secondary antioxidants include phosphorus compounds and amine-based compounds.

[0352] The phosphorus compound may be a phosphorous compound or a phosphorous compound. For the purposes of the present invention, a phosphorous compound is a diaryl, dialkyl, triaryl, and / or trialkyl phosphite, in particular a hindered phosphite, tris-(di-tert-butylphenyl) phosphite, The compound may be one or more compounds selected from diphenyl phosphite, di-n-octyl phosphite, iso-decyl diphenyl phosphite, and diphenyl phosphite, in particular diphenyl phosphite.

[0353] The phosphate compound may be a triaryl phosphate, trialkyl phosphate, alkyl monoacid phosphate, aryl diacid phosphate, amine phosphate, preferably a triaryl phosphate and / or a trialkyl phosphate, especially tri-n-butyl phosphate.

[0354] The phosphorus compound may be provided in the heat transfer composition in an amount of from about 0.001% to about 5% by weight, preferably from about 0.01% to about 2% by weight, and more preferably from about 0.1 to 1% by weight, based on the total amount of refrigerant and lubricant (if present).

[0355] The amine-based compound may be one or more secondary or tertiary amines selected from diphenylamine, p-phenylenediamine, triethylamine, tributylamine, diisopropylamine, triisopropylamine, and triisobutylamine. For example, the amine-based compound may be an amine antioxidant, such as a substituted piperidine compound, i.e., an alkyl-substituted piperidyl, piperidinyl, piperazinone, or alkyloxypiperidinyl derivative, in particular, 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidone, 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidinol; bis-(1,2,2,6,6-pentamethylpiperidyl)sebacate; di(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidyl)sebacate; poly(N-hydroxyethyl-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidyl)sebacate; tetramethyl-4-hydroxy-piperidyl succinate; alkylated paraphenylenediamines such as N-phenyl-N'-(1,3-dimethyl-butyl)-p-phenylenediamine or N,N'-di-sec-butyl-p-phenylenediamine, and hydroxylamines such as tallowamine, methylbistallowamine, and bistallowamine, or phenol-alpha-naphthylamine, or Tinuvin® 765 (Ciba), BLS® 1944 (Mayzo The amine-based compound may be one or more amine antioxidants selected from phenyl-alpha-naphthylamine (PANA), alkyl-phenyl-alpha-naphthylamine (APANA), and bis(nonylphenyl)amine, more preferably phenyl-alpha-naphthylamine (PANA).

[0356] The diene compound may be provided in the heat transfer composition in an amount of from about 0.001% to about 5% by weight, preferably from about 0.01% to about 2% by weight, and more preferably from about 0.1 to 1% by weight, based on the total amount of refrigerant and lubricant (if present).

[0357] Preferably, the stabilizer comprises a phenolic compound, and preferably the phenolic compound is BHT.

[0358] A stabilizer may be present to enhance the performance of the sequestration material.

[0359] For example, when the sequestering material comprises a metal or metal zeolite, a stabilizer may be present, which preferably comprises a radical scavenger.

[0360] When the sequestration material comprises an ion exchange membrane, a stabilizer may be present, and the stabilizer preferably comprises a primary antioxidant and / or a secondary antioxidant. For example, the stabilizer may comprise a primary antioxidant and a secondary antioxidant.

[0361] Additional Ingredients In addition to the refrigerants described herein, the heat transfer compositions of the present invention may contain other ingredients for the purpose of enhancing or providing certain functional properties to the composition. Such other ingredients or additives may include one or more of dyes, solubilizers, compatibilizers, stabilizers, antioxidants, corrosion inhibitors, extreme pressure additives, and antiwear additives.

[0362] Other additives not mentioned herein may also be included in the heat transfer compositions of the present invention by one skilled in the art in view of the teachings contained herein without departing from the novel and basic characteristics of the present invention.

[0363] Also, a combination of surfactants and solubilizers may be added to the heat transfer compositions of the present invention to aid in oil solubility, as disclosed in US Pat. No. 6,516,837, which is incorporated by reference.

[0364] Heat Transfer System The present invention includes heat transfer systems comprising the refrigerants and / or heat transfer compositions disclosed herein. Preferred systems of the present invention include vapor compression heat transfer systems, including air conditioning, refrigeration and heat pump systems, absorption refrigeration systems, Rankine cycle systems, and heat pipe systems.

[0365] As described above, the systems of the present invention preferably include a sealing material in contact with at least a portion of the refrigerant according to the present invention, and the temperature of the sealing material and / or the temperature of the refrigerant upon said contact is at a temperature of at least about 30° C. Any and all of the refrigerants and sealing materials described herein may be used in the systems of the present invention.

[0366] In an alternative embodiment, the system of the present invention includes a sealing material in contact with at least a portion of the refrigerant according to the present invention, the sealing material comprising: i. a molecular sieve (preferably a zeolite) containing copper, silver, lead, or a combination thereof; and ii. anion exchange resin, in combination.

[0367] As used in this paragraph, the term "in combination" is intended in its broadest sense to include each of the sequestering materials being in contact with the same or separate portions of the refrigerant in the system, and also to include embodiments in which the sequestering materials are physically located together, physically located separately, and physically separate and together. In a preferred embodiment, the sequestering material comprises a molecular sieve (preferably a zeolite) comprising copper, silver, lead, or a combination thereof, in physical combination with an anion exchange resin. In a preferred embodiment, the system of the invention comprises the sequestering material which is a combination of a molecular sieve (preferably a zeolite) comprising copper, silver, lead, or a combination thereof, in combination, preferably in physical combination, with an anion exchange resin, and the temperature of the sequestering material and / or the refrigerant at the time of the contact is at least about 30° C. Any and all of the refrigerants and sequestering materials described herein can be used in the system of the invention.

[0368] One preferred heat transfer system of the present invention is a vapor compression heat transfer system, which includes a compressor, an evaporator, and a condenser, each in fluid communication as part of the system, and the refrigerant of the present invention is circulated to and from each of the compressor, evaporator, and condenser, preferably by conduits, piping, valve arrangements, manifolding, etc., connecting such elements of the system. It is contemplated that one skilled in the art, in view of the teachings and disclosure contained herein, will be readily able to locate the sealing material of the present invention in any and all such systems, and in any heat transfer system. In a preferred embodiment, the sealing material is associated with other elements of the system as shown below.

[0369] i. Location of the sealing material(s) The sealing material may be contained within the system in a substantially constant volume, such as by being contained within a porous container or structure that allows the refrigerant to come into intimate contact with and then leave a volume of the sealing material. For convenience, but not by way of limitation, such structures are referred to herein as filters. Such filters, when used in accordance with the preferred methods and apparatus of the present invention, may be located at any point within the heat transfer system, preferably within a vapor compression heat transfer system.

[0370] For example, a filter may be located in the suction line between the evaporator and the compressor (see FIG. 1A), a filter may be located in the liquid line between the condenser and the evaporator (see FIG. 2A), or a filter may be located in the discharge line between the compressor and the condenser (see FIG. 3A). In preferred embodiments, the refrigerant stream at these locations is at a temperature of at least about 30° C. when the system is in operation.

[0371] The filter may include one or more sequestering materials. For example, when a combination of sequestering materials is present in the filter, the filter may include (i) copper or a copper alloy as defined herein, and (ii) a molecular sieve (e.g., a zeolite) comprising copper, silver, lead, or a combination thereof as defined herein.

[0372] Alternatively, the filter may comprise (i) a molecular sieve (e.g., a zeolite) comprising copper, silver, lead, or a combination thereof, as defined herein, and (ii) an anion exchange resin, as defined herein.

[0373] Alternatively, the filter may comprise (i) copper or a copper alloy as defined herein, and (ii) an anion exchange resin as defined herein.

[0374] If the filter is located in the suction line between the evaporator and the compressor, the filter preferably comprises an anion exchange resin as defined herein.

[0375] If the filter is located in the liquid line between the condenser and the evaporator, the filter preferably comprises an anion exchange resin as defined herein, or a molecular sieve (e.g., a zeolite) comprising copper, silver, lead, or a combination thereof.

[0376] If a filter is present in the discharge line between the compressor and the condenser, the filter preferably comprises copper or a copper alloy as defined herein, or a molecular sieve (e.g., a zeolite) comprising copper, silver, lead, or combinations thereof as defined herein.

[0377] As described above, combinations of sealing materials may be used in the present invention. When two or more sealing materials are used, they may be used in the same location (e.g., in the same filter) within the vapor compression heat transfer system and / or they may be used in different locations within the vapor compression heat transfer system. It may be used in different places (eg, in different filters).

[0378] For example, when the sequestering material is present in a filter in the liquid line between the condenser and the evaporator, the sequestering material may comprise a combination of an anion exchange resin as defined herein and a molecular sieve (e.g., a zeolite).Preferably, when the sequestering material is present in a filter in the liquid line between the condenser and the evaporator, the sequestering material may be a combination of an anion exchange resin as defined herein and a molecular sieve (e.g., a zeolite).

[0379] When the sealing material is present in a filter in the discharge line between the compressor and the condenser, the sealing material may comprise a combination of copper or a copper alloy as defined herein and a molecular sieve (e.g., a zeolite).Preferably, when the sealing material is present in a filter in the discharge line between the compressor and the condenser, the sealing material may be a combination of copper or a copper alloy as defined herein and a molecular sieve (e.g., a zeolite).

[0380] If more than one type of sealing material is used, the vapor compression heat transfer system may include more than one filter.

[0381] For example, a first filter may be located in the suction line between the evaporator and the compressor, and a second filter may be located in the liquid line between the condenser and the evaporator (see FIG. 3B).

[0382] It will be appreciated that when more than one filter is present, each filter may include one or more types of sealing materials.

[0383] For example, if a first and second filter are present, the first filter may comprise an anion exchange resin as defined herein and the second filter may comprise a molecular sieve (e.g., a zeolite) containing copper, silver, lead, or a combination thereof as defined herein. The first filter may be located in the suction line between the evaporator and the compressor and the second filter may be located in the liquid line between the condenser and the evaporator.

[0384] When a first and second filter are present, the first filter may comprise an anion exchange resin as defined herein and the second filter may comprise a molecular sieve (e.g., a zeolite) comprising copper, silver, lead, or a combination thereof as defined herein, or a copper or copper alloy. The first filter may be located in the suction line between the evaporator and the compressor and the second filter may be located in the discharge line between the compressor and the condenser.

[0385] ii.Equipment As detailed herein, the vapor compression embodiment of the heat transfer system includes a compressor, an evaporator, and a condenser. Examples of commonly used compressors include reciprocating, rotary (including rolling piston and rotating vane), scroll, screw, and centrifugal compressors.

[0386] It will be appreciated that each of the evaporator and condenser is a heat exchanger, each such heat exchanger being preferably independently selected from a finned-tube heat exchanger, a microchannel heat exchanger, a shell-and-tube, a plate heat exchanger, and a tube-in-tube heat exchanger.

[0387] Vapor compression heat transfer systems may include an expansion device, examples of which include a capillary tube, a fixed orifice, a thermal expansion valve, and an electronic expansion valve.

[0388] Preferred vapor compression heat transfer systems include air conditioning systems, including mobile and stationary air conditioning systems. -Air conditioning applications, including mobile air conditioning, especially automotive air conditioning; - coolers, in particular positive displacement coolers, especially air-cooled or water-cooled direct expansion coolers (either modular or conventionally packaged), - residential air conditioning systems, in particular ducted split or ductless split air conditioning systems, -Industrial air conditioning systems, -It can be one of the following: a packaged rooftop unit or a variable refrigerant flow (VRF) system.

[0389] The vapor compression heat transfer system may be a heat pump. -Mobile heat pumps, especially heat pumps for electric vehicles; -Residential heat pumps, -Residential air-to-water heat pumps / hydronic systems, and -Can be one of the following commercial air source, water source, or ground source heat pump systems.

[0390] The vapor compression heat transfer system may be a refrigeration system. The term "refrigeration system" refers to any system or device, or any part or portion of such a system or device, that uses a refrigerant to provide cooling. Thus, a refrigeration system may include: -Low temperature refrigeration systems, -Medium temperature refrigeration system, -Commercial refrigerators, -Commercial freezer, -Ice maker, - Vending machines, -Transport refrigeration systems, -Household freezer, -Domestic refrigerators, -Industrial freezers, -Industrial refrigerators, and - a cooler.

[0391] Residential air conditioning systems may have evaporator temperatures in the range of about 0 to about 10°C, preferably 7°C, for cooling, and / or in the range of about -30°C to about 5°C, especially about 0.5°C, for heating. Residential air conditioning systems may have reciprocating, rotary (rolling piston and rotating vane), or scroll compressors. Typical system types are ducted split, ductless split, window, and portable air conditioning systems. The systems typically have an air-refrigerant evaporator (indoor coil), a compressor, an air-refrigerant condenser (outdoor coil), and an expansion device. The evaporator and condenser are typically fin-tube or microchannel heat exchangers.

[0392] The air-cooled chiller may have an evaporator temperature in the range of about 0 to about 10° C., particularly about 4.5° C. The air-cooled chiller may have an air-cooled chiller with a positive displacement compressor, more particularly a reciprocating or scroll compressor.

[0393] A residential heat pump system can be used to supply warm air (for example, having a temperature of about 18° C. to about 24° C., particularly about 21° C.) to a building during the winter. This is usually the same system as a residential air conditioning system, but in a heat pump system, the refrigerant flow is reversed. The indoor coil acts as the condenser and the outdoor coil acts as the evaporator. Typical system types are ducted split and ductless split heat pump systems. The evaporator and condenser are usually finned or microchannel heat exchangers.

[0394] A residential air-to-water heat pump hot water system may have an evaporator temperature in the range of about -30 to about 5°C, particularly about 0.5°C.

[0395] Mid-temperature refrigeration systems may have an evaporator temperature in the range of about -12 to about 0°C, in particular about -8°C. Mid-temperature refrigeration systems are preferably used for cooling food or beverages, such as in refrigerators or bottle coolers. The system typically includes an air-refrigerant evaporator for cooling the food or beverage, a reciprocating, scroll or screw compressor, an air-refrigerant condenser for exchanging heat with ambient air, and a thermostatic or electronic expansion valve.

[0396] Medium temperature refrigeration systems may have an evaporator temperature in the range of about -40 to about -12°C, in particular about -23°C. Low temperature refrigeration systems are preferably used in freezers or ice cream machines. The systems usually have an air-refrigerant evaporator, a reciprocating, scroll or screw compressor, an air-refrigerant condenser for exchanging heat with ambient air, and a thermostatic or electronic expansion valve.

[0397] A commercial air conditioning system may be a chiller used to provide chilled water (the water having a temperature of, for example, about 7° C.) to large buildings such as offices and hospitals. Depending on the application, the chiller system may operate year-round. The chiller system may be air-cooled or water-cooled. An air-cooled chiller typically has a plate, tube-in-tube, or shell-and-tube evaporator to provide chilled water, a reciprocating or scroll compressor, a finned-tube or microchannel condenser to exchange heat with ambient air, and a thermostatic or electronic expansion valve. A water-cooled system typically has a shell-and-tube evaporator to provide chilled water, a reciprocating, scroll, screw, or centrifugal compressor, and a shell-and-tube condenser to exchange heat with a cooling tower or water from lakes, oceans, and other natural sources.

[0398] The sequestering materials described herein also include CF 3 It will also be appreciated that there may be provision where a composition comprising I is used as a heat transfer fluid in a secondary loop of a heat transfer system.

[0399] Heat Transfer Composition As noted above, the present invention also includes a heat transfer composition circulating in a heat transfer system that has been installed and in operation for at least about one year, more preferably at least about two years, and even more preferably at least about five years, the heat transfer composition comprising: (a) at least about 5% by weight of a lower alkyl iodofluorocarbon; (b) less than or equal to about 1100 ppm iodide (based on the weight of the refrigerant), more preferably less than or equal to about 3000 ppm, more preferably less than or equal to about 2000 ppm, and even more preferably less than or equal to about 1000 ppm iodide.

[0400] In a preferred embodiment, the present invention also includes a heat transfer composition circulating in a heat transfer system that has been installed and in operation for at least about one year, more preferably at least about two years, and even more preferably at least about five years, the heat transfer composition comprising: (a) at least about 25% by weight of a lower alkyl iodofluorocarbon; (b) less than or equal to about 1100 ppm iodide (based on the weight of the refrigerant), more preferably less than or equal to about 1000 ppm, more preferably less than or equal to about 900 ppm, and even more preferably less than or equal to about 800 ppm iodide.

[0401] In a preferred embodiment, the present invention also includes a heat transfer composition circulating in a heat transfer system that has been installed and in operation for at least about one year, more preferably at least about two years, and even more preferably at least about five years, the heat transfer composition comprising: (a) at least about 50% by weight of a lower alkyl iodofluorocarbon; (b) less than or equal to about 1100 ppm iodide (based on the weight of the refrigerant), more preferably less than or equal to about 1000 ppm, more preferably less than or equal to about 900 ppm, and even more preferably less than or equal to about 800 ppm iodide.

[0402] The present invention also includes a heat transfer composition circulating in a heat transfer system that has been installed and in operation for at least about one year, more preferably at least about two years, and even more preferably at least about five years, the heat transfer composition comprising: (a) at least about 5 wt. % CF 3 I and (b) less than or equal to about 1100 ppm iodide (based on the weight of the refrigerant), more preferably less than or equal to about 1000 ppm, more preferably less than or equal to about 900 ppm, and even more preferably less than or equal to about 800 ppm iodide.

[0403] In a preferred embodiment, the present invention also includes a heat transfer composition circulating in a heat transfer system that has been installed and in operation for at least about one year, more preferably at least about two years, and even more preferably at least about five years, the heat transfer composition comprising: (a) at least about 25 wt. % CF 3 I and (b) less than or equal to about 1100 ppm iodide (based on the weight of the refrigerant), more preferably less than or equal to about 1000 ppm, more preferably less than or equal to about 900 ppm, and even more preferably less than or equal to about 800 ppm iodide.

[0404] In a preferred embodiment, the present invention also includes a heat transfer composition circulating in a heat transfer system that has been installed and in operation for at least about one year, more preferably at least about two years, and even more preferably at least about five years, the heat transfer composition comprising: (a) at least about 50 wt. % CF 3 I and (b) less than or equal to about 1100 ppm iodide (based on the weight of the refrigerant), more preferably less than or equal to about 1000 ppm, more preferably less than or equal to about 900 ppm, and even more preferably less than or equal to about 800 ppm iodide.

[0405] The present invention also includes a heat transfer composition circulating in a heat transfer system that has been installed and in operation for at least about one year, more preferably at least about two years, and even more preferably at least about five years, the heat transfer composition comprising: (a) at least about 5% by weight of a lower alkyl iodofluorocarbon; (b) less than or equal to about 500 ppm fluoride, more preferably less than or equal to about 400 ppm, more preferably less than or equal to about 250 ppm, and even more preferably less than or equal to about 100 ppm fluoride.

[0406] In a preferred embodiment, the present invention also includes a heat transfer composition circulating in a heat transfer system that has been installed and in operation for at least about one year, more preferably at least about two years, and even more preferably at least about five years, the heat transfer composition comprising: (a) at least about 25% by weight of a lower alkyl iodofluorocarbon; (b) less than or equal to about 500 ppm fluoride, more preferably less than or equal to about 400 ppm, more preferably less than or equal to about 250 ppm, and even more preferably less than or equal to about 100 ppm fluoride.

[0407] In a preferred embodiment, the present invention relates to a heat transfer device that has been installed and operational for at least about one year, more preferably at least about two years, and even more preferably at least about five years. Also included is a heat transfer composition circulating within the system, the heat transfer composition comprising: (a) at least about 50% by weight of a lower alkyl iodofluorocarbon; (b) less than or equal to about 500 ppm fluoride, more preferably less than or equal to about 400 ppm, more preferably less than or equal to about 250 ppm, and even more preferably less than or equal to about 100 ppm fluoride.

[0408] The present invention also includes a heat transfer composition circulating in a heat transfer system that has been installed and in operation for at least about one year, more preferably at least about two years, and even more preferably at least about five years, the heat transfer composition comprising: (a) at least about 5 wt. % CF 3 I and (b) less than or equal to about 500 ppm fluoride, more preferably less than or equal to about 400 ppm, more preferably less than or equal to about 250 ppm, and even more preferably less than or equal to about 100 ppm fluoride.

[0409] In a preferred embodiment, the present invention also includes a heat transfer composition circulating in a heat transfer system that has been installed and in operation for at least about one year, more preferably at least about two years, and even more preferably at least about five years, the heat transfer composition comprising: (a) at least about 25 wt. % CF 3 I and (b) less than or equal to about 500 ppm fluoride, more preferably less than or equal to about 400 ppm, more preferably less than or equal to about 250 ppm, and even more preferably less than or equal to about 100 ppm fluoride.

[0410] In a preferred embodiment, the present invention also includes a heat transfer composition circulating in a heat transfer system that has been installed and in operation for at least about one year, more preferably at least about two years, and even more preferably at least about five years, the heat transfer composition comprising: (a) at least about 50 wt. % CF 3 I and (b) less than or equal to about 500 ppm fluoride, more preferably less than or equal to about 400 ppm, more preferably less than or equal to about 250 ppm, and even more preferably less than or equal to about 100 ppm fluoride.

[0411] The present invention also includes a heat transfer composition circulating in a heat transfer system operating for at least about two years, the heat transfer composition comprising: (a) at least about 5% by weight of a lower alkyl iodofluorocarbon; (b) less than or equal to about 500 ppm fluoride, more preferably less than or equal to about 400 ppm, more preferably less than or equal to about 250 ppm, and even more preferably less than or equal to about 100 ppm fluoride.

[0412] In a preferred embodiment, the present invention also includes a heat transfer composition circulating in a heat transfer system operating for at least about two years, the heat transfer composition comprising: (a) at least about 25% by weight of a lower alkyl iodofluorocarbon; (b) less than or equal to about 500 ppm fluoride, more preferably less than or equal to about 400 ppm, more preferably less than or equal to about 250 ppm, and even more preferably less than or equal to about 100 ppm fluoride.

[0413] In a preferred embodiment, the present invention also includes a heat transfer composition circulating in a heat transfer system operating for at least about two years, the heat transfer composition comprising: (a) at least about 50% by weight of a lower alkyl iodofluorocarbon; (b) less than or equal to about 500 ppm fluoride, more preferably less than or equal to about 400 ppm, more preferably less than or equal to about 250 ppm, and even more preferably less than or equal to about 100 ppm fluoride.

[0414] The present invention also includes a heat transfer composition circulating in a heat transfer system operating for at least about two years, the heat transfer composition comprising: (a) at least about 5 wt. % CF 3I and (b) less than or equal to about 500 ppm fluoride, more preferably less than or equal to about 400 ppm, more preferably less than or equal to about 250 ppm, and even more preferably less than or equal to about 100 ppm fluoride.

[0415] In a preferred embodiment, the present invention also includes a heat transfer composition circulating in a heat transfer system operating for at least about two years, the heat transfer composition comprising: (a) at least about 25 wt. % CF 3 I and (b) less than or equal to about 500 ppm fluoride, more preferably less than or equal to about 400 ppm, more preferably less than or equal to about 250 ppm, and even more preferably less than or equal to about 100 ppm fluoride.

[0416] In a preferred embodiment, the present invention also includes a heat transfer composition circulating in a heat transfer system operating for at least about two years, the heat transfer composition comprising: (a) at least about 50 wt. % CF 3 I and (b) less than or equal to about 500 ppm fluoride, more preferably less than or equal to about 400 ppm, more preferably less than or equal to about 250 ppm, and even more preferably less than or equal to about 100 ppm fluoride.

[0417] The present invention also includes a heat transfer composition circulating in a heat transfer system that has been installed and in operation for at least about one year, more preferably at least about two years, and even more preferably at least about five years, the heat transfer composition comprising: (a) at least about 5% by weight of a lower alkyl iodofluorocarbon; (b) about 500 ppm or less of fluoride; and (c) not more than about 1100 ppm iodide (based on the weight of the refrigerant).

[0418] The present invention also includes a heat transfer composition circulating in a heat transfer system that has been installed and in operation for at least about one year, more preferably at least about two years, and even more preferably at least about five years, the heat transfer composition comprising: (a) at least about 5% by weight of a lower alkyl iodofluorocarbon; (b) about 400 ppm or less of fluoride; and (c) Contains not more than about 3000 ppm iodide.

[0419] The present invention also includes a heat transfer composition circulating in a heat transfer system that has been installed and in operation for at least about one year, more preferably at least about two years, and even more preferably at least about five years, the heat transfer composition comprising: (a) at least about 5% by weight of a lower alkyl iodofluorocarbon; (b) about 1000 ppm or less of fluoride; and (c) containing not more than about 100 ppm iodide.

[0420] The present invention also includes a heat transfer composition circulating in a heat transfer system that has been installed and in operation for at least about one year, more preferably at least about two years, and even more preferably at least about five years, the heat transfer composition comprising: (a) at least about 25 wt. % CF 3 I and (b) about 500 ppm or less of fluoride; and (c) not more than about 1100 ppm iodide (based on the weight of the refrigerant).

[0421] The present invention also includes a heat transfer composition circulating in a heat transfer system that has been installed and in operation for at least about one year, more preferably at least about two years, and even more preferably at least about five years, the heat transfer composition comprising: (a) at least about 25 wt. % CF 3 I and (b) about 200 ppm or less of fluoride; and (c) Contains not more than about 2000 ppm iodide.

[0422] The present invention also includes a heat transfer composition circulating in a heat transfer system that has been installed and in operation for at least about one year, more preferably at least about two years, and even more preferably at least about five years, the heat transfer composition comprising: (a) at least about 25 wt. % CF 3 I and (b) about 100 ppm or less of fluoride; and (c) containing not more than about 1000 ppm iodide.

[0423] The present invention also includes a heat transfer composition circulating in a heat transfer system that has been installed and in operation for at least about one year, more preferably at least about two years, and even more preferably at least about five years, the heat transfer composition comprising: (a) at least about 50 wt. % CF 3 I and (b) about 500 ppm or less of fluoride; and (c) not more than about 1100 ppm iodide (based on the weight of the refrigerant).

[0424] The present invention also includes a heat transfer composition circulating in a heat transfer system that has been installed and in operation for at least about one year, more preferably at least about two years, and even more preferably at least about five years, the heat transfer composition comprising: (a) at least about 50 wt. % CF 3 I and (b) about 400 ppm or less of fluoride; and (c) not more than about 1100 ppm iodide (based on the weight of the refrigerant).

[0425] The present invention also includes a heat transfer composition circulating in a heat transfer system that has been installed and in operation for at least about one year, more preferably at least about two years, and even more preferably at least about five years, the heat transfer composition comprising: (a) at least about 50 wt. % CF 3 I and (b) about 300 ppm or less of fluoride; and (c) Contains not more than about 2000 ppm iodide.

[0426] The present invention also includes a heat transfer composition circulating in a heat transfer system that has been installed and in operation for at least about one year, more preferably at least about two years, and even more preferably at least about five years, the heat transfer composition comprising: (a) at least about 50% by weight of a lower alkyl iodofluorocarbon; (b) about 200 ppm or less of fluoride; and (c) containing not more than about 1000 ppm iodide.

[0427] The present invention also includes a heat transfer composition circulating in a heat transfer system that has been installed and in operation for at least about one year, more preferably at least about two years, and even more preferably at least about five years, the heat transfer composition comprising: (a) at least about 50 wt. % CF 3 I and (b) about 500 ppm or less of fluoride; and (c) not more than about 1100 ppm iodide (based on the weight of the refrigerant).

[0428] The present invention also provides a cellular regenerative medicine that has been installed for at least about one year, more preferably at least about two years, and even more preferably at least about three years. More preferably, the heat transfer composition is circulated in a heat transfer system that has been in operation for at least about five years, the heat transfer composition comprising: (a) at least about 50 wt. % CF 3 I and (b) about 400 ppm or less of fluoride; and (c) not more than about 1000 ppm iodide (based on the weight of the refrigerant).

[0429] The present invention also includes a heat transfer composition circulating in a heat transfer system that has been installed and in operation for at least about one year, more preferably at least about two years, and even more preferably at least about five years, the heat transfer composition comprising: (a) at least about 50 wt. % CF 3 I and (b) about 300 ppm or less of fluoride; and (c) Contains not more than about 2000 ppm iodide.

[0430] The present invention also includes a heat transfer composition circulating in a heat transfer system that has been installed and in operation for at least about one year, more preferably at least about two years, and even more preferably at least about five years, the heat transfer composition comprising: (a) at least about 50 wt. % CF 3 I and (b) about 200 ppm or less of fluoride; and (c) containing not more than about 1000 ppm iodide.

[0431] The present invention also includes a heat transfer composition circulating in a heat transfer system that has been installed and in operation for at least about one year, more preferably at least about two years, and even more preferably at least about five years, the heat transfer composition comprising: (a) at least about 50 wt. % CF 3 I and (b) about 100 ppm or less of fluoride; and (c) containing not more than about 1000 ppm iodide.

[0432] The refrigerant and lubricant may be any of those described herein. The composition may additionally include a stabilizer as defined herein. The composition may consist essentially of the refrigerant, and the lubricant, and the stabilizer, if present.

[0433] The sealing material may be as defined herein.

[0434] The concentration of fluoride and / or iodide can be measured using a Dionex® ICS-2000 ion chromatograph system. For example, the concentration of fluoride and / or iodide can be measured according to the following exemplary method.

[0435] Exemplary Methods for Determining Fluoride and / or Iodide Concentrations device: DIONEX ion chromatographs include:

[0436] [Table A] TIFF2025063114000002.tif51170

[0437] Balance: Analytical balance capable of measuring weight to within 0.5000g ±0.0001g 5mL BD Plastic Disposable Sample Syringes Gelman IC ACRODISC® (0.2 micron) Syringe Filter, Fischer Scientific P / N 09-730-257 or equivalent

[0438] Reagents: All reagents are reagent grade unless otherwise specified. Water is ASTM Type II quality or better (minimum 10 megohms / cm resistivity, ideally 17-18 megohms / cm resistivity) with no detectable chlorine or chlorides. Nitrogen, minimum 10 psi. Blanket with Di (deionized) water to avoid carbonate adsorption.

[0439] Standards: #1) Dionex Five Anion Standard, Product No. 037157, #2) AccuStandard, 100ug / mL Formate Standard, Product No. IC-FORM-1X-1, #3) AccuStandard, 1000ug / mL Acetate Standard, Product No. IC-ACET-10X-1.

[0440] Operating steps: ICS 2000 pump settings; flow rate-1.0mL / min; max psi-3000psi; typical psi-1900psi ICS 2000 Eluent Generator Settings: Concentration - 7.00~45.00mM; Cartridge Type - EluGen_OH

[0441] Eluent program: -7.00 min=7.00mM KOH 0.0 min=7.00mM KOH / injection 5.0 min=7.00mM KOH 30.0 min=45.00mM KOH 44.00 min=45.00mM KOH 45.00 min=7.00mM KOH

[0442] ICS 2000 detector settings: Supp. Type - ASRS 4mm; SRS Current - 120mA; Range - 10μs; Cell Temperature - 35°C; Temperature Compensator - 1.7% / °C; Auto Zero - at start of run.

[0443] Integrator settings: Injection size - 20 μL

[0444] Standard solution preparation: Pipette 1000 μL of standard #1 and standard #2, and 100 μL of standard #3. Transfer to a 100 mL volumetric flask and then dilute to the mark with deionized water. Other organic acids may be added to the standard solution if desired.

[0445] Sample preparation Tare a 100 mL volumetric flask and weigh approximately 1.000 ± 0.001 mg of sample into the flask. Dilute to volume with deionized water and mix thoroughly. Filter the solution through a Gelman 0.2 micron syringe filter directly into a Dionex 5 mL autosampler vial.

[0446] Ion Chromatography (IC) Method Prepare the IC using the operating conditions listed above and equilibrate the ion chromatograph until consistent conductivity is obtained at the detector and a stable baseline is obtained. Calibrate the system by injecting standards #1, #2, and #3.

[0447] After the system is calibrated, a blank sample is run using deionized water to ensure that no chlorine is present in the dilution water used.

[0448] All samples are then injected and analyzed in duplicate. The instrument reports the amount of anion and organic acid in the sample in micrograms per gram. The average of the two samples is reported.

[0449] BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 1A shows a schematic diagram of an exemplary vapor compression heat transfer system including a compressor, an evaporator, and a condenser. The system also includes a filter in the suction line between the evaporator and the compressor.

[0450] The filter contains a sequestering material. The filter may include one or more sequestering materials. For example, the filter may include an anion exchange resin.

[0451] When the vapor compression heat transfer system is an air conditioning system, the temperature in the suction line can range from about 5°C to about 20°C.

[0452] 1B is a schematic diagram of an exemplary filter that may be used in the suction line between the evaporator and the compressor (i.e., in the apparatus described in FIG. 1A).

[0453] Air conditioning systems, such as ductless mini-split air conditioning systems, may have an accumulator in the suction line. The accumulator may therefore be modified to incorporate a sequestering material, as shown in FIG. 1B. For example, the filter may include an anion exchange resin.

[0454] A composition containing refrigerant (mainly vapor) and lubricant may flow into the filter through an inlet tube. Refrigerant vapor exits the filter through an outlet tube. Lubricant may exit the filter by passing through a sealing material at the base of the filter and through a lubricant return hole into the outlet tube.

[0455] Preferably, the level of the lubricant return hole is higher than the level of the sealing material in the filter. In such a configuration, the lubricant is retained at the base of the filter with the sealing material until the level of the lubricant is high enough to pass through the lubricant return hole.

[0456] 2A is a schematic diagram of an exemplary vapor compression heat transfer system that includes a compressor, an evaporator, and a condenser. The system also includes a filter in the liquid line between the evaporator and the condenser.

[0457] The filter contains a sequestering material. The filter may include one or more sequestering materials. For example, the filter may include an anion exchange resin or a metal zeolite including copper, silver, lead, or a combination thereof. The filter may include an anion exchange resin and a metal zeolite including copper, silver, lead, or a combination thereof.

[0458] If the vapor compression heat transfer system is an air conditioning system, the liquid line temperature may range from about 35°C to about 65°C.

[0459] 2B is a schematic diagram of an exemplary filter that may be used in the liquid line between the evaporator and the condenser (i.e., in the device described in FIG. 2A).

[0460] Air conditioning systems typically include a dryer in the liquid line. The dryer may therefore be modified to incorporate a sequestering material, as shown in Figure 2B. For example, the filter may include an anion exchange resin and a metal zeolite including copper, silver, lead, or a combination thereof, or the filter may include a combination of an anion exchange resin and a metal zeolite including copper, silver, lead, or a combination thereof.

[0461] A composition containing a refrigerant and optionally a lubricant may flow into the filter through an inlet tube, contact the sealing material as it passes through the filter, and exit through an outlet tube.

[0462] 3A is a schematic diagram of an exemplary vapor compression heat transfer system that includes a compressor, an evaporator, and a condenser. The system also includes a filter in the discharge line between the compressor and the condenser.

[0463] The filter includes a sealing material. The filter may include one or more sealing materials. For example, the filter may include a metal selected from copper, silver, lead, or combinations thereof.

[0464] When the vapor compression heat transfer system is an air conditioning system, the temperature in the discharge line can range from about 80°C to about 150°C.

[0465] 3B is a schematic diagram of an exemplary vapor compression heat transfer system comprising a compressor, an evaporator, and a condenser. The system also includes a first filter in the suction line between the compressor and the evaporator, and a second filter in the liquid line between the condenser and the evaporator.

[0466] The first filter and the second filter include a sealing material. The sealing material of the first filter may be the same as or different from the sealing material of the second filter. The first filter may include a combination of sealing materials. The second filter may include a combination of sealing materials.

[0467] For example, the first filter may include an anion exchange resin. The second filter may include a metal zeolite including copper, silver, lead, or a combination thereof. The second filter may include an anion exchange resin and a metal zeolite including copper, silver, lead, or a combination thereof.

[0468] Filter Assembly 4 depicts a filter assembly 400 according to the present disclosure. The filter assembly 400 has utility in vapor compression heat transfer systems, including air conditioning, refrigeration, and heat pump applications.

[0469] Vapor compression heat transfer systems typically include a filter / sealing material that can become saturated over time and therefore lose its effectiveness. In some systems, e.g., residential systems, it can be difficult to replace the material once it becomes saturated. For example, to replace the filter in some previous systems, one must disconnect the connecting lines, e.g., the liquid line in the case of a liquid line filter, remove the filter, and connect a new filter. Filter replacement in such systems often requires oversight by a professional due to the complexity of the work, which is time-consuming, expensive, and inconvenient for, e.g., the owner of a residential system.

[0470] The proposed filter can be rotated or otherwise moved and / or actuated to introduce fresh filter material into the fluid passing through the filter material. In some embodiments, the filter is compartmentalized to include multiple compartments containing filter material. The compartmentalized filter can be rotated after the filter material in a particular compartment is saturated or before the material is saturated. The new compartment with the new filter material is then exposed to the refrigerant-oil flow. Rotating the filter to expose the new filter material to the fluid flow can be done manually by the user or automatically by a suitable mechanism. In this way, a convenient and cost-effective filter assembly is provided to the user.

[0471] Filter assembly 400 includes a fluid inlet 410, an outlet 470, and a filtration unit 440. Filtration unit 440 is cylindrical in shape. Filtration unit 440 includes at least one filter section 444 that includes the sealing material of the present disclosure. Filter section 444 is also referred to as a filter chamber. Filtration unit 440 preferably includes a plurality of filter sections 444, each of which includes the sealing material disclosed herein.

[0472] Filter assembly 400 includes an inlet chamber 420 into which fluid may flow via fluid inlet 410. Fluid inlet 410 is constructed and arranged to provide fluid into inlet chamber 420. The fluid may include a refrigerant of the present disclosure and may optionally include a lubricant and / or stabilizer. Preferably, a lubricant is present.

[0473] The filter assembly 400 comprises an actuatable element 430 that can be moved relative to the filtration unit 440. The actuatable element 430 is rotatable relative to the filtration unit 440 and therefore can be referred to as a rotating element. The actuatable element 430 in FIG. 4 is a rotating plate. The rotating plate is cylindrical in shape and comprises a fluid flow area in the form of an opening. The fluid flow area allows fluid to enter the filtration unit and therefore can be referred to as an actuatable element inlet. In this manner, the actuatable element 430 comprises a filtration unit inlet 432. The actuatable element 430 can be actuated, e.g., rotated, relative to the filtration unit 440 to align the actuatable element inlet 432 with different areas of sealing material comprised within the filtration unit. In particular, the actuatable element 430 can be actuated such that the filtration unit inlet 432 is aligned with different filter sections 444 of the filtration unit 440, as discussed in more detail below. The actuatable element 430 also comprises a blocking area. When the blocking region is aligned with the filter section, fluid cannot flow from the inlet to the outlet through the blocked filter section. Using actuatable element 430 in this manner is advantageous, as it will be appreciated that actuatable element 430 can be smaller than the entire filtration unit or otherwise be easily actuated / rotated.

[0474] The provision of filter section 444 is advantageous because if the filtration unit has a single large section containing filter material, causing rotation between actuatable element inlet 432 and filtration unit 440 means that new filter material is introduced into the fluid flow. However, such filter sections may be relatively large and may require additional work to be done to prevent fluid from entering the filter assembly. By providing a compartmentalized filter, the size of each compartment can be designed to maintain the required pressure as fluid flows into the filtration unit. Actuable element 430 includes a user grip area and / or handle 436. A user can manually actuate actuable element 430 using user grip area and / or handle 436 to cause alignment of filtration unit inlet 432 with the different filter compartments of the filtration unit.

[0475] The actuatable element 430 is disposed coaxially with the filtration unit. The filtration unit 440 comprises a plurality of filter sections 444. The filtration unit 440 is cylindrical in shape and has a circular cross section. The filtration sections are disposed within the filtration unit such that the cross section of the filtration section is sector or "wedge" shaped. Each filter section of the plurality of filter sections includes a sealing material. Each filter section comprises an inlet end and an outlet end that are defined by the direction of fluid flow when the filter assembly 400 is in use.

[0476] Filter assembly 400 further comprises a valve element 450. Valve element 450 may also be referred to as a shutter or shutter element. A shutter may also be referred to as a check valve or a one-way valve. Valve element 450 is disposed intermediate outlet ends of filtration sections 444 and outlet 470. Valve element 450 opens in response to a positive pressure within the filtration unit. More specifically, valve element 450 opens to allow fluid flow in response to pressure within at least one of the filtration sections reaching a pressure threshold. Valve element 450 opens only in an area of ​​the outlet end of a particular filter section whose internal pressure has reached a pressure threshold, while an area of ​​the outlet end of filter section 444 whose internal pressure has not reached a pressure threshold remains closed. As will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, valve element 450 may be in any suitable form and may be a valve assembly or other valve arrangement. Valve element 450 may have a cross section having a shape and size that each corresponds to the shape and size of the outlet ends of filter sections 444. For example, in the embodiment of FIG. 4 in which the outlet ends of the filter sections 444 are "wedge-shaped," the valve element 450 may have a wedge-shaped cross-section that may open and close each independently of the other, such that the valve element may allow fluid to flow through one or more of the filter sections 444, but fluid flow remains blocked by the valve element 450 through one or more other filter sections 444. In a simple embodiment, the valve element may include a resilient flap that, in a resting position, remains flat against the valve element such that fluid flow is blocked through the filter section 444. When a pressure threshold is reached in a particular filter section 444, the internal pressure of the particular filter section 444 acts to push the flap open to an open position in which fluid can flow through the valve element 450 and into the outlet chamber 460. When the pressure falls below the threshold, the flap returns to a resting position, thus again closing the valve.

[0477] The filter assembly 400 further comprises an outlet chamber 460. The outlet chamber 460 may include an outlet 460. Fluid may pass through the valve element 450 into the outlet chamber 460.

[0478] During use, fluid passes through inlet chamber 420 and into fluid inlet 410. Fluid then passes through filtration unit inlet 432 and into selected filter section 442. Selected filter section 442 is a filter section or multiple filter sections that are in fluid communication with filtration unit inlet 432 and outlet 470 such that fluid may pass from filtration unit inlet 432, through selected filter section 442, and to outlet 470. Filtration unit inlet 432 is aligned with the inlet end of selected filter section 442, thus allowing fluid to flow into selected filter section 442. Actuable element 430 blocks and / or occludes other filter sections 444 of filtration unit 430, thus not allowing fluid to flow into those blocked filter sections 444.

[0479] As fluid passes through a selected filter section 442, the sequestering material acts to sequester or expel halogen or halide ions (eg, fluoride, iodide or iodine).

[0480] As fluid flows into the selected filter section 442, pressure builds up within the selected filter section 442. When the pressure within the selected filter section 442 reaches a threshold pressure, the valve element 450 opens at the outlet end region of the selected filter section 442, thus allowing fluid to flow from the selected filter section 442 into the outlet chamber 460 and finally out of the outlet 470, and thus out of the filter assembly 400 and back into the heat exchange system.

[0481] It will be understood that the above descriptions of specific embodiments are by way of example only and are not intended to limit the scope of the present disclosure. Numerous variations of the described embodiments are contemplated and are intended to be within the scope of the present disclosure.

[0482] For example, while generating relative rotation between the filtration unit and the filtration unit inlet has been described primarily in relation to rotating a rotating plate that includes the filtration unit inlet, it will be appreciated that the filter unit itself can be rotated relative to the filter unit inlet.

[0483] Rather, by having multiple filter sections, the filter unity may have only one filter section. In one such embodiment, as the rotating plate / actuatable element is rotated, different areas of the sealing material are aligned with the filtration unit inlet. Thus, the plate, and therefore the inlet, can be rotated to cause fluid entering the filter unit to encounter new filter material.

[0484] The actuation / rotation method may also be automated and / or produced using electronic means, as described in more detail below.

[0485] The filtering assembly mainly consists of: a. Copper, copper alloy, b. Molecular sieves (such as zeolites) containing copper, silver, lead, or combinations thereof; C. anion exchange resin, d. any combination of the above, as described herein in relation to sealing materials comprising:

[0486] However, it will also be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the filtration unit has application not only for such blocking materials, but also for any blocking material such as a metal organic framework (MOF) or indeed any filter material.

[0487] Also disclosed herein is a method of selecting either a filter section or a region of a filtration unit having sealing material through which fluid flows during use, the method comprising causing relative motion between an inlet and a filtration unit such that different regions of sealing material contained within the filtration unit are aligned with the inlet when the relative motion occurs.

[0488] More specifically, the method includes actuating, e.g., rotating, the actuable element 430 such that the filtration unit inlet 432 of the actuable element 430 can be aligned with different filter sections 444 within the filtration unit 430. The method may involve, for example, a user turning a handle 436 of the actuable element 430, thus aligning the filtration unit inlet 432 and the filtration section 444. This can be done manually by adjusting the alignment of the units 430.

[0489] The method can also be performed automatically, for example, using electronic selection means (not shown in FIG. 4). The selection means can be referred to as a selector. The selector can include a processor, a circuit, and an actuatable element 430, and is configured to actuate the actuatable element 430. The selector can also include a memory containing instructions that, when executed by the processor, perform the methods disclosed herein. The selector is disposed and configured to cause relative motion between the filtration unit inlet 432 and the filtration unit 440. The selector can include a sensor or an array of sensors that monitors the operation time of the heat exchange system and / or monitors the amount of fluid that has passed through the selected filter section 442. Upon reaching a threshold value, for example, a threshold operation time and / or a threshold value for the amount of fluid that has passed through the selected filter section 442, the selector can cause relative motion to adjust which filter section is activated or which filter section 432 is selected. In other words, the selector can redirect fluid passing through the filter assembly 400 through a different one of the filter sections.

[0490] The selector can be arranged and configured to cause relative motion between the filtration unit inlet 432 and the filtration unit 440, such as rotation of an actuatable element comprising the filtration unit inlet 432, in response to various triggers. As explained above, one trigger can be the reaching of a time threshold of system operation time. Another example of a suitable trigger can be the receipt of an indication of refrigerant breakdown. In one such embodiment, the selector comprises a monitoring system for monitoring the levels of TAN, fluoride, or iodide. An appropriate trigger can be generated in the system, such as a threshold for the values ​​of one or all of these materials. When the threshold is reached, the selector causes rotation of the actuatable element.

[0491] The techniques relating to filter assemblies described herein may be embodied in a computer-readable medium, which may be a non-transitory computer-readable medium, carrying computer-readable instructions arranged for execution on a processor to cause the processor to perform any or all of the methods described herein.

[0492] As used herein, the term "computer-readable medium" refers to any medium that stores data and / or instructions to cause a processor to operate in a particular manner. Such storage media may comprise non-volatile media and / or volatile media. Non-volatile media may include, for example, optical or magnetic disks. Volatile media may include dynamic memory. Exemplary forms of storage media include floppy disks, flexible disks, hard disks, solid state drives, magnetic tape, or any other magnetic data storage medium, CD-ROMs, any other optical data storage medium, any physical medium with one or more patterns of holes, RAM, PROM, EPROM, flash EPROM, NVRAM, and any other memory chip or cartridge.

[0493] The disclosed filter assembly and related methods are advantageous in that by allowing the area of ​​sealing material in contact with the fluid to be tailored, the life of the filter assembly can be extended relative to prior art filter assemblies. EXAMPLES

[0494] Example 1 The ability of copper to act as a sequestering material was tested.

[0495] 50% by weight of POE oil (POE ISO32, Emkarate RL 32-3MAF) containing the primary antioxidant stabilizer BHT in an amount of about 1000 ppm, and 50% by weight of CF 3 The blend with I was placed in a sealed tube along with a metal coupon. The surface area of ​​the copper was approximately 0.08 m per kg of refrigerant. 2 The sealed tube was then heated at 175°C for two weeks to cause breakdown of the refrigerant and lubricant. The sealed tube was then opened and a sample of the oil was removed.

[0496] The Total Acid Number (TAN), ppm iodide, and ppm fluoride of the samples were measured at the start of the sample (ie, before heating) and at the end of the sample (ie, after heating).

[0497] TAN was measured according to ASTM D974-06, Standard Test Method for Acid Number and Base Number by Color Indicator Titration.

[0498] Fluoride and iodide ppm were measured using a Dionex® ICS-2000 ion chromatograph system according to the method described above in the section entitled "Exemplary Method for Determining Fluoride and / or Iodide Concentration."

[0499] The test results are shown in Table 1.

[0500] [Table 1]

[0501] The results demonstrate surprisingly low concentrations of TAN, fluoride, and iodide in the presence of copper compared to the absence of copper, and therefore demonstrate less decomposition of refrigerants and lubricants in the presence of copper than in its absence.

[0502] In the absence of copper, the concentration of iodide increases rapidly in response to heating. However, surprisingly, the concentration of iodide does not change in response to heating in the presence of copper, which is seen to result in improved reliability of the system.

[0503] Example 2 The ability of silver containing zeolite to act as a sequestering material was tested.

[0504] The zeolite tested was UPO IONSIV D7310-C available from Honeywell UOP. The openings have sizes ranging across their largest dimension from about 15 to about 35 Å.

[0505] 80% by weight of POE oil (POE ISO32, Emkarate RL 32-3MAF) containing the primary antioxidant stabilizer BHT in an amount of about 1000 ppm, and 20% by weight of CF 3 The blend with I was placed in a sealed tube and heated at 190° C. for 2 days. These conditions caused breakdown of the refrigerant and lubricant. The sealed tube was then opened and a sample of the oil was removed.

[0506] The oil sample was then placed in a Fischer-Porter tube along with the zeolite. The amount of dry zeolite relative to the sample (lubricant) was measured. The tube was then placed in a 15 The tubes were kept at either 0.5° C. or 50° C. for 114 hours (4.75 days). The tubes were shaken every 2 hours to ensure proper mixing of the zeolite and sample.

[0507] The total acid number (TAN), ppm iodide, and ppm fluoride of the samples were measured at the start (i.e., CF 3 The concentrations of TAN, fluoride, and iodide were measured following the same method as in Example 1.

[0508] The results of the test are shown in Table 2.

[0509] [Table 2]

[0510] The above tests were performed on POE oil and CF 3 This demonstrates the ability of zeolites to effectively "restore" the composition of a refrigerant after it has decomposed.

[0511] The results demonstrate that the zeolites were able to reduce the iodide and fluoride levels of the cracked samples at both 15° C. and 50° C. when either the about 5 pphl zeolite or the about 21 pphl zeolite was used. However, the zeolites performed better at 50° C. than at 15° C., and with the about 21 pphl zeolite than at about 5 pphl. Surprisingly, very little iodide was detected with the about 21 pphl zeolite at 50° C.

[0512] The results also show that at a concentration of about 21 pphl zeolite, TAN was reduced at both 15°C and 50°C.

[0513] Example 3A The ability of anion exchange resin to act as a sequestering material was tested.

[0514] Two different anion exchange resins were tested.

[0515] First Resin The first resin was a strongly basic (Type 1) anion exchange resin with chloride exchangeable ions (Dowex® 1X8 chloride form).

[0516] [Table B] TIFF2025063114000005.tif62170

[0517] The first resin was used without modification.

[0518] Second Resin The second resin was a strongly basic (Type 1) anion exchange resin with chloride exchangeable ions (Dowex® 1X8 chloride form).

[0519] [Table C] TIFF2025063114000006.tif62170

[0520] The second resin was converted from the chloride form to the hydroxide form prior to use in the following examples by gently washing the resin with 5-10 bed volumes of 4% NaOH for at least 1 hour, followed by washing with deionized water until the pH of the effluent was 7±0.5. The pH was measured using litmus paper.

[0521] Methods and Results 80% by weight of POE oil (POE ISO32, Emkarate RL 32-3MAF) containing the primary antioxidant stabilizer BHT in an amount of about 1000 ppm, and 20% by weight of CF 3 The blend with I was placed in a sealed tube and heated at 190° C. for 2 days. These conditions caused breakdown of the refrigerant and lubricant. The sealed tube was then opened and a sample of the oil was removed.

[0522] The samples were then placed in Fischer-Porter tubes with anion exchange resin. The amount of dry resin relative to the sample was measured. The tubes were then kept at either 15°C or 50°C for 114 hours (4.75 days). The tubes were shaken every 2 hours. Shake to ensure proper mixing of the resin and sample.

[0523] The total acid number (TAN), ppm iodide, and ppm fluoride of the samples were measured at the start (i.e., CF 3 The concentrations of TAN, fluoride, and iodide were measured following the same method as in Example 1.

[0524] The results are set forth in Table 3 below.

[0525] [Table 3]

[0526] The above tests were performed on POE oil and CF 3 This demonstrates the ability of anion exchange resins to effectively "restore" the composition of a refrigerant after it has decomposed.

[0527] The results demonstrate that when either the about 4 pphl zeolite or the about 16 pphl resin was used, both resins were able to reduce the iodide and fluoride levels of the cracked samples at both 15° C. and 50° C. Both resins performed better at 50° C. than 15° C., and with the about 16 pphl zeolite than with the about 4 pphl.

[0528] The second resin was able to reduce the TAN of the samples at both temperatures (ie, at 15° C. and 50° C.) and at both resin concentrations (ie, at about 4 pphl and at about 16 pphl resin).

[0529] Example 3B Example 3A was repeated, except that the following two anion resins were used:

[0530] A - An industrial grade weak base anion exchange resin sold under the trade name Amberlyst A21 (free base) having the following properties:

[0531] [Table D] TIFF2025063114000008.tif46170

[0532] B - An industrial grade weak base anion exchange resin sold under the trade name Amberlyst A22, having the following characteristics:

[0533] [Table E] TIFF2025063114000009.tif46170

[0534] Each of these resins has been found to be effective in removing and / or reducing the above materials.

[0535] Example 4 The ability of a combination of anion exchange resin and zeolite to act as a sequestering material was tested.

[0536] Anion Exchange Resin The resin was a strongly basic (type 1) anion exchange resin with hydroxyl exchangeable ions (Dowex® Marathon™ A, hydroxide form).

[0537] [Table F] TIFF2025063114000010.tif40170

[0538] The resin was used without modification.

[0539] Zeolite The zeolite tested was UPO IONSIV D7310-C available from Honeywell UOP. The openings have sizes ranging across their largest dimension from about 15 to about 35 Å.

[0540] Methods and Results 80% by weight of POE oil (POE ISO32, Emkarate RL 32-3MAF) containing the primary antioxidant stabilizer BHT in an amount of about 1000 ppm, and 20% by weight of CF 3 The blend with I was placed in a sealed tube and heated at 175°C for 2 days. These conditions caused breakdown of the refrigerant and lubricant. The sealed tube was then opened and a sample of the oil (i.e., lubricant) was removed.

[0541] The lubricant sample was then placed in a Fischer-Porter tube along with a combination of anion exchange resin and zeolite. The amount of dry resin and zeolite relative to the sample was measured. The tube was then kept at about 50° C. for 192 hours (8 days). The tube was shaken every 2 hours to ensure proper mixing of the resin and sample.

[0542] The total acid number (TAN), iodide ppm, and fluoride ppm of the oil were measured at the start (i.e., CF 3 The concentrations of TAN, fluoride, and iodide were measured following the same method as in Example 1.

[0543] The results are set forth in Table 4 below.

[0544] [Table 4]

[0545] The above tests were performed on POE oil and CF 3This demonstrates the ability of the combination of anion exchange resin and zeolite to effectively "restore" the composition of the I refrigerant after it has decomposed. The results demonstrate that when different ratios of anion exchange resin and zeolite were used, both resins were able to reduce the iodide and fluoride levels of the decomposed samples at 50°C. The 25:75 zeolite to ion exchange weight ratio showed the greatest reduction in the TAN of the samples, and also showed the highest reduction in the iodide and fluoride content (ppm).

[0546] Example 5 The levels of fluoride, iodide removal, and TAN reduction were studied as a function of the amount of zeolite as a percentage of the heat transfer composition being treated.

[0547] The zeolites tested were UPO IONS available from Honeywell UOP. IV D7310-C. The openings have sizes ranging across their largest dimension from about 15 to about 35 Å.

[0548] 80% by weight of POE oil (POE ISO32, Emkarate RL 32-3MAF) containing the primary antioxidant stabilizer BHT in an amount of about 1000 ppm, and 20% by weight of CF 3 The blend with I was placed in a sealed tube and heated at 175°C for 2 days. These conditions caused breakdown of the refrigerant and lubricant. The sealed tube was then opened and a sample of the oil was removed.

[0549] A portion of the lubricant sample produced after fracture according to the preceding paragraph was then loaded into five Parr cells, each with a different amount (by weight) of zeolite based on the weight of the lubricant placed in the cell. The Parr cells were then maintained at 50° C. and the material in each cell was tested every 24 hours for 15 days. The Parr cells were shaken daily to ensure proper mixing of the zeolite and lubricant.

[0550] The total acid number (TAN), iodide ppm, and fluoride ppm of the oil were measured at the start (i.e., CF 3 C. after decomposition of the I and POE oils and before combination with the zeolite, and every 24 hours for 15 days (i.e. after combination with the zeolite at 50.degree. C.).

[0551] The results of the study are set forth in Table 5 below.

[0552] [Table 5]

[0553] The above tests are carried out on lubricants, specific POE oils, and CF 3 This demonstrates the ability of zeolites to effectively "restore" the composition of a refrigerant after it has decomposed.

[0554] The results show that amounts of zeolite greater than 10 pphl are more effective at reducing iodide levels to undetectable limits, and amounts of zeolite material greater than 5 pphl are more effective at reducing fluoride levels to undetectable limits. The results also show that amounts of zeolite greater than 15 pphl are most effective at reducing TANs.

[0555] Example 6 - Preferred Ion Exchange Materials The ability of an industrial grade weak base anion exchange adsorbent resin, Amberlyst A21 (free base), to act as a sequestering material was tested. The weak base anion resin is in its free base form and is functionalized with a tertiary amine (uncharged). Tertiary amines contain a pair of free lone electrons on the nitrogen - they are easily protonated in the presence of acid. The ion exchange resin is protonated by the acid and then completely ionized without contributing any additional species back into solution. It attracts and binds the counter ions of the anions to completely remove the acid.

[0556] Applicants have found that Amberlyst A21 is an excellent material for use in accordance with the present invention, as it has a macroporous structure which is highly physically stable and resistant to breakage in the present methods and systems, and is able to withstand the high flow rates of a refrigeration system over its lifespan.

[0557] Example 7 The ability of industrial grade weak base anion exchange adsorbent resin Amberlyst A21 (free base) to act as a sequestering material was tested. The weak base anion resin is in the free base form and is functionalized with a tertiary amine (uncharged). The tertiary amine contains a pair of free lone electrons on the nitrogen - which are easily protonated in the presence of acid. The ion exchange resin is protonated by the acid and then attracts and binds the counterion of the anion to completely remove the acid without contributing any additional species back into solution. The matrix of Amberlyst A21 is macroporous. Its macroporous structure is physically very stable and resists breakage. It can also withstand the high flow rates of refrigeration systems over its lifetime. An industrial grade weak base anion exchange resin sold under the trade name Amberlyst A21 (free base) has the following properties:

[0558] [Table G] TIFF2025063114000013.tif60170

[0559] 80% by weight of POE oil (POE ISO32, Emkarate RL 32-3MAF) containing the primary antioxidant stabilizer BHT in an amount of about 1000 ppm, and 20% by weight of CF 3 The mixture with 1 was placed in a cylinder and heated at 175°C for 2 days. These conditions caused breakdown of the refrigerant and lubricant. The cylinder was then opened and a sample of the oil was removed.

[0560] The samples were then placed in a Parr cell with Amberlyst A21. The amount of dry Amberlyst A21 relative to the sample was measured. The Parr cell was then kept at either 50° C. for 20 days. The cell was shaken daily to ensure proper mixing of the Amberlyst A21 and sample.

[0561] The total acid number (TAN), ppm iodide, and ppm fluoride of the samples were measured at the start (i.e., CF 3 The concentrations of TAN, fluoride, and iodide were measured according to the methods described herein.

[0562] The results of the study are listed in Table 7.

[0563] [Table 7]

[0564] The above tests were performed on POE oil and CF 3 This demonstrates Amberlyst A21's ability to effectively "restore" a refrigerant's composition after it has decomposed.

[0565] The results demonstrate that Amberlyst A21 was able to reduce the levels of iodide and fluoride below detectable levels in degraded samples at 50° C. when 30% by weight or more of Amberlyst A21 was used.

[0566] Example 8 The ability of industrial grade weak base anion exchange adsorbent resin Amberlyst A22 (free base) to act as a sequestering material was tested. The weak base anion resin is in its free base form and is functionalized with a tertiary amine (uncharged). The tertiary amine contains a pair of free lone electrons on the nitrogen - which are easily protonated in the presence of acid. The ion exchange resin is protonated by the acid and then attracts and binds the anion's counterion to completely remove the acid without contributing any additional species back into solution. Its macroporous structure is physically very stable and resists breakage. It is also able to withstand the high flow rates of refrigeration systems over its lifetime. Amberlyst A22 has the following properties: Industrial grade weak base anion exchange resin sold under the trade name A22:

[0567] [Table H] TIFF2025063114000015.tif62170

[0568] 80% by weight of POE oil (POE ISO32, Emkarate RL 32-3MAF) containing the primary antioxidant stabilizer BHT in an amount of about 1000 ppm, and 20% by weight of CF 3 The mixture with 1 was placed in a cylinder and heated at 175°C for 2 days. These conditions caused breakdown of the refrigerant and lubricant. The cylinder was then opened and a sample of the oil was removed.

[0569] The samples were then placed in a Parr cell with Amberlyst A22. The amount of dry Amberlyst A22 relative to the sample was measured. The Parr cell was then kept at either 50° C. for 20 days. The cell was shaken daily to ensure proper mixing of the Amberlyst A22 and sample.

[0570] The total acid number (TAN), ppm iodide, and ppm fluoride of the samples were measured at the start (i.e., CF 3The concentrations of TAN, fluoride, and iodide were measured according to the methods described herein.

[0571] The results of the study are listed in Table 8.

[0572] [Table 8]

[0573] The above tests were performed on POE oil and CF 3 This demonstrates Amberlyst A22's ability to effectively "restore" a refrigerant's composition after it has decomposed.

[0574] The results demonstrate that Amberlyst A22 was able to reduce the iodide and fluoride levels of the decomposed samples at 50° C. when 10% and 30% by weight of Amberlyst A22 was used.

[0575] Example 9 The ability of an industrial grade weak base anion exchange adsorbent resin, Amberlite IRA96, to act as a sequestering material was tested. The weak base anion resin is in free base form and is functionalized with a tertiary amine (uncharged). The tertiary amine contains a pair of free lone electrons on the nitrogen - easily protonated in the presence of acid. The ion exchange resin is protonated by the acid and then attracts and binds the anion's counterion to completely remove the acid without contributing any additional species back into solution. Its macroporous structure is physically very stable and resists breakage. It can also withstand the high flow rates of refrigeration systems over its lifetime. The high porosity of this resin allows for efficient adsorption of large organic molecules. An industrial grade weak base anion exchange resin, sold under the trade name Amberlite IRA96, has the following properties:

[0576] [Table I] TIFF2025063114000017.tif69170

[0577] 80% by weight of POE oil (POE ISO32, Emkarate RL 32-3MAF) containing the primary antioxidant stabilizer BHT in an amount of about 1000 ppm, and 20% by weight of CF 3 The mixture with 1 was placed in a cylinder and heated at 175°C for 2 days. These conditions caused breakdown of the refrigerant and lubricant. The cylinder was then opened and a sample of the oil was removed.

[0578] The sample was then placed in a Parr cell along with Amberlite IRA 96. The amount of dry Amberlite IRA 96 relative to the sample was measured. The Parr cell was then kept at either 50° C. for 20 days. The cell was shaken daily to ensure proper mixing of the Amberlite IRA 96 and sample.

[0579] The total acid number (TAN), ppm iodide, and ppm fluoride of the samples were measured at the start (i.e., CF 3 The concentrations of TAN, fluoride, and iodide were measured according to the methods described herein.

[0580] The results of the study are listed in Table 10.

[0581] [Table 10]

[0582] The above tests were performed on POE oil and CF 3 This demonstrates Amberlite IRA96's ability to effectively "restore" a refrigerant's composition after it has decomposed.

[0583] The results showed that when 30% by weight or more of Amberlite IRA96 was used, It has been demonstrated that the amberlite IRA96 was able to reduce the levels of iodide and fluoride to below detectable levels in digested samples at 50°C.

[0584] Example 10 The ability of industrial grade activated alumina F200 to act as a sequestering material was tested.

[0585] 80% by weight of POE oil (POE ISO32, Emkarate RL 32-3MAF) containing the primary antioxidant stabilizer BHT in an amount of about 1000 ppm, and 20% by weight of CF 3 The mixture with 1 was placed in a cylinder and heated at 175°C for 2 days. These conditions caused breakdown of the refrigerant and lubricant. The cylinder was then opened and a sample of the oil was removed.

[0586] The samples were then placed in a Parr cell with industrial grade activated alumina F200. The amount of activated alumina relative to the sample was measured. The Parr cell was then kept at either 50° C. for 20 days. The cell was shaken daily to ensure proper mixing of the sample.

[0587] The total acid number (TAN), ppm iodide, and ppm fluoride of the samples were measured at the start (i.e., CF 3 After degradation of the I and POE oils and before exposure to F200, and at the end (i.e., and after exposure to F200), TAN, fluoride, and iodide concentrations were measured by the methods described herein.

[0588] The results of the study are listed in Table 11.

[0589] [Table 11]

[0590] Example 11 The ability of a combination of Amberlyst A21 and zeolite IONSIV D7310-C as a sequestration material was tested.

[0591] 80% by weight of POE oil (POE ISO32, Emkarate RL 32-3MAF) containing the primary antioxidant stabilizer BHT in an amount of about 1000 ppm, and 20% by weight of CF 3 The mixture with 1 was placed in a cylinder and heated at 175°C for 2 days. These conditions caused breakdown of the refrigerant and lubricant. The cylinder was then opened and a sample of the oil was removed.

[0592] The samples were then placed in a Parr cell with a sequestering material. The amount of sequestering material relative to the sample was 20% by weight. The Parr cell was then maintained at either 50° C. for 20 days. The cell was shaken daily to ensure proper mixing of the samples.

[0593] The total acid number (TAN), ppm iodide, and ppm fluoride of the samples were measured at the start (i.e., CF 3 after degradation of I and POE oil and before exposure to the sequestrant), and at the end (i.e. and after exposure to a sequestrant. TAN, fluoride, and iodide concentrations were measured by methods described herein.

[0594] The results of the study are listed in Table 12.

[0595] [Table 12]

Claims

1. A method for providing a type of heat transfer including, in a plurality of repeating cycles, evaporating a refrigerant liquid to produce a refrigerant vapor, compressing at least a portion of the refrigerant vapor with a compressor, and condensing the refrigerant vapor in a condenser, the method comprising: (a) providing a refrigerant comprising at least about 5 wt% lower alkyl iodofluoro-carbon; (b) optionally, preferably, providing a lubricant to the compressor; (c) exposing at least a portion of the refrigerant and / or at least a portion of the lubricant to a blocking material in at least a portion of the plurality of cycles, the blocking material comprising: i. copper metal or copper alloy; ii. activated alumina; iii. zeolite molecular sieve containing copper, silver, lead, or combinations thereof; iv. anion exchange resin; v. a moisture removal material, preferably a moisture removal material containing sodium aluminosilicate; or vi. a combination of two or more of i-v above, wherein the exposing is carried out at a temperature above about 10 °C, and the blocking material is present in the form of a solid core in the liquid line between the condenser and the evaporator, present in the oil separator, and / or located in the return line of the oil separator, and is further characterized by one or more of the above, a method.

2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the blocking material comprises at least one of activated alumina, zeolite molecular sieve containing copper, silver, lead, or combinations thereof, anion exchange resin, and moisture removal material.

3. The method according to claim 2, wherein the blocking material is further contained within a filter element.

4. The method according to claim 1, further comprising providing an oil separator and a return line from the oil separator to the compressor, wherein the blocking material is located in the oil separator and / or in the return line of the oil separator.

5. The method according to claim 4, wherein the blocking material is located in the oil separator.

6. The method according to claim 4, wherein the blocking material is located in the return line of the oil separator.

7. The refrigerant contains at least 5% by weight of CF ３ I, and the method according to claim 1.

8. The refrigerant contains 5% to 70% by weight of CF ３ I, and the method according to claim 7.

9. The refrigerant contains 20% to 70% by weight of CF ３ I, and the method according to claim 8.

10. The refrigerant contains 20% to 60% by weight of C ３ I, and the method according to claim 9.

11. The method according to claim 1, wherein the method comprises (b) providing a lubricant to the compressor.

12. The method according to claim 11, wherein the lubricant is selected from the group consisting of polyol esters, polyalkylene glycols, mineral oils, alkylbenzenes, polyvinyl ethers, poly(alpha-olefins), and combinations thereof.

13. The method according to claim 12, wherein the lubricant comprises a polyol ester.

14. The method according to claim 12, wherein the lubricant comprises a polyvinyl ether.

15. The method according to claim 12, wherein the lubricant is present in an amount of 20 to 50% by weight based on the total weight of the refrigerant, lubricant, and sealing material.

16. The method according to claim 15, wherein the lubricant is present in an amount of 20 to 40% by weight based on the total weight of the refrigerant, lubricant, and sealing material.

17. The method according to claim 16, wherein the lubricant is present in an amount of 20 to 30% by weight based on the total weight of the refrigerant, lubricant, and sealing material.

18. The method according to claim 15, wherein the lubricant is present in an amount of 30 to 50% by weight based on the total weight of the refrigerant, lubricant, and sealing material.

19. The method according to claim 18, wherein the lubricant is present in an amount of 30 to 40% by weight based on the total weight of the refrigerant, lubricant, and sealing material.

20. The method according to claim 19, wherein the sealing material is located in the return line of the oil separator.

21. A heat transfer system for providing a type of heat transfer including evaporating a refrigerant liquid to produce a refrigerant vapor, compressing at least a portion of the refrigerant vapor with a compressor, and condensing the refrigerant vapor in a condenser, the system comprising: (a) a refrigerant circulating within the system comprising at least about 5% by weight of a lower alkyl iodofluoroalkane; (b) optionally, but preferably, a lubricant for the compressor; (c) a sealing material in contact with at least a portion of the refrigerant and / or at least a portion of the lubricant; wherein the sealing material comprises: i. a copper metal or copper alloy; ii. activated alumina; iii. a zeolite molecular sieve containing copper, silver, lead, or a combination thereof; iv. an anion exchange resin; v. a moisture removal material, preferably a moisture removal material containing sodium aluminosilicate; or vi. a combination of two or more of the above i to v; wherein the contact is carried out at a temperature above about 10°C; and the system further comprises: A filter element and / or a core located within the liquid line of the condenser, where the blocking material is included in the filter element and / or the core, and / or, An oil separator, where the blocking material is located within the oil separator, and / or A return line connecting the oil separator to the compressor, where the blocking material is located within the return line of the oil separator, comprising, the system.

22. The heat transfer system according to claim 21, wherein the blocking material includes activated alumina.

23. The heat transfer system according to claim 21, wherein the blocking material includes a moisture removal material.

24. The heat transfer system according to any one of claims 21 to 23, wherein the blocking material includes a zeolite molecular sieve containing copper, silver, lead, or a combination thereof.

25. The heat transfer system according to any one of claims 21 to 24, wherein the filter element and / or the core is located within the liquid line of the condenser, and the blocking material is included in the filter element and / or the core.

26. The heat transfer system according to any one of claims 21 to 25, wherein there is an oil separator, and the blocking material is located within the oil separator.

27. The heat transfer system according to any one of claims 21 to 26, wherein there is an oil separator, a return line connects the oil separator to the compressor, and the blocking material is located within the return line of the oil separator.

28. The heat transfer system according to any one of claims 21 to 27, wherein the refrigerant includes at least 5% by weight, or 5% to 70% by weight, or 20% to 70% by weight, or 20% to 60% by weight of CF₃I.

29. A lubricant is provided to the compressor, the lubricant is selected from the group consisting of polyol esters, polyalkylene glycols, mineral oils, alkylbenzenes, polyvinyl ethers, poly(alpha-olefins), and combinations thereof, preferably, the lubricant includes a polyol ester, or a polyvinyl ether. The heat transfer system according to any one of claims 21 to 28.

30. The heat transfer system according to claim 29, wherein the lubricant includes a polyol ester.

31. The heat transfer system according to claim 29, wherein the lubricant includes a polyvinyl ether. The heat transfer system according to any one of claims 21 to 31, wherein (b) is not optional and (c) includes a sealing material that contacts at least a portion of the lubricant.

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