Carbon-based nanomaterial compositions and methods of forming same from gas mixtures containing acetylene and methane gases - Patents.com

Abstract

The present disclosure relates to carbon-based nanomaterial compositions that can be formed from a gas mixture. The gas mixture has a molar ratio AG of at least about 0.25 and no greater than about 0.99. mol / GM mol acetylene gas, a molar ratio of at least about 0.01 and not more than about 0.50 OG mol / GM mol of oxygen gas, a molar ratio of H mol / GM mol of hydrogen gas, and a molar ratio MG of at least about 0.25 and not more than about 0.99. mol / GM mol The carbon-based nanomaterial composition may include methane gas having a carbon hybridization ratio P of at least about 0.0 and not more than about 5.0. sp3 / P sp2 P sp3 is the percentage of carbon in the carbon-based nanomaterial composition that has sp3 hybridization, and P sp2 is the percentage of carbon in the carbon-based nanomaterial composition that has sp2 hybridization.

Description

[Technical field]

[0001] Technical Field FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE The present disclosure relates to carbon-based nanomaterial compositions and methods of forming same. More particularly, the present disclosure relates to methods, systems, and apparatus for converting exhaust gases into carbon-based nanomaterials. [Background technology]

[0002] Background technology It is well understood that any form of carbon that can be converted into a greenhouse gas, particularly complexed in CO and CO2, is causing global temperature increases. Various technologies are being developed to capture carbon that originates from human activities, primarily industrial processes, fossil fuels, and other combustion from vehicles (e.g., aircraft, cars and trucks, and commercial and residential uses).

[0003] Carbon-based materials have many desirable properties, such as high thermal and electrical conductivity along their planes, unique optical properties, and high mechanical strength. Because of these properties, carbon-based nanomaterials have a variety of applications including energy storage, electronics, semiconductors, composites, and films.

[0004] Carbon-Based Nanomaterials Existing combustion-based techniques for producing carbon-based materials use oxygen-carbon gas mixtures. However, these techniques do not completely and consistently decompose carbon, thereby resulting in inconsistent products. Summary of the Invention

[0005] overview According to a first aspect, a carbon-based nanomaterial composition can be formed from a gas mixture having a molar ratio AG of at least about 0.25 and no greater than about 0.99. mol / GM mol Acetylene gas (AG mol is equal to the moles of acetylene gas in the gas mixture, and GM mol is equal to the total moles of gas in the gas mixture), a molar ratio OG of at least about 0.01 and not more than about 0.50mol / GM mol Oxygen gas (OG mol is equal to the moles of oxygen gas in the gas mixture, and GM mol is equal to the total moles of gas in the gas mixture), a molar ratio H G of at least about 0.05 and not more than about 0.70 mol / GM mol Hydrogen gas (HG mol is equal to the moles of hydrogen gas in the gas mixture, and GM mol is equal to the total moles of gas in the gas mixture), and a molar ratio MG of at least about 0.25 and not more than about 0.99 mol / GM mol of methane gas (MG mol is equal to the moles of methane gas in the gas mixture, and GM mol The carbon-based nanomaterial composition may include a carbon hybridization ratio, P, of at least about 0.0 and not more than about 5.0. sp3 / P sp2 P sp3 is the percentage of carbon in the carbon-based nanomaterial composition that has sp3 hybridization, and P sp2 is the percentage of carbon in the carbon-based nanomaterial composition that has sp2 hybridization.

[0006] According to another aspect, a method of forming a carbon-based nanomaterial composition may include providing a gas mixture and igniting the gas mixture to form a carbon-based nanomaterial composition. The gas mixture has a molar ratio AG of at least about 0.25 and no greater than about 0.99. mol / GM mol Acetylene gas (AG mol is equal to the moles of acetylene gas in the gas mixture, and GM mol is equal to the total moles of gas in the gas mixture), a molar ratio OG of at least about 0.01 and not more than about 0.50 mol / GM mol Oxygen gas (OG mol is equal to the moles of oxygen gas in the gas mixture, and GM mol is equal to the total moles of gas in the gas mixture), a molar ratio H G of at least about 0.05 and not more than about 0.70 mol / GM mol Hydrogen gas (HGmol is equal to the moles of hydrogen gas in the gas mixture, and GM mol is equal to the total moles of gas in the gas mixture), and a molar ratio MG of at least about 0.25 and not more than about 0.99 mol / GM mol of methane gas (MG mol is equal to the moles of methane gas in the gas mixture, and GM mol The carbon-based nanomaterial composition may include a carbon hybridization ratio, P, of at least about 0.0 and not more than about 5.0. sp3 / P sp2 P sp3 is the percentage of carbon in the carbon-based nanomaterial composition that has sp3 hybridization, and P sp2 is the percentage of carbon in the carbon-based nanomaterial composition that has sp2 hybridization.

[0007] According to yet another embodiment, the carbon-based nanomaterial composition may comprise a carbon content of at least about 75% and not more than about 100% based on elemental analysis of the carbon-based nanomaterial composition, and an oxygen content of at least about 0% and not more than about 25% based on elemental analysis of the carbon-based nanomaterial composition. The carbon-based nanomaterial composition may have a D / G ratio of at least about 0.1 and not more than about 2.0. The carbon-based nanomaterial composition may have a carbon hybridization ratio P of at least about 0.0 and not more than about 5.0. sp3 / P sp2 and P sp3 is the percentage of carbon in the carbon-based nanomaterial composition that has sp3 hybridization, and P sp2 is the percentage of carbon in the carbon-based nanomaterial composition that has sp2 hybridization.

[0008] According to yet another embodiment, the carbon-based nanomaterial composition may comprise a carbon content of at least about 75% and not more than about 100% based on elemental analysis of the carbon-based nanomaterial composition, and an oxygen content of at least about 0.0% and not more than about 25% based on elemental analysis of the carbon-based nanomaterial composition. The carbon-based nanomaterial composition may have an aspect ratio of at least about 1 and not more than about 100. The carbon-based nanomaterial composition may have a carbon hybridization ratio P of at least about 4.0 and not more than about 5.0. sp3 / P sp2 and P sp3 is the percentage of carbon in the carbon-based nanomaterial composition that has sp3 hybridization, and P sp2 is the percentage of carbon in the carbon-based nanomaterial composition that has sp2 hybridization. [Brief description of the drawings]

[0009] Embodiments are illustrated by way of example and not limitation in the accompanying figures.

[0010] [Figure 1] 1 includes diagrams illustrating methods of forming carbon-based nanomaterial compositions according to embodiments described herein. [Diagram 2] 1 includes a schematic diagram of a carbon capture system according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. [Figure 3a] 1 includes a transmission electron microscope (TEM) image of a sample carbon-based nanomaterial composition according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. [Figure 3b] 1 includes a transmission electron microscope (TEM) image of a sample carbon-based nanomaterial composition according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. [Figure 4] 1 shows a chart providing a Raman spectrum of a sample carbon-based nanomaterial composition according to one embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0011] Skilled artisans will appreciate that elements in the figures are illustrated for simplicity and clarity and have not necessarily been drawn to scale. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0012] DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS The following description focuses on specific implementations and embodiments of the present teachings. The detailed description is provided to help explain certain embodiments and should not be construed as a limitation on the scope or applicability of the present disclosure and teachings. It will be understood that other embodiments can be used based on the present disclosure and teachings provided herein.

[0013] The terms "comprises," "comprising," "includes," "including," "has," "having," or any other variations thereof, are intended to include a non-exclusive inclusion. For example, a method, article, or apparatus comprising a list of features is not necessarily limited to only those features, but may include other features not expressly listed or inherent in such method, article, or apparatus. Furthermore, unless expressly stated otherwise, "or" refers to an inclusive "or" and not an exclusive "or." For example, a condition A or B is satisfied by any one of the following: A is true (or exists) and B is false (or does not exist), A is false (or does not exist) and B is true (or exists), and both A and B are true (or exist).

[0014] Additionally, the use of "a" or "an" is used to describe elements and components described herein. This is done merely for convenience and to give a general sense of the scope of the invention. This description should be read to include the singular forms "one", "at least one", or "more than one", or vice versa, unless it is clear that something else is meant. For example, where a single item is described herein, the plural may be used in place of the single item. Similarly, where a plurality of items is described herein, the single may be used in place of the plurality of items.

[0015] FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE Embodiments described herein relate generally to carbon-based nanomaterial compositions. According to certain embodiments, a carbon-based nanomaterial composition may be defined as any carbon-based nanomaterial that may include a particular carbon content and a particular oxygen content.

[0016] Referring first to the method of forming a carbon-based nanomaterial composition, Figure 1 includes a diagram illustrating a method 1000 for forming a carbon-based nanomaterial composition according to embodiments described herein. According to certain embodiments, the method 1000 may include a first step 1010 of providing a gas mixture and a second step 1020 of igniting the gas mixture to form the carbon-based nanomaterial composition.

[0017] Referring to the first step 1010, according to certain embodiments, the gas mixture may include acetylene gas, oxygen gas, and according to yet other embodiments, the gas mixture may further include hydrogen gas.

[0018] According to a particular embodiment, the gas mixture is composed of a mixture of gases having a particular molar ratio A mol / GM mol may include, AG mol is equal to the moles of acetylene gas in the gas mixture, and GM mol is equal to the total moles of gas in the gas mixture. For example, the gas mixture may have a molar ratio AG of at least about 0.25, e.g., at least about 0.26, or at least about 0.27, or at least about 0.28, or at least about 0.29, or at least about 0.30, or at least about 0.31, or at least about 0.32, or at least about 0.33, or at least about 0.34, or even at least about 0.35. mol / GM mol According to yet other embodiments, the gas mixture may include a molar ratio A G of about 0.99 or less, such as about 0.95 or less, or about 0.90 or less, or about 0.85 or less, or about 0.80 or less, or about 0.75 or less, or about 0.70 or less, or about 0.65 or less, or even about 0.60 or less. mol / GM mol The gas mixture may include a molar ratio AG mol / GM mol It will be appreciated that the gas mixture may include a molar ratio A, B, C, D, E ... mol / GM molIt will be further understood that the

[0019] According to a particular embodiment, the gas mixture is a mixture of gases having a particular molar ratio OG mol / GM mol OG mol is equal to the moles of oxygen gas in the gas mixture, GM mol is equal to the total moles of gas in the gas mixture. For example, the gas mixture may have a molar ratio OG of at least about 0.01, e.g., at least about 0.02, or at least about 0.03, or at least about 0.04, or at least about 0.05, or at least about 0.06, or at least about 0.07, or at least about 0.08, or at least about 0.09, or at least about 0.10, or even at least about 0.11, or at least about 0.12, or at least about 0.13, or at least about 0.14, or at least about 0.15, or at least about 0.16, or at least about 0.17, or at least about 0.18, or at least about 0.19, or at least about 0.20, or at least about 0.25, or at least about 0.30, or at least about 0.35, or even at least about 0.40. mol / GM mol According to yet other embodiments, the gas mixture may include a molar ratio OG of about 0.75 or less, such as about 0.70 or less, or about 0.65 or less, or about 0.60 or less, or about 0.55 or less, or about 0.50 or less, or even about 0.45 or less. mol / GM mol The gas mixture may include a molar ratio OG of any value between and including any of the minimum and maximum values ​​recited above. mol / GM mol It will be appreciated that the gas mixture may include a molar ratio OG within a range between and including any of the minimum and maximum values ​​set forth above. mol / GM mol It will be further understood that the

[0020] According to a particular embodiment, the gas mixture comprises a specific molar ratio H mol / GM mol HGmol is equal to the moles of hydrogen gas in the gas mixture, and GM mol is equal to the total moles of gas in the gas mixture. For example, the gas mixture may have a molar ratio H G of at least about 0.05, such as at least about 0.10, or at least about 0.15, or at least about 0.20, or at least about 0.25, or at least about 0.30, or even at least about 0.35. mol / GM mol According to yet other embodiments, the gas mixture may comprise a molar ratio H G of about 0.70 or less, such as about 0.65 or less, or about 0.60 or less, or about 0.55 or less, or about 0.50 or less, or about 0.45 or less, or even about 0.40 or less. mol / GM mol The gas mixture may include a molar ratio H,G,H ... mol / GM mol It will be appreciated that the gas mixture may include a molar ratio H, G, or H mixture within the range between and including any of the minimum and maximum values ​​recited above. mol / GM mol It will be further understood that the

[0021] According to a particular embodiment, the gas mixture is composed of a mixture of gases having a particular molar ratio MG mol / GM mol MG mol is equal to the moles of methane gas in the gas mixture, and GM mol is equal to the total moles of gas in the gas mixture. For example, the gas mixture may have a molar ratio MG of at least about 0.25, e.g., at least about 0.26, or at least about 0.27, or at least about 0.28, or at least about 0.29, or at least about 0.30, or at least about 0.31, or at least about 0.32, or at least about 0.33, or at least about 0.34, or even at least about 0.35. mol / GM molAccording to yet other embodiments, the gas mixture may comprise a molar ratio MG mol / GM mol The gas mixture may include a molar ratio MG mol / GM mol It will be appreciated that the gas mixture may include a molar ratio MG mol / GM mol It will be further understood that the

[0022] According to certain embodiments, the gas mixture may include a certain content of acetylene gas. For example, the gas mixture may include at least about 1.6 mol, such as at least about 1.7 mol, or at least about 1.8 mol, or at least about 1.9 mol, or at least about 2.0 mol, or at least about 2.05 mol, or at least about 2.06 mol, or at least about 2.07 mol, or at least about 2.08 mol, or at least about 2.09 mol, or at least about 2.10 mol, or at least about 2.11 mol, or at least about 2.12 mol, or at least about 2.13 mol, or at least about 2.14 mol, or at least about 2.15 mol, or at least about 2.16 mol, or at least about 2.17 mol, or at least about 2.18 mol, or at least about 2.19 mol, or at least about 3.2 ... The acetylene gas may comprise a concentration of about 2.18 mol, or at least about 2.19 mol, or at least about 2.20 mol, or at least about 2.25 mol, or at least about 2.30 mol, or at least about 2.35 mol, or at least about 2.40 mol, or at least about 2.45 mol, or at least about 2.50 mol, or at least about 2.75 mol, or at least about 3.0 mol, or at least about 3.5 mol, or at least about 4.0 mol, or at least about 4.5 mol, or at least about 5.0 mol, or at least about 5.5 mol, or at least about 6.0 mol, or even at least about 6.5 mol. According to yet other embodiments, the gas mixture may include acetylene gas in a concentration of about 18 mol or less, e.g., about 17.5 mol or less, or about 17.0 mol or less, or about 16.5 mol or less, or about 16.0 mol or less, or about 15.5 mol or less, or about 15.0 mol or less, or about 14.5 mol or less, or about 14.0 mol or less, or about 13.5 mol or less, or about 13.0 mol or less, or about 12.5 mol or less, or about 12.0 mol or less, or about 11.5 mol or less, or even about 11.0 mol or less, or about 10.5 mol or less, or even about 10.0 mol or less. It will be appreciated that the acetylene gas concentration in the gas mixture may be any value between and including any of the minimum and maximum values ​​recited above.It will be further understood that the acetylene gas concentration in the gas mixture may be within a range between and including any of the minimum and maximum values ​​recited above.

[0023] According to other embodiments, the gas mixture may include a specific content of oxygen gas. For example, the gas mixture may include a concentration of oxygen gas of at least about 0.3 mol, such as at least about 0.31 mol, or at least about 0.32 mol, or at least about 0.33 mol, or at least about 0.34 mol, or at least about 0.35 mol, or at least about 0.36 mol, or at least about 0.37 mol, or at least about 0.38 mol, or at least about 0.39 mol, or at least about 0.40 mol, or at least about 0.41 mol, or at least about 0.42 mol, or at least about 0.43 mol, or at least about 0.44 mol, or at least about 0.45 mol, or at least about 0.46 mol, or at least about 0.47 mol, or at least about 0.48 mol, or even at least about 0.49 mol. According to yet other embodiments, the gas mixture may include oxygen gas at a concentration of about 2.5 mol or less, such as about 2.25 mol or less, or about 2.0 mol or less, or about 1.75 mol or less, or about 1.5 mol or less, or about 1.25 mol or less, or about 1.0 mol or less, or about 0.75 mol or less, or even about 0.5 mol or less. It will be appreciated that the oxygen gas concentration in the gas mixture may be any value between and including any of the minimum and maximum values ​​stated above. It will be further appreciated that the oxygen gas concentration in the gas mixture may be within a range between and including any of the minimum and maximum values ​​stated above.

[0024] According to yet other embodiments, the gas mixture may include a specific content of hydrogen gas. For example, the gas mixture may include hydrogen gas in a concentration of at least about 0.60 mol, such as at least about 0.61 mol, or at least about 0.62 mol, or at least about 0.63 mol, or at least about 0.64 mol, or at least about 0.65 mol, or at least about 0.66 mol, or at least about 0.67 mol, or at least about 0.68 mol, or at least about 0.69 mol, or at least about 0.70 mol, or at least about 0.71 mol, or at least about 0.72 mol, or at least about 0.73 mol, or at least about 0.74 mol, or at least about 0.75 mol, or at least about 0.76 mol, or at least about 0.77 mol, or at least about 0.78 mol, or at least about 0.79 mol, or even at least about 0.80 mol. According to yet other embodiments, the gas mixture may include hydrogen gas at a concentration of about 5.0 mol or less, such as about 5.5 mol or less, or about 5.0 mol or less, or about 4.5 mol or less, or about 4.0 mol or less, or about 3.5 mol or less, or about 3.0 mol or less, or about 2.5 mol or less, or about 2.0 mol or less, or about 1.5 mol or less, or even about 1.0 mol or less. It will be appreciated that the hydrogen gas concentration in the gas mixture may be any value between and including any of the minimum and maximum values ​​stated above. It will be further appreciated that the hydrogen gas concentration in the gas mixture may be within a range between and including any of the minimum and maximum values ​​stated above.

[0025] According to certain embodiments, the gas mixture may include a certain content of methane gas. For example, the gas mixture may include a concentration of methane gas of at least about 1.6 mol, such as at least about 1.61 mol, or at least about 1.62 mol, or at least about 1.63 mol, or at least about 1.64 mol, or at least about 1.65 mol, or at least about 1.66 mol, or at least about 1.67 mol, or at least about 1.68 mol, or at least about 1.69 mol, or at least about 1.70 mol, or at least about 1.71 mol, or at least about 1.72 mol, or at least about 1.73 mol, or at least about 1.74 mol, or at least about 1.75 mol, or at least about 1.76 mol, or at least about 1.77 mol, or at least about 1.78 mol, or at least about 1.79 mol, or even at least about 1.80 mol. According to yet other embodiments, the gas mixture may include methane gas at a concentration of about 18.0 mol or less, such as about 17.0 mol or less, or about 16.0 mol or less, or about 15.0 mol or less, or about 14.0 mol or less, or about 13.0 mol or less, or about 12.0 mol or less, or about 11.0 mol or less, or about 10.0 mol or less, or about 9.0 mol or less, or about 8.0 mol or less, or about 7.0 mol or less, or about 6.0 mol or less, or about 5.0 mol or less, or about 4.0 mol or less, or about 3.0 mol or less, or even about 2.0 mol or less. It will be appreciated that the methane gas concentration in the gas mixture may be any value between and including any of the minimum and maximum values ​​stated above. It will be further appreciated that the methane gas concentration in the gas mixture may be within a range between and including any of the minimum and maximum values ​​stated above.

[0026] Turning now to embodiments of the carbon-based nanomaterial composition formed according to the method of formation 1000, the carbon-based nanomaterial composition may comprise a particular carbon content based on elemental analysis performed using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). For example, the carbon-based nanomaterial composition may comprise a carbon content of at least about 75.0%, such as at least about 78.0%, or at least about 80.0%, or at least about 83%, or at least about 85%, or at least about 88%, or at least about 90%, or at least about 91%, or at least about 92%, or at least about 93%, or at least about 94.0%, or even at least about 95.0%. According to yet other embodiments, the carbon-based nanomaterial composition may comprise a carbon content of about 100% or less, such as about 99.5% or less, or about 99% or less, or about 98.5% or less, or about 98% or less, or about 97.5% or less, or about 97% or less, or about 96.5% or less, or even about 96.0% or less. It will be understood that the carbon content in the carbon-based nanomaterial composition may be any value between and including any of the minimum and maximum values ​​recited above. It will be further understood that the carbon content in the carbon-based nanomaterial composition may be within a range between and including any of the minimum and maximum values ​​recited above.

[0027] According to yet other embodiments, the carbon-based nanomaterial composition may include a particular oxygen content based on elemental analysis performed using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). For example, the carbon-based nanomaterial composition may include an oxygen content of at least about 0.0%, such as at least about 0.5%, or at least about 1.0%, or at least about 1.5%, or at least about 2.0%, or at least about 2.5%, or at least about 3.0%, or at least about 3.5%, or at least about 4.0%, or at least about 4.5%, or even at least about 5.0%. According to yet other embodiments, the carbon-based nanomaterial composition may include an oxygen content of about 25% or less, such as about 23% or less, or about 20% or less, or about 18% or less, or about 15% or less, or about 13% or less, or about 10% or less, or about 8% or less, or even about 6.0% or less. It will be appreciated that the oxygen content in the carbon-based nanomaterial composition may be any value between and including any of the minimum and maximum values ​​listed above. It will be further understood that the oxygen content in the carbon-based nanomaterial composition may be within a range between and including any of the minimum and maximum values ​​recited above.

[0028] According to yet other embodiments, the carbon-based nanomaterial composition may have a particular D / G ratio as measured by performing X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy on a sample of the powder and perturbing the spectrum produced. For example, the carbon-based nanomaterial composition may have a D / G ratio of at least about 0.1, such as at least about 0.15, or at least about 0.20, or at least about 0.25, or at least about 0.30, or at least about 0.35, or at least about 0.40, or at least about 0.45. According to yet other embodiments, the carbon-based nanomaterial composition may have a D / G ratio of about 2.0 or less, e.g., about 1.95 or less, or about 1.90 or less, or about 1.85 or less, or about 1.80 or less, or about 1.75 or less, or about 1.70 or less, or about 1.65 or less, or about 1.60 or less, or about 1.55 or less, or about 1.50 or less, or about 1.45 or less, or about 1.40 or less, or about 1.35 or less, or about 1.30 or less, or about 1.25 or less, or about 1.20 or less, or about 1.15 or less, or about 1.10 or less, or about 1.05 or less, or about 1.00 or less, or about 0.95 or less, or about 0.9 or less, or about 0.85 or less, or about 0.8 or less, or about 0.75 or less, or about 0.7 or less, or about 0.65 or less, or even about 0.6 or less. It will be appreciated that the D / G ratio of the carbon-based nanomaterial composition may be any value between and including any of the minimum and maximum values ​​recited above. It will be further appreciated that the D / G ratio of the carbon-based nanomaterial composition may be within a range between and including any of the minimum and maximum values ​​recited above.

[0029] According to yet other embodiments, the carbon-based nanomaterial composition may have a particular aspect ratio measured by dividing the lateral size by the thickness of a given sample. For example, the carbon-based nanomaterial composition may have an aspect ratio of at least about 1.0, such as at least about 5, or at least about 10, or at least about 15. According to yet other embodiments, the carbon-based nanomaterial composition may have an aspect ratio of about 100 or less, such as about 95 or less, or about 90 or less, or about 85 or less, or about 80 or less, or about 75 or less, or about 70 or less, or about 65 or less, or even about 60 or less. It will be appreciated that the aspect ratio of the carbon-based nanomaterial composition may be any value between and including any of the minimum and maximum values ​​stated above. It will be further appreciated that the aspect ratio of the carbon-based nanomaterial composition may be within a range between and including any of the minimum and maximum values ​​stated above.

[0030] According to yet another embodiment, the carbon-based nanomaterial composition has a specific carbon hybridization ratio P sp3 / P sp2 P sp3 is the percentage of carbon in the carbon-based nanomaterial composition that has sp3 hybridization, and P sp2 is the percentage of carbon in the carbon-based nanomaterial composition that has sp2 hybridization. For example, the carbon-based nanomaterial composition may have a carbon hybridization ratio P of at least about 0.0, e.g., at least about 0.1, or at least about 0.2, or at least about 0.3, or at least about 0.4, or at least about 0.5, or at least about 0.6, or at least about 0.7, or at least about 0.8, or at least about 0.9, or at least about 1.0, or at least about 1.1, or at least about 1.2, or at least about 1.3, or at least about 1.4, or even at least about 1.5. sp3 / P sp2According to yet other embodiments, the carbon-based nanomaterial composition may have a carbon hybridization ratio P of about 5.00 or less, such as about 4.75 or less, or about 4.5 or less, or about 4.25 or less, or about 4.0 or less, or about 3.75 or less, or about 3.50 or less, or about 3.25 or less, or about 3.0 or less, or about 2.9 or less, or about 2.8 or less, or about 2.7 or less, or about 2.6 or less, or about 2.5 or less, or about 2.4 or less, or about 2.3 or less, or about 2.2 or less, or about 2.1 or less, or even about 2.0 or less. sp3 / P sp2 The carbon hybridization ratio P of the carbon-based nanomaterial composition may be sp3 / P sp2 It will be appreciated that the carbon hybridization ratio P of the carbon-based nanomaterial composition may be any value between and including any of the minimum and maximum values ​​stated above. sp3 / P sp2 It will be further understood that may be within a range between and including any of the minimum and maximum values ​​recited above.

[0031] According to certain embodiments, the carbon-based nanomaterial may have a specific carbon structure. For example, according to certain embodiments, the carbon-based nanomaterial may include a carbon-based nanosheet. According to certain embodiments, the carbon-based nanomaterial may consist of a carbon-based nanosheet. For the purposes of the embodiments described herein, a nanosheet may be defined as a two-dimensional allotrope of carbon. According to still other embodiments, the nanosheet may have Sp2 hybridized carbon atoms connected by sigma and pi bonds in a hexagonal lattice of polycyclic aromatic rings.

[0032] According to certain embodiments, the carbon-based nanomaterial may include carbon-based nanoflakes. According to certain embodiments, the carbon-based nanomaterial may consist of carbon-based nanoflakes. For purposes of the embodiments described herein, a nanoflake may be defined as a lamella of graphene, such as a two-dimensional carbon sheet. According to yet other embodiments, the nanoflake may have a two-dimensional carbon sheet size of about 50 nm to 100 nm.

[0033] According to certain embodiments, the carbon-based nanomaterial may comprise a carbon-based nanosphere. According to certain embodiments, the carbon-based nanomaterial may consist of a carbon-based nanosphere. For purposes of the embodiments described herein, a nanosphere may be defined as an Sp2 hybridized form of carbon having atomic carbon clusters formed into a spherical structure via covalent bonds. According to certain embodiments, the nanosphere may have a radius ranging from about 50 nm to about 250 nm.

[0034] According to certain embodiments, the carbon-based nanomaterial may comprise a carbon-based nano-onion. According to certain embodiments, the carbon-based nanomaterial may consist of a carbon-based nano-onion. For the purposes of the embodiments described herein, a nano-onion may be defined as a nanostructure that includes multiple concentric shells of hexagonal lattice sheets distorted to form a spherical structure. According to yet other embodiments, a nano-onion may include layers folded on itself like the shells of an onion, and may even include small amounts of amorphous carbon.

[0035] According to yet other embodiments, the carbon-based nanomaterial may include carbon black. According to certain embodiments, the carbon-based nanomaterial may consist of carbon black. For the purposes of the embodiments described herein, carbon black may be defined as a spherical material having a radius of less than 1000 nm. According to yet other embodiments, the carbon black may be amorphous and may be a fine black powder.

[0036] According to yet other embodiments, the carbon-based nanomaterial may comprise turbostratic carbon. According to certain embodiments, the carbon-based nanomaterial may consist of turbostratic carbon. For the purposes of the embodiments described herein, turbostratic carbon may be defined as a material having a mixture of sp2- and sp3-hybridized carbon, where the sp2 hybridized planes are surrounded by and connected by an sp3 hybridized amorphous matrix. The turbostratic carbon may comprise curved sheets of graphene-like carbon-polyaromatic structures and may form graphite-like fractal aggregates of primary particles.

[0037] According to yet other embodiments, the carbon-based nanomaterial may comprise any combination of carbon-based nanosheets, carbon-based nanoflakes, carbon-based nanospheres, carbon-based nano-onions, carbon black, or turbostratic carbon. According to yet other embodiments, the carbon-based nanomaterial may consist of any combination of carbon-based nanosheets, carbon-based nanoflakes, carbon-based nanospheres, carbon-based nano-onions, carbon black, or turbostratic carbon.

[0038] Turning now to a system for the synthesis of carbon-based nanomaterials according to embodiments described herein, FIG. 2 includes a diagram of a carbon capture system according to embodiments described herein. As shown in FIG. 2, a carbon capture system 100 according to embodiments of the present disclosure includes a combustion chamber 10 for converting hydrocarbon gases or liquids into carbon-based nanomaterials. The system 100 can be scaled as needed and deployed on-site, for example, at a hydrocarbon drilling operation or other suitable hydrocarbon feed site. Advantageously, the apparatus and methods disclosed herein allow for a wide range of hydrocarbons to be used as feedstocks, thereby converting numerous types of carbon-containing fluids, such as industrial flue gas output, to produce valuable products, for example, carbon-based nanomaterials. Thus, the disclosure herein beneficially teaches capturing various carbons in industrial outputs and providing valuable products, for example, carbon-based nanomaterial coated proton electron membranes, for further industrial processes, materials, and equipment, while minimizing greenhouse gas emissions therefrom. The combustion chamber 10 of FIG. 2 may be a robust chamber with multiple injection ports for controlled injection of the hydrocarbon material and separate injection of oxygen and hydrogen that, when ignited, forces the recombination of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen to form carbon-based nanomaterials and other products that do not contribute to greenhouse gas emissions, such as water. Without being bound by theory, the use of controlled separate injection of oxygen and hydrogen allows for much faster combustion of the hydrocarbon material compared to traditional oxidizers; this allows for more complete decomposition of the hydrocarbon material. The combustion chamber 10 may be formed of any suitable material, such as aluminum, titanium aluminum, nickel aluminum, cast iron, steel, etc. In some embodiments, the combustion chamber 10 is configured to withstand an internal pressure of at least 1000 psi.

[0039] The combustion chamber 10 may include one or more sensors configured to monitor and measure conditions within the combustion chamber 10. In some embodiments, the combustion chamber 10 includes a temperature sensor 18 configured to measure the temperature within the combustion chamber 10. In some embodiments, the combustion chamber 10 includes a low pressure sensor 16, a pressure sensor 14, and a high pressure sensor 12, each configured to measure the pressure within the combustion chamber 10. In one or more embodiments, the combustion chamber 10 may include an opacity sensor configured to measure the opacity within the combustion chamber 10. In some embodiments, the combustion chamber 10 may include a vacuum valve configured to create a vacuum within the combustion chamber 10 as a prelude to introducing any reactants (or inert gases). In some embodiments, the combustion chamber 10 includes a pressure relief valve configured to release pressure from the combustion chamber 10. The pressure relief valve may be actuated upon reaching a threshold pressure within the combustion chamber 10 and / or on demand, for example, at a set time after each combustion in the combustion chamber 10.

[0040] The system includes an inert gas source 40, a flue gas source 50, an oxygen source 60, and a hydrogen source 70, each in fluid communication with the combustion chamber 10. The inert gas source 40 is arranged to supply an inert gas, such as argon, to the combustion chamber 10 under pressure, which may be monitored by a pressure sensor 44. The inert gas provides an inert environment for clean combustion in the combustion chamber 10. For example, the inert environment may prevent or inhibit the formation of NOx (nitrogen oxides) that may otherwise occur. A flow meter 46 is provided between the inert gas source 40 and the combustion chamber 10 and is configured to measure the flow rate of the inert gas from the inert gas source 40 into the combustion chamber 10. The inert gas is introduced into the combustion chamber 10 through an injection port 48, which may include a one-way valve to maintain pressure in the combustion chamber 10 and avoid flashback. In some embodiments, the one-way valve is a solenoid valve.

[0041] The flue gas source 50 supplies the combustion chamber 10 with a carbon-based gas or liquid. Suitable carbon-based gases or liquids include various commercial and industrial output products that typically contain carbon in hydrocarbons, including but not limited to carbon dioxide, methane, propane, acetylene, butane, or combinations thereof. The carbon content of the carbon-based gas or liquid is not particularly limited. In some embodiments, the flue gas source 50 is an exhaust stream from an industrial reaction process, such as a coal energy plant, a drilling operation, a combustion engine, or a landfill. In other embodiments, the exhaust stream from the industrial reaction process may be collected and stored in a tank or other container that may be used later in the system 100. In some embodiments, the flue gas source 50 includes a holding tank configured to receive and pressurize the exhaust stream from such an industrial process to provide a consistent feed pressure to the apparatus herein. In any embodiment, the flue gas source 50 may include a pressure sensor 54 in communication therewith, configured to monitor the pressure of the carbon-based gas or liquid from the flue gas source 50. Between the flue gas source 50 and the combustion chamber 10 is a flow meter 56 configured to measure the flow rate of the carbon-based gas or liquid from the flue gas source 50 to the combustion chamber 10. The carbon-based gas or liquid is introduced into the combustion chamber 10 through an injection port 58, which may include a one-way valve to maintain pressure in the combustion chamber 10 to avoid flashback. In some embodiments, the one-way valve is a solenoid valve. In some embodiments, a flash arrestor 52 may be included between the flue gas source 50 and the combustion chamber 10, for example, between the pressure sensor 54 and the flue gas source 50. The flash arrestor 52 may include a sensor configured to detect a flashback during the combustion process in the combustion chamber 10 and, in response, shut down the system 100 to minimize or avoid the risk of an explosion or fire.

[0042] The oxygen source 60 provides oxygen gas to the combustion chamber 10. In some embodiments, the oxygen source 60 is pressurized at about 50 psi or more. In some embodiments, the oxygen source 60 receives oxygen from a proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolyzer and optionally pressurizes the oxygen. In other embodiments, the oxygen source 60 includes an oxygen cylinder. In any embodiment, the oxygen source 60 may include a pressure sensor 64 in communication with the oxygen source 60 configured to monitor the pressure of the oxygen from the oxygen source 60. Between the oxygen source 60 and the combustion chamber 10 is a flow meter 66 configured to measure the flow rate of oxygen from the oxygen source 60 to the combustion chamber 10. The oxygen is introduced to the combustion chamber 10 through an injection port 68, which may include a one-way valve to maintain pressure in the combustion chamber 10 and avoid flashback. In some embodiments, the one-way valve is a solenoid valve. In some embodiments, a flash arrester 62 may be included between the oxygen source 60 and the combustion chamber 10, for example, between the pressure sensor 64 and the oxygen source 60. The flash arrestor 62 may include a sensor configured to detect a flashback during the combustion process within the combustion chamber 10 and, in response, shut down the system 100 .

[0043] A hydrogen source 70 supplies hydrogen gas to the combustion chamber 10. In some embodiments, the hydrogen source 70 is pressurized at about 50 psi or more. In some embodiments, the hydrogen source 70 receives hydrogen from a proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolyzer and optionally pressurizes the hydrogen. In other embodiments, the hydrogen source 70 includes a hydrogen cylinder. In any embodiment, the hydrogen source 70 may include a pressure sensor 74 configured to monitor the pressure of hydrogen from the hydrogen source 70 and in communication therewith. Between the hydrogen source 70 and the combustion chamber 10 is a flow meter 76 configured to measure the flow rate of hydrogen from the hydrogen source 70 to the combustion chamber 10. Hydrogen is introduced to the combustion chamber 10 through an injection port 78, which may include a one-way valve to maintain pressure in the combustion chamber 10 and avoid flashback. In some embodiments, the one-way valve is a solenoid valve. In some embodiments, a flash arrestor 72 may be included between the hydrogen source 70 and the combustion chamber 10, for example, between the pressure sensor 74 and the hydrogen source 70. The flash arrestor 72 may include a sensor configured to detect a flashback during the combustion process within the combustion chamber 10 and, in response, shut down the system 100 .

[0044] The combustion chamber 10 includes an ignition device 38, such as a spark plug. The ignition device 38 is configured to initiate a series of precisely timed combustions. For example, each combustion event may last approximately 1 millisecond. The interval between combustions and the duration of the combustions may be appropriately adjusted based on the measured conditions of the system 100. In one or more embodiments, the ignition device 38 is located at the midpoint of the combustion chamber 10. With this configuration, as the reactant particles (flue gas, oxygen, hydrogen) accelerate in each direction, the particles collide at each end, assembling the carbon-based nanomaterials.

[0045] The system 100 also includes a controller 30 configured to receive inputs from sensors in the system 100 and control combustion conditions in the combustion chamber 10. In some embodiments, the controller 30 is configured to receive inputs from one or more of the flow meters 46, 56, 66, 76, the temperature sensor 18, the low pressure sensor 16, the pressure sensor 14, the high pressure sensor 12, and the pressure sensors 44, 54, 64, 74. In some embodiments, the controller 30 includes a converter 20 configured to receive the inputs as analog signals and convert the analog signals to digital signals.

[0046] The controller 30 may also include a driver 36. In some embodiments, the driver 36 is configured to operate one or more of the solenoid valves at the injection ports 48, 58, 68, 78 and / or to operate the ignition device 38. In some embodiments, the controller 30 may also include a power distributor 32 for distributing power throughout the system, for example to the solenoid valves of the injection ports 48, 58, 68, 78 and the ignition device 38.

[0047] In one or more embodiments, the system 100 includes a user interface 34. The user interface 34 may display any one or more of the measurements from the sensors described above. In some embodiments, the user interface 34 may be configured to allow customization of combustion conditions such as flow rate, pressure, and temperature. The user interface 34 may allow individual control of each parameter of the system 100 and / or may include pre-programmed functionality.

[0048] In one or more embodiments, the combustion chamber 10 is maintained at about 100° F. or below prior to combustion, which helps build pressure as the carbon-based nanomaterials are produced. After combustion, the temperature within the combustion chamber 10 may be around about 120° F. In some embodiments, the pressure within the combustion chamber 10 is maintained at about 5-20 psi prior to combustion. In some embodiments, the pressure within the combustion chamber 10 prior to combustion is about half the pressure after combustion, for example, about 10-40 psi, to facilitate efficient conversion of the carbon-based flue gases to produce carbon-based nanomaterials.

[0049] In some embodiments, the system 100 may be automated to achieve a cost-effective method of producing carbon-based nanomaterials on-site or off-site. The automated system 100 determines the mixture of each internal combustion in the chamber to produce carbon-based nanomaterials in real time. In other embodiments, the system 100 may be manually controlled by using the user interface 34.

[0050] In any embodiment, the system 100 may be configured to measure the composition of the carbon-based gas or liquid in real time. Such measurements may be derived, for example, from measured temperature and pressure changes in the combustion chamber 10 during and after combustion. The ratio of the carbon-based gas or liquid, hydrogen, and oxygen may be precisely adjusted to achieve a consistent carbon-based nanomaterial product, to modify the conversion of carbon from the carbon-based feedstock to carbon-based nanomaterials to increase their yield, or ideally both. After each combustion, the system 100 fine-tunes one or more parameters as necessary to improve the efficiency of carbon-based nanomaterial production. Multiple combustions may be required to reach optimal combustion conditions for a given carbon-based gas or liquid. However, precise control of each of the input reactants allows the system 100 to operate with a wide range of carbon sources, even variable carbon sources.

[0051] Turning now to specific applications or uses of the carbon-based nanomaterials formed according to the embodiments described herein, the carbon-based nanomaterials may be used in a variety of applications. For example, according to certain embodiments, the carbon-based nanomaterials may be used to form concrete. According to certain embodiments, a concrete mixture may include carbon-based nanomaterials having any of the properties described herein. Without being bound to a particular theory, the carbon-based nanomaterials may improve the structural performance of the concrete, such as reducing slump, extending the time to usable set, or reducing water demand. According to yet other embodiments, the carbon-based nanomaterials may improve the thermal properties of the concrete.

[0052] According to yet other embodiments, the carbon-based nanomaterials may be used in the formation of building materials, such as bricks. According to certain embodiments, the building materials may include carbon-based nanomaterials having any of the properties described herein. According to yet other embodiments, the bricks may include carbon-based nanomaterials having any of the properties described herein. Without being bound to a particular theory, the carbon-based nanomaterials may improve the electrical conductivity of the building materials or bricks. According to yet other embodiments, the carbon-based nanomaterials may improve the structural performance of the building materials or bricks. According to yet other embodiments, the carbon-based nanomaterials may improve the thermal properties of the building materials or bricks.

[0053] According to yet other embodiments, the carbon-based nanomaterials may be used to form an oil. According to certain embodiments, the oil may include a carbon-based nanomaterial having any of the properties described herein. Without being bound to a particular theory, the carbon-based nanomaterials may improve the friction reducing properties of the oil. According to still other embodiments, the carbon-based nanomaterials may improve the thermal properties of the oil.

[0054] According to yet other embodiments, carbon-based nanomaterials may be used to form filters. According to certain embodiments, the filters may include carbon-based nanomaterials having any of the properties described herein. Without being bound to a particular theory, the carbon-based nanomaterials may improve the performance of the filters.

[0055] According to yet other embodiments, carbon-based nanomaterials may be used for radio frequency energy harvesting. Without being bound to a particular theory, carbon-based nanomaterials may improve long distance energy transfer.

[0056] According to yet other embodiments, the carbon-based nanomaterials may be used to form a capacitor. According to certain embodiments, the capacitor may include a carbon-based nanomaterial having any of the properties described herein. Without being bound to a particular theory, the carbon-based nanomaterials may improve the energy density of the capacitor. According to still other embodiments, the carbon-based nanomaterials may improve the charge and discharge rate of the capacitor.

[0057] According to yet other embodiments, carbon-based nanomaterials may be used in geothermal processes. Without being bound to a particular theory, carbon-based nanomaterials may improve the thermal properties of geothermal processes.

[0058] According to yet other embodiments, the carbon-based nanomaterials may be used in paint formulation, paint durability, and paint adhesion. According to certain embodiments, the paint may include carbon-based nanomaterials having any of the properties described herein. Without being bound to a particular theory, the carbon-based nanomaterials may improve the corrosion resistance of the paint. According to still other embodiments, the carbon-based nanomaterials may improve the thermal properties of the paint. According to still other embodiments, the carbon-based nanomaterials may improve the color properties of the paint. According to still other embodiments, the carbon-based nanomaterials may improve the durability of the paint. According to other embodiments, the carbon-based nanomaterials may improve the adhesion of the paint.

[0059] According to yet other embodiments, carbon-based nanomaterials may be used to form a coolant. According to certain embodiments, the coolant may include carbon-based nanomaterials having any of the properties described herein. Without being bound to a particular theory, the carbon-based nanomaterials may improve the thermal properties of the coolant. According to still other embodiments, the carbon-based nanomaterials may improve the flow of the coolant due to reduced friction.

[0060] According to yet other embodiments, the carbon-based nanomaterials may be used to form metals. According to certain embodiments, the metals may include carbon-based nanomaterials having any of the properties described herein. Without being bound to a particular theory, the carbon-based nanomaterials may improve the structural properties of the metal. According to still other embodiments, the carbon-based nanomaterials may improve the thermal properties of the metal. According to still other embodiments, the carbon-based nanomaterials may improve the corrosion properties of the metal. According to still other embodiments, the carbon-based nanomaterials may improve the flexibility of the metal. According to still other embodiments, the carbon-based nanomaterials may improve the durability of the metal.

[0061] According to yet other embodiments, the carbon-based nanomaterials may be used in the formation of tire additives. According to certain embodiments, the tire additive may include a carbon-based nanomaterial having any of the properties described herein. Without being bound to a particular theory, the carbon-based nanomaterial may improve the wear, color, thermal properties, or grip of the tire additive.

[0062] According to yet other embodiments, the carbon-based nanomaterials may be used to form a variety of domestic or commercial countertops. According to certain embodiments, the domestic or commercial countertops may include carbon-based nanomaterials having any of the properties described herein. Without being bound to a particular theory, the carbon-based nanomaterials may improve the strength of the domestic or commercial countertops. According to still other embodiments, the carbon-based nanomaterials may improve the scratch and wear resistance of the domestic or commercial countertops. According to still other embodiments, the carbon-based nanomaterials may improve the thermal properties of the domestic or commercial countertops.

[0063] According to yet other embodiments, the carbon-based nanomaterials may be used to form digital displays. According to certain embodiments, the digital displays may include carbon-based nanomaterials having any of the properties described herein.

[0064] According to yet other embodiments, carbon-based nanomaterials may be used in the formation of sunscreens. According to certain embodiments, the sunscreens may include carbon-based nanomaterials having any of the properties described herein. Without being bound to a particular theory, the carbon-based nanomaterials may improve the thermal properties of the sunscreens.

[0065] According to yet other embodiments, the carbon-based nanomaterials may be used to form soaps or shampoos. According to certain embodiments, the soaps or shampoos may include carbon-based nanomaterials having any of the properties described herein. Without being bound to a particular theory, the carbon-based nanomaterials may improve the cleaning properties of the soaps or shampoos.

[0066] According to yet other embodiments, carbon-based nanomaterials may be used to form a non-stick or thermally conductive coating for a kettle. According to certain embodiments, the non-stick or thermally conductive coating for a kettle may include a carbon-based nanomaterial having any of the properties described herein. Without being bound to a particular theory, the carbon-based nanomaterial may improve the thermal properties of the non-stick or thermally conductive coating for a kettle.

[0067] According to yet other embodiments, the carbon-based nanomaterials may be used in the formation of sunglasses. According to certain embodiments, the sunglasses may include carbon-based nanomaterials having any of the properties described herein. Without being bound to a particular theory, the carbon-based nanomaterials may improve the thermal properties of the sunglasses. According to still other embodiments, the carbon-based nanomaterials may improve the UV absorption of the sunglasses.

[0068] According to yet other embodiments, the carbon-based nanomaterials may be used to form Wi-Fi antennas. According to certain embodiments, the Wi-Fi antennas may include carbon-based nanomaterials having any of the properties described herein. Without being bound to a particular theory, the carbon-based nanomaterials may improve signal reception of the Wi-Fi antennas.

[0069] According to yet other embodiments, the carbon-based nanomaterials may be used to form textiles. According to certain embodiments, textiles may include carbon-based nanomaterials having any of the properties described herein.

[0070] According to yet other embodiments, the carbon-based nanomaterials may be used in the formation of glasses. According to certain embodiments, the glasses may include carbon-based nanomaterials having any of the properties described herein. Without being bound to a particular theory, the carbon-based nanomaterials may improve the thermal properties of the glasses. According to still other embodiments, the carbon-based nanomaterials may improve the structural properties of the glasses. According to still other embodiments, the carbon-based nanomaterials may improve the color properties of the glasses.

[0071] According to yet other embodiments, the carbon-based nanomaterials may be used in the formation of solar panels. According to certain embodiments, the solar panels may include carbon-based nanomaterials having any of the properties described herein. Without being bound to a particular theory, the carbon-based nanomaterials may improve the electrical conductivity, light absorption, or strength of the solar panel. According to still other embodiments, the carbon-based nanomaterials may improve the thermal properties of the solar panel.

[0072] According to yet other embodiments, the carbon-based nanomaterials may be used in the formation of solar epoxies. According to certain embodiments, the epoxies may include carbon-based nanomaterials having any of the properties described herein. Without being bound to a particular theory, the carbon-based nanomaterials may improve the tensile strength and performance of the epoxies. According to still other embodiments, the carbon-based nanomaterials may improve the thermal properties of the epoxies.

[0073] According to yet other embodiments, the carbon-based nanomaterials may be used to form photovoltaic windows. According to certain embodiments, photovoltaic windows may include carbon-based nanomaterials having any of the properties described herein.

[0074] According to yet other embodiments, the carbon-based nanomaterials may be used in the formation of a ceramic additive. According to certain embodiments, the ceramic additive may include a carbon-based nanomaterial having any of the properties described herein. Without being bound to a particular theory, the carbon-based nanomaterials may improve the thermal properties of the ceramic additive. According to still other embodiments, the carbon-based nanomaterials may improve the structural properties of the ceramic additive. According to still other embodiments, the carbon-based nanomaterials may improve the color properties of the ceramic additive.

[0075] According to yet other embodiments, the carbon-based nanomaterials may be used to form biomedical implants. According to certain embodiments, the biomedical implants may include carbon-based nanomaterials having any of the properties described herein.

[0076] According to yet other embodiments, carbon-based nanomaterials may be used in the paper and pulp industry.

[0077] According to yet other embodiments, carbon-based nanomaterials may be used to form reversible hydrogen storage materials.

[0078] According to yet other embodiments, carbon-based nanomaterials may be used to form polishing compound additives.

[0079] According to yet other embodiments, carbon-based nanomaterials may be used in the sports industry.

[0080] According to yet other embodiments, carbon-based nanomaterials may be used in the formation of weather stripping.

[0081] According to yet other embodiments, carbon-based nanomaterials may be used to form lightweight personnel armor, which is lighter and more resilient bulletproof clothing.

[0082] According to yet other embodiments, carbon-based nanomaterials may be used to form carbon hexes that may provide structural integrity to other materials.

[0083] According to yet other embodiments, the carbon-based nanomaterials may be used in the formation of a grease. According to certain embodiments, the glass grease may include a carbon-based nanomaterial having any of the properties described herein. Without being bound to a particular theory, the carbon-based nanomaterials may improve the thermal properties of the grease. According to still other embodiments, the carbon-based nanomaterials may improve the lubrication of the grease. According to still other embodiments, the carbon-based nanomaterials may improve the color properties of the grease.

[0084] According to yet other embodiments, carbon-based nanomaterials may be used to form adhesives. According to certain embodiments, the adhesives may include carbon-based nanomaterials having any of the properties described herein. Without being bound to a particular theory, the carbon-based nanomaterials may improve the surface area of ​​the adhesive. According to still other embodiments, the carbon-based nanomaterials may improve the thermal properties of the adhesive.

[0085] According to yet other embodiments, the carbon-based nanomaterials may be used in the formation of roofing materials, such as shingles, tar coatings, metal roofing materials. According to certain embodiments, the roofing materials may include carbon-based nanomaterials having any of the properties described herein. According to yet other embodiments, the carbon-based nanomaterials may improve the structural performance of the roofing materials. According to yet other embodiments, the carbon-based nanomaterials may improve the thermal properties of the roofing materials.

[0086] According to yet other embodiments, carbon-based nanomaterials may be used in soil formation. According to certain embodiments, soil may include carbon-based nanomaterials having any of the properties described herein. According to yet other embodiments, carbon-based nanomaterials may improve soil stabilization (anti-hydrofaction) and soil amendment (nutrients).

[0087] According to yet other embodiments, carbon-based nanomaterials may be used to form fire extinguishing or flame retardant materials, such as blankets.

[0088] According to yet other embodiments, the carbon-based nanomaterials may be used in the formation of batteries.

[0089] According to yet other embodiments, the carbon-based nanomaterials may be used in the formation of fuel cell catalysts.

[0090] According to yet other embodiments, carbon-based nanomaterials may be used in the formation or operation of nuclear power plants.

[0091] According to yet other embodiments, carbon-based nanomaterials may be used in alcohol distillation or water purification.

[0092] According to yet other embodiments, carbon-based nanomaterials may be used in the formation of drug delivery systems.

[0093] According to yet other embodiments, carbon-based nanomaterials may be used in the formation of cancer treatments.

[0094] According to yet other embodiments, carbon-based nanomaterials may be used in the formation of gene delivery devices.

[0095] According to yet other embodiments, carbon-based nanomaterials may be used for diabetes monitoring.

[0096] According to yet other embodiments, carbon-based nanomaterials may be used in the formation of biosensors.

[0097] According to yet other embodiments, carbon-based nanomaterials may be used to form the light generator.

[0098] According to yet other embodiments, carbon-based nanomaterials may be used in the formation of transistors.

[0099] According to yet other embodiments, carbon-based nanomaterials may be used to form waterproof materials.

[0100] According to yet other embodiments, carbon-based nanomaterials may be used to form wearable proofs.

[0101] According to yet other embodiments, carbon-based nanomaterials may be used in the formation of wearable electronics.

[0102] According to yet other embodiments, carbon-based nanomaterials may be used to form touch screens.

[0103] According to yet other embodiments, carbon-based nanomaterials may be used to form flexible screens.

[0104] According to yet other embodiments, carbon-based nanomaterials may be used in forming food packaging.

[0105] According to yet other embodiments, carbon-based nanomaterials may be used in desalination processes.

[0106] According to yet other embodiments, the carbon-based nanomaterials may be used in the formation of, or in combination with, gasoline. According to certain embodiments, gasoline may include carbon-based nanomaterials having any of the properties described herein.

[0107] According to yet other embodiments, the carbon-based nanomaterials may be used in or in combination with the formation of ethanol or ethanol-based fuels. According to certain embodiments, the ethanol or ethanol-based fuels may include carbon-based nanomaterials having any of the properties described herein.

[0108] According to yet other embodiments, carbon-based nanomaterials may be used in the formation of or in combination with cancer targeting materials, such as peptides or other known proteins. According to certain embodiments, the cancer targeting materials may include carbon-based nanomaterials having any of the properties described herein.

[0109] According to yet other embodiments, carbon-based nanomaterials may be used in the formation of or in combination with medical drug delivery systems, particularly nano drug delivery systems. According to certain embodiments, the drug delivery system may include carbon-based nanomaterials having any of the properties described herein.

[0110] Many different aspects and embodiments are possible. Some of these aspects and embodiments are described herein. After reading this specification, a person skilled in the art will understand that these aspects and embodiments are merely examples and do not limit the scope of the present invention. The embodiment can be according to any one or more of the following embodiments:

[0111] Embodiment 1. A carbon-based nanomaterial composition formed from a gas mixture, the gas mixture having a molar ratio A mol / GM mol Acetylene gas (AG mol is equal to the moles of acetylene gas in the gas mixture, and GM mol is equal to the total moles of gas in the gas mixture), a molar ratio OG of at least about 0.01 and not more than about 0.50 mol / GM mol Oxygen gas (OG mol is equal to the moles of oxygen gas in the gas mixture, and GM mol is equal to the total moles of gas in the gas mixture), a molar ratio H G of at least about 0.05 and not more than about 0.70 mol / GM mol Hydrogen gas (HG mol is equal to the moles of hydrogen gas in the gas mixture, and GM mol is equal to the total moles of gas in the gas mixture), and a molar ratio MG of at least about 0.25 and not more than about 0.99 mol / GM mol of methane gas (MG mol is equal to the moles of methane gas in the gas mixture, and GM mol is equal to the total moles of gas in the gas mixture), and the carbon-based nanomaterial has a carbon hybridization ratio P of at least about 0.0 and not more than about 5.0. sp3 / P sp2 Psp3 is the percentage of carbon in the carbon-based nanomaterial composition that has sp3 hybridization, and P sp2 is the percentage of carbon in the carbon-based nanomaterial composition that has sp2 hybridization.

[0112] Embodiment 2. A method of forming a carbon-based nanomaterial composition, comprising the steps of: mol / GM mol Acetylene gas (AG mol is equal to the moles of acetylene gas in the gas mixture, and GM mol is equal to the total moles of gas in the gas mixture), a molar ratio OG of at least about 0.01 and not more than about 0.50 mol / GM mol Oxygen gas (OG mol is equal to the moles of oxygen gas in the gas mixture, and GM mol is equal to the total moles of gas in the gas mixture), a molar ratio H G of at least about 0.05 and not more than about 0.70 mol / GM mol Hydrogen gas (HG mol is equal to the moles of hydrogen gas in the gas mixture, and GM mol is equal to the total moles of gas in the gas mixture), and a molar ratio MG of at least about 0.25 and not more than about 0.99 mol / GM mol of methane gas (MG mol is equal to the moles of methane gas in the gas mixture, and GM mol is equal to the total moles of gas in the gas mixture; and igniting the gas mixture to form a carbon-based nanomaterial composition, wherein the carbon-based nanomaterial has a carbon hybridization ratio P of at least about 0.0 and not more than about 5.0. sp3 / P sp2 P sp3 is the percentage of carbon in the carbon-based nanomaterial composition that has sp3 hybridization, and P sp2 is the percentage of carbon in the carbon-based nanomaterial composition that has sp2 hybridization.

[0113] Embodiment 3. A carbon-based nanomaterial composition comprising a carbon content of at least about 75% and no more than about 99% based on elemental analysis of the carbon-based nanomaterial composition, and an oxygen content of at least about 0.0% and no more than about 25% based on elemental analysis of the carbon-based nanomaterial composition, the carbon-based nanomaterial composition comprising a D / G ratio of at least about 0.1 and no more than about 2.0, the carbon-based nanomaterial having a carbon hybridization ratio P of at least about 0.0 and no more than about 5.0. sp3 / P sp2 P sp3 is the percentage of carbon in the carbon-based nanomaterial composition that has sp3 hybridization, and P sp2 is the percentage of carbon in the carbon-based nanomaterial composition that has sp2 hybridization.

[0114] Embodiment 4. A carbon-based nanomaterial composition comprising a carbon content of at least about 75% and no more than about 99% based on elemental analysis of the carbon-based nanomaterial composition, and an oxygen content of at least about 0.0% and no more than about 25% based on elemental analysis of the carbon-based nanomaterial composition, the carbon-based nanomaterial composition comprising an aspect ratio of at least about 1 and no more than about 40, the carbon-based nanomaterial having a carbon hybridization ratio P of at least about 0.0 and no more than about 5.0. sp3 / P sp2 P sp3 is the percentage of carbon in the carbon-based nanomaterial composition that has sp3 hybridization, and P sp2 is the percentage of carbon in the carbon-based nanomaterial composition that has sp2 hybridization.

[0115] Embodiment 5. The carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of any one of embodiments 1, 2, 3, and 4, wherein the carbon-based nanomaterial composition comprises a carbon content of at least about 75% based on elemental analysis of the carbon-based nanomaterial composition.

[0116] Embodiment 6. The carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of any one of embodiments 1, 2, 3, and 4, wherein the carbon-based nanomaterial composition comprises a carbon content of about 100% or less based on elemental analysis of the carbon-based nanomaterial composition.

[0117] Embodiment 7. The carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of any one of embodiments 1, 2, 3, and 4, wherein the carbon-based nanomaterial composition comprises an oxygen content of at least about 0.0% based on elemental analysis of the carbon-based nanomaterial composition.

[0118] Embodiment 8. The carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of any one of embodiments 1, 2, 3, and 4, wherein the carbon-based nanomaterial composition comprises an oxygen content of about 25.0% or less based on elemental analysis of the carbon-based nanomaterial composition.

[0119] Embodiment 9. A carbon-based nanomaterial composition having a carbon hybridization ratio P of at least about 0.0. sp3 / P sp2 Including P sp3 is the percentage of carbon in the carbon-based nanomaterial composition that has sp3 hybridization, and P sp2 5. The carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of any one of embodiments 1, 2, 3, and 4, wherein x is the percentage of carbon in the carbon-based nanomaterial composition that has sp2 hybridization.

[0120] Embodiment 10. The carbon-based nanomaterial has a carbon hybridization ratio P of about 5.0 or less. sp3 / P sp2 P sp3 is the percentage of carbon in the carbon-based nanomaterial composition that has sp3 hybridization, and P sp2 5. The carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of any one of embodiments 1, 2, 3, and 4, wherein x is the percentage of carbon in the carbon-based nanomaterial composition that has sp2 hybridization.

[0121] Embodiment 11. The carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of any one of embodiments 1, 2, 3, and 4, wherein the carbon-based nanomaterial composition comprises a D / G ratio of about 2.0 or less.

[0122] Embodiment 12. The carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of any one of embodiments 1, 2, 3, and 4, wherein the carbon-based nanomaterial composition comprises a D / G ratio of at least about 0.1.

[0123] Embodiment 13. The carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of any one of embodiments 1, 2, 3, and 4, wherein the carbon-based nanomaterial composition comprises an aspect ratio of about 40 or less.

[0124] Embodiment 14. The carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of any one of embodiments 1, 2, 3, and 4, wherein the carbon-based nanomaterial composition comprises an aspect ratio of at least about 1.

[0125] Embodiment 15. The carbon-based nanomaterial composition of any one of embodiments 3 and 4, wherein the carbon-based nanomaterial composition is formed from a gas mixture.

[0126] Embodiment 16. The carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of any one of embodiments 1, 2, and 15, wherein the gas mixture comprises acetylene gas in a concentration of at least about 1.6 molar.

[0127] Embodiment 17. The carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of any one of embodiments 1, 2, and 15, wherein the gas mixture comprises acetylene gas at a concentration of about 18 molar or less.

[0128] Embodiment 18. The carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of any one of embodiments 1, 2, and 15, wherein the gas mixture comprises oxygen gas in a concentration of at least about 0.3 molar.

[0129] Embodiment 19. A carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method according to any one of embodiments 1, 2, and 15, wherein the gas mixture comprises oxygen gas at a concentration of about 2.5 molar or less.

[0130] Embodiment 20. The carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of any one of embodiments 1, 2, and 15, wherein the gas mixture comprises hydrogen gas in a concentration of at least about 0.6 molar.

[0131] Embodiment 21. The carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of any one of embodiments 1, 2, and 15, wherein the gas mixture comprises hydrogen gas at a concentration of about 5.0 molar or less.

[0132] Embodiment 22. The carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of any one of embodiments 1, 2, and 15, wherein the gas mixture comprises methane gas in a concentration of at least about 1.6 molar.

[0133] Embodiment 23. A carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method according to any one of embodiments 1, 2, and 15, wherein the gas mixture comprises methane gas at a concentration of about 18 molar or less.

[0134] Embodiment 24. The carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of any one of embodiments 1, 2, 3, and 4, wherein the carbon-based nanomaterial composition is formed in a system for carbon-based nanomaterial synthesis, the system comprising: an enclosed chamber including a hollow interior; a carbon-based gas source fluidly coupled to the chamber and configured to supply a carbon-based gas to the hollow interior; a hydrogen source independent of the carbon-based gas source fluidly coupled to the chamber and configured to supply hydrogen to the hollow interior; an oxygen source independent of the carbon-based gas source fluidly coupled to the chamber and configured to supply oxygen to the hollow interior; an igniter for igniting the carbon-based gas, hydrogen, and oxygen in the hollow interior; a first flow meter coupled to the carbon-based gas source, a second flow meter coupled to the hydrogen source, and a third flow meter coupled to the oxygen source; and a controller configured to communicate with and receive flow data from the first, second, and third flow meters; wherein the controller is configured to adjust the flow rates from one or more of the carbon-based gas source, the hydrogen source, and / or the oxygen source in response to the flow data.

[0135] Embodiment 25. The carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of embodiment 24, wherein the carbon-based gas is a flue gas resulting from an industrial reaction process.

[0136] Embodiment 26. The carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of embodiment 25, wherein the industrial reaction process is a coal energy plant, a mining operation, a combustion engine, or a landfill.

[0137] Embodiment 27. The carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of embodiment 25, wherein the carbon-based gas source comprises a storage tank, an inlet line, and an outlet line, the storage tank being connected to the chamber via the outlet line; and flue gas is conducted from the industrial reaction process through the inlet line to the storage tank.

[0138] Embodiment 28. The carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of embodiment 25, wherein the chamber is co-located with an industrial reaction process.

[0139] Embodiment 29. The carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of embodiment 24, further comprising an inert gas source fluidly connected to the chamber and configured to supply an inert gas to the hollow interior.

[0140] Embodiment 30. The carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of embodiment 24, wherein a carbon-based gas source is connected to the chamber via a first one-way valve, a hydrogen source is connected to the chamber via a second one-way valve, and an oxygen source is connected to the chamber via a third one-way valve.

[0141] Embodiment 31. The carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of embodiment 30, wherein the chamber further comprises an exhaust valve.

[0142] Embodiment 32. The carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of embodiment 24, further comprising: a pressure sensor configured to measure a pressure within the hollow interior; and a temperature sensor configured to measure a temperature within the hollow interior; a controller configured to communicate with the pressure sensor to receive pressure data from the pressure sensor; a controller configured to communicate with the temperature sensor to receive temperature data from the temperature sensor; and a controller configured to adjust flow rates from one or more of the carbon-based gas source, the hydrogen source, and the oxygen source in response to the flow rate data, the pressure data, the temperature data, or a combination thereof.

[0143] Embodiment 33. A carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method according to any one of embodiments 1, 2, 3, and 4, wherein the carbon-based nanomaterial is used to form a building material, such as a brick.

[0144] Embodiment 34. A carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method according to any one of embodiments 1, 2, 3, and 4, wherein the building material comprises a carbon-based nanomaterial.

[0145] Embodiment 35. The carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of any one of embodiments 1, 2, 3, and 4, wherein the carbon-based nanomaterial is used to form an oil.

[0146] Embodiment 36. A carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method according to any one of embodiments 1, 2, 3, and 4, wherein the oil comprises a carbon-based nanomaterial.

[0147] Embodiment 37. The carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of any one of embodiments 1, 2, 3, and 4, wherein the carbon-based nanomaterial is used to form a filter.

[0148] Embodiment 38. A carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method according to any one of embodiments 1, 2, 3, and 4, wherein the filter comprises a carbon-based nanomaterial.

[0149] Embodiment 39. A carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method according to any one of embodiments 1, 2, 3, and 4, wherein the carbon-based nanomaterial is used for radio frequency energy harvesting.

[0150] Embodiment 40. The carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of any one of embodiments 1, 2, 3, and 4, wherein the carbon-based nanomaterial is used to form a capacitor.

[0151] Embodiment 41. The carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of any one of embodiments 1, 2, 3, and 4, wherein the capacitor comprises a carbon-based nanomaterial.

[0152] Embodiment 42. The carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of any one of embodiments 1, 2, 3, and 4, wherein the carbon-based nanomaterial is used in the formation of paints, paint durability, and paint adhesion.

[0153] Embodiment 43. The carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of any one of embodiments 1, 2, 3, and 4, wherein the coating comprises a carbon-based nanomaterial.

[0154] Embodiment 44. A carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method according to any one of embodiments 1, 2, 3, and 4, wherein the carbon-based nanomaterial is used to form a coolant.

[0155] Embodiment 45. A carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method according to any one of embodiments 1, 2, 3, and 4, wherein the coolant comprises a carbon-based nanomaterial.

[0156] Embodiment 46. The carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of any one of embodiments 1, 2, 3, and 4, wherein the carbon-based nanomaterial is used to form a metal.

[0157] Embodiment 47. The carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of any one of embodiments 1, 2, 3, and 4, wherein the metal comprises a carbon-based nanomaterial.

[0158] Embodiment 48. The carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of any one of embodiments 1, 2, 3, and 4, wherein the carbon-based nanomaterial is used to form a tire additive.

[0159] Embodiment 49. The carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of any one of embodiments 1, 2, 3, and 4, wherein the tire additive comprises a carbon-based nanomaterial.

[0160] Embodiment 50. The carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of any one of embodiments 1, 2, 3, and 4, wherein the carbon-based nanomaterial is used to form a domestic or commercial countertop.

[0161] Embodiment 51. The carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of any one of embodiments 1, 2, 3, and 4, wherein a domestic or commercial countertop comprises a carbon-based nanomaterial.

[0162] Embodiment 52. The carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of any one of embodiments 1, 2, 3, and 4, wherein the carbon-based nanomaterial is used to form a digital display.

[0163] Embodiment 53. A carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method according to any one of embodiments 1, 2, 3, and 4, wherein the digital display comprises a carbon-based nanomaterial.

[0164] Embodiment 54. The carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of any one of embodiments 1, 2, 3, and 4, wherein the carbon-based nanomaterial is used to form a sunscreen.

[0165] Embodiment 55. The carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of any one of embodiments 1, 2, 3, and 4, wherein the sunscreen comprises a carbon-based nanomaterial.

[0166] Embodiment 56. The carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of any one of embodiments 1, 2, 3, and 4, wherein the carbon-based nanomaterial is used in the formation of a soap or shampoo.

[0167] Embodiment 57. The carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of any one of embodiments 1, 2, 3, and 4, wherein the soap or shampoo comprises a carbon-based nanomaterial.

[0168] Embodiment 58. A carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method according to any one of embodiments 1, 2, 3, and 4, wherein the carbon-based nanomaterial is used to form a non-stick or thermally conductive coating for a pot or kettle.

[0169] Embodiment 59. A carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method according to any one of embodiments 1, 2, 3, and 4, wherein the non-stick or thermally conductive coating comprises a carbon-based nanomaterial.

[0170] Embodiment 60. A carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method according to any one of embodiments 1, 2, 3, and 4, wherein the carbon-based nanomaterial is used to form sunglasses.

[0171] Embodiment 61. A carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method according to any one of embodiments 1, 2, 3, and 4, wherein the sunglasses comprise a carbon-based nanomaterial.

[0172] Embodiment 62. A carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method according to any one of embodiments 1, 2, 3, and 4, wherein the carbon-based nanomaterial is used to form a Wi-Fi antenna.

[0173] Embodiment 63. A carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method described in any one of embodiments 1, 2, 3, and 4, wherein the Wi-Fi antenna comprises a carbon-based nanomaterial.

[0174] Embodiment 64. A carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method according to any one of embodiments 1, 2, 3, and 4, wherein the carbon-based nanomaterial is used to form a textile fabric.

[0175] Embodiment 65. A carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method according to any one of embodiments 1, 2, 3, and 4, wherein the textile comprises a carbon-based nanomaterial.

[0176] Embodiment 66. A carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method according to any one of embodiments 1, 2, 3, and 4, wherein the carbon-based nanomaterial is used to form glass.

[0177] Embodiment 67. A carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method according to any one of embodiments 1, 2, 3, and 4, wherein the glass comprises a carbon-based nanomaterial.

[0178] Embodiment 68. The carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of any one of embodiments 1, 2, 3, and 4, wherein the carbon-based nanomaterial is used to form a solar panel.

[0179] Embodiment 69. A carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method according to any one of embodiments 1, 2, 3, and 4, wherein the solar panel comprises a carbon-based nanomaterial.

[0180] Embodiment 70. The carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of any one of embodiments 1, 2, 3, and 4, wherein the carbon-based nanomaterial is used to form a solar epoxy.

[0181] Embodiment 71. A carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method according to any one of embodiments 1, 2, 3, and 4, wherein the epoxy comprises a carbon-based nanomaterial.

[0182] Embodiment 72. The carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of any one of embodiments 1, 2, 3, and 4, wherein the carbon-based nanomaterial is used to form a photovoltaic window.

[0183] Embodiment 73. The carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of any one of embodiments 1, 2, 3, and 4, wherein the photovoltaic window comprises a carbon-based nanomaterial.

[0184] Embodiment 74. The carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of any one of embodiments 1, 2, 3, and 4, wherein the carbon-based nanomaterial is used to form a ceramic additive.

[0185] Embodiment 75. The carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of any one of embodiments 1, 2, 3, and 4, wherein the ceramic additive comprises a carbon-based nanomaterial.

[0186] Embodiment 76. A carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method according to any one of embodiments 1, 2, 3, and 4, wherein the carbon-based nanomaterial is used to form a biomedical implant.

[0187] Embodiment 77. A carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method according to any one of embodiments 1, 2, 3, and 4, wherein the biomedical implant comprises a carbon-based nanomaterial.

[0188] Embodiment 78. The carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of any one of embodiments 1, 2, 3, and 4, wherein the carbon-based nanomaterial is used in the paper and pulp industry.

[0189] Embodiment 79. A carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method according to any one of embodiments 1, 2, 3, and 4, wherein the carbon-based nanomaterial is used to form a reversible hydrogen storage material.

[0190] Embodiment 80. The carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of any one of embodiments 1, 2, 3, and 4, wherein the hydrogen storage material comprises a carbon-based nanomaterial.

[0191] Embodiment 81. The carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of any one of embodiments 1, 2, 3, and 4, wherein the carbon-based nanomaterial is used to form a polishing compound additive.

[0192] Embodiment 82. A carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method according to any one of embodiments 1, 2, 3, and 4, wherein the polishing compound comprises a carbon-based nanomaterial.

[0193] Embodiment 83. A carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method according to any one of embodiments 1, 2, 3, and 4, wherein the carbon-based nanomaterial is used in the sports industry.

[0194] Embodiment 84. A carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method according to any one of embodiments 1, 2, 3, and 4, wherein the carbon-based nanomaterial is used to form weather stripping.

[0195] Embodiment 85. A carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method according to any one of embodiments 1, 2, 3, and 4, wherein the weather stripping comprises a carbon-based nanomaterial.

[0196] Embodiment 86. A carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method according to any one of embodiments 1, 2, 3, and 4, wherein the carbon-based nanomaterial is used to form lightweight personnel armor, which is a lighter, more resilient bulletproof garment.

[0197] Embodiment 87. A carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method according to any one of embodiments 1, 2, 3, and 4, wherein the lightweight personnel armor or ballistic vest comprises a carbon-based nanomaterial.

[0198] Embodiment 88. A carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method according to any one of embodiments 1, 2, 3, and 4, wherein the carbon-based nanomaterial is used to form carbon hexes that can provide structural integrity to other materials.

[0199] Embodiment 89. A carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method according to any one of embodiments 1, 2, 3, and 4, wherein the carbon hex comprises a carbon-based nanomaterial.

[0200] Embodiment 90. A carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method according to any one of embodiments 1, 2, 3, and 4, wherein the carbon-based nanomaterial is used to form a grease.

[0201] Embodiment 91. A carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method according to any one of embodiments 1, 2, 3, and 4, wherein the grease comprises a carbon-based nanomaterial.

[0202] Embodiment 92. A carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method according to any one of embodiments 1, 2, 3, and 4, wherein the carbon-based nanomaterial is used to form an adhesive.

[0203] Embodiment 93. A carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method according to any one of embodiments 1, 2, 3, and 4, wherein the additive comprises a carbon-based nanomaterial.

[0204] Embodiment 94. The carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of any one of embodiments 1, 2, 3, and 4, wherein the carbon-based nanomaterial is used to form a roofing material, such as a roofing shingle, a tar coating, or a metal roofing material.

[0205] Embodiment 95. The carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of any one of embodiments 1, 2, 3, and 4, wherein the roofing material comprises a carbon-based nanomaterial.

[0206] Embodiment 96. The carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of any one of embodiments 1, 2, 3, and 4, wherein the carbon-based nanomaterial is used to form soil.

[0207] Embodiment 97. The carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of any one of embodiments 1, 2, 3, and 4, wherein the soil comprises a carbon-based nanomaterial.

[0208] Embodiment 98. The carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of any one of embodiments 1, 2, 3, and 4, wherein the carbon-based nanomaterial is used to form a fire extinguishing or flame retardant material, such as a blanket.

[0209] Embodiment 99. The carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of any one of embodiments 1, 2, 3, and 4, wherein the fire extinguishing or flame retardant comprises a carbon-based nanomaterial.

[0210] Embodiment 100. The carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of any one of embodiments 1, 2, 3, and 4, wherein the carbon-based nanomaterial is used to form a battery.

[0211] Embodiment 101. The carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of any one of embodiments 1, 2, 3, and 4, wherein the battery comprises a carbon-based nanomaterial.

[0212] Embodiment 102. The carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of any one of embodiments 1, 2, 3, and 4, wherein the carbon-based nanomaterial is used to form a fuel cell catalyst.

[0213] Embodiment 103. The carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of any one of embodiments 1, 2, 3, and 4, wherein the fuel cell catalyst comprises a carbon-based nanomaterial.

[0214] Embodiment 104. The carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of any one of embodiments 1, 2, 3, and 4, wherein the carbon-based nanomaterial is used in the formation or operation of a nuclear power plant.

[0215] Embodiment 105. The carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of any one of embodiments 1, 2, 3, and 4, wherein the nuclear power plant comprises a carbon-based nanomaterial.

[0216] Embodiment 106. The carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of any one of embodiments 1, 2, 3, and 4, wherein the carbon-based nanomaterial is used in alcohol distillation or water purification.

[0217] Embodiment 107. A carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method according to any one of embodiments 1, 2, 3, and 4, wherein the carbon-based nanomaterial is used to form a drug delivery system.

[0218] Embodiment 108. A carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method described in any one of embodiments 1, 2, 3, and 4, wherein the drug delivery system comprises a carbon-based nanomaterial.

[0219] Embodiment 109. A carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method according to any one of embodiments 1, 2, 3, and 4, wherein the carbon-based nanomaterial is used in the formation of a cancer treatment.

[0220] Embodiment 110. A carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method according to any one of embodiments 1, 2, 3, and 4, wherein the cancer treatment comprises a carbon-based nanomaterial.

[0221] Embodiment 111. A carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method according to any one of embodiments 1, 2, 3, and 4, wherein the carbon-based nanomaterial is used to form a gene delivery system.

[0222] Embodiment 112. A carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method described in any one of embodiments 1, 2, 3, and 4, wherein the gene delivery system comprises a carbon-based nanomaterial.

[0223] Embodiment 113. A carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method according to any one of embodiments 1, 2, 3, and 4, wherein the carbon-based nanomaterial is used for diabetes monitoring.

[0224] Embodiment 114. A carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method according to any one of embodiments 1, 2, 3, and 4, wherein the carbon-based nanomaterial is used to form a biosensor.

[0225] Embodiment 115. A carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method according to any one of embodiments 1, 2, 3, and 4, wherein the biosensor comprises a carbon-based nanomaterial.

[0226] Embodiment 116. A carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method according to any one of embodiments 1, 2, 3, and 4, wherein the carbon-based nanomaterial is used to form a light generator.

[0227] Embodiment 117. A carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method according to any one of embodiments 1, 2, 3, and 4, wherein the light generator comprises a carbon-based nanomaterial.

[0228] Embodiment 118. The carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of any one of embodiments 1, 2, 3, and 4, wherein the carbon-based nanomaterial is used in the formation of a transistor.

[0229] Embodiment 119. A carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method according to any one of embodiments 1, 2, 3, and 4, wherein the transistor comprises a carbon-based nanomaterial.

[0230] Embodiment 120. A carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method according to any one of embodiments 1, 2, 3, and 4, wherein the carbon-based nanomaterial is used to form a waterproof material.

[0231] Embodiment 121. A carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method according to any one of embodiments 1, 2, 3, and 4, wherein the waterproofing material comprises a carbon-based nanomaterial.

[0232] Embodiment 122. A carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method according to any one of embodiments 1, 2, 3, and 4, wherein the carbon-based nanomaterial is used to form a wearable electronic component.

[0233] Embodiment 123. A carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method according to any one of embodiments 1, 2, 3, and 4, wherein the wearable electronic component comprises a carbon-based nanomaterial.

[0234] Embodiment 124. A carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method according to any one of embodiments 1, 2, 3, and 4, wherein the carbon-based nanomaterial is used to form a touchscreen.

[0235] Embodiment 125. A carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method according to any one of embodiments 1, 2, 3, and 4, wherein the touch screen comprises a carbon-based nanomaterial.

[0236] Embodiment 126. A carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method according to any one of embodiments 1, 2, 3, and 4, wherein the carbon-based nanomaterial is used to form a flexible screen.

[0237] Embodiment 127. A carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method according to any one of embodiments 1, 2, 3, and 4, wherein the flexible screen comprises a carbon-based nanomaterial.

[0238] Embodiment 128. A carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method according to any one of embodiments 1, 2, 3, and 4, wherein the carbon-based nanomaterial is used to form food packaging.

[0239] Embodiment 129. A carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method according to any one of embodiments 1, 2, 3, and 4, wherein the food packaging material comprises a carbon-based nanomaterial.

[0240] Embodiment 130. The carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of any one of embodiments 1, 2, 3, and 4, wherein the carbon-based nanomaterial is used in a desalination process.

[0241] Embodiment 131. The carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of any one of embodiments 1, 2, 3, and 4, wherein the carbon-based nanomaterial is used in the formation of or in combination with gasoline.

[0242] Embodiment 132. The carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of any one of embodiments 1, 2, 3, and 4, wherein the gasoline comprises a carbon-based nanomaterial.

[0243] Embodiment 133. A carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method according to any one of embodiments 1, 2, 3, and 4, wherein the carbon-based nanomaterial is used in or in combination with the formation of ethanol or an ethanol-based fuel.

[0244] Embodiment 134. A carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method according to any one of embodiments 1, 2, 3, and 4, wherein the ethanol or ethanol-based fuel comprises a carbon-based nanomaterial.

[0245] Embodiment 135. A carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method according to any one of embodiments 1, 2, 3, and 4, wherein the carbon-based nanomaterial is used in the formation of or in combination with a cancer targeting material, such as a peptide or other protein.

[0246] Embodiment 136. A carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method according to any one of embodiments 1, 2, 3, and 4, wherein the cancer targeting material, such as a peptide or other known protein, comprises a carbon-based nanomaterial.

[0247] Embodiment 137. A carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method according to any one of embodiments 1, 2, 3 and 4, wherein the carbon-based nanomaterial is used in or in combination with the formation of a medical drug delivery system, in particular a nano drug delivery system.

[0248] Embodiment 138. A carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method described in any one of embodiments 1, 2, 3, and 4, wherein the drug delivery system comprises a carbon-based nanomaterial.

[0249] Embodiment 139. A carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method according to any one of embodiments 1, 2, 3, and 4, wherein the carbon-based nanomaterial is used to form concrete.

[0250] Embodiment 140. The carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of any one of embodiments 1, 2, 3, and 4, wherein the concrete mixture comprises a carbon-based nanomaterial.

[0251] Embodiment 141. A carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method according to any one of embodiments 1, 2, 3, and 4, wherein the carbon-based nanomaterial is used in a geothermal process. EXAMPLES

[0252] The concepts described herein are further illustrated in the following examples, which do not limit the scope of the invention described in the claims.

[0253] Example 1 A sample carbon-based nanomaterial composition S1 was formed according to certain embodiments described herein. The sample carbon-based nanomaterial composition was formed from a gas mixture that was placed in a carbon capture unit described herein and ignited to form the carbon-based nanomaterial composition. The composition of the gas mixture used to form the sample carbon-based nanomaterial composition S1 is summarized in Table 1 below. [Table 1]

[0254] The temperature and pressure conditions used to ignite the gas mixture to form the sample carbon-based nanomaterial composition S1 are summarized in Table 2 below. [Table 2]

[0255] Figures 3a and 3b show transmission electron microscope (TEM) images of the sample carbon-based nanomaterial composition S1. Figure 4 shows a chart providing the Raman spectrum of the sample carbon-based nanomaterial composition S1.

[0256] Without being bound to a particular theory, it will be appreciated that the high D peak in Raman and the numerous edges seen in TEM suggest that this material has great potential for structural reinforcement, as these edges can be used to reinforce other materials (i.e., film reinforcement). Furthermore, multi-layering of fluffy powder-like materials can also have great mechanical structural applications in coating reinforcement or concrete reinforcement. The edges seen in the D peak in TEM images and Raman spectroscopy can add to this discussion of mechanical enhancement. The use of methane as one of the hydrocarbons proves that a method of making useful materials from waste gases is achievable.

[0257] It should be noted that not all of the operations described above in the summary or examples are required, some of the particular operations may not be required, and one or more additional operations may be performed in addition to the operations described. Furthermore, the order in which the operations are listed is not necessarily the order in which the operations are performed.

[0258] Benefits, other advantages, and solutions to problems have been described above with respect to particular embodiments. However, the benefits, advantages, solutions to problems, and any feature or features that may provide or make more pronounced any benefit, advantage, or solution should not be construed as a critical, necessary, or essential feature of any or all of the claims.

[0259] The specification and illustrations of the embodiments described herein are intended to provide a general understanding of the structure of the various embodiments. The specification and illustrations are not intended to serve as an exhaustive and comprehensive description of all elements and features of the apparatus and systems that use the structures or methods described herein. Separate embodiments may also be provided in combination in a single embodiment, and conversely, various features that are described in the context of a single embodiment for brevity may also be provided separately or in any subcombination. Furthermore, references to values ​​stated in ranges include any and all values ​​within that range. Many other embodiments will be apparent to those skilled in the art upon reading this specification. Other embodiments may be used and derived from this disclosure, such that structural substitutions, logical substitutions, or other changes may be made without departing from the scope of this disclosure. Thus, this disclosure should be considered illustrative and not limiting.

Claims

1. 1. A carbon-based nanomaterial composition formed from a gas mixture, the gas mixture comprising: Molar ratio AG of at least about 0.25 and not more than about 0.99 ｍｏｌ / GM ｍｏｌ Acetylene gas of AG ｍｏｌ is equal to the moles of acetylene gas in the gas mixture, and G ｍｏｌ is equal to the total moles of gas in the gas mixture; and Molar ratio OG of at least about 0.01 and not more than about 0.50 ｍｏｌ / GM ｍｏｌ Oxygen gas of OG ｍｏｌ is equal to the moles of oxygen gas in the gas mixture, and G ｍｏｌ is equal to the total moles of gas in the gas mixture; and Molar ratio HG of at least about 0.05 and not more than about 0.70 ｍｏｌ / GM ｍｏｌ Hydrogen gas of HG ｍｏｌ is equal to the moles of hydrogen gas in the gas mixture, and G ｍｏｌ is equal to the total moles of gas in the gas mixture; and Molar ratio MG of at least about 0.25 and not more than about 0.99 ｍｏｌ / GM ｍｏｌ methane gas, MG ｍｏｌ is equal to the moles of methane gas in the gas mixture, and GM ｍｏｌ methane gas, The carbon-based nanomaterial has a carbon hybridization ratio P of at least about 0.0 and not more than about 5.

0. ｓｐ３ / P ｓｐ２ and P ｓｐ３ is the percentage of carbon in the carbon-based nanomaterial composition that has sp3 hybridization; P ｓｐ２ is the percentage of carbon in said carbon-based nanomaterial composition that has sp2 hybridization.

2. 1. A method of forming a carbon-based nanomaterial composition, the method comprising: Molar ratio AG of at least about 0.25 and not more than about 0.99 ｍｏｌ / GM ｍｏｌ Acetylene gas of AG ｍｏｌ is equal to the moles of acetylene gas in the gas mixture, and G ｍｏｌ is equal to the total moles of gas in the gas mixture; and Molar ratio OG of at least about 0.01 and not more than about 0.50 ｍｏｌ / GM ｍｏｌ Oxygen gas of OG ｍｏｌ is equal to the moles of oxygen gas in the gas mixture, and G ｍｏｌ is equal to the total moles of gas in the gas mixture; and Molar ratio HG of at least about 0.05 and not more than about 0.70 ｍｏｌ / GM ｍｏｌ Hydrogen gas of HG ｍｏｌ is equal to the moles of hydrogen gas in the gas mixture, and G ｍｏｌ is equal to the total moles of gas in the gas mixture; and Molar ratio MG of at least about 0.25 and not more than about 0.99 ｍｏｌ / GM ｍｏｌ methane gas, MG ｍｏｌ is equal to the moles of methane gas in the gas mixture, and GM ｍｏｌ methane gas, providing a gas mixture comprising: and igniting the gas mixture to form the carbon-based nanomaterial composition. The carbon-based nanomaterial has a carbon hybridization ratio P of at least about 0.0 and not more than about 5.

0. ｓｐ３ / P ｓｐ２ and P ｓｐ３ is the percentage of carbon in the carbon-based nanomaterial composition that has sp3 hybridization; P ｓｐ２ is the percentage of carbon in said carbon-based nanomaterial composition that has sp2 hybridization.

3. 1. A carbon-based nanomaterial composition comprising: a carbon content of at least about 75% and no more than about 100% based on elemental analysis of the carbon-based nanomaterial composition; and an oxygen content of at least about 0.0% and no more than about 25% based on elemental analysis of the carbon-based nanomaterial composition; the carbon-based nanomaterial composition comprises a D / G ratio of at least about 0.1 and not more than about 2.0; The carbon-based nanomaterial has a carbon hybridization ratio P of at least about 0.0 and not more than about 5.

0. ｓｐ３ / P ｓｐ２ and P ｓｐ３ is the percentage of carbon in the carbon-based nanomaterial composition that has sp3 hybridization; P ｓｐ２ is the percentage of carbon in said carbon-based nanomaterial composition that has sp2 hybridization.

4. 4. The carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of claim 1, 2, or 3, wherein the carbon-based nanomaterial composition comprises at least about 75% carbon content based on elemental analysis of the carbon-based nanomaterial composition.

5. 4. The carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of claim 1, 2, or 3, wherein the carbon-based nanomaterial composition comprises less than or equal to about 100% carbon content based on elemental analysis of the carbon-based nanomaterial composition.

6. 4. The carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of claim 1, 2, or 3, wherein the carbon-based nanomaterial composition comprises an oxygen content of at least about 0.5% based on elemental analysis of the carbon-based nanomaterial composition.

7. 4. The carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of claim 1, 2, or 3, wherein the carbon-based nanomaterial composition comprises an oxygen content of about 25% or less based on elemental analysis of the carbon-based nanomaterial composition.

8. The carbon-based nanomaterial composition has a carbon hybridization ratio P of at least about 0.

1. ｓｐ３ / P ｓｐ２ P ｓｐ３ is the percentage of carbon in the carbon-based nanomaterial composition that has sp3 hybridization; P ｓｐ２ 4. The carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of claim 1, 2, or 3, wherein x is the percentage of carbon in the carbon-based nanomaterial composition that has sp2 hybridization.

9. The carbon-based nanomaterial has a carbon hybridization ratio P of about 4.75 or less. ｓｐ３ / P ｓｐ２ P ｓｐ３ is the percentage of carbon in the carbon-based nanomaterial composition that has sp3 hybridization; P ｓｐ２ 4. The carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of claim 1, 2, or 3, wherein x is the percentage of carbon in the carbon-based nanomaterial composition that has sp2 hybridization.

10. 4. The carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of claim 1, 2, or 3, wherein the carbon-based nanomaterial composition comprises a D / G ratio of about 0.1 or less.

11. 4. The carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of claim 1, 2, or 3, wherein the carbon-based nanomaterial composition comprises a D / G ratio of at least about 2.

0.

12. 4. The carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of claim 1, 2, or 3, wherein the carbon-based nanomaterial composition comprises an aspect ratio of about 40 or less.

13. 4. The carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of claim 1, 2, or 3, wherein the carbon-based nanomaterial composition comprises an aspect ratio of at least about 1.

14. The carbon-based nanomaterial composition of claim 3 , wherein the carbon-based nanomaterial composition is formed from a gas mixture.

15. The carbon-based nanomaterial composition is formed in a system for synthesizing carbon-based nanomaterials, the system comprising: a sealed chamber containing a hollow interior; a carbon-based gas source fluidly coupled to the chamber and configured to supply a carbon-based gas to the hollow interior; a hydrogen source, independent of the carbon-based gas source, fluidly connected to the chamber and configured to supply hydrogen to the hollow interior; an oxygen source, independent of the carbon-based gas source, fluidly connected to the chamber and configured to supply oxygen to the hollow interior; an igniter for igniting the carbon-based gas, hydrogen, and oxygen in the hollow interior; a first flow meter coupled to the carbon-based gas source, a second flow meter coupled to the hydrogen source, and a third flow meter coupled to the oxygen source; and a controller configured to communicate with and receive flow data from the first, second, and third flow meters; 4. The carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of claim 1, 2, or 3, wherein the controller is configured to adjust flow rates from one or more of the carbon-based gas source, the hydrogen source, and / or the oxygen source in response to the flow rate data.

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