Method for manufacturing solar cell, solar cell, and stacked solar cell

Abstract

The present embodiment relates to a method for manufacturing a solar cell, a solar cell, and a stacked solar cell. A method for manufacturing a solar cell includes providing a carrier plate and a separation auxiliary layer stacked in sequence, forming a perovskite absorption layer on a surface of the separation auxiliary layer away from the carrier plate, the perovskite absorption layer including an adhesive substrate and a plurality of single-crystal perovskite particles arranged on the adhesive substrate, the adhesive substrate including a first surface and a second surface facing each other, the first surface being away from the separation auxiliary layer, at least a portion of the single-crystal perovskite particles having a first convex surface protruding relative to the first surface and a second convex surface protruding relative to the second surface, and a functional layer being formed on the surface of the single-crystal perovskite particles, forming a first carrier transport layer on the perovskite absorption layer, forming a first conductive layer on the first carrier transport layer, removing the carrier plate and the separation auxiliary layer, and forming a second conductive layer on the perovskite absorption layer. This embodiment is advantageous for improving the stability and photoelectric conversion capacity of a perovskite solar cell.

Description

[Technical field]

[0001] (CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS) This application is filed based on and claims priority to a Chinese patent application having application number 202211601215X and filing date December 13, 2022, the entire disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference into this application.

[0002] FIELD OF THEINVENTION TECHNICAL FIELD The present application relates to the field of solar cells, and in particular to a method for manufacturing a solar cell, a solar cell, and a stacked solar cell. [Background technology]

[0003] Fossil energy is characterized by air pollution and limited reserves, but solar energy has the advantages of being clean, pollution-free, abundant in resources, etc. Therefore, solar energy is gradually becoming the core clean energy to replace fossil energy, and solar cells have become the most important part of clean energy utilization because of their good photoelectric conversion efficiency.

[0004] One of the important factors that affect the proportion of solar energy in energy utilization is the photoelectric conversion efficiency of solar cells. In order to improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency of solar cells, optimizing the structural design and material composition of the solar cell is the basic solution. Perovskite solar cells have a long service life and relatively stable photoelectric conversion efficiency, so they have good prospects for development.

[0005] However, current perovskite solar cells suffer from limited photoelectric conversion efficiency and poor stability. Summary of the Invention [Problem to be solved by the invention]

[0006] The solar cell manufacturing method, solar cell, and stacked solar cell provided in the embodiments of the present application are at least advantageous in realizing the manufacture of large-area perovskite cells having good photoelectric conversion efficiency, and in improving the photoelectric conversion capacity and stability of perovskite solar cells. [Means for solving the problem]

[0007] In an embodiment of the present application, a method for manufacturing a solar cell is provided, the method for manufacturing a solar cell includes providing a carrier plate and a separation auxiliary layer that are sequentially stacked along a first direction, and forming a perovskite absorption layer on a surface of the separation auxiliary layer away from the carrier plate, the perovskite absorption layer including an adhesive substrate and a plurality of single-crystal perovskite particles arranged on the adhesive substrate, the adhesive substrate including a first surface and a second surface facing each other in the first direction, the first surface being away from the separation auxiliary layer, at least a portion of the single-crystal perovskite particles having a first convex surface and a second convex surface, the first convex surface being in contact with the first surface, the first convex surface protruding relative to the first surface, the second convex surface protruding relative to the second surface, and a functional layer being formed on a surface of the single crystal perovskite particle; forming a first carrier transport layer, the first carrier transport layer being located on a surface of the perovskite absorption layer remote from the separation auxiliary layer; forming a first conductive layer, the first conductive layer being located on a surface of the first carrier transport layer remote from the first surface; removing the carrier plate and the separation auxiliary layer and forming a second conductive layer, the second conductive layer being located on a surface of the perovskite absorption layer remote from the first carrier transport layer.

[0008] In addition, the functional layer can be formed by immersing the single crystal perovskite particles in a functional layer growth mother liquor and forming a first functional layer on the surface of the single crystal perovskite particles, covering the entire surface of the single crystal perovskite particles.

[0009] Also, after forming the perovskite absorber layer, the method further includes removing the first functional layer on the first convex surface.

[0010] Moreover, after removing the first functional layer on the first convex surface, the method further includes forming a second functional layer covering the first surface and the first convex surface, and forming the first carrier transport layer includes forming the first carrier transport layer on a surface of the second functional layer away from the first surface.

[0011] The method also includes removing the first functional layer on the second convex surface after removing the separation auxiliary layer and the carrier plate.

[0012] Also, after removing the first functional layer on the second convex surface, the method further includes forming a third functional layer covering the second surface and the second convex surface, and forming the second conductive layer includes forming the second conductive layer on a surface of the third functional layer away from the second surface.

[0013] In addition, the functional layer can be formed by forming the perovskite absorption layer, and then forming a fourth functional layer covering the first surface and the first convex surface on a surface of the perovskite absorption layer away from the separation auxiliary layer, and forming the first carrier transport layer includes forming the first carrier transport layer on a surface of the fourth functional layer away from the first surface.

[0014] In addition, the functional layer can be formed by removing the carrier plate and the separation auxiliary layer, and then forming a fifth functional layer covering the second surface and the second convex surface on a surface of the perovskite absorption layer away from the first carrier transport layer, and forming the second conductive layer includes forming the second conductive layer on a surface of the fifth functional layer away from the second surface.

[0015] The method for manufacturing a solar cell further includes forming a second carrier transport layer after removing the carrier plate and the separation auxiliary layer, the second carrier transport layer being located on a surface of the perovskite absorption layer away from the first carrier transport layer, and forming the second conductive layer includes forming the second conductive layer on a surface of the second carrier transport layer away from the second surface.

[0016] In response to the above, an embodiment of the present application further provides a solar cell, the solar cell including a first conductive layer, a first carrier transport layer, a perovskite absorption layer and a second conductive layer, which are sequentially stacked along a first direction, the perovskite absorption layer including an adhesive substrate and a plurality of single crystal perovskite particles arranged on the adhesive substrate, the adhesive substrate including a first surface and a second surface facing each other in the first direction, the first surface facing the first conductive layer, at least a portion of the single crystal perovskite particles having a first convex surface and a second convex surface, the first convex surface protruding relative to the first surface and the second convex surface protruding relative to the second surface, and a functional layer is formed on the surface of the single crystal perovskite particles.

[0017] The functional layer also includes a first functional layer covering all surfaces of the single-crystal perovskite particles.

[0018] The functional layer also includes a second functional layer that covers all surfaces of the single-crystal perovskite particles except for the first convex surfaces.

[0019] The functional layer also includes a third functional layer that covers all surfaces of the single-crystal perovskite particles except for the second convex surfaces.

[0020] The functional layer includes a fourth functional layer covering all surfaces of the single-crystal perovskite particles except for the first convex surface and the second convex surface.

[0021] The functional layer also includes a fifth functional layer covering the first convex surface and the first surface.

[0022] The functional layers also include a sixth functional layer covering the second convex surface and the second surface.

[0023] The functional layer has a thickness of 0.1 nm to 1 μm.

[0024] Also, for any one of the single crystal perovskite particles, the distance between the current single crystal perovskite particle and an adjacent one of the single crystal perovskite particles is equal to or less than the maximum distance between any two points on the surface of the current single crystal perovskite particle.

[0025] Furthermore, the maximum distance between any two points on the surface of the single crystal perovskite particle is 5 μm to 100 μm.

[0026] Furthermore, the area of ​​the orthogonal projection of the perovskite absorption layer on the first conductive layer is defined as a first area, the area of ​​the orthogonal projection of the plurality of single crystal perovskite particles on the first conductive layer is defined as a second area, and the ratio of the second area to the first area is 0.3 to 0.9.

[0027] Furthermore, in the first direction, the distance between any point on the first convex surface and the first surface and / or the distance between any point on the second convex surface and the second surface is not more than half the maximum length of the single-crystal perovskite particle in the first direction.

[0028] Additionally, the thickness of the adhesive substrate in the first direction is 100 nm or more.

[0029] The adhesive substrate also includes a light trapping surface facing the first carrier transport layer and / or the second conductive layer.

[0030] The light trapping surface also includes a first light trapping structure, the first light trapping structure extending outwardly of the adhesive substrate in the first direction.

[0031] The light trapping surface also includes a second light trapping structure, the second light trapping structure being recessed into the adhesive substrate in the first direction.

[0032] The first carrier transport layer is an electron transport layer or a hole transport layer.

[0033] The solar cell further includes a second carrier transport layer, the second carrier transport layer being located between the perovskite absorber layer and the second conductive layer and in contact with the perovskite absorber layer and the second conductive layer, respectively.

[0034] Furthermore, when the first carrier transport layer is a hole transport layer, the second carrier transport layer is an electron transport layer, and when the first carrier transport layer is an electron transport layer, the second carrier transport layer is a hole transport layer.

[0035] Correspondingly, the present embodiment further provides a stacked solar cell, which includes a top cell, a bonding layer and a bottom cell, which are stacked in order, and wherein the solar cell is as described above.

[0036] The bottom cell also includes a crystalline silicon solar cell, a CIGS thin film solar cell, a cadmium telluride thin film solar cell, a III-V thin film solar cell, or a narrow band gap perovskite thin film solar cell.

[0037] The lamination layer may also include a mechanical lamination layer made of a conductive adhesive. Effect of the Invention

[0038] The technical solutions provided in the embodiments of the present application have at least the following advantages:

[0039] In the solar cell manufacturing method provided in one embodiment of the present application, an adhesive substrate and a plurality of single crystal perovskite particles arranged on the adhesive substrate are used to form a perovskite absorption layer of the solar cell. The perovskite absorption layer is constructed with single crystal perovskite particles to ensure the stability of the perovskite absorption layer. The single crystal perovskite particles are arranged on the adhesive substrate to avoid damage to the single crystal perovskite during the cutting process and ensure the efficiency of the solar cell. At the same time, the perovskite absorption layer is constructed in a manner of arranging single crystal particles, which contributes to the manufacture of large-area single crystal perovskite solar cells. Among the multiple single-crystal perovskite particles arranged on the adhesive substrate, at least some of the single-crystal perovskite particles have a first convex surface protruding from a first surface of the adhesive substrate and a second convex surface protruding from a second surface of the adhesive substrate, and the single-crystal perovskite particles exposed on both opposing surfaces of the adhesive substrate constitute a perovskite absorption layer, which gives the perovskite absorption layer itself a textured structure, and provides better light absorption capability, while improving the ability of photogenerated carriers to be transported from the perovskite absorption layer to the conductive layer or carrier transport layer, thereby improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency and capacity of the solar cell. Since a functional layer is formed on the surface of the single-crystal perovskite particles, the probability of the perovskite single-crystal particles decomposing during operation can be further reduced, and the stability of the solar cell can be further improved. [Brief description of the drawings]

[0040] One or more embodiments are illustratively illustrated in corresponding accompanying drawing figures; however, these illustrative illustrations are not intended to be limiting of the embodiments, and unless otherwise specified, the accompanying drawing figures are not drawn to scale. [Figure 1] FIG. 1 is a flowchart of a method for manufacturing a solar cell according to an embodiment of the present application. [Diagram 2] FIG. 2 is a diagram showing the structure of a semi-finished battery according to one embodiment of the present application. [Diagram 3] FIG. 3 is a diagram showing a structure of a solar cell according to an embodiment of the present application. [Figure 4]FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view of a solar cell according to an embodiment of the present application. [Diagram 5] FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view of another solar cell according to an embodiment of the present application. [Figure 6] FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view of another solar cell according to an embodiment of the present application. [Figure 7] FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional view of another solar cell according to an embodiment of the present application. [Figure 8] FIG. 8 is a cross-sectional view of another solar cell in accordance with an embodiment of the present application. [Figure 9] FIG. 9 is a cross-sectional view of another solar cell in accordance with an embodiment of the present application. [Figure 10] FIG. 10 is a cross-sectional view of another solar cell in accordance with an embodiment of the present application. [Figure 11] FIG. 11 is a diagram showing the structure of another solar cell according to an embodiment of the present application. [Figure 12] FIG. 12 is a diagram showing the structure of a solar cell according to another embodiment of the present invention. [Figure 13] FIG. 13 is a cross-sectional view of a solar cell according to one embodiment of the present application. [Figure 14] FIG. 14 is a top view of a perovskite absorber layer according to one embodiment of the present application. [Figure 15] FIG. 15 is a cross-sectional view of another solar cell in accordance with an embodiment of the present application. [Figure 16] FIG. 16 is a cross-sectional view of another solar cell in accordance with an embodiment of the present application. [Figure 17] FIG. 17 is a cross-sectional view of another solar cell in accordance with an embodiment of the present application. [Figure 18] FIG. 18 is a cross-sectional view of another solar cell in accordance with an embodiment of the present application. [Figure 19] FIG. 19 is a cross-sectional view of another solar cell in accordance with an embodiment of the present application. [Figure 20] FIG. 20 is a cross-sectional view of another solar cell in accordance with an embodiment of the present application. [Figure 21] FIG. 21 is a cross-sectional view of two types of solar cells according to one embodiment of the present application. [Figure 22]FIG. 22 is a cross-sectional view of another perovskite absorber layer according to an embodiment of the present application. [Figure 23] FIG. 23 is a cross-sectional view of another solar cell in accordance with an embodiment of the present application. [Figure 24] FIG. 24 is a cross-sectional view of another solar cell in accordance with an embodiment of the present application. [Diagram 25] FIG. 25 is a cross-sectional view of another solar cell in accordance with an embodiment of the present application. [Figure 26] FIG. 26 is a cross-sectional view of another solar cell in accordance with an embodiment of the present application. [Figure 27] FIG. 27 is a cross-sectional view of another solar cell in accordance with an embodiment of the present application. [Figure 28] FIG. 28 is a diagram showing the structure of another solar cell according to an embodiment of the present application. [Figure 29] FIG. 29 is a diagram showing a structure of a stacked solar cell according to another embodiment of the present application. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0041] As can be seen from the background art, perovskite solar cells have good prospects due to the advantages of long service life and photoelectric conversion efficiency, but current perovskite solar cells have limited photoelectric conversion efficiency and poor stability.

[0042] In one embodiment of the present application, a method for manufacturing a solar cell is provided, in which an adhesive substrate and a plurality of single-crystalline perovskite particles arranged on the adhesive substrate are used to form a perovskite absorption layer of the solar cell during the manufacturing process of the solar cell. The perovskite absorption layer is constructed with single-crystalline perovskite particles to ensure the stability of the perovskite absorption layer. The single-crystalline perovskite particles are arranged on the adhesive substrate to avoid damage to the single-crystalline perovskite during the cutting process and ensure the efficiency of the solar cell. The perovskite absorption layer is constructed in a manner of arranging single-crystalline particles, which contributes to the manufacture of large-area single-crystalline perovskite solar cells. Among the multiple single-crystal perovskite particles arranged in the adhesive substrate, at least some of the single-crystal perovskite particles each have a first convex surface protruding from a first surface of the adhesive substrate and a second convex surface protruding from a second surface of the adhesive substrate, and the single-crystal perovskite particles exposed on both opposing surfaces of the adhesive substrate form a perovskite absorption layer, which gives the perovskite absorption layer itself a textured structure, and provides better light absorption capability, while improving the ability of photogenerated carriers to be transported from the perovskite absorption layer to the conductive layer or carrier transport layer, thereby improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency and capacity of the solar cell. Forming a functional layer on the surface of the single-crystal perovskite particles can further reduce the possibility of the single-crystal perovskite particles decomposing during operation, and further improve the stability of the solar cell.

[0043] Hereinafter, each embodiment of the present application will be described in detail with reference to the drawings. However, as will be understood by those skilled in the art, although many technical details are proposed in each embodiment of the present application in order to allow the reader to understand the present application better, the technical solution claimed for protection by the present application can be realized without these technical details and various changes and modifications based on the following embodiments.

[0044] An embodiment of the present application provides a method for manufacturing a solar cell that is applied to a battery manufacturing device. The manufacturing process of the solar cell can be seen in FIG.

[0045] As shown in Figures 1 and 2, a carrier plate 201 and a separation auxiliary layer 202 are provided, which are sequentially stacked along a first direction. Here, Figure 2 shows the structure of a solar cell after completion of the manufacture of a first conductive layer 205, and the X direction is the first direction.

[0046] In the process of manufacturing a solar cell, a carrier plate 201 and a separation auxiliary layer 202 can be provided that are stacked along a first direction. The function of the carrier plate 201 is to serve as a temporary substrate so that subsequent manufacturing operations can be performed accurately on the temporary substrate. The function of the separation auxiliary layer 202 is to isolate the finished or semi-finished solar cell from the carrier plate 201, and to facilitate the removal of the carrier plate 201. Therefore, the material of the carrier plate 201 may be polyamide, glass, or a stable metal, which is difficult to deform. The separation auxiliary layer 202 not only needs to isolate the carrier plate 201 from the cell, but also needs to facilitate its removal. Therefore, the material of the separation auxiliary layer 202 may be titanium dioxide, metal, or photoresist, which is convenient to etch and remove. By providing the carrier plate 201 and the separation auxiliary layer 202 that are stacked along a first direction, a stable temporary carrier can be provided for the manufacturing of the solar cell, and the temporary carrier can be easily removed, thereby ensuring the efficiency and effectiveness of the manufacturing of the solar cell.

[0047] As a method for arranging the carrier plate 201 and the separation auxiliary layer 202, the separation auxiliary layer 202 may be manufactured first, and then the carrier plate 201 may be manufactured on one surface of the separation auxiliary layer 202, and the manufactured separation auxiliary layer 202 and the carrier plate 201 may be arranged in a positional relationship in which the carrier plate 201 and the separation auxiliary layer 202 are stacked in this order along the first direction. Alternatively, the carrier plate 201 may be manufactured first, and then the separation auxiliary layer 202 may be manufactured on one surface of the carrier plate 201, and then the manufactured separation auxiliary layer 202 and the carrier plate 201 may be arranged in a positional relationship in which the carrier plate 201 and the separation auxiliary layer 202 are stacked in this order along the first direction. This is not limited to the embodiments of the present application.

[0048] A perovskite absorber layer 203 is formed on the surface of the separation assist layer 202 remote from the carrier plate 201 .

[0049] After providing the carrier plate 201 and the separation auxiliary layer 202 sequentially stacked along the first direction, the battery manufacturing apparatus forms a perovskite absorption layer 203 on the surface of the separation auxiliary layer 202 away from the carrier plate 201. The perovskite absorption layer 203 includes an adhesive substrate 2031 and a plurality of single-crystal perovskite particles 2032 arranged on the adhesive substrate 2031, in the first direction, the adhesive substrate 2031 includes a first surface and a second surface facing each other, the first surface is away from the separation auxiliary layer 202, at least a portion of the single-crystal perovskite particles 2032 have a first convex surface and a second convex surface, the first convex surface protrudes relative to the first surface, the second convex surface protrudes relative to the second surface, and a functional layer 30 is formed on the surface of the single-crystal perovskite particles 2032.

[0050] The perovskite absorption layer 203 of the solar cell is constructed using an adhesive substrate 2031 and a plurality of single crystal perovskite particles 2032 arranged on the adhesive substrate 2031, thereby ensuring the stability of the perovskite absorption layer 203. By using a form in which the single crystal perovskite particles 2032 are arranged on the adhesive substrate 2031, damage to the single crystal perovskite during the cutting process is avoided, and the efficiency of the solar cell is ensured. In addition, by constructing the perovskite absorption layer 203 using a method of arranging single crystal particles, it is easy to form a large-area absorption layer and a single crystal perovskite solar cell, and production efficiency is improved.

[0051] Among the plurality of single crystal perovskite particles 2032 arranged on the adhesive substrate 2031, at least some of the single crystal perovskite particles 2032 each have a first convex surface protruding from a first surface of the adhesive substrate 2031 and a second convex surface protruding from a second surface of the adhesive substrate 2031. The perovskite absorption layer 203 is constructed with the single crystal perovskite particles 2032 exposed on both opposing surfaces of the adhesive substrate 2031, so that the perovskite absorption layer 203 has a textured structure and has good light absorption ability. At the same time, since the single crystal perovskite particles 2032 are exposed from the adhesive substrate 2031, the transport ability of the photogenerated carriers from the perovskite absorption layer 203 to the conductive layer or carrier transport layer is strengthened, thereby improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency and capacity of the solar cell.

[0052] Since the functional layer 30 is formed on the surface of the single crystal perovskite particles 2032, the probability that the single crystal perovskite particles 2032 will decompose during operation is further reduced, and the stability of the solar cell is further improved.

[0053] In addition, the perovskite absorption layer 203 may be formed by forming an adhesive substrate 2031 on the surface of the separation auxiliary layer 202 away from the carrier plate 201, and then arranging the single crystal perovskite particles 2032 on the adhesive substrate 2031. By forming the adhesive substrate 2031 first, the arrangement and fixation of the single crystal perovskite particles 2032 can be facilitated. In addition, the adhesive substrate 2031 may be formed after arranging a plurality of single crystal perovskite particles 2032 on the surface of the separation auxiliary layer 202 away from the carrier plate 201. By arranging the single crystal perovskite particles 2032 first, it is easy to accurately form the first convex surface and the second convex surface. In addition, the complete perovskite absorption layer 203 may be formed in advance, and then the perovskite absorption layer 203 may be directly transferred to the surface of the separation auxiliary layer 202 away from the carrier plate 201. In the embodiments of the present application, the specific formation method of the perovskite absorption layer 203 is not limited.

[0054] In addition, the functional layer 30 may be a passivation layer obtained by a passivation process, or may be a decorative layer formed by deposition, growth, etc. In the embodiments of the present application, the specific type and formation method of the functional layer 30 are not limited.

[0055] The first carrier transport layer 204 is formed.

[0056] After forming the perovskite absorption layer 203, the battery manufacturing apparatus forms a first carrier transport layer 204 on the surface of the perovskite absorption layer 203, and the first carrier transport layer 204 is located on the surface of the perovskite absorption layer 203 away from the separation auxiliary layer 202. By forming the first carrier transport layer 204 on the surface of the perovskite absorption layer 203 away from the separation auxiliary layer 202, the solar cell has good collection and transport capabilities for certain types of photo-generated carriers, which can reduce the recombination between different carriers and improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell in the product.

[0057] A first conductive layer 205 is formed.

[0058] After forming the first carrier transport layer 204, the battery manufacturing apparatus forms a first conductive layer 205 on the surface of the first carrier transport layer 204, and the first conductive layer 205 is located on a surface of the first carrier transport layer 204 that is distant from the first surface of the perovskite absorption layer 203. By forming the first conductive layer 205 on the surface of the first carrier transport layer 204 that is distant from the first surface of the perovskite absorption layer 203, the output of electrical energy is simplified.

[0059] As shown in FIG. 2 and FIG. 3, the carrier plate 201 and the separation auxiliary layer 202 are removed, and the second conductive layer 206 is formed.

[0060] After forming the first conductive layer 205, the battery manufacturing device can invert the semi-finished battery, and then sequentially remove the carrier plate 201 and the separation auxiliary layer 202, or directly synchronously remove the separation auxiliary layer 202 and the carrier plate 201 along the boundary between the separation auxiliary layer 202 and the perovskite absorption layer 203. After removing the carrier plate 201 and the separation auxiliary layer 202, a second conductive layer 206 is formed on the surface of the perovskite absorption layer 203, and the second conductive layer 206 is located on the surface of the perovskite absorption layer 203 away from the first carrier transport layer 204. By forming the second conductive layer 206 on the surface of the perovskite absorption layer 203 away from the first carrier transport layer 204, the first conductive layer 205 and the second conductive layer 206 can be cooperated to effectively output the electric energy generated by the solar cell.

[0061] As shown in Figures 2 and 4, in some embodiments, the functional layer 30 can be formed by immersing single crystal perovskite particles 2032 in a functional layer growth mother liquor and forming a first functional layer 31 on the surface of the single crystal perovskite particles 2032, covering the entire surface of the single crystal perovskite particles 2032.

[0062] 4 is a cross-sectional view of a solar cell. In the process of manufacturing a solar cell, the battery manufacturing apparatus first immerses each single crystal perovskite particle 2032 in a functional layer growth mother liquid before forming the perovskite absorption layer 203, and takes out the single crystal perovskite particle 2032 after a preset time has elapsed or after forming a first functional layer 31 covering the entire surface of the single crystal perovskite particle 2032 on the surface of the single crystal perovskite particle 2032. Thereafter, the single crystal perovskite particle 2032 whose entire surface is covered with the first functional layer 31 is used to form the perovskite absorption layer 203, and the first functional layer 31 is made into the functional layer 30 on the surface of each single crystal perovskite particle 2032 of the perovskite absorption layer 203.

[0063] By immersing the single crystal perovskite particles 2032 in a functional layer growth mother liquor and forming a first functional layer 31 covering the entire surface of the single crystal perovskite particles 2032, it is ensured that the single crystal perovskite particles 2032 have good stability at any time during operation, and thus the stability of the solar cell is ensured.

[0064] Here, the mother liquor for functional layer growth is a solution of phenethylamine X salt (PEAX, X = I, Br or Cl) or isobutylamine X salt (BAX, X = I, Br or Cl) in indolepropionic acid (C 11 H 11 The growth mother liquor can be prepared by dissolving the growth mother liquor in a solvent (e.g., NO2, IPA). In the embodiments of the present application, the method of preparing the growth mother liquor is not limited.

[0065] The functional layer growth mother liquor may be a liquid mother liquor formed by dissolving a specific salt in indolepropionic acid, or may be a gaseous mother liquor consisting of vaporized acetonitrile (C2H3N), indolepropionic acid, or water. Even if the single crystal perovskite particles 2032 are placed in vaporized acetonitrile (C2H3N), indolepropionic acid, or water, the functional layer 30 can be formed on the surface of the single crystal perovskite particles 2032 in the same manner. In the examples of the present application, the specific type and preparation method of the functional layer growth mother liquor are not limited.

[0066] As shown in Figures 2 and 5, in some embodiments, after forming the perovskite absorber layer 203, the method further includes removing the first functional layer 31 on the first convex surface.

[0067] In the process of manufacturing a solar cell, the battery manufacturing apparatus removes the first functional layer 31 on the first convex surface T1 of the single-crystal perovskite particle 2032 by physical etching, chemical etching, or the like after forming the perovskite absorption layer 203. The first convex surface T1 protrudes relative to a first surface remote from the second conductive layer 206 of the adhesive substrate 2031. After removing the first functional layer 31 on the first convex surface T1, the remaining first functional layer 31 is the functional layer 30 on the surface of each single-crystal perovskite particle 2032.

[0068] After forming the perovskite absorption layer 203, the first functional layer 31 on the first convex surface T1 is removed, and the remaining first functional layer 31 becomes the functional layer 30 on the surface of each single crystal perovskite particle 2032. This reduces the light reflectance of the first convex surface T1 while ensuring the stability of the single crystal perovskite particles 2032 during operation as much as possible, and ensures that the single crystal perovskite particles 2032 have good light absorption ability, thereby ensuring the carrier generation ability of the single crystal perovskite particles 2032 and the photoelectric conversion ability of the solar cell.

[0069] In addition, in the process of removing the first functional layer 31 on the first convex surface T1, the first functional layer 31 on the first convex surface T1 may be completely removed, or the first functional layer 31 on the first convex surface T1 may not be completely removed. The degree of removal can be adjusted according to the needs for the stability and / or light absorption ability of the single crystal perovskite particles 2032. The embodiments of the present application are not limited thereto.

[0070] As shown in Figures 2 and 6, in some embodiments, after removing the first functional layer 31 on the first convex surface T1, the method further includes forming a second functional layer 32 covering the first surface of the adhesive substrate 2031 and the first convex surface T1, and forming the first carrier transport layer 204 includes forming the first carrier transport layer 204 on a surface of the second functional layer 32 away from the first surface of the adhesive substrate 2031.

[0071] After removing the first functional layer 31 from the first convex surface T1, the battery manufacturing apparatus forms a second functional layer 32 on a first surface of the adhesive substrate 2031 away from the separation auxiliary layer 202, so that the second functional layer 32 covers the first convex surface T1 of the single crystal perovskite particle 2032 and the first surface of the adhesive substrate 2031, and the second functional layer 32 located on the first convex surface T1 and the first functional layer 31 remaining after removing the first functional layer 31 from the first convex surface T1 form the functional layer 30 on the surface of the single crystal perovskite particle 2032.

[0072] By manufacturing the second functional layer 32 located on the first convex surface T1 and the first surface of the adhesive substrate 2031, the coverage area of ​​the functional layer 30 on the surface of the single crystal perovskite particle 2032 is increased, improving the stability of the perovskite absorption layer 203; and the second functional layer 32 covers the first surface of the adhesive substrate 2031, thereby increasing the reflectance of light inside the adhesive substrate 2031, enhancing the light absorption ability of the perovskite absorption layer 203, and improving the photoelectric conversion ability of the solar cell.

[0073] In addition, the second functional layer 32 may be formed directly on the surface of the perovskite absorption layer 203 as a whole, covering the first convex surface T1 of each single crystal perovskite particle 2032, or may be selectively formed on the surface of the perovskite absorption layer 203 according to a preset pattern without covering the first convex surface T1 of all the single crystal perovskite particles 2032 and the entire area of ​​the first surface of the adhesive substrate 2031. The second functional layer 32 may completely cover the entire first convex surface T1, or may cover only a part of the first convex surface T1. This is not limited in the embodiments of the present application.

[0074] As shown in FIGS. 2 and 7, in some embodiments, after removing the separation assisting layer 202 and the carrier plate 201, the method further includes removing the first functional layer 31 on the second convex surface T2.

[0075] After removing the separation auxiliary layer 202 and the carrier plate 201, the battery manufacturing apparatus removes the first functional layer 31 on the second convex surface T2 of the single crystal perovskite particle 2032 by a method such as physical etching or chemical etching. The second convex surface T2 protrudes toward a second surface remote from the first carrier transport layer 204 of the adhesive substrate 2031. The first functional layer 31 remaining after removing the first functional layer 31 on the second convex surface T2 serves as the functional layer 30 on the surface of each single crystal perovskite particle 2032.

[0076] After forming the perovskite absorption layer 203, the first functional layer 31 on the second convex surface T2 is removed, and the remaining first functional layer 31 serves as the functional layer 30 on the surface of each single crystal perovskite particle 2032, thereby ensuring the stability of the single crystal perovskite particles 2032 during operation as much as possible, reducing the light reflectance of the second convex surface T2, and ensuring that the single crystal perovskite particles 2032 have good light absorption ability, thereby ensuring the carrier generation ability of the single crystal perovskite particles 2032 and the photoelectric conversion ability of the solar cell.

[0077] In addition, in the process of removing the first functional layer 31 on the second convex surface T2, the first functional layer 31 on the second convex surface T2 may be completely removed, or may not be completely removed. The degree of removal may be adjusted according to the needs for the stability and / or light absorption ability of the single crystal perovskite particles 2032. The embodiments of the present application are not limited thereto.

[0078] As shown in Figures 2 and 8, in some embodiments, after removing the first functional layer 31 on the second convex surface T2, the method further includes forming a third functional layer 33 covering the second surface of the adhesive substrate 2031 and the second convex surface T2, and forming the second conductive layer 206 includes forming the second conductive layer 206 on a surface of the third functional layer 33 away from the second surface of the adhesive substrate 2031.

[0079] After removing the first functional layer 31 from the second convex surface T2, the battery manufacturing apparatus forms a third functional layer 33 on the second surface of the adhesive substrate 2031, so that the third functional layer 33 covers the second convex surface T2 of the single crystal perovskite particle 2032 and the second surface of the adhesive substrate 2031, and the third functional layer 33 located on the second convex surface T2 and the first functional layer 31 remaining after removing the first functional layer 31 from the second convex surface T2 form the functional layer 30 on the surface of the single crystal perovskite particle 2032.

[0080] By manufacturing the third functional layer 33 located on the second convex surface T2 and the second surface of the adhesive substrate 2031, the coverage area of ​​the functional layer 30 on the surface of the single crystal perovskite particle 2032 is increased, and the stability of the perovskite absorption layer 203 is improved. In addition, the third functional layer 33 covers the second surface of the adhesive substrate 2031, thereby increasing the light reflectance inside the adhesive substrate 2031, enhancing the light absorption ability of the perovskite absorption layer 203, and improving the photoelectric conversion ability of the solar cell.

[0081] In addition, the third functional layer 33 may be formed directly on the surface of the perovskite absorption layer 203 as a whole to cover the second convex surface T2 of each single crystal perovskite particle 2032, or may be selectively formed on the surface of the perovskite absorption layer 203 according to a certain pattern without covering the second convex surface T2 of all the single crystal perovskite particles 2032 and all the areas on the second surface of the adhesive substrate 2031. The third functional layer 33 may completely cover the entire second convex surface T2, or may cover only a part of the second convex surface T2. This is not limited in the embodiments of the present application.

[0082] In addition, in the process of manufacturing the solar cell, only the third functional layer 33 or only the second functional layer 32 may be formed on the surface of the perovskite absorption layer 203, or both the third functional layer 33 and the second functional layer 32 may be formed on the surface of the perovskite absorption layer 203. In the embodiments of the present application, this is not limited.

[0083] 2 and 9, in some embodiments, the functional layer 30 can be formed in a manner that, after forming the perovskite absorber layer 203, a fourth functional layer 34 covering the first surface and the first convex surface T1 is formed on a surface of the perovskite absorber layer 203 away from the separation auxiliary layer 202. Forming the first carrier transport layer 204 includes forming the first carrier transport layer 204 on a surface of the fourth functional layer 34 away from the first surface.

[0084] In the process of manufacturing a solar cell, the battery manufacturing apparatus forms a fourth functional layer 34 directly on the surface of the perovskite absorption layer 203 away from the separation auxiliary layer 202, regardless of whether the surface of the single-crystal perovskite particle 2032 is subjected to a passivation treatment or a cosmetic treatment or not, and the fourth functional layer 34 covers the first surface of the adhesive substrate 2031 and the first convex surface T1 of the single-crystal perovskite particle 2032, so that the fourth functional layer 34 on the first convex surface T1 of the single-crystal perovskite particle 2032 becomes the functional layer 30 on the surface of the single-crystal perovskite particle 2032. Then, the first carrier transport layer 204 is formed on the surface of the fourth functional layer 34 away from the first surface of the adhesive substrate 2031.

[0085] By manufacturing a fourth functional layer 34 covering the first surface of the adhesive substrate 2031 and the first convex surface T1 of the single crystal perovskite particle 2032, a functional layer 30 is provided on the surface of the first convex surface T1 of the single crystal perovskite particle 2032, thereby improving the stability of the single crystal perovskite particle 2032 during operation; and the fourth functional layer 34 covers the first surface of the adhesive substrate 2031, thereby increasing the reflectance of light within the adhesive substrate 2031, enhancing the light absorption ability of the perovskite absorption layer 203, and improving the photoelectric conversion ability of the solar cell.

[0086] In addition, the fourth functional layer 34 may be formed directly on the surface of the perovskite absorption layer 203 as a whole to cover the first convex surface T1 of each single crystal perovskite particle 2032, or may be selectively formed on the surface of the perovskite absorption layer 203 according to a certain pattern without covering the first convex surface T1 of all the single crystal perovskite particles 2032 and all the areas on the first surface of the adhesive substrate 2031. The fourth functional layer 34 may completely cover the entire first convex surface T1, or may cover only a part of the first convex surface T1. This is not limited in the embodiments of the present application.

[0087] 2 and 10, in some embodiments, the functional layer 30 can be formed in a manner that, after removing the carrier plate 201 and the separation auxiliary layer 202, a fifth functional layer 35 covering the second surface and the second convex surface T2 is formed on a surface of the perovskite absorber layer 203 remote from the first carrier transport layer 204. Forming the second conductive layer 206 includes forming the second conductive layer 206 on a surface of the fifth functional layer 35 remote from the second surface.

[0088] In the process of manufacturing a solar cell, the battery manufacturing apparatus, after removing the carrier plate 201 and the separation auxiliary layer 202, directly forms a fifth functional layer 35 on the surface of the perovskite absorption layer 203 away from the first carrier transport layer 204, regardless of whether the surface of the single crystal perovskite particle 2032 has been subjected to passivation treatment or cosmetic treatment, and the fifth functional layer 35 covers the second surface of the adhesive substrate 2031 and the second convex surface T2 of the single crystal perovskite particle 2032, so that the fifth functional layer 35 on the second convex surface T2 of the single crystal perovskite particle 2032 becomes the functional layer 30 on the surface of the single crystal perovskite particle 2032. Then, a second conductive layer 206 is formed on the surface of the fifth functional layer 35 away from the first surface of the adhesive substrate 2031.

[0089] By manufacturing a fifth functional layer 35 covering the second surface of the adhesive substrate 2031 and the second convex surface T2 of the single crystal perovskite particle 2032, a functional layer 30 is provided on the surface of the second convex surface T2 of the single crystal perovskite particle 2032, thereby improving the stability of the single crystal perovskite particle 2032 during operation; and the fifth functional layer 35 covers the second surface of the adhesive substrate 2031, thereby increasing the reflectance of light inside the adhesive substrate 2031, enhancing the light absorption ability of the perovskite absorption layer 203, and improving the photoelectric conversion ability of the solar cell.

[0090] In addition, the fifth functional layer 35 may be formed directly on the surface of the perovskite absorption layer 203 as a whole to cover the second convex surface T2 of each single crystal perovskite particle 2032, or may be selectively formed on the surface of the perovskite absorption layer 203 according to a certain pattern without covering the second convex surface T2 of all the single crystal perovskite particles 2032 and all the areas on the second surface of the adhesive substrate 2031. The fifth functional layer 35 may completely cover the entire second convex surface T2, or may cover only a part of the second convex surface T2. This is not limited in the embodiments of the present application.

[0091] In addition, in the process of manufacturing the solar cell, only the fifth functional layer 35 or only the fourth functional layer 34 may be formed on the surface of the perovskite absorption layer 203, or both the fifth functional layer 35 and the fourth functional layer 34 may be formed on the surface of the perovskite absorption layer 203. In the embodiments of the present application, there is no limitation thereon.

[0092] 2 and 11 , in some embodiments, the method for manufacturing a solar cell further includes, after removing the carrier plate 201 and the separation assist layer 202, forming a second carrier transport layer 207, the second carrier transport layer 207 being located on a surface of the perovskite absorber layer 203 remote from the first carrier transport layer 204. Forming the second conductive layer 206 includes forming the second conductive layer 206 on a surface of the second carrier transport layer 207 remote from the second surface.

[0093] In the process of manufacturing a solar cell, the battery manufacturing apparatus forms a second carrier transport layer 207 on the surface of the perovskite absorption layer 203, and the second carrier transport layer 207 is located on a surface of the perovskite absorption layer 203 that is distant from the first carrier transport layer 204. Then, a second conductive layer 206 is formed on a surface of the second carrier transport layer 207 that is distant from the second surface of the adhesive substrate 2031. By forming the second carrier transport layer 207 on the surface of the perovskite absorption layer 203 that is distant from the first carrier transport layer 204, the solar cell has good accumulation and transport capabilities for different types of photogenerated carriers under the cooperation of the two carrier transport layers, and can minimize the recombination between different carriers, thereby improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell product.

[0094] As described above, in the solar cell manufacturing method provided in one embodiment of the present application, the adhesive substrate 2031 and a plurality of single crystal perovskite particles 2032 arranged in the adhesive substrate 2031 are used to form the perovskite absorption layer 203 of the solar cell. By constructing the perovskite absorption layer 203 with the single crystal perovskite particles 2032, the stability of the perovskite absorption layer 203 is ensured, and by using a form in which the single crystal perovskite particles 2032 are arranged on the adhesive substrate 2031, damage to the single crystal perovskite during the cutting process is avoided, and the efficiency of the solar cell is ensured. In addition, constructing the perovskite absorption layer 203 in a manner of arranging single crystal particles contributes to the manufacture of large-area single crystal perovskite solar cells. Among the multiple single-crystal perovskite particles 2032 arranged on the adhesive substrate 2031, at least some of the single-crystal perovskite particles 2032 have a first convex surface protruding from the first surface of the adhesive substrate 2031 and a second convex surface protruding from the second surface of the adhesive substrate 2031, and the perovskite absorption layer 203 is constructed using the single-crystal perovskite particles 2032 exposed on both opposing surfaces of the adhesive substrate 2031, so that the perovskite absorption layer 203 itself has a texture structure, has good light absorption ability, and improves the transport ability of photo-generated carriers from the perovskite absorption layer 203 to the conductive layer or carrier transport layer, thereby improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency and capacity of the solar cell. By forming the functional layer 30 on the surface of the single-crystal perovskite particles 2032, the probability of the single-crystal perovskite particles 2032 decomposing during operation can be further reduced, and the stability of the solar cell can be improved.

[0095] Correspondingly, in another aspect of the embodiment of the present application, a solar cell is further provided. With reference to Fig. 12 to Fig. 14, Fig. 12 is a diagram showing the overall structure of the solar cell, Fig. 13 is a diagram showing the cross-sectional structure of the solar cell, and Fig. 14 is a top view of the perovskite absorption layer 103, where the X direction is the first direction.

[0096] The solar cell includes a second conductive layer 104, a perovskite absorption layer 103, a first carrier transport layer 102, and a first conductive layer 101, which are sequentially stacked along a first direction, and the perovskite absorption layer 103 includes an adhesive substrate 1031 and a plurality of single crystal perovskite particles 1032 arranged on the adhesive substrate 1031, and in the first direction, the adhesive substrate 1031 includes opposing first and second surfaces, the first surface facing the first conductive layer 101, at least some of the single crystal perovskite particles 1032 have a first convex surface and a second convex surface, the first convex surface protruding relative to the first surface and the second convex surface protruding relative to the second surface, and a functional layer 30 is formed on the surface of the single crystal perovskite particles 1032.

[0097] The adhesive substrate 1031 is used to accommodate and fix the single crystal perovskite particles 1032 arranged in the adhesive substrate 1031. Thus, the adhesive substrate 1031 can be constructed of a transparent curable adhesive or colloid. For example, the adhesive substrate 1031 can be constructed of an ultraviolet curable adhesive such as an acrylic adhesive or a resin adhesive, or other types of curable transparent adhesive. Here, transparency refers to having good light transmittance for visible light, for example, having a transmittance of 80% or more for light of 400 nm or more, or having a transmittance of 75% or more for light of 450 nm or more.

[0098] The solar cell absorbs light irradiated to the solar cell through the perovskite absorption layer 103, then generates photo-generated carriers by the single crystal perovskite particles 1032, collects different photo-generated carriers by the first carrier transport layer 102 and the second conductive layer 104, respectively, and finally transports the electrical energy generated by the solar cell to an external module via the first conductive layer 101 and the second conductive layer 104.

[0099] During the operation of the solar cell, the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the battery cell is mainly affected by the generation ability of photo-generated carriers and the collection and utilization ability of photo-generated carriers. In the process of constructing the perovskite absorber layer 103, the perovskite absorber layer 103 is constructed with an adhesive substrate 1031 and a plurality of single-crystal perovskite particles 1032 arranged on the adhesive substrate 1031, thereby ensuring the integrity of the single-crystal perovskite particles 1032, avoiding damage to the single-crystal perovskite material in the process of constructing the perovskite absorber layer 103, and ensuring that the generation ability of photo-generated carriers of the perovskite absorber layer 103 is as good as possible.

[0100] In addition, the perovskite absorber layer 103 is constructed with the single crystal perovskite particles 1032, which reduces the decomposition rate of the perovskite absorber layer 103 during the operation of the cell, and ensures the stability of the perovskite absorber layer 103 and the solar cell, and the single crystal perovskite particles 1032 have a longer carrier lifetime, higher carrier mobility, and longer carrier diffusion length, so that the solar cell has a higher photoelectric conversion efficiency and service life.

[0101] At the same time, constructing the perovskite absorber layer 103 by arranging the single crystal perovskite particles 1032 on the adhesive substrate 1031 is helpful to simply and efficiently manufacture a large-area perovskite absorber layer 103, which breaks through the constraints imposed by the production efficiency of the single crystal perovskite raw materials on the perovskite absorber layer 103 and the area of ​​the perovskite solar cell, greatly improves the production efficiency of large-area perovskite solar cells with good stability, and enhances the application prospects of single crystal perovskite solar cells.

[0102] A functional layer 30 is formed on the surface of the perovskite single crystal particle 1032. The role of the functional layer 30 is to fill defects in the perovskite single crystal particle 1032 and / or to suppress decomposition of the perovskite single crystal particle 1032. Therefore, by providing the functional layer 30, the probability that the perovskite single crystal particle 1032 will decompose during operation is further reduced, and the stability of the perovskite absorption layer 103 and the solar cell is improved.

[0103] 13, in the first direction, the adhesive substrate 1031 includes a first surface and a second surface facing each other, and at least some of the single-crystal perovskite particles 1032 have a first convex surface and a second convex surface, the first convex surface protruding toward the first surface, and the second convex surface protruding toward the second surface. In the process of constructing the perovskite absorption layer 103, it is ensured that at least some of the single-crystal perovskite particles 1032 have a first convex surface and a second convex surface protruding from the surface on two opposing surfaces of the adhesive substrate 1031, respectively, that is, at least some of the single-crystal perovskite particles 1032 penetrate the adhesive substrate 1031 to contact the first carrier transport layer 102 and the second conductive layer 104. At least some of the single-crystal perovskite particles 1032 have a first convex surface and a second convex surface, so that the two opposing surfaces of the perovskite absorption layer 103 are textured, which improves the light absorption ability of the perovskite absorption layer 103. At the same time, at least some of the single-crystal perovskite particles 1032 penetrate the adhesive substrate 1031 and contact the first carrier transport layer 102 and the second conductive layer 104, so that after generating the photo-generated carriers, the difficulty of the photo-generated carriers moving to the first carrier transport layer 102 and the second conductive layer 104 is greatly reduced, which improves the light-generated carrier transport ability of the perovskite absorption layer 103. As a result, the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the perovskite absorption layer 103 is improved from both the light absorption ability and the carrier transport ability.

[0104] In addition, the shape of the single crystal perovskite particles 1032 may be a sphere, a spherical approximation, a regular polyhedron including a cube, or an irregular polyhedron, and the size and shape of each single crystal perovskite particle 1032 contained in the perovskite absorption layer 103 may or may not be the same. In the embodiment of the present application, this is not limited. For the sake of convenience of understanding and explanation, the embodiment of the present application will be described using the example in which the perovskite particles are spherical. In the actual use process, the shape of the single crystal perovskite particles 1032 may be adjusted as necessary. In the embodiment of the present application, this is not limited.

[0105] In addition, the single crystal perovskite particles 1032 contained in the perovskite absorption layer 103 may all have a first convex surface and a second convex surface, or some of the particles may have a first convex surface and a second convex surface, and the remaining particles may have only a first convex surface, only a second convex surface, or one or more types of particles that do not have a first convex surface and a second convex surface. This is not limited in the embodiment of the present application. The functional layer 30 may be formed on the surface of each single crystal perovskite particle 1032, or the functional layer 30 may be formed on the surface of some of the single crystal perovskite particles 1032. This is not limited in the embodiment of the present application.

[0106] In addition, each single crystal perovskite particle 1032 in the perovskite absorption layer 103 may be arranged in a regular array, such as a rectangle, an approximate rectangle, a circle, an ellipse, etc., in the adhesive substrate 1031 at a certain interval, which can improve the uniformity of the light absorption and carrier output of the perovskite absorption layer 103. In addition, they may be freely arranged in any interval and order on the adhesive substrate 1031. This is not limited in the embodiment of the present application.

[0107] 13 and 15, in some embodiments the functional layer 30 comprises a first functional layer 31 covering all surfaces of the single crystal perovskite particles 1032.

[0108] In the process of manufacturing a solar cell, before forming the perovskite absorption layer 103, a first functional layer 31 covering the entire surface of the single crystal perovskite particles 1032 is formed on the surface of the single crystal perovskite particles 1032. Then, the perovskite absorption layer 103 is formed by the single crystal perovskite particles 1032 whose entire surfaces are covered with the first functional layer 31, and the first functional layer 31 is made to be the functional layer 30 on the surface of each single crystal perovskite particle 1032 in the perovskite absorption layer 103.

[0109] By forming a first functional layer 31 covering the entire surface of the single crystal perovskite particles 1032, it is ensured that the single crystal perovskite particles 1032 have good stability at any point during operation, and thus the stability of the solar cell is ensured.

[0110] As shown in Figures 13 and 16, in some embodiments, the functional layer 30 includes a second functional layer 32 that covers all surfaces of the single crystal perovskite particles 1032 except for the first convex surface T1.

[0111] 16 is a cross-sectional view of a solar cell passing through the center of a single crystal perovskite particle 1032. In the process of manufacturing a solar cell, a functional film layer covering the entire surface of the single crystal perovskite particle 1032 can be formed on the surface of the single crystal perovskite particle 1032. Then, the functional film layer on the first convex surface T1 of the single crystal perovskite particle 1032 is removed to obtain a second functional layer 32 covering the entire surface of the single crystal perovskite particle 1032 except for the first convex surface T1, and the second functional layer 32 is the functional layer 30 on the surface of the single crystal perovskite particle 1032.

[0112] By forming the second functional layer 32 covering all surfaces except the first convex surface T1 of the single crystal perovskite particle 1032 as the functional layer 30 on the surface of the single crystal perovskite particle 1032, it is possible to ensure the stability of the single crystal perovskite particle 1032 during operation as much as possible, reduce the light reflectance of the first convex surface T1, and ensure that the single crystal perovskite particle 1032 has good light absorption ability, thereby ensuring the carrier generation ability of the single crystal perovskite particle 1032 and the photoelectric conversion ability of the solar cell.

[0113] It should be noted that, in the embodiment of the present application, the second functional layer 32 does not cover the first convex surface T1 at all, but in a specific application, in the process of forming the second functional layer 32, the second functional layer 32 may not cover the first convex surface T1 at all, or the second functional layer 32 may cover only a part of the first convex surface T1. The specific installation manner can be adjusted according to the needs for the stability and / or light absorption ability of the single crystal perovskite particles 1032. The embodiment of the present application is not limited thereto.

[0114] As shown in Figures 13 and 17, in some embodiments, the functional layer 30 includes a third functional layer 33 that covers all surfaces of the single crystal perovskite particles 1032 except for the second convex surface T2.

[0115] 17 is a cross-sectional view of a solar cell passing through the center of a single crystal perovskite particle 1032. In the process of manufacturing a solar cell, a functional film layer covering the entire surface of the single crystal perovskite particle 1032 can be formed on the surface of the single crystal perovskite particle 1032. Then, the functional film layer on the second convex surface T2 of the single crystal perovskite particle 1032 is removed to obtain a third functional layer 33 covering the entire surface of the single crystal perovskite particle 1032 except for the second convex surface T2, and the third functional layer 33 is the functional layer 30 on the surface of the single crystal perovskite particle 1032.

[0116] By forming the third functional layer 33 covering the surface of the single crystal perovskite particle 1032 except for the second convex surface T2 as the functional layer 30 on the surface of the single crystal perovskite particle 1032, the stability of the single crystal perovskite particle 1032 during operation can be ensured as much as possible, the light reflectance of the second convex surface T2 can be reduced, and the single crystal perovskite particle 1032 can be ensured to have good light absorption ability, thereby ensuring the carrier generation ability of the single crystal perovskite particle 1032 and the photoelectric conversion ability of the solar cell.

[0117] It should be noted that, in the embodiment of the present application, the third functional layer 33 does not cover the second convex surface T2 at all, but in a specific application, in the process of forming the third functional layer 33, the third functional layer 33 may not cover the second convex surface T2 at all, or the third functional layer 33 may cover only a part of the second convex surface T2. The specific installation manner can be adjusted according to the needs for the stability and / or light absorption ability of the single crystal perovskite particles 1032. The embodiment of the present application does not limit this.

[0118] As shown in Figures 13 and 18, in some embodiments, the functional layer 30 includes a fourth functional layer 34 that covers all surfaces of the single crystal perovskite particles 1032 except for the first convex surface T1 and the second convex surface T2.

[0119] 18 is a cross-sectional view of a solar cell passing through the center of a single crystal perovskite particle 1032. In the process of manufacturing a solar cell, a functional film layer covering the entire surface of the single crystal perovskite particle 1032 can be formed on the surface of the single crystal perovskite particle 1032. Then, the functional film layer on the first convex surface T1 and the second convex surface T2 of the single crystal perovskite particle 1032 is removed to obtain a fourth functional layer 34 covering the entire surface of the single crystal perovskite particle 1032 except for the first convex surface T1 and the second convex surface T2, and the fourth functional layer 34 is the functional layer 30 on the surface of the single crystal perovskite particle 1032.

[0120] By forming the fourth functional layer 34 covering all surfaces of the single crystal perovskite particles 1032 except for the first convex surface T1 and the second convex surface T2 as the functional layer 30 on the surface of the single crystal perovskite particles 1032, the stability of the single crystal perovskite particles 1032 during operation can be ensured to a certain extent, the light reflectance of the first convex surface T1 and the second convex surface T2 can be reduced, and the single crystal perovskite particles 1032 can have good light absorption ability, thereby ensuring the carrier generation ability of the single crystal perovskite particles 1032 and the photoelectric conversion ability of the solar cell.

[0121] As shown in Figures 13 and 19, in some embodiments, the functional layer 30 includes a fifth functional layer 35 covering the first convex surface T1 and the first surface.

[0122] 19 is a cross-sectional view of a solar cell passing through the center of a single crystal perovskite particle 1032. In the process of manufacturing a solar cell, regardless of whether the surface of the single crystal perovskite particle 1032 has been passivated or cosmetically treated in advance, a fifth functional layer 35 is directly formed on the surface of the perovskite absorber layer 103 facing the first conductive layer 101. The fifth functional layer 35 covers the first surface of the adhesive substrate 1031 and the first convex surface T1 of the single crystal perovskite particle 1032, and the fifth functional layer 35 on the first convex surface T1 of the single crystal perovskite particle 1032 is the functional layer 30 on the surface of the single crystal perovskite particle 1032.

[0123] By using the fifth functional layer 35 covering the first surface of the adhesive substrate 1031 and the first convex surface T1 of the single crystal perovskite particle 1032 as the functional layer 30, the surface of the first convex surface T1 of the single crystal perovskite particle 1032 is provided with the functional layer 30, thereby increasing the stability of the single crystal perovskite particle 1032 during operation. In addition, the fifth functional layer 35 covers the first surface of the adhesive substrate 1031, thereby increasing the reflectance of light within the adhesive substrate 1031, enhancing the light absorption ability of the perovskite absorption layer 103, and improving the photoelectric conversion ability of the solar cell.

[0124] In addition, the fifth functional layer 35 may be formed directly on the surface of the perovskite absorption layer 103 as a whole to cover the first convex surface T1 of each single crystal perovskite particle 1032, or may be selectively formed on the surface of the perovskite absorption layer 103 according to a certain pattern without covering the first convex surface T1 of all the single crystal perovskite particles 1032 and all the areas on the first surface of the adhesive substrate 1031. The fifth functional layer 35 may completely cover the entire first convex surface T1, or may cover only a part of the first convex surface T1. This is not limited in the embodiments of the present application.

[0125] As shown in Figures 13 and 20, in some embodiments, the functional layer 30 includes a sixth functional layer 36 covering the second convex surface T2 and the second surface.

[0126] 20 is a cross-sectional view of a solar cell passing through the center of a single crystal perovskite particle 1032. In the process of manufacturing a solar cell, regardless of whether the surface of the single crystal perovskite particle 1032 has been passivated or cosmetically treated in advance, a sixth functional layer 36 is formed directly on the second surface of the perovskite absorption layer 103 facing the first surface toward the first conductive layer 101 along the first direction. The sixth functional layer 36 covers the second surface of the adhesive substrate 1031 and the second convex surface T2 of the single crystal perovskite particle 1032, and the sixth functional layer 36 on the second convex surface T2 of the single crystal perovskite particle 1032 is the functional layer 30 on the surface of the single crystal perovskite particle 1032.

[0127] By using the sixth functional layer 36 covering the second surface of the adhesive substrate 1031 and the second convex surface T2 of the single crystal perovskite particle 1032 as the functional layer 30, the surface of the second convex surface T2 of the single crystal perovskite particle 1032 is provided with the functional layer 30, thereby improving the stability of the single crystal perovskite particle 1032 during operation. In addition, the sixth functional layer 36 covers the second surface of the adhesive substrate 1031, thereby increasing the reflectance of light inside the adhesive substrate 1031, enhancing the light absorption ability of the perovskite absorption layer 103, and improving the photoelectric conversion ability of the solar cell.

[0128] In addition, the sixth functional layer 36 may be formed directly on the surface of the perovskite absorption layer 103 as a whole to cover the second convex surface T2 of each single crystal perovskite particle 1032, or may be selectively formed on the surface of the perovskite absorption layer 103 according to a certain pattern without covering the entire area of ​​the second convex surface T2 of the single crystal perovskite particle 1032 and the second surface of the adhesive substrate 1031. The sixth functional layer 36 may completely cover the entire second convex surface T2, or may cover only a part of the second convex surface T2. This is not limited in the embodiments of the present application.

[0129] The functional layers 30 may be installed independently or in combination with each other. As shown in Fig. 13 to Fig. 21, Fig. 21 shows a cross-sectional view of a solar cell in which the functional layer 30 is composed of a fourth functional layer 34 covering only the surface of the perovskite single crystal particle except the first convex surface T1 and the second convex surface T2, a fifth functional layer 35 covering the first convex surface T1 and the first surface of the adhesive substrate 1031, and a sixth functional layer 36 covering the second convex surface T2 and the second surface of the adhesive substrate 1031, as well as a cross-sectional view of a solar cell in which the functional layer 30 is composed of a second functional layer 32 covering all the surfaces of the perovskite single crystal particle except the first convex surface T1, and a sixth functional layer 36 covering the second convex surface T2 and the second surface of the adhesive substrate 1031. The functional layer 30 can be constructed in the following manner: comprising only one of the first functional layer 31 to the sixth functional layer 36; comprising the first functional layer 31 and the fifth functional layer 35 and / or the sixth functional layer 36; comprising the second functional layer 32 and the fifth functional layer 35 and / or the sixth functional layer 36; comprising the third functional layer 33 and the fifth functional layer 35 and / or the sixth functional layer 36; comprising the fourth functional layer 34 and the fifth functional layer 35 and / or the sixth functional layer 36; or comprising the fifth functional layer 35 and the sixth functional layer 36. Cross-sectional views of solar cells employing other construction methods for the functional layer 30 are not shown here.

[0130] In addition, in the process of constructing the first functional layer 31 to the sixth functional layer 36, the selected construction material can also be adjusted according to the specific type of the carrier transport layer with the largest contact area. The carrier transport layer includes an electron transport layer and a hole transport layer. When the carrier transport layer with the largest contact area is an electron transport layer, lithium fluoride (LiF) or magnesium fluoride (MgF2) can be selected as the construction material. When the carrier transport layer with the largest contact area is a hole transport layer, poly[(9,9-bis(3'-((N,N-dimethyl)-N-ethylammonium)-propyl)-2,7-fluorene)-alt-2,7-(9,9-dioctylfluorene)] dibromide (PFN-Br) or poly[N,N'-bis(4-butylphenyl)-N,N'-bis(phenyl)benzidine] (TPD) can be selected as the construction material. When the contact areas with two different carrier transport layers are not significantly different, 2,4,6-trimercapto-s-triazine trisodium salt (TTTS) can be selected as the construction material. By selectively selecting an appropriate material according to the contact areas with the different carrier transport layers to construct the functional layer 30, the construction accuracy and use effect of the functional layer 30 can be improved. In the embodiments of the present application, the specific construction method is not limited.

[0131] In some embodiments, the functional layer 30 has a thickness of between 0.1 nm and 1 μm.

[0132] As shown in Figs. 15 to 21, the thickness of the functional layer 30 correlates with the configuration of the functional layer 30. When the functional layer 30 includes the fifth functional layer 35 and / or the sixth functional layer 36, the thickness of the functional layer 30 can be indicated by the average pitch or maximum pitch between two opposing points in the first direction of the fifth functional layer 35 and / or the sixth functional layer 36. When the functional layer 30 includes any one of the first functional layer 31 to the fourth functional layer 34, the thickness of the functional layer 30 can be indicated by the average interval or maximum interval between any one point on the surface away from the single crystal perovskite particles 1032 of the included first functional layer 31, second functional layer 32, third functional layer 33, or fourth functional layer 34 and the surface close to the functional layer 30 of the perovskite single crystal particle.

[0133] If the thickness of the functional layer 30 is too large, the stability of the single crystal perovskite particles 1032 can be effectively increased, but the light absorption ability of the single crystal perovskite particles 1032 will be reduced, leading to a reduction in the photoelectric conversion ability of the solar cell. If the thickness of the functional layer 30 is too small, the light absorption ability of the single crystal perovskite particles 1032 will be ensured, but the probability of decomposition will be high, making it impossible to ensure the stability of the solar cell and not contributing much to improving the light absorption ability of the solar cell.

[0134] Therefore, the thickness of the functional layer 30 is set within the range of 0.1 nm to 1 μm, for example, 0.1 nm, 0.5 nm, 1 nm, 5 nm, 10 nm, 25 nm, 50 nm, 100 nm, 200 nm, 500 nm, 750 nm, or 900 nm. Setting the thickness of the functional layer 30 ensures that the single crystal perovskite particles 1032 and the solar cell have good light absorption ability, ensures the photoelectric conversion ability of the solar cell, and improves the stability of solar energy as much as possible.

[0135] In some embodiments, for any single crystal perovskite grain 1032, the spacing between the current single crystal perovskite grain and an adjacent single crystal perovskite grain 1032 is less than or equal to the maximum spacing between any two points on the surface of the current single crystal perovskite grain 1032.

[0136] As shown in FIG. 14, the two largest circles in the figure are circles formed through the spherical centers of two adjacent single-crystal perovskite particles 1032 along the horizontal direction, and the maximum distance between any two points on the surface of the current single-crystal perovskite particle is d, and the distance between the current single-crystal perovskite particle and the adjacent single-crystal perovskite particle 1032 is D, where D can indicate the minimum distance between any one point on the surface of the current single-crystal perovskite particle and any one point on the surface of the adjacent single-crystal perovskite particle 1032. If the distance between the two adjacent single-crystal perovskite particles 1032 is too large, the absorption ability of the perovskite absorption layer 103 for light irradiated to the region between the two adjacent single-crystal perovskite particles 1032 becomes extremely poor, and the absorption ability of the perovskite absorption layer 103 for light is reduced, which affects the photoelectric conversion ability of the perovskite absorption layer 103.

[0137] Since the light absorption ability of the single crystal perovskite particles 1032 gradually decreases as the distance between itself and the light increases, it is necessary to limit the distance D between two adjacent single crystal perovskite particles 1032 in the perovskite absorption layer 103, and the distance D between the current single crystal perovskite particle and the adjacent single crystal perovskite particle 1032 is set within a range smaller than the size of the current perovskite particle, i.e., within a range smaller than the maximum distance d between any two points on the surface of the current single crystal perovskite particle, for example, D may be set to 0.1d, 0.2d, 0.35d, 0.45d, 0.5d, 0.75d, or 0.9d, etc. By setting the distance between the current single crystal perovskite particle and the adjacent single crystal perovskite particle 1032 within a range equal to or less than the size of the current single crystal perovskite particle, the perovskite absorption layer 103 has good light absorption ability, and the problem of a decrease in the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell due to a decrease in light absorption ability can be avoided.

[0138] In some embodiments, the distance in the first direction between any point on the first convex surface and the first surface and / or the distance between any point on the second convex surface and the second surface is less than or equal to half the maximum length in the first direction of the single crystal perovskite grain 1032.

[0139] As shown in FIG. 13 and FIG. 22, FIG. 22 is a cross-sectional view of the perovskite absorber layer 103 formed along the vertical direction through the spherical centers of three equal-sized single crystal perovskite particles 1032. In the perovskite absorber layer 103, in the first direction, the maximum value of the distance between any one point on the first convex surface of the single crystal perovskite particle 1032 and the first surface of the adhesive substrate 1031 is the distance a between the point A farthest from the first surface on the first convex surface and the first surface; similarly, the maximum value of the distance between any one point on the second convex surface of the single crystal perovskite particle 1032 and the second surface of the adhesive substrate 1031 is the distance b between the point B farthest from the second surface on the second convex surface and the second surface; and the maximum length of the single crystal perovskite particle 1032 is L.

[0140] In the process of constructing the perovskite absorption layer 103, the role of the adhesive substrate 1031 is to fix the single crystal perovskite particles 1032, and in order to ensure the fixing effect, the adhesive substrate 1031 has a certain thickness. In addition, in the process of the single crystal perovskite particles 1032 generating carriers, different carriers are collected and moved at both ends of the single crystal perovskite particles 1032, respectively, and when the distance a between point A on the first convex surface of the single crystal perovskite particle 1032 and the first surface is 1 / 2 or more of L, and / or the distance b between point B on the second convex surface and the second surface is 1 / 2 or more of L, the carriers collected in the first carrier transport layer 102 or the second conductive layer 104 may recombine with anisotropic carriers, which may lead to a decrease in the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the perovskite absorption layer 103.

[0141] Therefore, in the process of constructing the perovskite absorption layer 103, for the single crystal perovskite particle 1032 including the first convex surface and the second convex surface, the distance between any one point on the first convex surface of the single crystal perovskite particle 1032 and the first surface and / or the distance between any one point on the second convex surface of the single crystal perovskite particle 1032 and the second surface in the first direction is ensured to be less than half the maximum length in the first direction of the single crystal perovskite particle 1032. For example, the distance a and / or the distance b is set to 0.1L, 0.15L, 0.2L, 0.25L, 0.35L, 0.45L, or 0.49L. By limiting the distance between any one point on the first convex surface of the single crystal perovskite particle 1032 and the first surface and / or the distance between any one point on the second convex surface of the single crystal perovskite particle 1032 and the second surface, the probability of anisotropic carrier recombination is reduced as much as possible, and the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell is ensured.

[0142] In some embodiments, the maximum distance between any two points on the surface of the single crystal perovskite particle 1032 is between 5 μm and 100 μm.

[0143] In the process of constructing the perovskite absorption layer 103, if the size of the selected single crystal perovskite particles 1032 is too large, i.e., the maximum distance d between any two points on the particle surface is too large, then after constructing the perovskite absorption layer with the single crystal perovskite particles 1032, the distance required for the carriers to move to the first carrier transport layer 102 or the second conductive layer 104 after absorbing light energy to generate carriers is too large, making it difficult to complete the movement of the carriers, resulting in a decrease in the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell. If the size of the single crystal perovskite particles 1032 is too small, i.e., the maximum distance d between any two points on the particle surface is too small, then in the process of the carriers moving, the pitch between different carriers is small, making it easy for carriers to recombine, resulting in a decrease in the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell. In addition, if the size of the single crystal perovskite particles 1032 is too small, the thickness of the perovskite absorption layer 103 will also be small, and the probability of the single crystal perovskite particles 1032 being decomposed due to the potential difference between the two sides will increase significantly, resulting in a decrease in the stability of the solar cell.

[0144] Therefore, in the process of constructing the perovskite absorption layer 103, single crystal perovskite particles 1032 with a maximum distance between any two points on the particle surface of 5 μm to 100 μm are selected and constructed, for example, single crystal perovskite particles 1032 with a maximum distance between any two points on the particle surface of 5 μm, 7.5 μm, 10 μm, 15 μm, 25 μm, 60 μm, 80 μm, 85 μm, or 95 μm are selected to construct the perovskite absorption layer 103. This ensures that carriers in the perovskite absorption layer 103 can easily move, while reducing the probability of recombination between different carriers and the probability of decomposition of the single crystal perovskite particles 1032, and ensures the photoelectric conversion efficiency and stability of the solar cell.

[0145] In some embodiments, the area of ​​the orthogonal projection of the perovskite absorption layer 103 on the first conductive layer 101 is defined as a first area, the area of ​​the orthogonal projection of the plurality of single crystal perovskite particles 1032 on the first conductive layer 101 is defined as a second area, and the ratio of the second area to the first area is 0.3 to 0.9.

[0146] In the process of constructing the perovskite absorption layer 103, the light absorption area when the perovskite absorption layer 103 performs photoelectric conversion can be regarded as the sum of the orthogonal projection areas of all the single crystal perovskite particles 1032 in the first conductive layer 101, that is, the second area. Meanwhile, the area where the perovskite absorption layer 103 receives light can be regarded as the orthogonal projection area of ​​the perovskite absorption layer 103 in the first conductive layer 101, that is, the first area. If the ratio of the second area to the first area is too small, the absorption utilization rate of the perovskite absorption layer 103 for the light irradiated to the perovskite absorption layer 103 will be low, leading to a weak photoelectric conversion ability of the solar cell, making it difficult to effectively perform photoelectric conversion. Due to limitations in the photoelectric conversion ability of the single crystal perovskite particles 1032 themselves, there is an upper limit to the absorption utilization rate of the perovskite absorption layer 103 for light irradiated to the perovskite absorption layer 103. When the ratio of the second area to the first area is too large, the perovskite absorption layer 103 contains single crystal perovskite particles 1032 whose photoelectric conversion ability is not fully utilized, resulting in poor cost performance between the manufacturing cost of the solar cell and its photoelectric conversion ability.

[0147] Therefore, in the process of constructing the perovskite absorption layer 103, it is necessary to limit the ratio between the area of ​​the orthogonal projection of each single crystal perovskite particle 1032 in the perovskite absorption layer 103 on the first conductive layer 101 and the area of ​​the orthogonal projection of the perovskite absorption layer 103 on the first conductive layer 101. The ratio of the second area to the first area is set within a range of 0.3 to 0.9, for example, 0.3, 0.35, 0.45, 0.5, 0.65, 0.7, 0.75, 0.8 or 0.85. By limiting the sum of the orthogonal projection areas of each single crystal perovskite particle 1032 on the first conductive layer 101 and the area of ​​the orthogonal projection of the perovskite absorption layer 103 on the first conductive layer 101 within a certain range, the light absorption utilization rate of the perovskite absorption layer 103 is ensured and the manufacturing cost of the solar cell is reduced as much as possible.

[0148] In addition, in the process of constructing the perovskite absorption layer 103, the light transmittance needs for the top cell when constructing a stacked solar cell with the perovskite cell as the top cell can also be referred to. Based on the type of the bottom cell and the optimal photoelectric conversion efficiency of the stacked solar cell, the ratio between the light irradiation area required for the bottom cell and the area of ​​the light receiving surface of the bottom cell when the stacked solar cell has optimal or good photoelectric conversion efficiency is determined. Based on the determined area ratio, the ratio of the second area to the first area in the perovskite absorption layer 103 is set. For example, when the areas of the light receiving surfaces of the bottom cell and the top cell are the same, when the bottom cell needs to transmit 30%, 50% or 70% of the light from the top cell to reach the bottom cell, the stacked solar cell has optimal photoelectric conversion efficiency, in this case, the ratio of the second area to the first area in the perovskite absorption layer 103 can be set to 0.7, 0.5 and 0.3, respectively.

[0149] In addition, in order to ensure the photoelectric conversion capacity of the solar cell, a perovskite solar cell can be constructed by selecting single crystal perovskite particles 1032 with a band gap of 1 eV to 2 eV. When a stacked solar cell is constructed with a perovskite battery cell as a top cell, the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the stacked solar cell is also related to the band gap of the single crystal perovskite particles 1032 in the top cell. In the process of constructing a stacked solar cell, a perovskite battery cell can be constructed by selecting single crystal perovskite particles 1032 with a band gap of 1.4 eV to 1.8 eV according to the type of the bottom cell. In the process of selecting the single crystal perovskite particles 1032, it is sufficient to give the stacked solar cell good photoelectric conversion efficiency. In the present embodiment, the specific band gap of the selected single crystal perovskite particles 1032 is not limited.

[0150] Thus, in the process of constructing the stacked solar cell, the ratio between the second area and the first area in the perovskite absorption layer 103 in the perovskite solar cell and the band gap of the single crystal perovskite particles 1032 can be controlled according to the need for good photoelectric conversion efficiency achieved by the stacked solar cell, thereby making it possible to maximize the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the stacked solar cell.

[0151] In addition, the plurality of single crystal perovskite particles 1032 may include perovskite particles that do not have the first convex surface and / or the second convex surface, and the photogenerated carriers generated in the single crystal perovskite particles 1032 that do not have both the first convex surface and the second convex surface are difficult to complete the movement of carriers due to the restriction of the adhesive substrate 1031. In order to further ensure the light utilization rate of the perovskite absorption layer 103, in the process of statistically calculating the second area, only the sum of the orthogonal projection areas of each single crystal perovskite particle 1032 including the first convex surface and the second convex surface on the first conductive layer 101 may be statistically calculated. In addition, the orthogonal projections of all the single crystal perovskite particles 1032 having the first convex surface and / or the second convex surface on the first conductive layer 101 may be statistically calculated. In the embodiment of the present application, this is not limited.

[0152] In some embodiments, the thickness of the adhesive substrate 1031 is greater than or equal to 100 nm.

[0153] As shown in FIG. 13 and FIG. 22, the thickness h of the adhesive substrate 1031 can be represented by the distance between two points facing each other along the first direction on the first and second surfaces of the adhesive substrate 1031. One of the important functions of the adhesive substrate 1031 is to fix the single crystal perovskite particles 1032 accommodated and fixedly arranged in the adhesive substrate 1031. Thus, if the thickness h of the adhesive substrate 1031 in the first direction is too small, it becomes difficult to stably fix the single crystal perovskite particles 1032, and hidden cracks may occur, which may lead to a decrease in the stability of the solar cell. At the same time, if the pitch between different carriers is too small, recombination between different carriers may occur, which may lead to a decrease in the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell.

[0154] Therefore, in the process of manufacturing the adhesive substrate 1031, the thickness h of the adhesive substrate 1031 in the first direction needs to be 100 nm or more, and may be, for example, 100 nm, 200 nm, 350 nm, 500 nm, 800 nm, 1 μm, 5 μm, 20 μm or 50 μm. By setting the thickness of the adhesive substrate 1031 in the first direction to be sufficiently large, it is possible to ensure that the adhesive substrate 1031 stably fixes the single crystal perovskite particles 1032, avoid the failure of the perovskite absorption layer 103, improve the stability of the solar cell, and also ensure a sufficiently large interval between different carriers, avoid the recombination of different carriers, and ensure the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell.

[0155] Furthermore, if the thickness h of the adhesive substrate 1031 in the first direction is too large, the single crystal perovskite particle 1032 can have a first convex surface and a second convex surface, and therefore the size of the single crystal perovskite particle 1032, i.e., the maximum distance between any two points on the particle surface, will also increase accordingly, making it more difficult for photogenerated carriers in the single crystal perovskite particle 1032 to move, resulting in a decrease in the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell.

[0156] Therefore, in the process of installing the adhesive substrate 1031, it is necessary to take into consideration not only the fixing effect and carrier blocking effect of the adhesive substrate 1031 on the single crystal perovskite particles 1032, but also the influence of the adhesive substrate 1031 on the photoelectric conversion ability of the selected single crystal perovskite particles 1032, and to set the thickness h of the adhesive substrate 1031 in the first direction within a range smaller than the size of the single crystal perovskite particles 1032 with good photoelectric conversion efficiency, thereby ensuring that the perovskite absorption layer 103 has as good photoelectric conversion efficiency as possible.

[0157] As shown in FIGS. 13 and 23-25, in some embodiments, the adhesive substrate 1031 includes a light trapping surface 1033 facing the first carrier transport layer 102 and / or the second conductive layer 104.

[0158] 23 to 25 are cross-sectional views along the vertical direction of the solar cell, and the light trapping surface 1033 in FIG. 23 includes only the surface facing the first carrier transport layer 102 of the adhesive substrate 1031, the light trapping surface 1033 in FIG. 24 includes only the surface facing the second conductive layer 104 of the adhesive substrate 1031, and the light trapping surface 1033 in FIG. 25 includes the surface facing the first carrier transport layer 102 of the adhesive substrate 1031 and the surface facing the second conductive layer 104 of the adhesive substrate 1031. Another important function of the adhesive substrate 1031 is to ensure the light absorption ability of the perovskite absorption layer 103. Therefore, in the process of manufacturing the adhesive substrate 1031, a light trapping surface 1033 that enhances the light absorption ability of the perovskite absorption layer 103 can also be manufactured on the adhesive substrate 1031. During the manufacturing process, the light trapping surface 1033 may include only the surface of the adhesive substrate 1031 facing the first carrier transport layer 102, or may include only the surface of the adhesive substrate 1031 facing the second conductive layer 104, or may simultaneously include both the surface of the adhesive substrate 1031 facing the first carrier transport layer 102 and the surface of the adhesive substrate 1031 facing the second conductive layer 104.

[0159] By forming a light trapping surface 1033 on the adhesive substrate 1031 facing the first carrier transport layer 102 and / or the second conductive layer 104, the optical path length in the perovskite absorption layer 103 of the light irradiated to the perovskite absorption layer 103 is increased, improving the light absorption ability of the perovskite absorption layer 103 and ultimately increasing the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the perovskite absorption layer 103 and the solar cell.

[0160] As shown in Figures 13 and 26, in some embodiments, the light trapping surface 1033 includes a first light trapping structure 311, which extends outside the adhesive substrate 1031 in a first direction.

[0161] 26 is a cross-sectional view of a solar cell in which the light trapping surface 1033 simultaneously includes both a surface facing the first carrier transport layer of the adhesive substrate 1031 and a surface facing the second conductive layer 104 of the adhesive substrate 1031, and the light trapping surface 1033 includes a first light trapping structure 311. In the process of manufacturing the light trapping surface 1033 on the adhesive substrate 1031, the first light trapping structure 311 can be formed on the surface facing the first carrier transport layer 102 of the adhesive substrate 1031 and / or the surface facing the second conductive layer 104 of the adhesive substrate 1031, i.e., one or more protrusions extending in a direction away from the adhesive substrate 1031 can be formed on the first surface or the second surface. The first light trapping structure 311 is located on the first surface and / or the second surface, and the positional relationship between either one of the surfaces of the first light trapping structure 31 and the first convex surface and / or the second convex surface of each single-crystalline perovskite particle 1032 in the perovskite absorption layer 103 is contact or separation, and the first light trapping structure 311 does not affect the contact area between the first convex surface and the first carrier transport layer 102 and the contact area between the second convex surface and the second conductive layer 104.

[0162] By forming one or more protrusions extending away from the adhesive substrate 1031 as a first light trapping structure 311 on the first surface and / or second surface, the first surface and / or second surface is transformed into a light trapping surface 1033 capable of extending the optical path length of incident light in the perovskite absorption layer 103, improving the absorption and utilization ability of the perovskite absorption layer 103 for the incident light, and ultimately increasing the photoelectric conversion ability and efficiency of the perovskite absorption layer 103.

[0163] The shapes and sizes of the first light trapping structures 311 may be the same or different, but are not limited thereto in the embodiment of the present application.

[0164] As shown in Figures 13 and 27, in some embodiments, the light trapping surface 1033 includes a second light trapping structure 312 that is recessed into the adhesive substrate 1031 in a first direction.

[0165] 27 is a cross-sectional view of a solar cell in which the light trapping surface 1033 simultaneously includes both a surface facing the first carrier transport layer of the adhesive substrate 1031 and a surface facing the second conductive layer 104, and the light trapping surface 1033 includes a second light trapping structure 312. In the process of manufacturing the light trapping surface 1033 on the adhesive substrate 1031, the second light trapping structure 312 can be formed on the surface of the adhesive substrate 1031 facing the first carrier transport layer 102 and / or the second conductive layer 104, i.e., one or more recesses extending into the adhesive substrate 1031 can be formed on the first surface or the second surface. The second light trapping structure 312 is located on the first surface and / or the second surface, and the positional relationship between either one of the surfaces of the second light trapping structure 312 and a surface located inside the adhesive substrate 1031 of each single crystal perovskite particle 1032 in the perovskite absorption layer 103 is contact or separation, and the second light trapping structure 312 does not affect the contact area between the single crystal perovskite particle 1032 and the adhesive substrate 1031.

[0166] By forming one or more recesses extending into the adhesive substrate 1031 on the first surface or the second surface as the second light trapping structure 312, the first surface and / or the second surface is changed into a light trapping surface 1033 capable of extending the optical path length of the incident light in the perovskite absorption layer 103, improving the absorption and utilization ability of the perovskite absorption layer 103 for the incident light, and thus improving the photoelectric conversion ability and efficiency of the perovskite absorption layer 103.

[0167] In addition, the light trapping surface 1033 may include only one or more first light trapping structures 311, may include only one or more second light trapping structures 312, or may include one or more first light trapping structures 311 and one or more second light trapping structures 312. The light trapping surface 1033 may include only a surface facing the first carrier transport layer 102 of the adhesive substrate 1031, may include only a surface facing the second conductive layer 104 of the adhesive substrate 1031, or may include a surface facing the first carrier transport layer 102 of the adhesive substrate 1031 and a surface facing the second conductive layer 104 of the adhesive substrate 1031. In the embodiment of the present application, the specific configuration of the light trapping surface 1033 and the type and number of light trapping structures included in the light trapping surface 1033 are not limited.

[0168] The shapes and sizes of the second light trapping structures 312 may be the same or different, but are not limited thereto in the present embodiment.

[0169] In some embodiments, the first carrier transport layer 102 is an electron transport layer or a hole transport layer.

[0170] The role of the first carrier transport layer 102 is to collect and transport carriers generated in the perovskite absorption layer 103. Based on the operation mechanism of the solar cell, the first carrier transport layer 102 may be a hole transport layer or an electron transport layer. When the first carrier transport layer 102 is an electron transport layer, the function of the first carrier transport layer 102 includes collecting electrons, transporting the collected electrons to the first conductive layer 101, outputting electrical energy in the first conductive layer 101, and blocking holes so that they do not flow directly to the first conductive layer 101. When the first carrier transport layer 102 is a hole transport layer, the function of the first carrier transport layer 102 includes blocking the entry of electrons into the first conductive layer 101, enhancing the transport of holes, and preventing the perovskite absorption layer 103 and the first conductive layer 101 from directly contacting each other. This ensures the photoelectric conversion capacity and output of electrical energy of the solar cell.

[0171] The electron transport layer is made of tin oxide (SnOx), titanium dioxide (TiO2), and C 60 The hole transport layer can be composed of materials such as fullerenes and their derivatives, including bis(4-phenyl)(2,4,6-triphenylmethyl)amine] (PTAA), 2,2′,7,7′-tetrakis(N,N-di-p-methoxyphenylamino)-9,9′-spirobifluorene (spiro-OMeTAD), nickel oxide (NiOx), or cuprous thiocyanate (CuSCN).

[0172] In some embodiments, the thickness of the first carrier transport layer 102 in the first direction includes 1 nm to 1 μm.

[0173] The core role of the first carrier transport layer 102 is to improve the collection and transport ability of one type of carrier, while blocking the contact of other carriers with the first conductive layer 101. Therefore, if the thickness of the first carrier transport layer 102 in the first direction is too large, the moving distance of the carriers in the process of being transported to the first conductive layer 101 is too large, which may cause carrier recombination, resulting in large carrier loss, and resulting in a decrease in the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell. If the thickness of the first carrier transport layer 102 in the first direction is too small, the collection and transport ability of the first carrier transport layer 102 for carriers is limited, and a certain type of carrier generated in the perovskite absorption layer 103 cannot be collected and transported in a timely manner, resulting in large carrier loss, which affects the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell; at the same time, if the thickness is too small, the blocking ability for other carriers is also reduced to a certain extent, which may cause recombination of different types of carriers, which may affect the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell.

[0174] Therefore, in the process of constructing the first carrier transport layer 102, the thickness of the first carrier transport layer 102 in the first direction is set to 1 nm to 1 μm, for example, 1 nm, 5 nm, 10 nm, 50 nm, 100 nm, 200 nm, 250 nm, 400 nm, 500 nm, 650 nm, 750 nm, 800 nm, or 950 nm, etc. This ensures that the first carrier transport layer 102 has a sufficiently high collection and transport ability for one type of carrier and a sufficiently high blocking ability for other carriers, thereby reducing carrier loss due to carrier recombination and movement, and ensuring the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell.

[0175] As shown in FIG. 28, in some embodiments, the solar cell further includes a second carrier transport layer 105, which is located between the perovskite absorber layer 103 and the second conductive layer 104 and in contact with the perovskite absorber layer 103 and the second conductive layer 104, respectively.

[0176] The second carrier transport layer 105 is similar to the first carrier transport layer 102, and its role is to collect and transport a type of carrier generated in the perovskite absorption layer 103. Based on the operation mechanism of the solar cell, the second carrier transport layer 105 may be a hole transport layer or an electron transport layer. When the second carrier transport layer 105 is an electron transport layer, the function of the second carrier transport layer 105 includes collecting electrons, transporting the collected electrons to the first conductive layer 101, outputting electrical energy in the first conductive layer 101, and blocking holes so that they do not flow directly to the first conductive layer 101. When the second carrier transport layer 105 is a hole transport layer, the function of the second carrier transport layer 105 includes blocking the entry of electrons into the first conductive layer 101, enhancing the transport of holes, and preventing the perovskite absorption layer 103 and the first conductive layer 101 from directly contacting each other. This ensures the photoelectric conversion ability and output of electrical energy of the solar cell.

[0177] In some embodiments, the thickness of the second carrier transport layer 105 in the first direction is comprised between 1 nm and 1 μm.

[0178] The core role of the second carrier transport layer 105 is to improve the collection and transport ability of one type of carrier, while blocking the contact of other carriers with the first conductive layer 101. Therefore, if the thickness of the second carrier transport layer 105 in the first direction is too large, the moving distance of the carriers in the process of being transported to the second conductive layer 104 is too large, which may cause carrier recombination, resulting in large carrier loss, and resulting in a decrease in the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell. If the thickness of the second carrier transport layer 105 in the first direction is too small, the second carrier transport layer 105 has limited collection and transport ability for carriers, and cannot timely collect and transport all of a certain type of carrier generated in the perovskite absorption layer 103, resulting in large carrier loss, affecting the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell; at the same time, if the thickness is too small, the blocking ability for other carriers will also be reduced to a certain extent, which may cause recombination of different types of carriers, which may affect the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell.

[0179] Therefore, in the process of constructing the second carrier transport layer 105, the thickness of the second carrier transport layer 105 in the first direction is set to 1 nm to 1 μm, for example, 1 nm, 5 nm, 10 nm, 50 nm, 100 nm, 200 nm, 250 nm, 400 nm, 500 nm, 650 nm, 750 nm, 800 nm, or 950 nm, etc. This ensures that the second carrier transport layer 105 has a sufficiently high collection and transport ability for one type of carrier and a sufficiently high blocking ability for other carriers, thereby reducing carrier loss due to carrier recombination and movement, and ensuring the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell.

[0180] In some embodiments, when the first carrier transport layer 102 is a hole transport layer, the second carrier transport layer 105 is an electron transport layer, and when the first carrier transport layer 102 is an electron transport layer, the second carrier transport layer 105 is a hole transport layer.

[0181] In order to further improve the efficiency of the solar cell, carrier transport layers for collecting and transporting different carriers are provided on opposite sides of the perovskite absorber layer 103 in the first direction, so as to maximize the photoelectric conversion efficiency and stability of the solar cell.

[0182] As described above, in the solar cell provided in one embodiment of the present application, the adhesive substrate 1031 and a plurality of single crystal perovskite particles 1032 arranged on the adhesive substrate 1031 are used to form the perovskite absorption layer 103 of the solar cell. By constructing the perovskite absorption layer 103 with the single crystal perovskite particles 1032, the stability of the perovskite absorption layer 103 is ensured. By using the form in which the single crystal perovskite particles 1032 are arranged on the adhesive substrate 1031, damage to the single crystal perovskite in the cutting process is avoided and the efficiency of the solar cell is ensured. At the same time, by constructing the perovskite absorption layer 103 in the manner of arranging single crystal particles, it is possible to manufacture a large-area single crystal perovskite solar cell. Among the multiple single crystal perovskite particles 1032 arranged on the adhesive substrate 1031, at least some of the single crystal perovskite particles 1032 have a first convex surface protruding from the first surface of the adhesive substrate 1031 and a second convex surface protruding from the second surface of the adhesive substrate 1031, and the perovskite absorption layer 103 is constructed with the single crystal perovskite particles 1032 exposed on both opposing surfaces of the adhesive substrate 1031, so that the perovskite absorption layer 103 itself has a texture structure, which gives it better light absorption ability and improves the ability of the photogenerated carriers to be transported from the perovskite absorption layer 103 to the conductive layer or carrier transport layer, thereby improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency and capacity of the solar cell. Since the functional layer 30 is formed on the surface of the single crystal perovskite particles 1032, the stability of the perovskite absorption layer 103 and the solar cell is improved.

[0183] As can be seen from the above, this embodiment is an embodiment of a solar cell structure corresponding to an embodiment of a method for manufacturing a solar cell, and the details of this embodiment can also be applied to the embodiment of the method for manufacturing a solar cell, and similarly, the details of the embodiment of the method for manufacturing a solar cell can also be applied to this embodiment.

[0184] In response to the above, in another embodiment of the present application, a stacked solar cell is further provided, the structure of which can be seen in FIG. 29, in which the stacked solar cell includes a top cell 1001, a bonding layer 1002 and a bottom cell 1003 stacked in sequence, where the top cell 1001 is the above-mentioned solar cell.

[0185] In some embodiments, the type of bottom cell 1003 includes a crystalline silicon solar cell, a CIGS thin film solar cell, a cadmium telluride thin film solar cell, a III-V thin film solar cell, or a narrow bandgap perovskite thin film solar cell, where the narrow bandgap perovskite thin film solar cell may be a narrow bandgap monocrystalline perovskite thin film solar cell or a narrow bandgap polycrystalline perovskite thin film solar cell.

[0186] In some embodiments, the lamination layer 1002 includes a mechanical lamination layer made of a conductive adhesive. Here, the conductive adhesive may be formed by adding conductive particles to a transparent adhesive having good transmittance to light, for example, an adhesive having a transmittance of 80% or more for light of 400 nm or more, or an adhesive having a transmittance of 80% or more for light of 450 nm or more. The conductive adhesive may be a transparent thin adhesive containing particles having a certain conductive energy, and the transparency may be similar to that of the adhesive, and the description here is omitted. In the embodiments of the present application, the specific type of conductive adhesive is not limited.

[0187] Although the present application has been disclosed above in preferred embodiments, it does not limit the scope of the claims, and any person skilled in the art may make some possible variations and modifications without departing from the idea of ​​the present application, so the protection scope of the present application should be based on the scope limited by the claims of the present application.

[0188] Those skilled in the art will understand that the above embodiments are specific examples for implementing the present application, but that various changes in form and details are possible in practice without departing from the spirit and scope of the present application. Since any person skilled in the art can make various changes and modifications without departing from the spirit and scope of the present application, the scope of protection of the present application should be based on the scope limited by the claims.

Claims

1. Providing a carrier plate and a separation auxiliary layer that are stacked in sequence along a first direction; forming a perovskite absorption layer on a surface of the separation auxiliary layer away from the carrier plate, the perovskite absorption layer comprising an adhesive substrate and a plurality of single crystal perovskite particles arranged on the adhesive substrate, the adhesive substrate comprising a first surface and a second surface facing each other in the first direction, the first surface being away from the separation auxiliary layer, at least a portion of the single crystal perovskite particles having a first convex surface and a second convex surface, the first convex surface protruding relative to the first surface and the second convex surface protruding relative to the second surface, and a functional layer being formed on the surface of the single crystal perovskite particles; forming a first carrier transport layer, the first carrier transport layer being located on a surface of the perovskite absorption layer away from the separation assisting layer; forming a first conductive layer, the first conductive layer being located on a surface of the first carrier transport layer remote from the first surface; removing the carrier plate and the separation auxiliary layer and forming a second conductive layer, the second conductive layer being located on a surface of the perovskite absorber layer away from the first carrier transport layer; A method for producing a solar cell comprising the steps of:

2. The functional layer is The single crystal perovskite particles may be immersed in a functional layer growth mother liquor to form a first functional layer on the surface of the single crystal perovskite particles, the first functional layer covering the entire surface of the single crystal perovskite particles. The method for producing a solar cell according to claim 1 .

3. After forming the perovskite absorption layer, removing the first functional layer on the first convex surface. The method for producing a solar cell according to claim 2 .

4. After removing the first functional layer on the first convex surface, forming a second functional layer covering the first surface and the first convex surface; forming the first carrier transport layer includes forming the first carrier transport layer on a surface of the second functional layer away from the first surface; The method for producing a solar cell according to claim 3 .

5. After removing the separation auxiliary layer and the carrier plate, removing the first functional layer on the second convex surface. The method for producing a solar cell according to claim 2 .

6. After removing the first functional layer on the second convex surface, forming a third functional layer covering the second surface and the second convex surface; forming the second conductive layer includes forming the second conductive layer on a surface of the third functional layer away from the second surface; The method for producing a solar cell according to claim 5 .

7. The functional layer is After forming the perovskite absorption layer, a fourth functional layer covering the first surface and the first convex surface may be formed on a surface of the perovskite absorption layer away from the separation auxiliary layer; forming the first carrier transport layer includes forming the first carrier transport layer on a surface of the fourth functional layer away from the first surface; The method for producing a solar cell according to claim 1 .

8. The functional layer is After removing the carrier plate and the separation auxiliary layer, a fifth functional layer covering the second surface and the second convex surface may be formed on a surface of the perovskite absorber layer away from the first carrier transport layer; forming the second conductive layer includes forming the second conductive layer on a surface of the fifth functional layer away from the second surface; The method for producing a solar cell according to claim 1 .

9. After removing the carrier plate and the separation auxiliary layer, a second carrier transport layer is formed, and the second carrier transport layer is located on a surface of the perovskite absorption layer away from the first carrier transport layer; forming the second conductive layer includes forming the second conductive layer on a surface of the second carrier transport layer remote from the second surface; The method for producing a solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 8.

10. The semiconductor device includes a first conductive layer, a first carrier transport layer, a perovskite absorption layer, and a second conductive layer, which are sequentially stacked along a first direction; The perovskite absorption layer includes an adhesive substrate and a plurality of single-crystal perovskite particles arranged on the adhesive substrate, the adhesive substrate includes a first surface and a second surface facing each other in the first direction, the first surface faces the first conductive layer, at least a portion of the single-crystal perovskite particles have a first convex surface and a second convex surface, the first convex surface protrudes relative to the first surface and the second convex surface protrudes relative to the second surface, and a functional layer is formed on the surface of the single-crystal perovskite particles. A solar cell characterized by:

11. The functional layer includes a first functional layer covering all surfaces of the single crystal perovskite particles; The solar cell according to claim 10 .

12. The functional layer includes a second functional layer covering all surfaces of the single crystal perovskite particles except the first convex surface, The solar cell according to claim 10 .

13. The functional layer includes a third functional layer covering all surfaces of the single crystal perovskite particles except the second convex surface, The solar cell according to claim 10 .

14. The functional layer includes a fourth functional layer covering all surfaces of the single crystal perovskite particles except the first convex surface and the second convex surface, The solar cell according to claim 10 .

15. The functional layer includes a fifth functional layer covering the first convex surface and the first surface, The solar cell according to claim 10 .

16. The functional layer includes a sixth functional layer covering the second convex surface and the second surface. The solar cell according to claim 10 .

17. The thickness of the functional layer is 0.1 nm to 1 μm. The solar cell according to claim 10 .

18. for any one of said single-crystal perovskite particles, the spacing between the current single-crystal perovskite particle and an adjacent one of said single-crystal perovskite particles is less than or equal to the maximum spacing between any two points on the surface of said current single-crystal perovskite particle; The solar cell according to claim 10 .

19. The maximum distance between any two points on the surface of the single crystal perovskite particle is 5 μm to 100 μm, The solar cell according to claim 10 .

20. The area of ​​the orthogonal projection of the perovskite absorption layer on the first conductive layer is defined as a first area, the area of ​​the orthogonal projection of the plurality of single crystal perovskite particles on the first conductive layer is defined as a second area, and the ratio of the second area to the first area is 0.3 to 0.9; The solar cell according to claim 10 .

21. In the first direction, a distance between any one point on the first convex surface and the first surface and / or a distance between any one point on the second convex surface and the second surface is equal to or less than half of a maximum length of the single crystal perovskite particle in the first direction. The solar cell according to claim 10 .

22. In the first direction, the thickness of the adhesive substrate is 100 nm or more. The solar cell according to claim 10 .

23. the adhesive substrate includes a light trapping surface facing the first carrier transport layer and / or the second conductive layer; The solar cell according to claim 10 .

24. the light trapping surface includes a first light trapping structure, the first light trapping structure extending outwardly of the adhesive substrate in the first direction; The solar cell according to claim 23 .

25. the light trapping surface includes a second light trapping structure, the second light trapping structure being recessed into the adhesive substrate in the first direction; The solar cell according to claim 23 .

26. The first carrier transport layer is an electron transport layer or a hole transport layer. The solar cell according to claim 10 .

27. a second carrier transport layer located between the perovskite absorber layer and the second conductive layer and in contact with the perovskite absorber layer and the second conductive layer, respectively; The solar cell according to claim 10 .

28. When the first carrier transport layer is a hole transport layer, the second carrier transport layer is an electron transport layer; When the first carrier transport layer is an electron transport layer, the second carrier transport layer is a hole transport layer.

28. The solar cell according to claim 27.

29. The battery includes a top cell, a lamination layer, and a bottom cell, which are stacked in order; wherein the top cell is a solar cell according to any one of claims 11 to 28; A stacked solar cell comprising:

30. The bottom cell comprises a crystalline silicon solar cell, a CIGS thin film solar cell, a cadmium telluride thin film solar cell, a III-V thin film solar cell, or a narrow band gap perovskite thin film solar cell; 30. The stacked solar cell according to claim 29.

31. The lamination layer includes a mechanical lamination layer made of a conductive adhesive.

30. The stacked solar cell according to claim 29.

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