Minimizing recycle flow in pump operation.

Abstract

Apparatus and methods are disclosed for using and constructing a cryogenic fluid pumping system to minimize recycle flow during pumping operation. A boost pump, a piston pump, and a thermometer are used to pump the cryogenic fluid throughout the system in an energy efficient manner. A phase separator pulsation damper accumulator (PSPDA) is also utilized to prevent loss of cryogenic liquid to gas and to recirculate the cryogenic liquid within the system when possible. In one embodiment, the cryogenic liquid is liquid hydrogen and the resulting cryogenic gas resulting from heating the cryogenic liquid is gaseous hydrogen.

Description

[Technical field]

[0001] This disclosure relates to the storage, use, and processing of industrial gases, including liquid hydrogen and other cryogenic liquids. [Background technology]

[0002] Cryogenic liquids are substances that are liquid at very low temperatures, typically below −150° C. (−238° F.). Cryogenic liquids include liquid nitrogen, liquid helium, and liquid hydrogen. These substances are used in a variety of applications, including refrigeration, medicine, and research. Cryogenic liquids are also used to cool materials to extremely low temperatures for use in scientific experiments and industrial processes. Cryogenic liquids are stored and transported in specially designed containers to prevent boiling or evaporation at room temperature. The special properties of cryogenic liquids present challenges in the transportation, storage, pumping, and use of cryogenic liquids. In many cases, pumps that use excessive energy corrode over time, resulting in excessive lost amounts of cryogenic liquid being utilized. These pumps and systems are expensive and difficult to maintain. Also, the loss of cryogenic liquid in the system may be too much or not enough. Too much loss may be considered to be 10% or more of the original cryogenic liquid in the system. Excessive loss can also mean a loss of 10% or more of the cryogenic liquid originally stored in a storage tank or vessel.

[0003] Developing systems for the use, storage, and pumping of cryogenic liquids is difficult. There are several energy challenges associated with refrigeration of cryogenic liquids. First, efficiency is an issue; cryogenic refrigeration systems tend to be less efficient than systems operating at higher temperatures. This is because it takes more energy to cool a substance to a very low temperature than it does to cool a substance to a moderate temperature (e.g., temperatures between 32° F. at sea level, i.e., 0° C. and 212° F., i.e., 100° C.). Heat transfer is also an issue for cryogenic pumping systems, since cryogenic liquids are poor heat transfer chemicals due to their low thermal conductivity. It is difficult to efficiently transfer heat to or from the cryogenic liquid, which impacts the efficiency of the refrigeration system.

[0004] Temperature control is also a major challenge for cryogenic systems. Maintaining a constant temperature is important when using a cryogenic liquid for refrigeration. Large fluctuations in temperature can affect the performance of the refrigeration system and even cause the cryogenic liquid to boil or evaporate. Temperature compressors for liquid cryogenic systems are difficult to design, maintain, and operate. Cryogenic refrigeration systems often use compressors to circulate the cryogenic liquid and remove heat from the system. These compressors are expensive to operate and maintain, affecting the overall cost of the refrigeration system. Additionally, many compressors add heat to the system, thus defeating the purpose of a liquid cryogenic system.

[0005] Finally, safety is a major concern when working with cryogenic liquids, as they are often stored and transported under high pressure. This creates safety risks if the containers are not properly designed or maintained. There is also a risk that the cryogenic liquid will boil or evaporate if the refrigeration system fails. This is dangerous if the cryogenic liquid is flammable. The gaseous hydrogen and oxygen resulting from the boiling of liquid hydrogen or oxygen are both extremely flammable. Summary of the Invention

[0006] SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE Currently, there is a need for a cryogenic fluid pump system that safely pumps cryogenic liquid in a safe and energy efficient manner while allowing a small amount of cryogenic gas to escape. [Brief description of the drawings]

[0007] [Figure 1] A ball-and-stick model of hydrogen gas. [Diagram 2] A model of hydrogen gas that focuses on the interactions between electrons, protons, and atoms. [Diagram 3] FIG. 1 is a diagram of a cryogenic pump system. [Figure 4] 1 is a set of graphs illustrating different stages of a piston pump for pumping a cryogenic liquid. [Diagram 5] 1 is a table of cryogenic liquids and associated data for each liquid. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0008] (Description of the device) Described herein is a cryogenic fluid pumping system for minimizing recycle flow during pumping operation. Multiple cryogenic liquids can be mixed together and used in the disclosed pumping system.

[0009] Liquid hydrogen is a versatile and valuable substance that has many important applications in a variety of different industries. The molecular structure of hydrogen gas, shown in Figures 1 and 2, contributes to hydrogen's unique properties as a cryogenic liquid. Hydrogen gas, or diatomic hydrogen, is composed of two hydrogen atoms bonded together by a covalent bond. The molecular formula for hydrogen gas is H2. The molecular structure of hydrogen gas is simple, consisting simply of two hydrogen atoms bonded together. One of the important physical properties of hydrogen gas is its low density. Hydrogen gas is the lightest of all gases, with a density of only 0.08988 g / L (sometimes rounded to 0.07 g / mL) at standard temperature and pressure. This low density is due to the small size of the hydrogen atom and the low atomic weight of hydrogen. Another important physical property of hydrogen gas is its flammability. Hydrogen gas is highly flammable and will ignite in the presence of an ignition source. This flammability is due to the chemical reactivity of hydrogen and is a result of the high energy content of the bonds between the hydrogen atoms in the molecule.

[0010] Hydrogen gas has a very low boiling point, boiling at only -252.87 °C at standard pressure. This low boiling point is due to the weak intermolecular forces between hydrogen molecules, allowing them to easily escape from the liquid phase to the gas phase. The low boiling point also allows hydrogen to remain liquid at low temperatures that turn other chemicals into solids, making it an excellent cryogenic liquid. Liquid hydrogen can be used as rocket fuel. It is extremely light and has a high energy content, making it an ideal choice for use in space travel. Besides rocket fuel, liquid hydrogen is also used in certain fuel cells. Fuel cells are devices that generate electricity through chemical reactions, making it a potentially clean and efficient source of energy. Liquid hydrogen is used as fuel in certain types of fuel cells, especially those that use proton exchange membrane (PEM) technology.

[0011] Liquid hydrogen is also used in the manufacture of semiconductors. Some semiconductors are manufactured through a process called deposition, in which a thin layer of material is deposited on a substrate. Liquid hydrogen is used as a coolant in some deposition processes, helping to maintain the low temperatures necessary to manufacture high quality semiconductors. One of the most common industrial uses of liquid hydrogen is in the research and development of coolants and refrigerants. LH2 (liquid hydrogen; the addition of the L to the chemical symbol may indicate that the chemical is in liquid form) has a very low boiling point, making it an effective option for cooling equipment and materials to extremely low temperatures. This is particularly useful in fields such as cryogenics, which involves the study and use of materials at very low temperatures.

[0012] Liquid nitrogen (LN2) is a colorless, odorless, and tasteless cryogenic liquid produced by cooling and compressing atmospheric nitrogen gas. It is commonly used in a variety of applications due to its unique properties and versatility. One of the main uses of liquid nitrogen is as a refrigerant. LN2's extremely low boiling point of -196 °C makes it an effective choice for refrigeration and cryogenic storage. It is commonly used to store materials such as biological samples, food, and industrial chemicals at cryogenic temperatures.

[0013] In medicine, liquid nitrogen is used to treat certain skin conditions such as warts, moles, and skin tags. When applied to the affected area, it freezes the tissue, which eventually falls off. It can also be used in cryosurgery, a type of surgery that involves the use of extremely low temperatures to destroy abnormal tissue. Liquid nitrogen can also be used in the production of certain types of food, such as ice cream and frozen meals. It can also be used to quickly freeze mixtures, resulting in a smoother, creamier texture. Additionally, it can also be used in the production and distribution of certain medicines, such as vaccines, to ensure they are kept at a precise temperature during storage and transportation.

[0014] Other industrial uses of liquid nitrogen include its use as a coolant in the production of certain types of steel, and in the manufacture of rubber and other polymers.LN2 is used to clean and process electronic components, as it can effectively remove contaminants without damaging the electronics.

[0015] Liquid helium is a cryogenic liquid produced by cooling and compressing helium gas. It is the coldest naturally occurring substance on Earth with a boiling point of -269 °C and has many unique properties and applications. One of the most well-known uses of liquid helium is as a coolant. Liquid helium's extremely low boiling point makes it an effective option for cooling materials and equipment to very low temperatures. It is commonly used in research and development, especially in the fields of cryogenics and superconductivity. In addition, liquid helium can be used in the manufacture of certain types of electronic equipment, such as MRI machines, which require the use of cryogenic temperatures to function properly. Effectively pumping liquid helium and other cryogenic liquids is difficult due to the high energy requirements and failure of most cryogenic pumping systems.

[0016] Liquid helium is also used in the manufacture of certain types of fibers, such as fiber optic cables. Fiber optic cables can be manufactured by drawing glass or plastic through small holes called preforms, which are cooled by liquid helium. The low temperature helps prevent the fibers from being distorted or damaged during the manufacturing process. In addition to its industrial uses, liquid helium is also used in some scientific research. It is used to study the behavior of materials at very low temperatures, and also to simulate conditions present in outer space.

[0017] Liquid oxygen is a cryogenic liquid that can be produced by cooling and compressing oxygen gas. It is pale blue and transparent when in liquid form and when pumped in the disclosed system. One of the main uses of liquid oxygen is as a breathing gas. When inhaled, liquid oxygen can help patients with certain respiratory conditions breathe more easily. It is commonly used to treat conditions such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma. Additionally, it is also used as a resuscitation aid for those who have suffered cardiac arrest.

[0018] Liquid oxygen is also used as rocket fuel. Liquid oxygen is sometimes used with liquid hydrogen because this combination produces a high amount of energy when burned. This makes it an ideal choice for use in spacecraft and high altitude aircraft. In industry, liquid oxygen is used in a variety of applications. It can be used as an oxidizer in the manufacture of steel and in the production of certain chemicals. Liquid oxygen can also be used as a cleaning agent, as it can effectively remove contaminants from surfaces.

[0019] Liquid argon is a cryogenic liquid produced by cooling and compressing argon gas. In liquid form, argon is colorless, odorless, and tasteless. One use of liquid argon is as a refrigerant. Argon's extremely low boiling point of -186 °C makes it an effective choice for freezing and cryogenic storage. It is commonly used to store materials such as biological samples and industrial chemicals at cryogenic temperatures.

[0020] In the medical field, liquid argon is used to treat certain skin conditions, such as warts and moles. When applied to the affected area, it freezes the tissue, which eventually falls off. It is also used in cryosurgery, a type of surgery that involves the use of cryogenic temperatures to destroy abnormal tissue. In the industrial field, liquid argon can be used in a variety of applications. It can be used as a coolant in the manufacture of certain types of steel, as well as in the manufacture of rubber and other polymers. Liquid argon can be used to clean and process electronic components, as it can effectively remove contaminants without damaging them. Liquid argon is also used in scientific research to study the behavior of materials at very low temperatures and to simulate the conditions present in outer space.

[0021] Liquid neon is a cryogenic liquid produced by cooling and compressing neon gas. It is a bright red, transparent liquid with many unique properties and applications. One of the main uses of liquid neon is as a refrigerant. Liquid neon's extremely low boiling point of -246 °C makes it an effective option for freezing and cryogenic storage. It is commonly used to store materials such as biological samples and industrial chemicals at cryogenic temperatures.

[0022] In the industrial sector, liquid neon is used in a variety of applications. It is used as a coolant in the production of certain types of steel, as well as in the production of rubber and other polymers. It is also used to clean and treat electronic components, as it can effectively remove contaminants without damaging them. Liquid neon is also used in some scientific research. It is used to study the behavior of materials at very low temperatures and to simulate the conditions present in outer space. In addition to its industrial and scientific uses, liquid neon is also used to make certain types of lighting. Liquid neon can be used in neon lights, which are a type of gas discharge lamp that uses neon gas to produce a bright, brilliant light.

[0023] Liquid methane is a cryogenic liquid produced by cooling and compressing methane gas. It is a colorless, odorless, and tasteless liquid with many unique properties and applications. One of the main uses of liquid methane is as a fuel. It is a clean-burning fuel that produces relatively low levels of carbon dioxide when burned, making it an attractive alternative to fossil fuels. It is commonly used as a fuel for vehicles and as a feedstock for producing chemicals.

[0024] In the industrial sector, liquid methane is used in a variety of applications. It is used as a refrigerant in the production of certain types of steel, as well as in the production of rubber and other polymers. It is also used to clean and treat electronic components, as it can effectively remove contaminants without damaging them. Liquid methane is also used in some scientific research. It is used to study the behavior of materials at very low temperatures and to simulate the conditions present in outer space. In addition to its industrial and scientific uses, liquid methane is also used in the production of certain types of fertilizers. Liquid methane can be converted into ammonia, an important ingredient in many fertilizers.

[0025] Referring now to FIG. 3, a cryogenic pump system is shown. The storage vessel 110 stores liquid cryogenic gas. Liquid hydrogen may be stored in the storage vessel 110, but other cryogenic gases (gases) such as liquid nitrogen (LN2), liquid helium (LHe), liquid hydrogen (LH2), liquid oxygen (LO2), liquid argon (LAr), liquid neon (LNe), and liquid methane (LCH4) may also be stored in the storage vessel 110. Conventional or conventional storage vessels may not be suitable, as the cryogenic liquid may corrode and deteriorate conventional storage vessels and tanks. There are some important differences between storage tanks for conventional liquids and those for the system described herein. Certain materials must be used for the construction of the storage vessel 110. The terms "storage tank" and "storage vessel" are used interchangeably herein. While storage tanks for normal (i.e., non-cryogenic) liquids are often made from materials such as steel or plastic, storage tanks for cryogenic liquids are typically made from materials such as stainless steel or special alloys that can withstand extremely low temperatures. Aluminum and titanium are also suitable metals for use in the vessel 110. The metal that makes up the vessel 110 is thicker than conventional or regular vessels.

[0026] Another difference is the insulation used in the vessel 110. Because cryogenic liquids must be stored at extremely low temperatures, the tank 110 is insulated to prevent heat transfer from the surrounding environment. Storage tanks for regular liquids may or may not be insulated, depending on the particular application. Also, the pressure in the vessel 110 is much greater than a regular tank. Due to the fact that cryogenic liquids are stored at such low temperatures and must keep the atoms compressed to keep the chemicals in liquid rather than gas form, cryogenic liquids are stored at much higher pressures than regular liquids. As a result, the vessel 110 is designed to withstand high pressures, whereas tanks for regular liquids do not need to be as robust. Finally, there are differences in the handling and transportation of the liquid. Cryogenic liquids are very dangerous to handle, as they can cause severe cryogenic burns if they come into contact with the skin. As a result, special safety precautions must be taken when transporting the cryogenic liquid or when in contact with the vessel 110. Protective equipment should be used when placing the cryogenic liquid in the vessel 110 and when in contact with the vessel 110.

[0027] There are several types of alloys that may be used to construct the vessel 110. One suitable alloy includes stainless steel. Stainless steel is a strong, corrosion-resistant material that can withstand the low temperatures and high pressures associated with liquid hydrogen storage. It is also relatively inexpensive and widely available. Another suitable metal includes aluminum or an alloy that is mostly aluminum. Aluminum is a lightweight, corrosion-resistant material that can withstand the low temperatures of liquid hydrogen. It is also relatively inexpensive, but is not as strong as other alloys or metals. If aluminum is used in the construction, dents in the vessel 110 may be more common, whereas aluminum alloys are less prone to dents. Titanium is also a suitable metal to use to construct the vessel 110. Titanium is strong, corrosion-resistant, and can withstand the low temperatures and high pressures of liquid hydrogen storage. It is also relatively lightweight, making it an attractive option for use in applications where weight is a concern. However, it is more expensive than some other alloys.

[0028] In addition to the metals and alloys mentioned above, there are also several modifications of the vessel 110 that can be used to store liquid hydrogen. These include making the vessel 110 a high pressure tank, a cryogenic tank, and an insulated tank. High pressure tanks are designed to withstand the high pressures associated with storing liquid hydrogen, while cryogenic tanks are specifically designed to store materials at cryogenic temperatures. Insulated tanks are used to prevent heat transfer from the surrounding environment and maintain the low temperature of the stored liquid hydrogen. The vessel 110 should be configured to maintain high pressure, maintain a low temperature liquid, and prevent or limit heat from entering.

[0029] The storage vessel 110 is connected to a boost pump 115, either directly or through a series of pipes 112a. Note that the pipes 112 may be made up of segments (e.g., 112a, 112b, 112c, etc.) or may be one continuous pipe. The boost pump 115 is used to increase the pressure of a fluid or gas, such as hydrogen. The boost pump 115 is similar to boost pumps used in fuel systems for vehicles and aircraft, water systems, and industrial processes. There are several types of boost pumps that can be used for the boost pump 115, each with its own set of slightly different properties and characteristics.

[0030] The boost pump 115 may be a centrifugal pump. A centrifugal pump uses a rotating impeller to generate flow and increase the pressure of the fluid or gas passing through the pump. The boost pump 115 should be highly efficient and should handle a wide range of flow rates and pressures. Centrifugal pumps used in water systems, fuel systems, and industrial processes may be suitable for use as the boost pump 115. The boost pump 115 may also be in communication with multiple pipes that draw the cryogenic liquid to other parts of the system. For example, pipe 112b draws the cryogenic liquid to other parts of the system.

[0031] Diaphragm pumps may also be suitable boost pumps for use in boost pump 115. Diaphragm pumps that use a flexible diaphragm to move fluids or gases and increase pressure may be suitable. Diaphragm pumps are preferred when the system handles a wide range of fluids, including fluids that are viscous or abrasive. Diaphragm pumps used in fuel systems, water systems, and chemical processing may be suitable for use in boost pump 115.

[0032] A gear pump is another type of boost pump that can be used for boost pump 115. Boost pump 115 uses interlocking gears to move liquid hydrogen or gas and can increase pressure to keep atomic hydrogen in liquid form. Gears can also be used to convert vapor hydrogen back to liquid hydrogen.

[0033] In certain configurations, the boost pump 115 may be located in a vacuum insulated sump 120. A sump may be a low-lying area or pit used to collect and store liquid. The sump 120 may be of or consist of several different forms, including a primary sump, a secondary sump, and a tertiary sump. The primary sump is the first collection point for the cryogenic liquid and may be located in an area where the cryogenic liquid may accumulate (e.g., in the pipe just before the boost pump or just after the pump). The secondary sump may be used to collect the cryogenic liquid from the primary sump, and the tertiary sump may collect from both the primary and secondary sumps. Note that the sump 120 in FIG. 3 represents a primary sump, a secondary sump, a tertiary sump, or a combination of a primary sump, a secondary sump, and a tertiary sump.

[0034] The sump 120 serves to collect and remove the cryogenic liquid and may include pumps or other mechanical systems to move the cryogenic liquid to the next part of the system. The sump 120 may also include filters or other treatment systems to remove contaminants or impurities from the liquid. The sump 120 may be used to store and transport the cryogenic liquid to be pumped to another location. The sump 120 may be considered a reservoir for the cryogenic liquid, and a pump is used to move the liquid from the sump to the desired location, such as a pipe or the next part of the system.

[0035] There are several types of pumps that can be used with the sump 120 along with or in addition to the boost pump. These pumps include submersible pumps and pedestal pumps. Submersible pumps are designed to be placed directly on the sump 120 and can be used in smaller sump systems. Pedestal pumps may be mounted on a pedestal above the sump 120 and can be used in larger sump systems. For the purposes of this disclosure, pedestal pumps and submersible pumps are considered boost pumps. In addition to pumps, the sump system may also include other components such as valves, pipes, and control systems. These components work together to ensure that the cryogenic liquid is efficiently and effectively pumped from the sump 120 to the next part of the system. The next part of the system may be pipe 112b to pipe 112c, pipe 112c to pipe 112d. In other embodiments, a single pipe may be used instead of three separate pipes.

[0036] The sump 120 may also be a vacuum insulated sump. The vacuum insulated sump 120 is designed to maintain cryogenic temperatures through the use of a vacuum insulation layer. Maintaining the cryogenic temperature is important to keep the cryogenic liquid in liquid form. The vacuum insulated sump 120 may be constructed from stainless steel or special alloys that can withstand the low temperatures and high pressures associated with storing the cryogenic liquid. The vacuum insulation layer may consist of an insulating layer surrounded by a vacuum. The vacuum helps prevent heat transfer from the surrounding environment, allowing the sump to maintain the cryogenic temperature.

[0037] The boost pump 115 can pump the cryogenic liquid, including liquid hydrogen, through a series of multiple pipes (112b, 112c, 112d) to the chill down valve 140. The chill down valve 140 is used to rapidly cool the cryogenic liquid in the system. The chill down valve 140 operates to allow a coolant, such as liquid nitrogen, liquid helium, or liquid hydrogen, to flow through the valve to the system or process that requires cooling. The coolant flows through the valve into the system or process, and in doing so, absorbs heat from the system or process, lowering the temperature. The chill down valve 140 is designed with a high flow rate to allow the coolant to flow through the valve into the system or process as quickly as possible. The chill down valve 140 may also include special features, such as insulation or heat exchangers, to help improve the cooling efficiency of the chill down valve.

[0038] Several types of cooling valves may be suitable for the cooling valve 140. The cooling valve 140 may be a ball valve. In this embodiment, the valve opens and closes by rotating a ball-shaped plug in the path of the cryogenic fluid. The terms liquid and fluid are used interchangeably herein. However, the cryogenic fluid may refer to a chemical in liquid form. For example, liquid hydrogen may refer to hydrogen in liquid form, while fluid hydrogen or hydrogen as a fluid may refer to gaseous hydrogen or liquid hydrogen. In another embodiment, a gate valve is used for the cooling valve 140. In this embodiment, the valve opens and closes by sliding a gate into or out of the path of the cryogenic fluid. This embodiment has a high flow rate and is capable of handling high pressures. In another embodiment, a butterfly valve is used for the cooling valve 140. In this embodiment, the cooling valve 140 opens and closes by rotating a disk-shaped plug in the path of the cryogenic fluid, such as hydrogen. The cooling valve 140 may also take the form of a globe valve. In this embodiment, the valve opens and closes by moving a plug up and down in the path of the cryogenic fluid. The cooling valve 140 can also take the form of a diaphragm valve, in which embodiment the cooling valve 140 opens and closes using a flexible diaphragm to seal the flow of cryogenic liquid.

[0039] In other embodiments, other suitable valves may be used for cooling valve 140, including plug valves, check valves, relief valves, and safety valves. Plug valves open and close by sealing the flow of cryogenic liquid using a plug. Check valves allow the cryogenic liquid to flow in only one direction.

[0040] In some cases, a burp valve 150 is placed in fluid communication with one or more pipes that draw cryogenic fluid throughout the system. For example, while burp valve 150 is shown in FIG. 3 on pipe 112e after the cooling valve, the burb valve may be placed anywhere that can relieve stress from the system and alleviate excess buildup of pressure. This includes placing a burp valve on a phase separator pulsation dampener accumulator (PSPDA), a piston pump, a boost pump, or one or more pipes, as described below.

[0041] A burp valve is designed to automatically release pressure when the pressure exceeds a level that would be harmful to the entire system. The burp valve 150 allows pressure to be released in a controlled and safe manner. A burp valve is sometimes called a pressure relief valve. When pressure in a system exceeds a maximum allowable level, the burp valve automatically opens and releases the excess pressure. Once pressure is released, the burp valve closes, preventing further pressure release until the pressure in the system or process exceeds the maximum level. Burp valves are beneficial because they do not require a controller or specialized operator, such as a human employee, to operate.

[0042] In addition to preventing overpressure, the burp valve 150 also prevents the formation of ice or frost. Cryogenic liquid can cause ice or frost to form on the surfaces of pipes and other components in the system, which can lead to problems such as reduced flow and equipment failure. Releasing pressure through the burp valve helps prevent the formation of ice or frost in the system.

[0043] Too much pressure in a system can harm the system in a variety of ways. Cryogenic systems are exposed to extreme temperatures and pressures, and it is important to ensure that the pressure in those systems is kept within safe limits. One of the risks associated with too much pressure in a cryogenic system is the risk of equipment failure. Although the systems presented herein describe materials that can withstand extreme temperatures and pressures, these materials, metals, and alloys have limitations. If the pressure in the system exceeds these limits, the pressure can cause equipment failure, which can lead to leaks, spills, and other accidents.

[0044] Too much pressure in a cryogenic system increases the risk of leaks and spills. If the pressure in a system exceeds the maximum allowable level, the system may become unstable and prone to leaks and spills. This can damage the system and pose serious safety risks to people working in the area. For some cryogenic containers, too much pressure may be considered 350 psig (pounds per square inch gauge) or more. Too much pressure in a system also means more than 350 psig in the pipes or other parts of the system.

[0045] The system 100 described herein, and in particular in FIG. 3, can be considered an open or closed system, depending on which part is analyzed. An open system is one in which matter and energy can freely flow in or out of the system. An open system can exchange matter and energy with its surroundings and is not isolated from its environment. A closed system is one in which matter and energy cannot freely flow in or out of the system. A closed system is isolated from its environment and does not exchange matter or energy with its surroundings. Most cryogenic pump systems are considered to be closed systems. In fact, the storage vessel 110 can be considered to be a closed system. However, as described further below, the current system 100 is designed to lose some cryogenic liquid over time. In the inventors' experience, this leads to a longer life for the entire system, less leakage of cryogenic liquid over time, and increased energy efficiency.

[0046] The system 100 described herein can be considered a combination of open and closed systems. The system can be considered to be partially open or partially closed. A partially open system allows some matter and energy to flow in and out of the system, while a partially closed system allows only limited amounts of matter and energy to flow in and out of the system. In the present disclosure, some of the pumped cryogenic liquid is recycled within the system, while a small amount exits the system through various components.

[0047] The system 100 described herein allows limited matter and energy to flow freely in and out of the system. The system 100 and its embodiments can exchange matter and energy with their surroundings and are not isolated from the environment. Open cryogenic pump systems are typically used in applications where a pump is required to transfer cryogenic liquid from one location to another, such as from a storage tank to a process or from a tank truck to a storage tank.

[0048] After passing through the cooling valve 140, the cryogenic liquid is sent to a phase separator pulsation dampener accumulator (PSPDA) 160. A PSPDA includes both a phase separator, a pulsation dampener, and an accumulator. A phase separator is a device used to separate different phases of a fluid, such as a liquid and a gas. A phase separator works by taking advantage of the difference in density and other physical properties between the different phases of a fluid. When a fluid is introduced into a phase separator, the lighter phase (such as a gas) rises to the top of the separator while the heavier phase (such as a liquid) sinks to the bottom. This allows the different phases of the fluid to be separated and collected in different parts of the separator.

[0049] PDPDA is particularly useful when using liquid hydrogen as the cryogenic liquid. The density of liquid hydrogen is much higher than that of hydrogen gas. At standard temperature and pressure (STP), the density of hydrogen gas may be 0.08988 g / L, while the density of liquid hydrogen may be 70.85 g / L. This is because the molecules of the liquid are packed much more tightly together than in a gas, resulting in a higher density.

[0050] The PSPDA 160 may be implemented in a variety of different configurations, including the use of gravity separators, centrifuges, and coalescing separators. Gravity separators use the difference in density between different phases of a fluid to separate them. Gravity separators used in the PSPDA 160 are preferred when little energy is imparted to the system 100, but should not be used for cryogenic liquids where the density is similar between the gas and liquid forms. When included in the PSPDA 160, centrifuges use centrifugal force to separate different phases of a fluid. When included in the PSPDA 160, coalescing separators use a combination of gravity and coalescence to separate different phases of a fluid. Coalescence is the process where small droplets of a fluid combine to form larger droplets, and is commonly used to remove small droplets of a fluid from a gas stream.

[0051] A pulsation attenuator is also included in the PSPDA 160. A pulsation attenuator is a device that reduces or eliminates pulsation in a fluid processing system. Pulsation is a periodic fluctuation in pressure or flow that can occur in a system and can cause problems such as equipment damage and reduced system efficiency. When included in the PSPDA 160, a pulsation attenuator works by absorbing or dissipating the energy of the pulsation as it passes through the attenuator. Several types of pulsation attenuators can be included in the PSPDA 160.

[0052] In one embodiment, the PSPDA 160 includes a bladder attenuator. A bladder attenuator may be preferred because it uses a flexible bladder that expands and contracts as the pulsation passes through the attenuator. The energy of the pulsation is absorbed by the expansion and contraction of the bladder, which helps to reduce or eliminate the pulsation. In another embodiment, the PSPDA includes a diaphragm attenuator. The attenuator may be configured to include a flexible diaphragm that moves in response to the pulsation. The energy of the pulsation is absorbed by the movement of the diaphragm, which helps to reduce or eliminate the pulsation.

[0053] The PSPDA 160 may include an accumulator. The accumulator stores a portion of the cryogenic fluid in the system. The accumulator may be thought of as a reserve of fluid that maintains a constant flow or pressure. In this embodiment, the accumulator included in the PSPDA 160 operates by storing fluid in a container or vessel, allowing the cryogenic fluid and / or liquid to flow in and out of the accumulator as needed. When the flow or pressure in the system decreases, the accumulator may release fluid to maintain a consistent flow or pressure. When the flow or pressure in the system increases, the accumulator takes in fluid to prevent the flow or pressure from exceeding a maximum allowable level. Contrast the operation of the PSPDA with the burp valve 150, the exhaust discharge 132, the unloader valve 167, and the recirculation pipe 165. All four of these components affect the pressure of the system 100, but the accumulator in 160 does so with little loss of cryogenic liquid. The combination of all five of these components is unique. Because even though all five address the same problem of too much pressure in the system, the combination of all five creates a synergistic effect, with the unexpected result of less cryogenic liquid being lost during the operation of the system.

[0054] The unloader valve 167 may be a mechanical device that controls the flow of fluid or gas in the recirculation pipe 165. The unloader valve 167 may stop or redirect the flow of the cryogenic gas in the recirculation pipe 165 as needed. For example, if the system 100 needs to be shut down for safety concerns or if there is a catastrophic loss of pressure (due to a damaged storage vessel or pump), the unloader valve 167 may return the cryogenic gas (and therefore the pressure) to the PSPDA while the cooling valve 140 is locked to prevent excessive loss of the cryogenic gas from the system 100. Several designs of the unloader valve for the unloader valve 167 may be suitable. The unloader valve 167 may be a pilot operated unloader valve, a poppet unloader valve, and / or a solenoid unloader valve.

[0055] Pilot operated unloader valves can open and close based on the pressure of the fluid or gas being transported. Pilot operated unloaders can be used when precise flow control is required and can be used in conjunction with pressure sensors or other controls. Poppet unloader valves use a movable barrier or "poppet" to block or allow the flow of cryogenic liquid. Poppet valves are durable and reliable, allowing them to be used in high pressure systems. Solenoid unloader valves use an electromagnet to actuate the valve to control the flow of fluid or gas.

[0056] The use of a PSPDA 160 that includes an accumulator plays an important role in ensuring the safety, reliability, and efficiency of the system 100. The accumulator used in the PSPDA 160 helps stabilize the system by providing a reserve of fluid that is used to maintain a consistent flow rate or pressure, and protects the system from over- and under-pressure. In certain cases, the accumulator used in the PSPDA 160 may consist of a container or vessel with an inlet and an outlet for the cryogenic liquid. The inlet and outlet may be connected to the system by pipes or tubes, and the accumulator may be installed in a location that is easily accessible for maintenance.

[0057] The piston pump 130 then draws the cryogenic liquid from the PSPDA 160 to one or more of several components, including the exhaust discharge station 132, the discharge station 151, the unloader valve 167, and the recirculation pipe 165. The exhaust discharge station 132 is designed to expel debris and excess cryogenic gas from the system. The discharge station 132 only expels cryogenic gas. The stations 151 and 132 may be comprised of multiple components such as valves, regulators, flow meters, and safety interlocks. These components may be used to control the flow of the cryogenic gas and ensure that it is safely handled during the transfer process. The stations may also include protective barriers or enclosures to prevent accidental exposure to the gas.

[0058] The piston pump 130 may be constructed from a single or multiple positive displacement pumps that use pistons or plungers to move fluid through the system. The pistons may be attached to a rod or shaft driven by a motor or other power source. As the pistons move back and forth within a cylinder or other chamber, pumping action is created to move fluid through the system. Pumps suitable for use at 130 include reciprocating piston pumps, diaphragm pumps, and hydraulic pumps. In reciprocating piston pump implementations, linear motion is used to move a piston back and forth within a cylinder. In diaphragm pump implementations, a flexible diaphragm is used to move fluid through the system. In hydraulic pump implementations, pressurized fluid is used to move the pistons and create the pumping action. The cooling valve 140 may be configured to open and direct the cryogenic liquid from the boost pump 115 to the piston pump 130 when the cryogenic liquid is at liquid temperature. The cooling valve 140 may be configured to close when the piston pump is primed and actuated.

[0059] Piston pumps may be arranged in series or parallel to increase the flow rate or pressure of the system 100. In a series connection, the piston pumps are attached by connecting the outlet of one pump to the inlet of another, thus forming a system 100 in which the pumps operate in sequence, with each pump increasing the flow rate or pressure of the system.

[0060] In a parallel configuration, piston pumps are mounted by connecting the outlet of one pump to the inlet of another and connecting the inlets of both pumps to a common supply line (e.g., cooling valve 140 or pipe 112), creating a system in which the pumps operate simultaneously, with each pump contributing to the overall system flow or pressure.

[0061] Placing piston pumps together in series or parallel increases the flow rate or pressure of a system, but can also have some drawbacks. One drawback is that a system with multiple pumps can be more complicated to design and operate, and can be expensive to maintain and repair. Additionally, the failure of one pump can affect the performance of the entire system.

[0062] There are some special considerations that must be given to the piston pump 130 when used with cryogenic fluids. The materials used to construct the pump 130 must be stable enough to withstand the cryogenic liquid. It is important to use materials suitable for use with cryogenic fluids, as cryogenic fluids can make materials brittle and prone to breakage. Common materials used for cryogenic piston pumps include stainless steel, aluminum, and brass.

[0063] Another important consideration are the seals and packings used to prevent leakage within the various pumps of the system. It is important to use materials suitable for use with cryogenic fluids, as cryogenic fluids can make the seals and packings brittle and prone to failure. Seals and packings, such as the piston rings 136, can be constructed from materials including fluoropolymers such as PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene) and FKM (fluorine rubber, also spelled and referred to as fluoro-rubber), as well as other metals and metal alloys.

[0064] It is also important to consider the lubrication of the pump 130. Cryogenic fluids can cause the lubricant in the pump 130 to become too viscous or solid, which can lead to equipment damage and reduced performance. Too viscous means a viscosity that prevents the free flow of the cryogenic liquid in the pipes. To prevent these problems, it is important to use a lubricant suitable for use with cryogenic fluids and to closely monitor the lubrication to ensure the pump functions properly.

[0065] The piston rings 136 are mechanical seals used in the piston pump 130 to prevent leakage of fluid past the piston. In practice, some leakage will occur from the piston rings 136, but this is by design and unavoidable. The piston rings 136 may be constructed from metal and may be installed around the circumference of the piston of the piston pump 130 in a groove or channel. The piston rings 136 work by forming a hermetic seal between the piston and the cylinder of the piston pump 130 or other housing in which they are installed. As the piston of the piston pump 130 moves back and forth in the cylinder, the piston rings form a seal and prevent excessive amounts of fluid from leaking past the piston. The piston rings are a critical component of the piston pump 130 and play a key role in ensuring the efficiency and reliability of the pump. If the piston rings 136 become too damaged or worn, there may be too much leakage of cryogenic liquid, which can lead to poor performance and damage to equipment. By too much leakage, we mean leakage that allows more than 10% of the cryogenic liquid to leave the system, or enough loss of cryogenic liquid that the system stops functioning. Aluminum is a lightweight, corrosion-resistant material that can withstand extreme temperatures and pressures, so piston rings may preferably be made from aluminum.

[0066] If the seal provided by the piston rings is not sufficient to contain the liquid, the cryogenic liquid may turn into a gas and leak past the piston rings. This can happen if the piston rings are damaged, worn, or improperly installed, or if the pressure or temperature in the system exceeds the limits of the piston rings. Additionally, because the atoms that make up the cryogenic liquid are small, when energy is added to the liquid and some of the cryogenic liquid turns into a gas, some of the cryogenic liquid will be lost through the piston rings 136, no matter how safe it may be. If too much cryogenic liquid turns into a gas and leaks past the piston rings, it can cause a variety of problems, including reduced pump performance and efficiency, equipment damage, and safety hazards.

[0067] To prevent the cryogenic liquid from turning into a gas and leaking past the piston rings, it is important to ensure that the piston rings are in good condition and properly installed, and to closely monitor the pressures and temperatures in the system to ensure they are kept within safe limits. It is also important to use materials that are suitable for use with cryogenic fluids and can withstand the extreme temperatures and pressures encountered in cryogenic systems. Piston rings can be designed in certain circumstances to allow a small leakage of the cryogenic gas from liquid form to the benefit of the system. This is typically done to allow the system to vent excess pressure, or to allow gas to be released to prevent overpressure.

[0068] The recycle stream refers to the cryogenic liquid that is recycled within the system. This refers to the cryogenic liquid that flows from the storage vessel 110 through the system and then back to the boost pump 115 via pipes 112f and 112g. The goal of this disclosure is to reduce the amount of recycle stream that flows through the system while the pumps are running.

[0069] In the cryogenic system 100, it is important to carefully control pressure and temperature to ensure the system operates safely and efficiently. If the pressure or temperature in the system exceeds certain limits, problems such as equipment damage and safety hazards can occur. To prevent these problems, in one embodiment, the system tolerates a small amount of leakage of the cryogenic gas from the liquid form. This is accomplished by designing the piston rings 136 to allow for a small amount of leakage or by installing a separate vent or bleed valve in the system 100. In other embodiments, other components of the system, such as the unloader valve 167, burp valve 150, and exhaust discharge 132, can be configured to contribute to a small, controlled amount of leakage of the cryogenic liquid that keeps the entire system safe.

[0070] Allowing a small leak of cryogenic gas in liquid form can be beneficial to the system in certain circumstances as it can help prevent overpressure and keep the system within safe operating limits. However, system 100 provides for careful control and monitoring of leakage to ensure system 100 operates within safe limits and to prevent excessive leakage that could compromise the efficiency or reliability of system 100.

[0071] The exhaust discharge 132 is used to remove (vent) excess cryogenic gas that leaks past the piston rings 136. The exhaust discharge 132 may be used in a cryogenic system to remove waste gases or other by-products generated during operation of the system. The cryogenic system 100 generates gases as by-products of the cryogenic liquid cooling and storage process, and according to the design and configuration of the system 100, these gases are safely and effectively removed from the system 100 to prevent buildup and maintain safe and efficient operation.

[0072] The exhaust discharge 132 may be implemented using several different types of exhaust discharge systems. The exhaust discharge 132 may be or may include one or more of an exhaust pipe, a muffler, and a catalytic converter. Exhaust pipes may be used to carry exhaust gases out of the cryogenic system. They are typically comprised of a series of tubes or pipes that are connected to an exhaust manifold and extend to the outside of the system. The exhaust gases are cryogenic liquids that have turned into gases and do not turn back into liquids within the system. Mufflers may also be used to reduce noise generated by the system. Mufflers may be configured to include chambers, baffles, and other components to attenuate sound waves generated by the exhaust gases. Reducing sound waves is important because sound waves contain energy that can heat the cryogenic liquid and turn it into a gas.

[0073] The system 100 can include two separate thermometers, a first thermometer 125 and a second thermometer 135. In some cases, the thermometers themselves can also be controllers that affect other parts of the system. In other cases, a separate controller, such as controller 137, can communicate with the thermometers and affect their operation. The thermometer 125 can be in communication with the storage vessel 110, the pipe 112, or the boost pump 115. The purpose of the thermometer 125 is to verify that the cryogenic liquid from the storage vessel 110 is cold enough to be transported into the system via the boost pump 115. In order for the cryogenic liquid to be transported into the system, it must be below its boiling point (outlined in FIG. 5).

[0074] Various types of thermometers 125 and 135 may be used in the system 100. The thermometer may be a dial thermometer that includes a temperature sensitive element, such as a bimetallic strip or a thermocouple, to measure the temperature of a liquid, gas, or component of the system. The temperature sensitive element may expand or contract in response to a change in temperature. This contraction and / or expansion is used to rotate a pointer on the dial of the thermometer. The position of the pointer on the dial indicates the temperature of the liquid, gas, fluid, or component of the system. This pointer may be coupled to a digital system that generates a signal that can be sent to a controller to take action to effect a change in the system.

[0075] Thermometers 125 and 135 may be digital thermometers. Digital thermometers may be configured to include a temperature sensitive element, such as a thermocouple or thermistor, to measure the temperature of a substance or system. The temperature sensitive element generates a small current or voltage that is a signal in response to a change in temperature, and the signal is used to measure the temperature of a liquid, gas, fluid, or component or components of a system.

[0076] The controller 137 may be used to maintain the temperature of the cryogenic liquid within a particular range. The controller 137 may include a temperature sensor, such as a thermocouple or thermistor, to measure the temperature of the cryogenic fluid and may use this information to control heating or cooling elements, such as heaters or compressors, to maintain the temperature of the cryogenic fluid within a particular range.

[0077] The thermometers included in the system 100 must be properly calibrated and function accurately. The temperature sensitive element of the thermometer or thermometer is placed and applied to a part of the system (including a pipe, pump, or valve) that can give an accurate reading of temperature. This may be a bimetallic strip, a thermocouple, a thermistor, or some other type of temperature sensitive element. The temperature sensitive element must be in contact with the cryogenic liquid being measured. This element should be fully immersed in the liquid if possible. In other cases, the thermometer may be coupled and used to calculate the temperature of the alloy or metal of the component in contact with the cryogenic liquid at the liquid temperature in the system. The thermometer or thermometer must be allowed to stabilize before giving an accurate reading. This may take several minutes depending on the particular thermometer or thermometer used. The terms thermometer and thermometer are used interchangeably herein.

[0078] The controller 137 may be a device or electronic system used to control the operation of other devices or elements of the system 100. The controller 137 may be used to control a variety of different devices and components within the system 100, including instruments and valves. The controller may include one or more of each of a programmable logic controller (PLC), a microcontroller, and a computer-based controller.

[0079] A programmable logic controller (PLC) is a dedicated computer used to control industrial systems. PLCs can be programmed using a dedicated programming language and can be used to control a variety of different devices and systems, including instruments and valves. Microcontrollers are small single-board computers used to control a variety of different devices and systems. They can be smaller, more compact systems and can be programmed using a variety of different programming languages. Computer-based controllers are based on computers or other computing devices and can be used to control a variety of different devices and systems, including instruments and valves. Computer-based controllers can be programmed using a variety of different programming languages ​​and can be used to control a wide range of different devices and systems.

[0080] To use a controller to control the instruments and valves, the controller is programmed to perform the desired control functions. This may involve writing code or creating a control program that specifies the particular control functions the controller should perform. Once the controller is programmed, it may be used to control the operation of the instruments and valves as desired to achieve the functions of the system 100. If a valve or device is attached to a pump in the system 100, the actual device or valve may be attached to a pipe that is connected to the pump. For example, the boost pump 115 is connected to the PSPDA via pipe 112b, pipe 112c, pipe 112d, and the cooling valve 140. However, the boost pump 115 may also be directly connected to the cooling valve 140 or may be connected through only one pipe. The system 100 is only one possible embodiment of the system and other components may be connected together using more or fewer pipes, such as pipe 112a.

[0081] Referring to FIG. 4, data relating to boost pump modeling is shown in a graph. The piston pump 130 may use a reciprocating piston to move the cryogenic liquid within the system 100. As the piston moves back and forth within the cylinder, a pumping action occurs to move the cryogenic liquid from one location to another within the system 100. The graph illustrates several important data points. Feet, or feet of head, refers to the vertical distance a fluid or gas is pumped. This may be measured in feet or meters. Flow rate refers to the rate at which a fluid, gas, or liquid is pumped. This may be measured in gallons per minute (gpm) or liters per minute (lpm). Head, or pressure head, refers to the pressure applied to a fluid or gas to move it through the pump. This is typically measured in pounds per square inch (psi) or kilopascals (kPa). PSI (pounds per square inch) is the unit of pressure.

[0082] To graphically illustrate how a piston pump operates, a diagram showing the cylinder and piston along with a graph of the fluid or gas flow rate as a function of time may be displayed to a human operator or data from the graph may be sent to a database that can be accessed to access the status of the system. Graphs of feet of head or pressure head as a function of time are also useful to show how these variables change during the pumping process. In particular, this data is useful in programming the controller of the system. Too much gas can adversely affect the pumping of the piston as the cryogenic liquid is converted to a cryogenic gas. Any deviation from the graph in FIG. 4 is a sign that the system has an error and should be stopped or liquid should be released.

[0083] Figure 5 shows the boiling points and densities of some cryogenic liquids. Density is an important property of a cryogenic liquid because it affects how much liquid is needed to fill a given container. A denser liquid has more mass for a given volume, meaning less liquid is needed to fill a container of a given size. This is important when working with cryogenic liquids because they are typically stored in specialized containers designed to keep them at cryogenic temperatures. The boiling point is also an important property to consider when working with cryogenic liquids because it determines the temperature at which the liquid will vaporize. Cryogenic liquids with lower boiling points are more likely to vaporize and can be more difficult to handle and store. Cryogenic liquids with higher boiling points, on the other hand, are more stable and easier to handle. Cryogenic liquids should be kept below their boiling point for the system to work. Too much cryogenic liquid reaching its boiling point will increase pressure in the system and also cause blowback in the pumps in the system. This should be avoided.

[0084] For the purposes of the system, sufficiently cooled means below the boiling point of the cryogenic liquid. A cryogenic liquid is sufficiently cooled if it is at a temperature below its boiling point, below the temperatures outlined in FIG. 5, or at a temperature where the liquid is still in liquid form and not a solid or gas. Note that changes in ambient temperature may change the temperature at which a cryogenic liquid changes to a cryogenic gas or solid. The more pressure there is on the system, the higher the temperature required to turn the liquid into a gas.

[0085] The apparatus for efficiently handling cryogenic liquid may include a storage vessel having an inner portion and an outer portion, the inner portion for storing the cryogenic liquid, a boost pump attached to the storage vessel via a pipe, the boost pump in communication with a first thermometer, the thermometer configured to verify that the cryogenic liquid in the storage vessel is cooled sufficiently to keep the cryogenic liquid in liquid form, a cooling valve configured to open and direct the cryogenic liquid from the boost pump to the piston pump when the cryogenic liquid is at a liquid temperature and to close when the piston pump is primed and operating, a second thermometer configured to detect when the piston pump is cooled sufficiently to keep the cryogenic liquid in liquid form, the second thermometer connected to a controller, the controller in communication with the piston pump, the second thermometer, and a controller in communication with the piston pump and the second thermometer. a controller configured to operate the piston pump and close the cooling valve when the piston pump is sufficiently cooled to maintain the cryogenic liquid in liquid form by referencing a second thermometer, the piston pump having a suction stroke to facilitate receiving the cryogenic liquid from both a phase separator pulsation damper accumulator (PSPDA) and a boost pump, the piston pump further configured to convert at least a portion of the cryogenic liquid to gas and discharge the gas through at least a piston ring of the piston pump; a cryogenic liquid discharge station for discharging at least a portion of the gas and / or liquid cryogenic liquid; and a cryogenic liquid pump unloader valve connected to the boost pump and / or the PSPDA and configured to draw the heated gas and / or heated cryogenic liquid back to the boost pump or the PSPDA for recycling within the apparatus.

[0086] Other configurations may be possible with slight modifications, for example, the cryogenic liquid may be liquid hydrogen and the resulting cryogenic gas may be gaseous hydrogen when the cryogenic liquid is heated. The boost pump may be stored in a vacuum insulated sump. The PSPDA may be connected to a burp valve that drains excess liquid or gaseous cryogenic liquid. Additionally, some of the cryogenic liquid may not be circulated back to the cryogenic liquid tank. The cooling valve may be configured to connect to multiple piston pumps.

[0087] Another possible configuration may be represented as an apparatus for efficiently storing, pumping, and using liquid hydrogen for cryogenic purposes, the apparatus including: a liquid hydrogen storage vessel attached to a temperature transmitter, the temperature transmitter attached to a liquid hydrogen boost pump in a vacuum insulated sump, the temperature transmitter further configured to verify whether the liquid hydrogen is sufficiently cooled to be pumped through the boost pump; a second temperature transmitter connected to a controller, the controller detecting whether the liquid hydrogen is sufficiently cooled to operate a vacuum insulated phase separator pulsation dampener accumulator (PSPDA); a piston pump, a cooling valve, and a burp valve connected to the PSPDA; a piston pump seal configured to release at least a portion of the liquid hydrogen or gaseous hydrogen as the hydrogen passes through the piston pump; and a piston pump seal blowby return station configured to return at least a portion of the gaseous hydrogen and liquid hydrogen to the PSPDA and cool it back to liquid hydrogen to flow again through the PSPDA. It should be noted that the temperature transmitter may be a thermometer, a controller, or both.

[0088] Other possible configurations include a piston pump discharge check valve attached to the piston pump, a piston pump suction check valve attached to the piston pump, a piston pump unloader valve attached to the piston pump, the piston pump being a single piston pump, the piston pump being a double or triple piston pump, and there being multiple piston pumps attached in series or parallel to each other.

[0089] A possible method for using the above apparatus includes a method for efficiently pumping cryogenic liquid comprising the steps of: providing a storage vessel having an inner portion and an outer portion, the inner portion configured to safely store the cryogenic liquid; pumping the cryogenic liquid from the storage vessel to a cooling valve using a boost pump attached to the storage vessel; pumping the cryogenic liquid through the cooling valve and a phase separator pulsation damper accumulator (PSPDA) to at least one piston pump; converting at least a portion of the cryogenic liquid to cryogenic gas and discharging at least a portion of the cryogenic gas through a piston ring of the piston pump; sending at least a portion of the cryogenic liquid and cryogenic gas to a cryogenic discharge station which discharges at least a portion of the cryogenic liquid or cryogenic gas from the system; and sending at least a portion of the cryogenic liquid and cryogenic gas to the phase separator pulsation damper accumulator (PSPDA) for recycling back to the system.

[0090] A variation of the method includes using at least two temperature transmitters to verify that the cryogenic liquid is cold enough to be pumped through the boost pump, the PSPDA, and the piston pump. The PSPDA may have a burp valve used to vent excess cryogenic liquid and / or cryogenic gas. The PSPDA may also be configured to separate cryogenic vapor from the cryogenic liquid, thereby preventing the vapor from being drawn into the piston pump. Multiple pistons may be utilized by the piston pump. The piston pump may further be configured to include a dual or triple piston pump.

[0091] (Last comment) Throughout this description, the illustrated embodiments and examples should be considered as illustrations, rather than limitations on the disclosed or claimed apparatus and procedures. Many of the examples presented herein include specific combinations of method acts or system elements, but it should be understood that those acts and those elements may be combined in other ways to achieve the same purpose. With respect to flow charts, additional and fewer steps may be performed, and illustrated steps may be combined or further refined, to achieve the methods described herein. Acts, elements, and features discussed only in connection with one embodiment are not intended to be excluded from a similar role in other embodiments.

[0092] As used herein, "plurality" means two or more. As used herein, a "set" of an item may include one or more of such items. As used herein, whether stated herein or in the claims, terms such as "comprising," "including," "carrying," "having," "containing," "involving," and the like, are understood to be open-ended, i.e., including but not limited to. Only the transitional phrases "consisting of" and "consisting essentially of" are closed or semi-closed transitional phrases, respectively, with respect to the claims. In the claims, the use of ordinal terms such as "first," "second," "third," and the like to modify elements of a claim does not, in itself, imply a priority, precedence, or order of the elements of one claim relative to the elements of another claim, or the chronological order in which the acts of a method are performed, but is merely used as a marker to distinguish elements of one claim having a particular name from elements of another claim having the same name (but using ordinal terms) to distinguish between elements of the claims. As used herein, "and / or" means that the listed items are alternatives, but the alternatives include any combination of the listed items.

Claims

1. 1. A system for efficiently handling cryogenic liquids, comprising: a storage vessel having an inner portion and an outer portion, the inner portion for storing the cryogenic liquid; a boost pump attached to the storage vessel via a pipe, the boost pump in communication with a first thermometer, the thermometer configured to verify that the cryogenic liquid in the storage vessel is below a boiling point of the cryogenic liquid to maintain the cryogenic liquid in liquid form; a cooling valve configured to open and direct the cryogenic liquid from the boost pump to a piston pump when the cryogenic liquid is at liquid temperature and to close when the piston pump is primed and operating; a second thermometer configured to detect when the piston pump has cooled sufficiently to maintain the cryogenic liquid in liquid form, the second thermometer connected to a controller, the controller in communication with the piston pump; and a controller in communication with the piston pump and the second thermometer, the controller configured to activate the piston pump and close the cooling valve when the piston pump is cooled sufficiently to maintain the cryogenic liquid in liquid form by referencing the second thermometer; the piston pump having a suction stroke to facilitate receiving cryogenic liquid from both a phase separator pulsation damper accumulator (PSPDA) and the boost pump; a controller, the piston pump further configured to convert at least a portion of the cryogenic liquid into a gas and expel the gas through at least a piston ring of the piston pump; and a cryogenic liquid discharge station for discharging at least a portion of the gaseous and / or liquid cryogenic liquid; a cryogenic liquid pump unloader valve connected to the boost pump and / or the PSPDA and configured to draw heated gas and / or heated cryogenic liquid back to the boost pump or the PSPDA for recycling within the apparatus; A system comprising:

2. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the cryogenic liquid is liquid hydrogen and the cryogenic gas produced by heating the cryogenic liquid is gaseous hydrogen.

3. The system of claim 1 , wherein the boost pump is stored in a vacuum insulated sump.

4. 10. The system of claim 1, wherein the PSPDA is connected to a burp valve that vents excess liquid or gaseous cryogenic liquid.

5. The system of claim 1 , wherein at least a portion of the cryogenic liquid is not circulated back to the cryogenic liquid tank.

6. The system of claim 1 , wherein the cooling valve is configured to connect to a plurality of piston pumps.

7. The system of claim 1 , wherein the piston pump comprises a plurality of pistons.

8. 1. A system for efficiently storing, pumping, and using liquid hydrogen for cryogenic purposes, comprising: a liquid hydrogen storage vessel attached to a temperature transmitter, the temperature transmitter being attached to a liquid hydrogen boost pump in a vacuum insulated sump, the temperature transmitter being further configured to verify whether the liquid hydrogen is sufficiently cooled to be pumped through the boost pump; a second temperature transmitter connected to the controller, the controller detecting whether the liquid hydrogen is cooled sufficiently to activate a vacuum adiabatic phase separator pulsation damper accumulator (PSPDA); a piston pump, a cooling valve, and a burp valve connected to the PSPDA; a piston pump seal configured to release at least a portion of the liquid or gaseous hydrogen as hydrogen passes through the piston pump; a piston pump seal blow-by return station configured to return at least a portion of the gaseous and liquid hydrogen to the PSPDA and cool it back to liquid hydrogen for flow through the PSPDA again; A system comprising:

9. 9. The system of claim 8, wherein a piston pump discharge check valve is attached to the piston pump.

10. 9. The system of claim 8, wherein a piston pump suction check valve is attached to the piston pump.

11. 9. The system of claim 8, wherein a piston pump unloader valve is attached to the piston pump.

12. The system of claim 8 , wherein the piston pump is a single piston pump.

13. The system of claim 8 , wherein the piston pump is a double or triple piston pump.

14. 10. The system of claim 8, wherein there are multiple piston pumps mounted in series or parallel with each other.

15. 1. A method for efficiently pumping a cryogenic liquid, comprising: providing a storage vessel having an inner portion and an outer portion, the inner portion configured to safely store a cryogenic liquid; pumping cryogenic liquid from the storage vessel to a cooling valve using a boost pump attached to the storage vessel; pumping the cryogenic liquid through the cooling valve and a phase separator pulsation damper accumulator (PSPDA) to at least one piston pump; converting at least a portion of the cryogenic liquid into a cryogenic gas and discharging at least a portion of the cryogenic gas through a piston ring of the piston pump; directing at least a portion of the cryogenic liquid and gas to a cryogenic discharge station which discharges at least a portion of the cryogenic liquid or gas from the system; directing at least a portion of the cryogenic liquid and cryogenic gas to the phase separator pulsation damper accumulator (PSPDA) for recycling back to the system; A method comprising:

16. 16. The method of claim 15, further comprising using at least two temperature transmitters to verify that the cryogenic liquid is cold enough to be pumped through the boost pump, the PSPDA, and the piston pump.

17. The method of claim 15 , wherein the PSPDA has a burp valve used to vent excess cryogenic liquid and / or cryogenic gas.

18. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the PSPDA separates cryogenic vapor from the cryogenic liquid so that vapor is not drawn into the piston pump.

19. The method of claim 15 , wherein multiple pistons are utilized by the piston pump.

20. The method of claim 15 , wherein the piston pump further comprises a double or triple piston pump.

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