Stabilized Heat Transfer Compositions, Methods, and Systems

Abstract

The present invention relates to a heat transfer composition comprising a refrigerant, a lubricant, and a stabilizer, wherein the refrigerant comprises about 5% to 100% by weight of trans-1,2-difluoroethylene (R1132(E)), the lubricant comprises a polyol ester (POE) lubricant and / or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant, and the stabilizer comprises an alkylated naphthalene, and optionally, preferably, an acid-depletable moiety.

Description

[Technical Field]

[0001] (CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS) This application claims the benefit of priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 63 / 403,719, filed September 3, 2022, which is incorporated by reference.

[0002] FIELD OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to compositions, methods, and systems that have utility in heat exchange applications, including air conditioning and refrigeration applications. In certain aspects, the present invention relates to compositions that are useful in heat transfer systems of the type in which the refrigerant R-410A may be used. The compositions of the present invention are particularly useful as replacements for the refrigerant R-410A for heating and cooling applications, and for retrofitting heat exchange systems, including systems designed for use with R-410A. [Background technology]

[0003] Mechanical refrigeration systems and related heat transfer devices, such as heat pumps and air conditioners, are well known in the art for industrial, commercial, and residential use. Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) were developed in the 1930s as refrigerants for such systems. However, since the 1980s, the impact of CFCs on the stratospheric ozone layer has attracted much attention. In 1987, many governments signed the Montreal Protocol for the Protection of the Global Environment, which established a timetable for the phase-out of CFC products. CFCs have been replaced by more environmentally acceptable materials containing hydrogen, namely hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs).

[0004] One of the most commonly used hydrochlorofluorocarbon refrigerants was chlorodifluoromethane (HCFC-22). However, subsequent amendments to the Montreal Protocol accelerated the phase-out of CFCs and established a timeline for the phase-out of HCFCs, including HCFC-22.

[0005] In response to the need for non-flammable, non-toxic alternatives to CFCs and HCFCs, industry has developed several hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) with zero ozone depletion potential. Because it does not contribute to ozone depletion, R-410A (a 50:50 w / w blend of difluoromethane (HFC-32) and pentafluoroethane (HFC-125)) has been adopted as an industrial replacement for HCFC-22 in air conditioning and refrigeration applications. However, R-410A is not a drop-in replacement for R-22. Therefore, replacing R-22 with R-410A required redesign of key components within the heat exchange system, including replacing and redesigning compressors to accommodate the substantially higher operating pressures and capacities of R-410A compared to R-22.

[0006] While R-410A has a more acceptable ozone depleting potential (ODP) than R-22, its continued use is problematic due to its high global warming potential of 2088. Therefore, there is a need in the art to replace R-410A with a more environmentally acceptable alternative.

[0007] As shown in Table 1, the EU implemented the F-gas regulation to limit the HFCs that can be commercially sold within the EU from 2015 onwards. By 2030, only 21% of the amount of HFCs sold in 2015 will be available. Therefore, as a long-term solution, it is desirable to limit the GWP to less than 427.

[0008] [Table 1] * The 2015 GWP levels are based on UNEP's 2012 usage survey, which did not show any growth rate increases.

[0009] It is understood in the art that it is highly desirable for a replacement heat-transfer fluid to possess a mosaic of difficult-to-achieve properties, including, among others, excellent heat transfer properties (specifically, heat transfer properties that are well-matched to the needs of a particular application), chemical stability, low or no toxicity, non-flammability, lubricant miscibility, and / or lubricant compatibility. In addition, any replacement for R-410A would ideally be closely matched to the operating conditions of R-410A to avoid system modifications or redesign. Developing a heat-transfer fluid that meets all of these requirements, many of which are unpredictable, particularly those related to the chemical stability of such fluids, is a significant challenge.

[0010] It is critical to maintaining system efficiency and proper and reliable functioning of the compressor that the refrigerant and lubricant combination circulating within a vapor compression heat transfer system remain stable enough so as not to degrade the performance of the lubricant and / or refrigerant and / or any aspect of the operating equipment used within the heat transfer system. For example, lubricant / refrigerant decomposition products may accumulate and deposit within the system coils and piping containing the heat transfer components, and / or the decomposition may prevent full and effective lubrication of the compressor.

[0011] Applicants have realized that it would be desirable to be able to provide compositions that can be used as a replacement for R-410A in air conditioning applications, particularly residential and commercial air conditioning applications, including rooftop air conditioning, variable refrigerant flow (VRF) air conditioning, and chiller air conditioning applications. Applicants have also realized that the compositions, methods, and systems of the present invention have advantages, for example, in heat pumps and low-temperature refrigeration systems. Summary of the Invention

[0012] The present invention provides heat transfer compositions, including those that can be used as replacements for R-410A, that exhibit excellent thermal and chemical stability.

[0013] The present invention includes a heat transfer composition comprising a refrigerant, a lubricant, and a stabilizer, wherein the refrigerant comprises about 5% to 100% by weight of trans-1,2-difluoroethylene (R1132(E)), the lubricant preferably comprises a polyol ester (POE) lubricant and / or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant, and the stabilizer comprises one or more of alkylated naphthalenes, epoxidized naphthalenes, acid-depleting moieties, nitrogen-containing stabilizers, phosphorus-containing stabilizers, and diene stabilizers. For convenience, the heat transfer composition according to this paragraph may be referred to herein as Heat Transfer Composition 1A.

[0014] The present invention includes a heat transfer composition comprising a refrigerant, a lubricant, and a stabilizer, wherein the refrigerant comprises about 5% to 100% by weight of trans-1,2-difluoroethylene (R1132(E)), the lubricant preferably comprises a polyol ester (POE) lubricant and / or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant, and the stabilizer comprises an alkylated naphthalene. Heat transfer compositions according to this paragraph may be referred to herein for convenience as Heat Transfer Composition 1B.

[0015] The present invention includes a heat transfer composition comprising a refrigerant, a lubricant, and a stabilizer, wherein the refrigerant comprises about 5% to 100% by weight of trans-1,2-difluoroethylene (R1132(E)), the lubricant preferably comprises a polyol ester (POE) lubricant and / or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant, and the stabilizer comprises an ethoxylated naphthalene. Heat transfer compositions according to this paragraph may be referred to herein for convenience as Heat Transfer Composition 1C.

[0016] The present invention relates to a heat transfer composition comprising a refrigerant, a lubricant, and a stabilizer, wherein the refrigerant comprises about 5% to 100% by weight of trans-1,2-difluoroethylene (R1132(E)), the lubricant preferably comprises a polyol ester (POE) lubricant and / or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant, and the stabilizer comprises an acid-depletable moiety. Heat transfer compositions according to this paragraph may be referred to herein for convenience as Heat Transfer Composition 1D.

[0017] The present invention includes a heat transfer composition comprising a refrigerant, a lubricant, and a stabilizer, wherein the refrigerant comprises about 5% to 100% by weight of trans-1,2-difluoroethylene (R1132(E)), the lubricant preferably comprises a polyol ester (POE) lubricant and / or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant, and the stabilizer comprises a nitrogen-containing stabilizer. The heat transfer composition according to this paragraph may be referred to herein for convenience as Heat Transfer Composition 1E.

[0018] The present invention includes a heat transfer composition comprising a refrigerant, a lubricant, and a stabilizer, wherein the refrigerant comprises about 5% to 100% by weight of trans-1,2-difluoroethylene (R1132(E)), the lubricant preferably comprises a polyol ester (POE) lubricant and / or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant, and the stabilizer comprises a phosphorus-containing stabilizer. Heat transfer compositions according to this paragraph may be referred to herein for convenience as Heat Transfer Composition 1F.

[0019] The present invention includes a heat transfer composition comprising a refrigerant, a lubricant, and a stabilizer, wherein the refrigerant comprises about 5% to 100% by weight of trans-1,2-difluoroethylene (R1132(E)), the lubricant preferably comprises a polyol ester (POE) lubricant and / or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant, and the stabilizer comprises a diene stabilizer. Heat transfer compositions according to this paragraph may be referred to herein for convenience as Heat Transfer Composition 1G.

[0020] The present invention includes a heat transfer composition comprising a refrigerant, a lubricant, and a stabilizer, wherein the refrigerant comprises about 5% to 100% by weight of trans-1,2-difluoroethylene (R1132(E)), the lubricant preferably comprises a polyol ester (POE) lubricant and / or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant, and the stabilizer comprises an alkylated naphthalene. Heat transfer compositions according to this paragraph may be referred to herein for convenience as Heat Transfer Composition 1H.

[0021] The present invention includes a heat transfer composition comprising a refrigerant, a lubricant, and a stabilizer, wherein the refrigerant comprises about 5% to 100% by weight of trans-1,2-difluoroethylene (R1132(E)), the lubricant preferably comprises a polyol ester (POE) lubricant and / or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant, and the stabilizer comprises an alkylated naphthalene, the alkylated naphthalene being present in the composition in an amount of 1% to less than 10% by weight, based on the weight of the alkylated naphthalene and the lubricant. Heat transfer compositions according to this paragraph may be referred to herein for convenience as Heat Transfer Composition 1I.

[0022] The present invention relates to a heat transfer composition comprising a refrigerant, a lubricant, and a stabilizer, wherein the refrigerant comprises about 5% to 100% by weight of trans-1,2-difluoroethylene (R1132(E)), the lubricant preferably comprises a polyol ester (POE) lubricant and / or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant, and the stabilizer comprises an epoxidized naphthalene. The heat transfer composition according to this paragraph may be referred to herein for convenience as Heat Transfer Composition 1J.

[0023] The present invention includes a heat transfer composition comprising a refrigerant, a lubricant, and a stabilizer, wherein the refrigerant comprises about 5% to 100% by weight of trans-1,2-difluoroethylene (R1132(E)), the lubricant preferably comprises a polyol ester (POE) lubricant and / or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant, and the stabilizer comprises an epoxidized naphthalene, the epoxidized naphthalene being present in the composition in an amount of 1% to less than 10% by weight, based on the weight of the epoxidized naphthalene and the lubricant. For convenience, the heat transfer composition according to this paragraph may be referred to herein as Heat Transfer Composition 1K.

[0024] As used herein with respect to percentages based on a list of identified compounds, the term "relative percentage" means the percentage of the identified compound based on the total weight of the listed compounds.

[0025] As used herein in relation to weight percent, the term "about" in relation to the amount of a specified ingredient means that the amount of the specified ingredient can vary in an amount of + / - 2% by weight.

[0026] In connection with the use of stabilizers containing alkylated naphthalenes in heat transfer compositions containing refrigerants containing R1132(E) and lubricants, particularly lubricants containing POE and / or PVE, applicants believe there is a critical range within which the stabilizing effect of the alkylated naphthalene is beneficially and unexpectedly enhanced relative to the stabilizing effect outside the range of 1% to less than 10% by weight, or preferably 1.5% to less than 8%, or preferably 1.5% to about 6%, or preferably 1.5% to 5%, based on the alkylated naphthalene and lubricant. Specifically, applicants believe that improved performance is achieved within this critical range because, in the absence of the solutions described below, the stabilizing performance of the alkylated naphthalene may be undesirably reduced when used in amounts greater than about 10%. Furthermore, applicants believe that the stabilizing performance of the alkylated naphthalene may be undesirable for some applications when used in amounts less than 1%. The existence of this critical range for a heat transfer composition containing R1132(E) and a POE and / or PVE lubricant is unexpected.

[0027] The present invention includes a heat transfer composition comprising a refrigerant, a lubricant, and a stabilizer, wherein the refrigerant comprises about 10% to about 75% by weight of trans-1,2-difluoroethylene (R1132(E)), the lubricant comprises a polyol ester (POE) lubricant and / or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant, and the stabilizer comprises an alkylated naphthalene, the alkylated naphthalene being present in the composition in an amount of 1% to less than 10% by weight, based on the weight of the alkylated naphthalene and the lubricant. For convenience, the heat transfer composition according to this paragraph may be referred to herein as Heat Transfer Composition 2A.

[0028] The present invention includes a heat transfer composition comprising a refrigerant, a lubricant, and a stabilizer, wherein the refrigerant comprises about 10% to about 75% by weight of trans-1,2-difluoroethylene (R1132(E)), the lubricant comprises a polyol ester (POE) lubricant and / or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant, and the stabilizer comprises an epoxidized naphthalene, the epoxidized naphthalene being present in the composition in an amount of 1% to less than 10% by weight, based on the weight of the epoxidized naphthalene and the lubricant. For convenience, the heat transfer composition according to this paragraph may be referred to herein as Heat Transfer Composition 2B.

[0029] The present invention includes a heat transfer composition comprising a refrigerant, a lubricant, and a stabilizer, wherein the refrigerant comprises about 40% to about 50% by weight of R-1234yf and about 40% to about 50% by weight of trans-1,2-difluoroethylene (R1132(E)), the lubricant comprises a polyol ester (POE) lubricant and / or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant, and the stabilizer comprises an alkylated naphthalene, the alkylated naphthalene being present in the composition in an amount of 1% to less than 10% by weight, based on the weight of the alkylated naphthalene and the lubricant. For convenience, the heat transfer composition according to this paragraph may be referred to herein as Heat Transfer Composition 3A.

[0030] The present invention includes a heat transfer composition comprising a refrigerant, a lubricant, and a stabilizer, wherein the refrigerant comprises about 40% to about 50% by weight of R-1234yf and about 40% to about 50% by weight of trans-1,2-difluoroethylene (R1132(E)), the lubricant comprises a polyol ester (POE) lubricant and / or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant, and the stabilizer comprises an epoxidized naphthalene, the epoxidized naphthalene being present in the composition in an amount of 1% to less than 10% by weight, based on the weight of the epoxidized naphthalene and the lubricant. For convenience, the heat transfer composition according to this paragraph may be referred to herein as Heat Transfer Composition 3B.

[0031] The present invention includes a heat transfer composition comprising a refrigerant, a lubricant, and a stabilizer, wherein the refrigerant consists essentially of about 40% to about 50% by weight of R-1234yf, about 1% to about 20% by weight of difluoromethane (HFC-32), and about 40% to about 50% by weight of trans-1,2-difluoroethylene (R1132(E)), the lubricant comprises a polyol ester (POE) lubricant and / or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant, and the stabilizer comprises an alkylated naphthalene, the alkylated naphthalene being present in the composition in an amount of 1% to less than 10% by weight, based on the weight of the alkylated naphthalene and the lubricant. For convenience, the heat transfer composition according to this paragraph may be referred to herein as Heat Transfer Composition 4A.

[0032] The present invention includes a heat transfer composition comprising a refrigerant, a lubricant, and a stabilizer, wherein the refrigerant consists essentially of about 40% to about 50% by weight of R-1234yf, about 1% to about 20% by weight of difluoromethane (HFC-32), and about 40% to about 50% by weight of trans-1,2-difluoroethylene (R1132(E)), the lubricant comprises a polyol ester (POE) lubricant and / or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant, and the stabilizer comprises an epoxidized naphthalene, the epoxidized naphthalene being present in the composition in an amount of 1% to less than 10% by weight, based on the weight of the epoxidized naphthalene and the lubricant. For convenience, the heat transfer composition according to this paragraph may be referred to herein as Heat Transfer Composition 4B.

[0033] The present invention includes a heat transfer composition comprising a refrigerant, a lubricant, and a stabilizer, wherein the refrigerant comprises about 5% to 100% by weight of trans-1,2-difluoroethylene (R1132(E)), the lubricant comprises a polyol ester (POE) lubricant and / or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant, and the stabilizer comprises an alkylated naphthalene, the alkylated naphthalene being present in the composition in an amount of 1% to 8% by weight, based on the weight of the alkylated naphthalene and the lubricant. Heat transfer compositions according to this paragraph may be referred to herein for convenience as Heat Transfer Composition 5.

[0034] The present invention includes a heat transfer composition comprising a refrigerant, a lubricant, and a stabilizer, wherein the refrigerant comprises about 10% to about 75% by weight of trans-1,2-difluoroethylene (R1132(E)), the lubricant comprises a polyol ester (POE) lubricant and / or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant, and the stabilizer comprises an alkylated naphthalene, the alkylated naphthalene being present in the composition in an amount of 1% to 8% by weight, based on the weight of the alkylated naphthalene and the lubricant. Heat transfer compositions according to this paragraph may be referred to herein for convenience as Heat Transfer Composition 6.

[0035] The present invention includes a heat transfer composition comprising a refrigerant, a lubricant, and a stabilizer, wherein the refrigerant comprises about 5% to about 50% by weight of R1234yf and about 35% to about 70% by weight of trans-1,2-difluoroethylene (R1132(E)), the lubricant comprises a polyol ester (POE) lubricant and / or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant, and the stabilizer comprises an alkylated naphthalene, the alkylated naphthalene being present in the composition in an amount of 1% to 8% by weight, based on the weight of the alkylated naphthalene and the lubricant. Heat transfer compositions according to this paragraph may be referred to herein for convenience as Heat Transfer Composition 7.

[0036] The present invention includes a heat transfer composition comprising a refrigerant, a lubricant, and a stabilizer, wherein the refrigerant consists essentially of about 30% to about 50% by weight of trans-1,2-difluoroethylene (R1132(E)), the lubricant comprises a polyol ester (POE) lubricant and / or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant, and the stabilizer comprises an alkylated naphthalene, the alkylated naphthalene being present in the composition in an amount of 1% to 8% by weight, based on the weight of the alkylated naphthalene and the lubricant. Heat transfer compositions according to this paragraph may be referred to herein for convenience as Heat Transfer Composition 8.

[0037] The present invention includes a heat transfer composition comprising a refrigerant, a lubricant, and a stabilizer, wherein the refrigerant comprises about 5% to 100% by weight of trans-1,2-difluoroethylene (R1132(E)), the lubricant comprises a polyol ester (POE) lubricant and / or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant, and the stabilizer comprises an alkylated naphthalene, the alkylated naphthalene being present in the composition in an amount of 1.5% to 8% by weight, based on the weight of the alkylated naphthalene and the lubricant. Heat transfer compositions according to this paragraph may be referred to herein for convenience as Heat Transfer Composition 9.

[0038] The present invention includes a heat transfer composition comprising a refrigerant, a lubricant, and a stabilizer, wherein the refrigerant comprises about 10% to about 75% by weight of trans-1,2-difluoroethylene (R1132(E)), the lubricant comprises a polyol ester (POE) lubricant and / or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant, and the stabilizer comprises an alkylated naphthalene, the alkylated naphthalene being present in the composition in an amount of 1.5% to 8% by weight, based on the weight of the alkylated naphthalene and the lubricant. For convenience, the heat transfer composition according to this paragraph may be referred to herein as heat transfer composition 10A.

[0039] The present invention includes a heat transfer composition comprising a refrigerant, a lubricant, and a stabilizer, wherein the refrigerant comprises about 10% to about 75% by weight of trans-1,2-difluoroethylene (R1132(E)), the lubricant comprises a polyol ester (POE) lubricant and / or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant, and the stabilizer comprises an alkylated naphthalene, the alkylated naphthalene being present in the composition in an amount of 1.5% to 6% by weight, based on the weight of the alkylated naphthalene and the lubricant. For convenience, the heat transfer composition according to this paragraph may be referred to herein as Heat Transfer Composition 10B.

[0040] The present invention also includes any of Heat Transfer Compositions 1-10, wherein the stabilizer comprises BHT. The heat transfer composition according to this paragraph may be referred to herein for convenience as Heat Transfer Composition 11.

[0041] The present invention also includes any of Heat Transfer Compositions 1-11, wherein the stabilizer is essentially free of ADM, as defined below. Heat transfer compositions according to this paragraph may be referred to herein for convenience as Heat Transfer Composition 12.

[0042] As used herein, the term "acid depleting moiety" (sometimes referred to herein for convenience as "acid depleting moiety, ADM") means a compound or radical that, when present in a heat transfer composition containing a refrigerant containing about 5% by weight or more of R1132(E) (such percentage being based on the weight of all refrigerants in the heat transfer composition), has the effect of substantially reducing the acid moieties that would otherwise be present in the heat transfer composition. As used herein, when used with respect to acid moieties in a heat transfer composition, the term "substantially reduce" means that the acid moieties are reduced sufficiently to result in a reduction in the TAN value (defined below) of at least about 10 relative percent.

[0043] In connection with the use of stabilizers comprising alkylated naphthalenes and ADM, Applicants have discovered that certain materials can substantially and unexpectedly enhance the performance of stabilizers comprising or consisting essentially of alkylated naphthalene stabilizers. Specifically, Applicants have discovered that certain materials can aid in the depletion of acidic moieties in heat transfer compositions containing R1132(E), including any heat transfer composition of the present invention. Applicants have discovered that formulating a heat transfer composition with ADM results in an unexpected and synergistic enhancement to the stabilization function of at least the alkylated naphthalene stabilizer of the present invention. The reason for this synergistic effect is not understood with certainty, but without being bound by any theory of operation, it is believed that the alkylated naphthalene stabilizers of the present invention function largely by stabilizing free radicals formed from the R1132(E) in the refrigerants of the present invention, and that this stabilization effect is at least somewhat diminished in the presence of acidic moieties. As a result, the presence of ADM of the present invention allows the alkylated naphthalene stabilizers to function with an unexpected and synergistic enhancement. Additionally, applicants have found that the performance degradation they observed at relatively high concentrations of alkylated naphthalene (i.e., about 10%) can be offset by incorporating ADM into the heat transfer composition (or stabilized lubricant).

[0044] Thus, in a preferred embodiment, the heat transfer composition of the present invention comprises a stabilizer comprising an alkylated naphthalene and ADM. The stabilizer according to this paragraph may be referred to herein for convenience as Stabilizer 1.

[0045] Thus, in a preferred embodiment, the heat transfer composition of the present invention comprises a stabilizer comprising about 40% to about 99.9% by weight of alkylated naphthalene and 0.05% to about 50% by weight of ADM, based on the weight of the stabilizer. The stabilizer according to this paragraph may be referred to herein for convenience as Stabilizer 2.

[0046] Thus, in a preferred embodiment, the heat transfer composition of the present invention comprises a stabilizer comprising about 40% to about 95% by weight of alkylated naphthalene and 5% to about 20% by weight of ADM, based on the weight of the alkylated naphthalene and ADM in the stabilizer. The stabilizer according to this paragraph may be referred to herein for convenience as Stabilizer 3.

[0047] In a preferred embodiment, the heat transfer composition of the present invention comprises a stabilizer comprising an alkylated naphthalene and at least one co-stabilizer selected from an acid-depleting moiety, a nitrogen-containing stabilizer, a phosphorus-containing stabilizer, a diene stabilizer, and combinations of two or more thereof. The stabilizer according to this paragraph may be referred to herein for convenience as Stabilizer 4A.

[0048] In a preferred embodiment, the heat transfer composition of the present invention includes a stabilizer comprising an epoxidized naphthalene. The stabilizer according to this paragraph may be referred to herein for convenience as Stabilizer 4B.

[0049] In a preferred embodiment, the heat transfer composition of the present invention comprises a stabilizer comprising an epoxidized naphthalene and at least one co-stabilizer selected from an acid-depleting moiety, a nitrogen-containing stabilizer, a phosphorus-containing stabilizer, a diene stabilizer, and combinations of two or more thereof. The stabilizer according to this paragraph may be referred to herein for convenience as Stabilizer 4C.

[0050] In a preferred embodiment, the heat transfer compositions of the present invention include a stabilizer comprising a nitrogen-containing stabilizer. The stabilizer according to this paragraph may be referred to herein for convenience as stabilizer 4D.

[0051] In a preferred embodiment, the heat transfer composition of the present invention comprises a stabilizer comprising a nitrogen-containing stabilizer and at least one co-stabilizer comprising an epoxidized naphthalene, an alkylated naphthalene, an acid-depleting moiety, a phosphorus-containing stabilizer, a terpinene stabilizer, and combinations of two or more thereof. The stabilizer according to this paragraph may be referred to herein for convenience as stabilizer 4E.

[0052] In a preferred embodiment, the heat transfer compositions of the present invention include a stabilizer comprising a phosphorus-containing stabilizer. The stabilizer according to this paragraph may be referred to herein for convenience as Stabilizer 4F.

[0053] In a preferred embodiment, the heat transfer composition of the present invention comprises a stabilizer comprising a phosphorus-containing stabilizer and at least one co-stabilizer selected from alkylated naphthalenes, epoxidized naphthalenes, acid-depleting moieties, nitrogen-containing stabilizers, terpinene stabilizers, and combinations of two or more thereof. The stabilizer according to this paragraph may be referred to herein for convenience as Stabilizer 4G.

[0054] In a preferred embodiment, the heat transfer compositions of the present invention include a stabilizer comprising a triaryl phosphate. The stabilizer according to this paragraph may be referred to herein for convenience as stabilizer 4H.

[0055] In a preferred embodiment, the heat transfer composition of the present invention comprises a stabilizer comprising a triaryl phosphate and at least one co-stabilizer selected from an acid-depleting moiety, a nitrogen-containing stabilizer, an epoxidized naphthalene, an alkylated naphthalene, a diene stabilizer, and combinations of two or more thereof. The stabilizer according to this paragraph may be referred to herein for convenience as stabilizer 4I.

[0056] The present invention also includes a heat transfer composition comprising a refrigerant, a lubricant comprising a POE lubricant and / or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant, and a stabilizer 1, wherein the refrigerant comprises about 5% to 100% by weight of trans-1,2-difluoroethylene (R1132(E)). The heat transfer composition according to this paragraph may be referred to herein for convenience as heat transfer composition 13.

[0057] The present invention also includes a heat transfer composition comprising a refrigerant, a lubricant comprising a POE lubricant and / or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant, and a stabilizer 2, wherein the refrigerant comprises about 5% to 100% by weight of trans-1,2-difluoroethylene (R1132(E)). The heat transfer composition according to this paragraph may be referred to herein for convenience as heat transfer composition 14.

[0058] The present invention also includes a heat transfer composition comprising a refrigerant, a lubricant comprising a POE lubricant and / or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant, and a stabilizer 3, wherein the refrigerant comprises about 5% to 100% by weight of trans-1,2-difluoroethylene (R1132(E)). The heat transfer composition according to this paragraph may be referred to herein for convenience as Heat Transfer Composition 15A.

[0059] The present invention also includes a heat transfer composition comprising a refrigerant, a lubricant comprising a POE lubricant and / or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant, and a stabilizer 4, wherein the refrigerant comprises about 5% to 100% by weight of trans-1,2-difluoroethylene (R1132(E)). The heat transfer composition according to this paragraph may be referred to herein for convenience as Heat Transfer Composition 15B.

[0060] The present invention also includes a heat transfer composition comprising a refrigerant, a lubricant comprising a POE lubricant and / or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant, and a stabilizer 1, wherein the refrigerant comprises about 20% to about 75% by weight of trans-1,2-difluoroethylene (R1132(E)). The heat transfer composition according to this paragraph may be referred to herein for convenience as heat transfer composition 16.

[0061] The present invention also includes a heat transfer composition comprising a refrigerant, a lubricant comprising a POE lubricant and / or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant, and Stabilizer 2, wherein the refrigerant comprises about 20% to about 75% by weight of trans-1,2-difluoroethylene (R1132(E)). Heat transfer compositions according to this paragraph may be referred to herein for convenience as Heat Transfer Composition 17.

[0062] The present invention also includes a heat transfer composition comprising a refrigerant, a lubricant comprising a POE lubricant and / or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant, and a stabilizer 3, wherein the refrigerant comprises about 20% to about 75% by weight of trans-1,2-difluoroethylene (R1132(E)). The heat transfer composition according to this paragraph may be referred to herein for convenience as heat transfer composition 18.

[0063] The present invention also includes a heat transfer composition comprising a refrigerant, a lubricant comprising a POE lubricant and / or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant, and a stabilizer 4, wherein the refrigerant comprises about 20% to about 75% by weight of trans-1,2-difluoroethylene (R1132(E)). The heat transfer composition according to this paragraph may be referred to herein for convenience as heat transfer composition 19.

[0064] The present invention also includes a heat transfer composition comprising a refrigerant, a lubricant comprising a POE lubricant and / or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant, and a stabilizer 1, wherein the refrigerant comprises about 5% to about 50% by weight of difluoromethane (HFC-32) and about 35% to about 70% by weight of trans-1,2-difluoroethylene (R1132(E)). The heat transfer composition according to this paragraph may be referred to herein for convenience as heat transfer composition 20.

[0065] The present invention also includes a heat transfer composition comprising a refrigerant, a lubricant comprising a POE lubricant and / or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant, and a stabilizer 2, wherein the refrigerant comprises about 40% to about 50% by weight of R1234yf and about 40% to about 50% by weight of trans-1,2-difluoroethylene (R1132(E)). The heat transfer composition according to this paragraph may be referred to herein for convenience as heat transfer composition 21A.

[0066] The present invention also includes a heat transfer composition comprising a refrigerant, a lubricant comprising a POE lubricant and / or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant, and stabilizer 3, wherein the refrigerant comprises from about 5% to about 50% by weight of difluoromethane (HFC-32) and from about 35% to about 70% by weight of trans-1,2-difluoroethylene (R1132(E)). The heat transfer composition according to this paragraph may be referred to herein for convenience as heat transfer composition 21B.

[0067] The present invention also includes a heat transfer composition comprising a refrigerant, a lubricant comprising a POE lubricant and / or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant, and a stabilizer 4, wherein the refrigerant comprises about 40% to about 50% by weight of R1234yf and about 40% to about 50% by weight of trans-1,2-difluoroethylene (R1132(E)). The heat transfer composition according to this paragraph may be referred to herein for convenience as heat transfer composition 21C.

[0068] The present invention also includes a heat transfer composition comprising a refrigerant, a lubricant comprising a POE lubricant and / or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant, and stabilizer 1, wherein the refrigerant comprises about 30% to about 50% by weight of difluoromethane (HFC-32), 3 to 15% by weight of pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), and about 35% to about 70% by weight of trans-1,2-difluoroethylene (R1132(E)). Heat transfer compositions according to this paragraph may be referred to herein for convenience as heat transfer composition 22.

[0069] The present invention also includes a heat transfer composition comprising a refrigerant, a lubricant comprising a POE lubricant and / or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant, and stabilizer 2, the refrigerant comprising about 1% to about 20% by weight of difluoromethane (HFC-32), about 40% to about 50% by weight of R-1234yf, and about 40% to about 50% by weight of trans-1,2-difluoroethylene (R1132(E)). The heat transfer composition according to this paragraph may be referred to herein for convenience as heat transfer composition 23.

[0070] The present invention also includes a heat transfer composition comprising a refrigerant, a lubricant comprising a POE lubricant and / or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant, and a stabilizer 3, the refrigerant comprising about 30% to about 50% by weight of difluoromethane (HFC-32), 3-15% by weight of pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), and about 35% to about 70% by weight of trans-1,2-difluoroethylene (R1132(E)). Heat transfer compositions according to this paragraph may be referred to herein for convenience as heat transfer composition 24.

[0071] The present invention also includes a heat transfer composition comprising a refrigerant, a lubricant comprising a POE lubricant and / or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant, and a stabilizer 4, the refrigerant comprising about 1% to about 20% by weight of difluoromethane (HFC-32), about 40% to about 50% by weight of R-1234yf, and about 40% to about 50% by weight of trans-1,2-difluoroethylene (R1132(E)). The heat transfer composition according to this paragraph may be referred to herein for convenience as heat transfer composition 25A.

[0072] explanation Definition: For purposes of the present invention, the term "about" in reference to temperatures in degrees Celsius (°C) means that the stated temperature may vary by an amount of ±5°C. In preferred embodiments, temperatures specified to be about are preferably + / - 2°C, more preferably + / - 1°C, and even more preferably + / - 0.5°C of the specified temperature.

[0073] The term "capacity" refers to the amount of cooling (BTU / hr) provided by a refrigerant in a refrigeration system. It is determined experimentally by multiplying the change in enthalpy in BTU / lb of the refrigerant as it passes through the evaporator by the mass flow rate of the refrigerant. Enthalpy can be determined from measurements of the refrigerant's pressure and temperature. The capacity of a refrigeration system relates to its ability to maintain a refrigerated area at a specific temperature. The capacity of a refrigerant represents the amount of cooling or heating it provides and provides a measure of the compressor's ability to pump that amount of heat for a given volumetric flow rate of refrigerant. In other words, given a particular compressor, a refrigerant with a higher capacity will provide more cooling or heating power.

[0074] The phrase "coefficient of performance" (hereinafter "COP") is a widely accepted measure of refrigerant performance that is particularly useful for expressing the relative thermodynamic efficiency of a refrigerant in a specific heating or cooling cycle involving evaporation or condensation of the refrigerant. In refrigeration, this term represents the ratio of useful refrigeration or cooling capacity to the energy applied by the compressor during vapor compression, and thus represents the ability of a given compressor to pump a quantity of heat for a given volumetric flow rate of a heat transfer fluid, such as a refrigerant. In other words, given a particular compressor, a refrigerant with a higher COP will deliver more cooling or heating power. One means for estimating the COP of a refrigerant at specific operating conditions is from the refrigerant's thermodynamic properties using standard refrigeration cycle analysis techniques (see, for example, R.C. Downing, FLUOROCARBON REFRIGERANTS HANDBOOK, Chapter 3, Prentice-Hall, 1988, incorporated herein by reference in its entirety).

[0075] The phrase "discharge temperature" refers to the temperature of the refrigerant at the outlet of the compressor. The advantage of a low discharge temperature is that it allows the use of existing equipment without activating the thermal protection aspects of the system, which are preferably designed to protect compressor components and avoid the use of expensive control devices such as liquid injection to reduce the discharge temperature.

[0076] The Global Warming Potential (GWP) was developed to allow for the comparison of the global warming impact of different gases. Specifically, it is a measure of how much energy emitting one ton of a gas absorbs over a given period of time relative to emitting one ton of carbon dioxide. The higher the GWP, the more a given gas will warm the Earth over that period compared to CO2. A commonly used time period for GWP is 100 years. GWP provides a common measure that allows analysts to add together emission estimates of different gases. See www.epa.gov.

[0077] The phrase "Life Cycle Climate Performance" (hereinafter "LCCP") is a method by which air conditioning and refrigeration systems can be evaluated for their global warming impact over the course of their product life. LCCP includes the direct impact of refrigerant emissions and the indirect impacts of energy consumption used to operate the system, energy to manufacture the system, and transportation and safe disposal of the system. The direct impact of refrigerant emissions is obtained from the GWP value of the refrigerant. For indirect emissions, measured refrigerant properties are used to obtain system performance and energy consumption. LCCP is determined using Equation 1 and Equation 2 as follows: Equation 1: Direct emissions = Refrigerant charge (kg) x (Annual leak rate x Product life + End of product life losses) x GWP. Equation 2: Indirect emissions = Annual electricity consumption x Product life x CO2 per kW-hr of electricity production. Direct emissions as determined by Equation 1 and indirect emissions as determined by Equation 2 are added together to arrive at the LCCP. TMY2 and TMY3 data generated by the National Renewable Laboratory and available in BinMaker® Pro version 4 software are used for the analysis. GWP values ​​reported in Assessment Report 4 (AR4) (2007) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) are used for the calculation. LCCP is the mass of carbon dioxide (kg-CO ) released over the life of an air conditioning or refrigeration system. 2eq )

[0078] The term "mass flow rate" is the mass of refrigerant passing through a conduit per unit time.

[0079] The term "Occupational Exposure Limit (OEL)" is determined in accordance with ASHRAE Standard 34-2016 Designation and Safety Classification of Refrigerants.

[0080] As used herein, the term "replacing" with respect to a particular heat transfer composition or refrigerant of the present invention as "replacing" a particular prior refrigerant refers to the use of the specified composition of the present invention in a heat transfer system heretofore commonly used with that prior refrigerant. By way of example, when the refrigerant or heat transfer composition of the present invention is used in a heat transfer system heretofore designed for and / or commonly used with R410A, such as residential and commercial air conditioning (including rooftop systems, variable refrigerant flow (VRF) systems, and chiller systems), the refrigerant of the present invention replaces R410A in such system.

[0081] The phrase "thermodynamic gradient" applies to non-azeotropic refrigerant mixtures that have different temperatures during the phase change process in an evaporator or condenser at constant pressure.

[0082] The phrase "thermodynamic glide" applies to non-azeotropic refrigerant mixtures that have varying temperatures during the phase change process in an evaporator or condenser at constant pressure.

[0083] As used herein, the term "total acid number, TAN value" refers to the total acid number as determined in accordance with ASHRAE Standard 97 - "Sealed Glass Tube Method to Test the Chemical Stability of Materials for Use within Refrigerant Systems," which simulates the long-term stability of a heat transfer composition through accelerated aging.

[0084] As used herein, the term "evaporator glide" means the difference between the saturation temperature of the refrigerant at the evaporator inlet and the dew point of the refrigerant at the evaporator outlet, assuming the pressure at the evaporator outlet is the same as the pressure at the inlet. As used herein, the phrase "saturation temperature" means the temperature at which liquid refrigerant boils to a vapor at a given pressure.

[0085] As used herein, the phrase "non-toxic or low-toxicity" means that the composition is classified as Class "A" by ASHRAE Standard 34-2016 Designation and Safety Classification of Refrigerants and is described in Appendix B1 of ASHRAE Standard 34-2016, as each standard exists as of the filing date of this application. A material that is non-flammable and low-toxicity is classified as "A1" by ASHRAE Standard 34-2016 Designation and Safety Classification of Refrigerants and is described in Appendix B1 of ASHRAE Standard 34-2016, as each standard exists as of the filing date of this application.

[0086] The term "superheat" or simply "superheat" refers to the temperature rise of the refrigerant at the outlet of the evaporator above the saturated vapor temperature (or dew point temperature) of the refrigerant.

[0087] As used herein, the term "trans-1,2-difluoroethylene" means the trans isomer of 1,2-difluoroethylene and is abbreviated as R1132(E).

[0088] As used herein, the term "E-1,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene" means the trans isomer of HFO-1234ze and is abbreviated as HFO-1234ze(E).

[0089] As used herein, the term "2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene" is abbreviated as HFO-1234yf.

[0090] As used herein, the term "1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane" is abbreviated as HFC-134a.

[0091] As used herein, the term "1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane" is known in the industry by the abbreviation HFC-134a and is abbreviated herein as HFC-134a.

[0092] As used herein, the term "E-1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluorobut-2-ene" means the trans isomer of HFO-1336mzz and is abbreviated as HFO-1336mzz(E).

[0093] As used herein, the term "1,1,1,2,3,3,3-heptafluoropropane" is abbreviated as HFC-227ea.

[0094] As used herein, the term "difluoromethane" means CH2F2, abbreviated as HFC-32.

[0095] As used herein, the term "residential air conditioning" refers to a refrigeration system that operates in conjunction with a heat exchanger to absorb heat from or add heat to indoor air within a structure inhabited by humans.

[0096] As used herein, the term "split direct expansion air conditioning system" refers to an air conditioning system that operates with an indoor unit located within a residence and including a heat exchanger that absorbs heat from or adds heat to the indoor air within the human-occupied structure, and an outdoor unit located outside the residence and including a heat exchanger that rejects heat to or absorbs heat from the outdoor air.

[0097] As used herein, the term "secondary loop air conditioning system" refers to an air conditioning system having an internal refrigeration circuit that uses an indoor (or secondary) refrigerant to heat and / or cool indoor air, and an external refrigeration circuit that uses an outdoor (or primary) refrigerant that, unlike the indoor refrigerant, releases heat to or absorbs heat from outdoor air.

[0098] As used herein, reference to a defined group, such as "Heat Transfer Compositions 1-25," refers to each composition within that group, including when the defined number includes a suffix. For example, reference to "Heat Transfer Compositions 1-25" is intended to include each composition within that group, including Heat Transfer Compositions 10A and 10B, Heat Transfer Compositions 15A and 15B, etc.

[0099] Heat Transfer Composition Applicants have discovered that the heat transfer compositions of the present invention, including each of Heat Transfer Compositions 1-25 described herein, can provide highly advantageous properties, particularly in-use stability, especially when the heat transfer compositions are used as replacements for R-410A, particularly in conventional 410A residential air conditioning systems, as well as conventional 410A low and medium temperature refrigeration systems, conventional commercial air conditioning systems (including conventional R-410A rooftop systems, conventional R-410A variable refrigerant flow (VRF) systems, and conventional R-410A chiller systems).

[0100] A particular advantage of the refrigerants contained in the heat transfer compositions of the present invention is that they can be used in a variety of systems as a replacement for R-410A, and provide refrigerants and heat transfer compositions that have excellent heat transfer properties, low environmental impact (including particularly low GWP and near-zero ODP), excellent chemical and thermal stability, low or no toxicity, and / or lubricant compatibility, particularly compatibility with POE and PVE lubricants. This desirable advantage can be achieved by the refrigerants and heat transfer compositions of the present invention.

[0101] Preferably, the heat transfer compositions of the present invention, including each of Heat Transfer Compositions 1-25, comprise refrigerant in an amount greater than 40%, or greater than 70%, or greater than 80%, or greater than 90% by weight of the heat transfer composition.

[0102] Preferably, the heat transfer compositions of the present invention, including each of Heat Transfer Compositions 1-25, consist essentially of a refrigerant, a lubricant, and a stabilizer.

[0103] The heat transfer compositions of the present invention may contain other ingredients to enhance or provide specific functionality to the composition, preferably without impairing the enhanced stability provided in accordance with the present invention. Such other ingredients or additives may include dyes, solubilizers, compatibilizers, stabilizers, antioxidants, corrosion inhibitors, extreme pressure additives, and antiwear agents.

[0104] Stabilizers: Alkylated Naphthalene Applicants have surprisingly and unexpectedly discovered that alkylated naphthalenes are highly effective as stabilizers for the heat transfer compositions of the present invention. As used herein, the term "alkylated naphthalene" refers to a compound having the following structure:

[0105] [ka] wherein each R1-R8 is independently selected from a straight chain alkyl group, a branched alkyl group, and hydrogen. The specific length of the alkyl chain, as well as mixtures or branched and straight chains and hydrogen, can be varied within the scope of the present invention, and those skilled in the art will recognize and understand that such variations will reflect the physical properties of the alkylated naphthalene, specifically the viscosity of the alkylated compound, and manufacturers of such materials often define their substances by reference to one or more of these properties in lieu of specifying a particular R group.

[0106] Applicants have discovered that unexpected, surprising, and advantageous results result from the use of alkylated naphthalenes as stabilizers according to the present invention having the following properties, and for convenience, alkylated naphthalene compounds having the indicated properties are referred to herein as Alkylated Naphthalene 1 (or AN1) through Alkylated Naphthalene 5 (or AN5), as shown in columns 1 through 5, respectively, of the table below.

[0107] [Table 2]

[0108] As used herein in reference to viscosity at 40°C measured according to ASTM D467, the term "about" means + / - 4 cSt.

[0109] As used herein in reference to viscosity at 100°C measured according to ASTM D467, the term "about" means + / - 0.4 cSt.

[0110] As used herein in reference to pour point as measured according to ASTM D97, the term "about" means + / - 5°C.

[0111] Applicants have also discovered that unexpected, surprising, and advantageous results result from the use of alkylated naphthalenes as stabilizers according to the present invention having the following properties; for convenience, alkylated naphthalene compounds having the indicated properties are referred to herein as Alkylated Naphthalene 6 (or AN6) through Alkylated Naphthalene 10 (or AN10), as shown in columns 6 through 10, respectively, of the table below.

[0112] [Table 3]

[0113] Examples of alkylated naphthalenes within the meaning of Alkylated Naphthalene 1 and Alkylated Naphthalene 6 include products sold by King Industries under the following trade names: NA-LUBE, KR-007A, KR-008, KR-009, KR-015, KR-019, KR-005FG, KR-015FG, and KR-029FG.

[0114] Examples of alkylated naphthalenes within the meaning of alkylated naphthalene 2 and alkylated naphthalene 7 include products sold by King Industries under the following trade names: NA-LUBE, KR-007A, KR-008, KR-009, and KR-005FG.

[0115] Examples of alkylated naphthalenes within the meaning of Alkylated Naphthalene 5 and Alkylated Naphthalene 10 include the product sold by King Industries under the trade name NA-LUBE KR-008.

[0116] The present invention includes heat transfer compositions comprising each of heat transfer compositions 1-25 herein, wherein the alkylated naphthalene is AN1.

[0117] The present invention includes heat transfer compositions comprising each of heat transfer compositions 1-25 herein, wherein the alkylated naphthalene is AN2.

[0118] The present invention includes heat transfer compositions comprising each of heat transfer compositions 1-25 herein, wherein the alkylated naphthalene is AN3.

[0119] The present invention includes heat transfer compositions comprising each of heat transfer compositions 1-25 herein, wherein the alkylated naphthalene is AN4.

[0120] The present invention includes heat transfer compositions comprising each of heat transfer compositions 1-25 herein, wherein the alkylated naphthalene is AN5.

[0121] The present invention includes heat transfer compositions comprising each of heat transfer compositions 1-25 herein, wherein the alkylated naphthalene is AN6.

[0122] The present invention includes heat transfer compositions comprising each of heat transfer compositions 1-25 herein, wherein the alkylated naphthalene is AN7.

[0123] The present invention includes heat transfer compositions comprising each of heat transfer compositions 1-25 herein, wherein the alkylated naphthalene is AN8.

[0124] The present invention includes heat transfer compositions comprising each of heat transfer compositions 1-25 herein, wherein the alkylated naphthalene is AN9.

[0125] The present invention includes heat transfer compositions comprising each of heat transfer compositions 1-25 herein, wherein the alkylated naphthalene is AN10.

[0126] Epoxidized Naphthalene Applicants have surprisingly and unexpectedly discovered that epoxidized naphthalene is highly effective as a stabilizer for the heat transfer compositions of the present invention. As used herein, the term "epoxidized naphthalene" refers to a compound having the following structure:

[0127] [ka] In the formula, each R 1 are independently epoxy-terminated ethoxy, propoxy, or butoxy groups, provided that at least one R 1 is an epoxy-terminated ethoxy group. The stabilizer compound according to this paragraph will be referred to herein for convenience as EN1.

[0128] In a preferred embodiment, each R 1 are independently epoxy-terminated ethoxy or propoxy groups, provided that at least one R 1 is an epoxy-terminated ethoxy group. The stabilizer compound according to this paragraph is referred to herein for convenience as EN2.

[0129] In a preferred embodiment, R1 is independently an epoxy-terminated ethoxy group. The stabilizer compound according to this paragraph is referred to herein for convenience as EN3.

[0130] In a preferred embodiment, the epoxidized naphthalene is a compound according to the formula shown below, where each R1 is an epoxy-terminated ethoxy group.

[0131] [ka]

[0132] The stabilizer compound according to this paragraph is referred to herein for convenience as EN4.

[0133] The present invention includes heat transfer compositions comprising each of Heat Transfer Compositions 1-25, including composition EN1. A heat transfer composition according to this paragraph may be referred to herein for convenience as Heat Transfer Composition 25B.

[0134] The present invention includes heat transfer compositions comprising each of Heat Transfer Compositions 1-25, including EN2. A heat transfer composition according to this paragraph may be referred to herein for convenience as Heat Transfer Composition 25C.

[0135] The present invention includes heat transfer compositions comprising each of Heat Transfer Compositions 1-25, including EN3. A heat transfer composition according to this paragraph may be referred to herein for convenience as Heat Transfer Composition 25D.

[0136] The present invention includes heat transfer compositions comprising each of Heat Transfer Compositions 1-25, including EN4. A heat transfer composition according to this paragraph may be referred to herein for convenience as Heat Transfer Composition 25E.

[0137] Acid Depletable Moiety (ADM) Those skilled in the art will be able to determine, without undue experimentation, a variety of ADMs that are useful in accordance with the present invention, and all such ADMs are within the scope of this specification.

[0138] Epoxide Applicants have found that epoxides, and particularly alkylated epoxides, when used in combination with alkylated naphthalene stabilizers and / or epoxidized naphthalene stabilizers are effective in providing the enhanced stability discussed herein, and, without being bound by theory, Applicants believe that this synergistic effect is at least in part due to their effective function as ADMs in the heat transfer compositions of the present invention.

[0139] In a preferred embodiment, the epoxide is selected from the group consisting of epoxides that undergo a ring-opening reaction with an acid, thereby depleting the acid system without adversely affecting the system.

[0140] Useful epoxides include aromatic epoxides, alkyl epoxides (including alkyl ether epoxides), and alkenyl epoxides.

[0141] Preferred epoxides include those of Formula I:

[0142] [ka] wherein at least one of R1-R4 is selected from a 2-15 carbon (C2-C15) acyclic group, a C2-C15 aliphatic group, and a C2-C15 ether group. The group of epoxides according to Formula I having R groups defined in this paragraph may be referred to herein for convenience as ADM1A.

[0143] Preferred epoxides also include epoxides of Formula I:

[0144] [ka] wherein each of R1-R4 is independently selected from H, a C2-C15 acyclic group, a C2-C15 aliphatic group, and a C2-C15 ether group, provided that at least one of R1-R4 is H and at least one of R1-R4 is selected from a C2-C15 acyclic group, a C2-C15 aliphatic group, and a C2-C15 ether group. The group of epoxides according to Formula I having R groups defined in this paragraph may be referred to herein for convenience as ADM1B.

[0145] Preferred epoxides also include epoxides of Formula I:

[0146] [ka] wherein each of R1-R4 is independently selected from H, a C2-C15 acyclic group, a C2-C15 aliphatic group, and a C2-C15 ether group, provided that at least two of R1-R4 are H and at least one of R1-R4 is selected from a C2-C15 acyclic group, a C2-C15 aliphatic group, and a C2-C15 ether group. The group of epoxides according to Formula I having R groups defined in this paragraph may be referred to herein for convenience as ADM1C.

[0147] Preferred epoxides also include epoxides of Formula I:

[0148] [ka] wherein each of R1-R4 is independently selected from H, a C2-C15 acyclic group, a C2-C15 aliphatic group, and a C2-C15 ether group, with the proviso that three of R1-R4 are H and one of R1-R4 is selected from a C2-C15 acyclic group, a C2-C15 aliphatic group, and a C2-C15 ether group. The group of epoxides according to Formula I having R groups defined in this paragraph may be referred to herein for convenience as ADM1D.

[0149] In a preferred embodiment, at least one of R1-R4 in Formula I is an ether having the structure:

[0150] [ka] wherein each of R5 and R6 is independently a C1-C14 straight or branched, preferably unsubstituted alkyl group. The group of epoxides according to the definition in this paragraph may be referred to herein for convenience as ADM2A.

[0151] In a preferred embodiment, at least one of R1-R4 in Formula I is an ether having the structure:

[0152] [ka] During the ceremony, R5 is a C1-C3 alkyl group, preferably unsubstituted; R6 is a C3-C10 straight or branched, preferably unsubstituted alkyl group.The group of epoxides defined in this paragraph may be referred to herein for convenience as ADM2B.

[0153] In a preferred embodiment, one of R1-R4 in formula I is an ether having the structure:

[0154] [ka] wherein each of R5 and R6 is independently a C1-C14 straight or branched, preferably unsubstituted, alkyl group, and the remaining three of R1-R4 are H. The group of epoxides defined in this paragraph may be referred to herein for convenience as ADM3A.

[0155] In a preferred embodiment, one of R1-R4 in formula I is an ether having the structure:

[0156] [ka] During the ceremony, R5 is bonded to the epoxide group and is a C1-C3 linear or branched unsubstituted alkyl group; R6 is a C3-C10 straight or branched unsubstituted alkyl group, and the remaining three of R1-R4 are H. The group of epoxides defined in this paragraph may be referred to herein for convenience as ADM3B.

[0157] In a preferred embodiment, one of R1-R4 in formula I is an ether having the structure:

[0158] [ka] During the ceremony, R5 is bonded to the epoxide group and is a C1 unsubstituted alkyl; R6 is a C8 branched unsubstituted alkyl group, and the remaining three of R1-R4 are H. The group of epoxides defined in this paragraph may be referred to herein for convenience as ADM3C.

[0159] In a preferred embodiment, the epoxide comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of the ADM3C compound 2-ethylhexyl glycidyl ether having the following structure:

[0160] [ka] The epoxide according to this paragraph may be referred to herein for convenience as ADM4.

[0161] In a preferred embodiment, one of R1-R4 in formula I is an ether having the structure:

[0162] [ka] wherein each of R5 and R6 is independently a C1 to C14 straight or branched, preferably unsubstituted, alkyl group, and the remaining three of R1 to R4 are H. The group of epoxides defined in this paragraph may be referred to herein for convenience as ADM5A.

[0163] In a preferred embodiment, one of R1-R4 in formula I is an ether having the structure:

[0164] [ka] During the ceremony, R5 is bonded to the epoxide group and is a C1-C3 linear or branched unsubstituted alkyl group; R6 is a C3-C10 straight or branched chain substituted alkyl group, and the remaining three of R1-R4 are H. The group of epoxides defined in this paragraph may be referred to herein for convenience as ADM5B.

[0165] In a preferred embodiment, one of R1-R4 in formula I is an ether having the structure:

[0166] [ka] During the ceremony, R5 is bonded to the epoxide group and is a C1 unsubstituted alkyl; R6 is a C8 branched substituted alkyl group and the remaining three of R1-R4 are H. The group of epoxides according to Formula I having R groups defined in this paragraph may be referred to herein for convenience as ADM5C.

[0167] In a preferred embodiment, one of R1-R4 in formula I is an ether having the structure:

[0168] [ka] During the ceremony, R5 is bonded to the epoxide group and is a C1 unsubstituted alkyl; R6 is a C8 branched oxygen-substituted alkyl group, and the remaining three of R1-R4 are H. The group of epoxides according to Formula I having R groups defined in this paragraph may be referred to herein for convenience as ADM5D.

[0169] In a preferred embodiment, the epoxide comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of glycidyl neodecanoate, an ADM5C compound in which the substituent on R6 is O and has the following structure:

[0170] [ka]

[0171] The epoxide according to this paragraph may be referred to herein for convenience as ADM6.

[0172] The present invention includes heat transfer compositions including each of Heat Transfer Compositions 1-25 (excluding Heat Transfer Composition 12), the compositions including AN1 and ADM1.

[0173] The present invention includes heat transfer compositions including each of Heat Transfer Compositions 1-25 (excluding Heat Transfer Composition 12), the compositions including AN4 and ADM1.

[0174] The present invention includes heat transfer compositions including each of Heat Transfer Compositions 1-25 (excluding Heat Transfer Composition 12), compositions including AN5 and ADM1.

[0175] The present invention includes heat transfer compositions including each of Heat Transfer Compositions 1-25 (excluding Heat Transfer Composition 12), compositions including AN10 and ADM1.

[0176] The present invention includes heat transfer compositions including each of Heat Transfer Compositions 1-25 (excluding Heat Transfer Composition 12), the compositions including AN1 and ADM4.

[0177] The present invention includes heat transfer compositions including each of heat transfer compositions 1-25 (excluding heat transfer composition 12), the compositions including AN4 and ADM4.

[0178] The present invention includes heat transfer compositions including each of Heat Transfer Compositions 1-25 (excluding Heat Transfer Composition 12), compositions including AN5 and ADM4.

[0179] The present invention includes heat transfer compositions including each of Heat Transfer Compositions 1-25 (excluding Heat Transfer Composition 12), the compositions including AN10 and ADM4.

[0180] The present invention includes heat transfer compositions including each of Heat Transfer Compositions 1-25 (excluding Heat Transfer Composition 12), compositions including AN1 and ADM6.

[0181] The present invention includes heat transfer compositions including each of Heat Transfer Compositions 1-25 (excluding Heat Transfer Composition 12), compositions including AN4 and ADM6.

[0182] The present invention includes heat transfer compositions including each of Heat Transfer Compositions 1-25 (except Heat Transfer Composition 12), compositions including AN5 and ADM6.

[0183] The present invention includes heat transfer compositions including each of Heat Transfer Compositions 1-25 (except Heat Transfer Composition 12), compositions including AN10 and ADM6.

[0184] The present invention includes heat transfer compositions including each of Heat Transfer Compositions 1-25 (excluding Heat Transfer Composition 12), the compositions including AN10 and ADM4.

[0185] The present invention includes heat transfer compositions including each of Heat Transfer Compositions 1-25 (except Heat Transfer Composition 12), compositions including AN10 and ADM6.

[0186] The present invention includes heat transfer compositions comprising each of Heat Transfer Compositions 1 to 25 (excluding Heat Transfer Composition 12), wherein the alkylated naphthalene is AN10 and further comprises ADM6.

[0187] In the heat transfer compositions of the present invention, the ADM is preferably present in an amount of from about 0.05% to about 2.5%, preferably 0.05% to about 1.5%, or preferably 0.05 to 0.5% by weight, all based on the weight of the lubricant and ADM.

[0188] Preferred heat transfer compositions of the present invention, comprising the refrigerants of the present invention, alkylated naphthalenes, and epoxide-based acid-depleting moieties, are set forth in Table 1 below.

[0189] [Table 4]

[0190] For convenience, each heat transfer composition identified by a number designation in the first column of Table 1 above and Tables 2-5 below represents a definition of the heat transfer composition, and reference to a heat transfer composition by that number is a reference to a composition having the constituents (and the specified amounts) set forth in the table. Also, as noted above, references herein to defined groups, such as "Heat Transfer Compositions 1-73," or to compositions defined by a number, refer to each composition within that group or composition, including when the defined number includes a suffix. For example, a reference to "Heat Transfer Composition 26" is intended to include each composition that includes the parent 26; e.g., HTC26 includes HTC26A in Table 1, HTC26B in Table 2, etc.

[0191] In the heat transfer compositions of the present invention, including each of Heat Transfer Compositions 1-73, the alkylated naphthalene is preferably present in an amount of from 0.01% to about 10%, or from about 1.5% to about 4.5%, or from about 2.5% to about 3.5%, these amounts being weight percents based on the amount of alkylated naphthalene and refrigerant in the system. The amounts specified in this paragraph are especially preferred when ADM is also present.

[0192] In the heat transfer compositions of the present invention, including each of Heat Transfer Compositions 1-73, the alkylated naphthalene is preferably present in an amount of from 0.1% to about 20%, or from 1.5% to about 10%, or from 1.5% to about 8%, these amounts being weight percents based on the amount of alkylated naphthalene and lubricant in the system. The amounts specified in this paragraph are especially preferred when ADM is also present.

[0193] Carbodiimide The ADM may comprise a carbodiimide. In a preferred embodiment, the carbodiimide comprises a compound having the following structure:

[0194] [ka]

[0195] Other stabilizers It is contemplated that stabilizers other than alkylated naphthalenes and ADM may be included in the heat transfer compositions of the present invention, including each of Heat Transfer Compositions 1 through 73. Examples of such other stabilizers are described below.

[0196] phenolic compounds In a preferred embodiment, the stabilizer further comprises a phenolic compound.

[0197] Phenolic compounds include 4,4'-methylenebis(2,6-di-tert-butylphenol); 4,4'-bis(2,6-di-tert-butylphenol); 2,2- or 4,4-biphenyldiol including 4,4'-bis(2-methyl-6-tert-butylphenol); derivatives of 2,2- or 4,4-biphenyldiol; 2,2'-methylenebis(4-ethyl-6-tert-butylphenol); 2,2'-methylenebis(4-methyl- 6-tert-butylphenol;4,4-butylidenebis(3-methyl-6-tert-butylphenol);4,4-isopropylidenebis(2,6-di-tert-butylphenol);2,2'-methylenebis(4-methyl-6-nonylphenol);2,2'-isobutylidenebis(4,6-dimethylphenol);2,2'-methylenebis(4-methyl-6-cyclohexylphenol);2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methyl The compound may be one or more compounds selected from phenol (BHT); 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-ethylphenol; 2,4-dimethyl-6-tert-butylphenol; 2,6-di-tert-alpha-dimethylamino-p-cresol; 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4(N,N'-dimethylaminomethylphenol); 4,4'-thiobis(2-methyl-6-tert-butylphenol); 4,4'-thiobis(3-methyl-6-tert-butylphenol); 2,2'-thiobis(4-methyl-6-tert-butylphenol); bis(3-methyl-4-hydroxy-5-tert-butylbenzyl)sulfide; bis(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl)sulfide, tocopherol, hydroquinone, 2,2'6,6'-tetra-tert-butyl-4,4'-methylenediphenol, and t-butylhydroquinone, and preferably BHT.

[0198] The phenolic compound, specifically BHT, may be provided in the heat transfer composition in an amount greater than 0, preferably from 0.0001% to about 5% by weight, preferably from 0.001% to about 2.5% by weight, and more preferably from 0.01% to about 1% by weight. In each case, the weight percentages refer to the weight of the heat transfer composition.

[0199] The phenolic compound, specifically BHT, may be provided in the heat transfer composition in an amount greater than 0, preferably from 0.0001% to about 5% by weight, preferably from 0.001% to about 2.5% by weight, and more preferably from 0.01% to about 1% by weight. In each case, the weight percentages refer to weight based on the weight of the lubricant in the heat transfer composition.

[0200] The present invention also includes a stabilizer comprising about 40% to about 95% by weight of an alkylated naphthalene, including each of AN1 to AN10, and 0.1 to about 10% by weight of BHT, based on the weight of all stabilizer components in the composition. The stabilizer according to this paragraph may be referred to herein for convenience as Stabilizer 6.

[0201] The present invention also includes a stabilizer comprising, based on the weight of all stabilizer components in the composition, about 40% to about 95% by weight of alkylated naphthalenes comprising each of AN1 to AN10, 5% to about 30% by weight of ADMs comprising each of ADM1 to ADM6, and 0.1 to about 10% by weight of BHT. For convenience, the stabilizer according to this paragraph may be referred to herein as Stabilizer 7.

[0202] The present invention includes a heat transfer composition comprising each of heat transfer compositions 1-73 herein, wherein the heat transfer composition includes a stabilizer 6.

[0203] The present invention includes heat transfer compositions comprising each of heat transfer compositions 1-73 (except 12) herein, wherein the heat transfer composition includes stabilizer 7.

[0204] The present invention includes a heat transfer composition comprising each of heat transfer compositions 1-73 herein, which comprises AN1 and BHT. The present invention includes a heat transfer composition comprising each of heat transfer compositions 1-73 herein, which comprises AN5 and BHT.

[0205] The present invention includes heat transfer compositions including each of Heat Transfer Compositions 1-73, which include AN10 and BHT.

[0206] The present invention includes heat transfer compositions comprising each of heat transfer compositions 1-73 (except 12) herein, which comprise AN5, ADM4, and BHT.

[0207] The present invention includes heat transfer compositions comprising each of heat transfer compositions 1-73 (except 12) herein, which comprise AN5, ADM6, and BHT.

[0208] The present invention includes heat transfer compositions comprising each of heat transfer compositions 1-73 (except 12) herein, which comprise AN10, ADM4, and BHT.

[0209] The present invention includes heat transfer compositions comprising each of heat transfer compositions 1-73 (except 12) herein, which comprise AN10, ADM6, and BHT.

[0210] Diene Compounds The diene compounds include C3-C15 dienes and compounds formed by the reaction of any two or more C3-C4 dienes. Preferably, the diene compounds are selected from the group consisting of allyl ether, propadiene, butadiene, isoprene, and terpenes. The diene compounds are preferably terpenes, including, but not limited to, terbene, retinal, geraniol, terpinene, delta-3 carene, terpinolene, phellandrene, fencene, myrcene, farnesene, pinene, nerol, citral, camphor, menthol, limonene, nerolidol, phytol, carnosic acid, and vitamin A1. Preferably, the stabilizer is farnesene. Preferred terpene stabilizers are disclosed in U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60 / 638,003, filed December 12, 2004, and published as U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2006 / 0167044(A1), which is incorporated herein by reference. Among the terpenes, alpha-terpinene, gamma-terpinene, limonene, and combinations thereof are preferred in many embodiments.

[0211] Additionally, the diene compound may be provided in the heat transfer composition in an amount greater than 0, preferably from 0.0001% to about 5% by weight, preferably from 0.001% to about 2.5% by weight, and more preferably from 0.01% to about 1% by weight, In each case, the weight percentage refers to the weight of the heat transfer composition.

[0212] Phosphorus compounds The phosphorus compound may be a phosphorous compound or a phosphoric acid compound. For purposes of the present invention, the phosphorous compound may be one or more compounds selected from diaryl, dialkyl, triaryl, and / or trialkyl phosphites and / or mixed aryl / alkyl di- or tri-substituted phosphites, specifically hindered phosphites, tris-(di-tert-butylphenyl)phosphite, di-n-octyl phosphite, iso-octyldiphenyl phosphite, iso-decyldiphenyl phosphite, tri-iso-decyl phosphate, triphenyl phosphite, and diphenyl phosphite, in particular diphenyl phosphite.

[0213] The phosphate compound may be a triaryl phosphate, a trialkyl phosphate, an alkyl monoacid phosphate, an aryl diacid phosphate, an amine phosphate, preferably a triaryl and / or trialkyl phosphate, especially tri-n-butyl phosphate.

[0214] The present invention includes heat transfer compositions including each of Heat Transfer Compositions 1-73, wherein the composition includes a phosphate.

[0215] The present invention includes heat transfer compositions including each of Heat Transfer Compositions 1-73, wherein the composition includes a triaryl phosphate.

[0216] The present invention includes heat transfer compositions comprising each of Heat Transfer Compositions 1-73, wherein the composition comprises a trialkyl phosphate.

[0217] Preferred heat transfer compositions of the present invention, comprising the refrigerant of the present invention, an alkylated naphthalene, an epoxide-based acid-depleting moiety, and a phosphate, are set forth in Table 2 below.

[0218] [Table 5-1]

[0219] [Table 5-2]

[0220] The phosphorus compound may be provided in the heat transfer compositions of the present invention, including each of Heat Transfer Compositions 1 through 73, in an amount greater than 0, preferably from 0.0001% to about 5% by weight, preferably from 0.001% to about 2.5% by weight, and more preferably from 0.01% to about 1% by weight. In each case, the weight refers to the weight of the heat transfer composition, specifically including the phosphate stabilizer identified above in Table 2.

[0221] The phosphorus compound may be provided in the heat transfer compositions of the present invention, including each of Heat Transfer Compositions 1 through 73, in an amount greater than 0, preferably from 0.0002% to about 10% by weight, preferably from 0.002% to about 5% by weight, and more preferably from 0.02% to about 2% by weight. In each case, the weight in this paragraph refers to the weight of the lubricant and phosphate stabilizer, specifically including the phosphate stabilizer identified above in Table 2.

[0222] Nitrogen compounds When the stabilizer is a nitrogen compound, the stabilizers of the present invention, including the stabilizers for use in each of Heat Transfer Compositions 1-73, can include amine-based compounds such as one or more secondary or tertiary amines selected from diphenylamine, p-phenylenediamine, triethylamine, tributylamine, diisopropylamine, triisopropylamine, and triisobutylamine. The amine-based compounds, including the amine-based stabilizers for use in each of Heat Transfer Compositions 1-73, can include amine antioxidants, such as substituted piperidine compounds, i.e., alkyl-substituted piperidyl, piperidinyl, piperazinone, or alkyloxypiperidinyl derivatives, particularly 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidone, 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidinol; bis-(1,2,2,6,6-pentamethylpiperidyl)sebacate; di(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidyl)sebacate; poly(N-hydrogen methyl)propanol; alkylated paraphenylenediamines, such as N-phenyl-N'-(1,3-dimethyl-butyl)-p-phenylenediamine or N,N'-di-sec-butyl-p-phenylenediamine, and hydroxylamines, such as tallowamine, methylbistallowamine, and bistallowamine, or phenol-alpha-naphthylamine, or Tinuvin® 765 (Ciba), BLS® 1944 (Mayzo). The antioxidant may be one or more amine antioxidants selected from bis(nonylphenylamine), dialkylamines such as N-(1-methylethyl)-2-propylamine, or one or more of phenyl-alpha-naphthylamine (PANA), alkyl-phenyl-alpha-naphthylamine (APANA), and bis(nonylphenyl)amine.Preferably, the amine-based compound, including the amine-based stabilizer for use in each of heat transfer compositions 1-73, is one or more of phenyl-alpha-naphthylamine (PANA), alkyl-phenyl-alpha-naphthylamine (APANA), and bis(nonylphenyl)amine, more preferably phenyl-alpha-naphthylamine (PANA).

[0223] Alternatively, or in addition to the nitrogen compounds identified above, the nitrogen stabilizer for use in each of heat transfer compositions 1-73 may include one or more compounds selected from dinitrobenzene, nitrobenzene, nitromethane, nitrosobenzene, and TEMPO [(2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-yl)oxyl], which may be used as stabilizers.

[0224] The nitrogen compound may be provided in the heat transfer composition, including each of Heat Transfer Compositions 1-73, in an amount greater than 0, from 0.0001% to about 5% by weight, or from 0.001% to about 2.5% by weight, or from 0.01% to about 1% by weight. In each case, the weight percentage refers to the weight of the heat transfer composition.

[0225] Isobutylene Isobutylene may also be used as a stabilizer according to the present invention.

[0226] Additional Stabilizer Compositions The present invention also provides a stabilizer consisting essentially of an alkylated naphthalene, including each of AN1 to AN10, an ADM, including each of ADM1 to ADM6, and a phenol. The stabilizer according to this paragraph may be referred to herein for convenience as Stabilizer 8A.

[0227] The present invention also provides a stabilizer comprising an alkylated naphthalene, including each of AN1 to AN10, and a phosphorus-containing compound. The stabilizer according to this paragraph may be referred to herein for convenience as stabilizer 8B.

[0228] The present invention also provides a stabilizer comprising an alkylated naphthalene, including each of AN1 to AN10, and a nitrogen-containing compound. The stabilizer according to this paragraph may be referred to herein for convenience as stabilizer 8C.

[0229] The present invention also provides a stabilizer comprising an alkylated naphthalene, including each of AN1 to AN10, a phosphorus-containing compound, and a nitrogen-containing compound. For convenience, the stabilizer according to this paragraph may be referred to herein as stabilizer 8D.

[0230] The present invention also provides a stabilizer comprising an alkylated naphthalene, including each of AN1 to AN10, and terpinene. The stabilizer according to this paragraph may be referred to herein for convenience as stabilizer 8E.

[0231] The present invention also provides a stabilizer comprising an alkylated naphthalene, including each of AN1 to AN10, a phosphorus-containing compound, a nitrogen-containing compound, and terpinene. For convenience, the stabilizer according to this paragraph may be referred to herein as stabilizer 8F.

[0232] The present invention also provides a stabilizer comprising an alkylated naphthalene, including each of AN1 to AN10, and limonene. For convenience, the stabilizer according to this paragraph may be referred to herein as stabilizer 8G.

[0233] The present invention also provides a stabilizer comprising an alkylated naphthalene, including each of AN1 to AN10, a phosphorus-containing compound, a nitrogen-containing compound, and limonene. For convenience, the stabilizer according to this paragraph may be referred to herein as stabilizer 8H.

[0234] The present invention also provides a stabilizer comprising an alkylated naphthalene, including each of AN1 to AN10, an ADM, including each of ADM1 to ADM6, and a phosphate. The stabilizer according to this paragraph may be referred to herein for convenience as stabilizer 9A.

[0235] The present invention also provides a stabilizer consisting essentially of an alkylated naphthalene, including each of AN1-AN10, ADM4, and a phosphate. The stabilizer according to this paragraph may be referred to herein for convenience as stabilizer 9B.

[0236] The present invention also provides a stabilizer consisting essentially of alkylated naphthalene, AN4, ADM4, and phosphate. The stabilizer according to this paragraph may be referred to herein for convenience as stabilizer 9C.

[0237] The present invention also provides a stabilizer consisting essentially of AN4, ADM6, and phosphate. The stabilizer according to this paragraph may be referred to herein for convenience as stabilizer 9D.

[0238] The present invention also provides a stabilizer comprising an alkylated naphthalene, including each of AN1 to AN10, an ADM, including each of ADM1 to ADM6, and a combination of a phosphate and a phenol. The stabilizer according to this paragraph may be referred to herein for convenience as Stabilizer 10.

[0239] The present invention also provides a stabilizer comprising an alkylated naphthalene comprising each of AN1-AN10 in an amount of about 40% to about 95% by weight, an ADM comprising each of ADM1-ADM6 in an amount of about 0.5% to about 25% by weight, and an additional stabilizer selected from phosphate, phenol, and combinations thereof in an amount of about 0.1% to about 50% by weight, the weight percentages being based on the total weight of the stabilizer. The stabilizer according to this paragraph may be referred to herein for convenience as Stabilizer 11.

[0240] The present invention also provides a stabilizer comprising an alkylated naphthalene comprising each of AN1-AN10 in an amount of about 70% to about 95% by weight, an ADM comprising each of ADM1-ADM6 in an amount of about 0.5% to about 15% by weight, and an additional stabilizer selected from phosphate, phenol, and combinations thereof in an amount of about 0.1% to about 25% by weight, the weight percentages being based on the total weight of the stabilizer. The stabilizer according to this paragraph may be referred to herein for convenience as Stabilizer 12.

[0241] The present invention also provides a stabilizer consisting essentially of an alkylated naphthalene, including each of AN1 to AN10, an ADM, including each of ADM1 to ADM6, and BHT. The stabilizer according to this paragraph may be referred to herein as Stabilizer 13 for convenience.

[0242] The present invention also provides a stabilizer comprising an alkylated naphthalene including each of AN1 to AN10, an ADM including each of ADM1 to ADM6, and BHT. For convenience, the stabilizer according to this paragraph may be referred to as Stabilizer 14 in this specification.

[0243] The present invention also provides a stabilizer consisting essentially of an alkylated naphthalene, including each of AN1-AN10, an ADM, including each of ADM1-ADM6, BHT, and a phosphate. The stabilizer according to this paragraph may be referred to herein for convenience as Stabilizer 15.

[0244] The present invention also provides a stabilizer comprising an alkylated naphthalene including each of AN1 to AN10, an ADM including each of ADM1 to ADM6, BHT, and a phosphate. The stabilizer according to this paragraph may be referred to herein as Stabilizer 16 for convenience.

[0245] The present invention also provides a stabilizer comprising alkylated naphthalenes comprising each of AN1-AN10 in an amount of about 40% to about 95% by weight, ADMs comprising each of ADM1-ADM6 in an amount of about 0.5% to about 10% by weight, and BHT in an amount of about 0.1% to about 50% by weight, the weight percentages being based on the total weight of the stabilizer. The stabilizer according to this paragraph may be referred to herein for convenience as Stabilizer 17.

[0246] The present invention also provides a stabilizer comprising alkylated naphthalenes comprising each of AN1-AN10 in an amount of about 70% to about 95% by weight, ADMs comprising each of ADM1-ADM6 in an amount of about 0.5% to about 10% by weight, and BHT in an amount of about 0.1% to about 25% by weight, the weight percentages being based on the total weight of the stabilizer. The stabilizer according to this paragraph may be referred to herein for convenience as Stabilizer 18.

[0247] The present invention also provides a stabilizer comprising an alkylated naphthalene comprising each of AN1-AN10 in an amount of about 40% to about 95% by weight, an ADM comprising each of ADM1-ADM6 in an amount of about 5% to about 25% by weight, and a third stabilizer compound selected from BHT, phosphate, and combinations thereof in an amount of about 1% to about 55% by weight, the weight percentages being based on the total weight of the stabilizer. The stabilizer according to this paragraph may be referred to herein for convenience as Stabilizer 19.

[0248] The present invention also provides a stabilizer comprising alkylated naphthalenes comprising each of AN1-AN10 in an amount of about 40% to about 95% by weight, ADMs comprising each of ADM1-ADM6 in an amount of about 5% to about 25% by weight, and BHT in an amount of about 0.1% to about 5% by weight, the weight percentages being based on the total weight of the stabilizer. The stabilizer according to this paragraph may be referred to herein for convenience as stabilizer 20.

[0249] The stabilizers of the present invention, including each of Stabilizers 1-20, may be used in any of the heat transfer compositions of the present invention, including any of Heat Transfer Compositions 1-70.

[0250] lubricant The heat transfer compositions of the present invention, including each of Heat Transfer Compositions 1-70, include a POE lubricant and / or a PVE lubricant, and the lubricant is preferably present in an amount of from about 0.1 wt. % to about 5 wt. %, or from 0.1 wt. % to about 1 wt. %, or from 0.1 wt. % to about 0.5 wt. %, based on the weight of the heat transfer composition.

[0251] POE lubricant The POE lubricants of the present invention, in preferred embodiments, comprise neopentyl POE lubricants. As used herein, the term neopentyl POE lubricant refers to a polyol ester (POE) derived from the reaction of a neopentyl polyol (preferably pentaerythritol, trimethylolpropane, or neopentyl glycol; in higher viscosity preferred embodiments, dipentaerythritol) with a linear or branched carboxylic acid.

[0252] Commercially available POEs include neopentyl glycol dipelargonate, available as Emery 2917® and Hatcol 2370®, and pentaerythritol derivatives such as those sold under the trade names Emkarate RL32-3MAF and Emkarate RL68H by CPI Fluid Engineering. Emkarate RL32-3MAF and Emkarate RL68H are preferred neopentyl POE lubricants having the properties specified below.

[0253] [Table 6]

[0254] Other useful esters include phosphate esters, dibasic acid esters, and fluoroesters.

[0255] A lubricant consisting essentially of POE having a viscosity of about 30 cSt to about 70 cSt at 40°C as measured in accordance with ASTM D445 and a viscosity of about 5 cSt to about 10 cSt at 100°C as measured in accordance with ASTM D445 is referred to herein as Lubricant 1.

[0256] A lubricant consisting essentially of neopentyl POE having a viscosity of about 30 cSt to about 70 cSt at 40° C. as measured in accordance with ASTM D467 will be referred to herein as Lubricant 2 for convenience.

[0257] In a preferred embodiment, the heat transfer compositions of the present invention, including each of Heat Transfer Compositions 1-73, include a POE lubricant.

[0258] In a preferred embodiment, the heat transfer compositions of the present invention, including each of Heat Transfer Compositions 1-73, comprise a lubricant consisting essentially of a POE lubricant.

[0259] In a preferred embodiment, the heat transfer compositions of the present invention, including each of Heat Transfer Compositions 1-73, include a lubricant consisting of a POE lubricant.

[0260] Preferred heat transfer compositions include Heat Transfer Composition 1, where the lubricant is Lubricant 1 and / or Lubricant 2.

[0261] Preferred heat transfer compositions include Heat Transfer Composition 2, where the lubricant is Lubricant 1 and / or Lubricant 2.

[0262] A preferred heat transfer composition comprises Heat Transfer Composition 3, where the lubricant is Lubricant 1 and / or Lubricant 2.

[0263] Preferred heat transfer compositions include Heat Transfer Composition 4, where the lubricant is Lubricant 1 and / or Lubricant 2.

[0264] Preferred heat transfer compositions include Heat Transfer Composition 5, where the lubricant is Lubricant 1 and / or Lubricant 2.

[0265] Preferred heat transfer compositions include Heat Transfer Composition 6, where the lubricant is Lubricant 1 and / or Lubricant 2.

[0266] Preferred heat transfer compositions include Heat Transfer Composition 7, where the lubricant is Lubricant 1 and / or Lubricant 2.

[0267] Preferred heat transfer compositions include Heat Transfer Composition 8, where the lubricant is Lubricant 1 and / or Lubricant 2.

[0268] Preferred heat transfer compositions include Heat Transfer Composition 9, where the lubricant is Lubricant 1 and / or Lubricant 2.

[0269] Preferred heat transfer compositions include heat transfer composition 10, where the lubricant is Lubricant 1 and / or Lubricant 2.

[0270] Preferred heat transfer compositions include Heat Transfer Composition 11A, where the lubricant is Lubricant 1 and / or Lubricant 2.

[0271] Preferred heat transfer compositions include Heat Transfer Composition 11B, where the lubricant is Lubricant 1 and / or Lubricant 2.

[0272] Preferred heat transfer compositions include heat transfer composition 12, where the lubricant is Lubricant 1 and / or Lubricant 2.

[0273] Preferred heat transfer compositions include Heat Transfer Composition 13, where the lubricant is Lubricant 1 and / or Lubricant 2.

[0274] Preferred heat transfer compositions include heat transfer composition 14, where the lubricant is Lubricant 1 and / or Lubricant 2.

[0275] Preferred heat transfer compositions include Heat Transfer Composition 15, where the lubricant is Lubricant 1 and / or Lubricant 2.

[0276] Preferred heat transfer compositions include heat transfer composition 16, where the lubricant is Lubricant 1 and / or Lubricant 2.

[0277] Preferred heat transfer compositions include Heat Transfer Composition 17, where the lubricant is Lubricant 1 and / or Lubricant 2.

[0278] Preferred heat transfer compositions include heat transfer composition 18, where the lubricant is Lubricant 1 and / or Lubricant 2.

[0279] Preferred heat transfer compositions include Heat Transfer Composition 19, where the lubricant is Lubricant 1 and / or Lubricant 2.

[0280] Preferred heat transfer compositions include heat transfer composition 20, where the lubricant is Lubricant 1 and / or Lubricant 2.

[0281] Preferred heat transfer compositions include heat transfer composition 21, where the lubricant is Lubricant 1 and / or Lubricant 2.

[0282] Preferred heat transfer compositions include heat transfer composition 22, where the lubricant is Lubricant 1 and / or Lubricant 2.

[0283] Preferred heat transfer compositions include heat transfer composition 23, where the lubricant is Lubricant 1 and / or Lubricant 2.

[0284] Preferred heat transfer compositions include heat transfer composition 24, where the lubricant is Lubricant 1 and / or Lubricant 2.

[0285] Preferred heat transfer compositions include heat transfer composition 25, where the lubricant is Lubricant 1 and / or Lubricant 2.

[0286] PVE lubricant The lubricants of the present invention may generally comprise a PVE lubricant. In a preferred embodiment, the PVE lubricant is as a PVE according to Formula II:

[0287] [ka] wherein R2 and R3 are each independently a C1-C10 hydrocarbon, preferably a C2-C8 hydrocarbon; R1 and R4 are each independently an alkyl, alkylene glycol, or polyoxyalkylene glycol unit; n and m are preferably selected according to the requirements of one skilled in the art to obtain a lubricant having the desired properties; preferably, n and m are selected to obtain a lubricant having a viscosity of about 30 to about 70 cSt at 40°C, as measured according to ASTM D467. The PVE lubricant described immediately above will be referred to as Lubricant 3 for convenience. Commercially available polyvinyl ethers include lubricants sold by Idemitsu under the trade names FVC32D and FVC68D.

[0288] In a preferred embodiment, the heat transfer compositions of the present invention, including each of Heat Transfer Compositions 1-73, include a PVE lubricant.

[0289] In a preferred embodiment, the heat transfer compositions of the present invention, including each of Heat Transfer Compositions 1-73, comprise a lubricant consisting essentially of a PVE lubricant.

[0290] In a preferred embodiment, the heat transfer compositions of the present invention, including each of Heat Transfer Compositions 1-73, include a lubricant that consists of a PVE lubricant.

[0291] In a preferred embodiment, the PVE in the heat transfer compositions of the present invention, including each of Heat Transfer Compositions 1-73, is a PVE according to Formula II.

[0292] In a preferred embodiment, the heat transfer compositions of the present invention, including each of Heat Transfer Compositions 1-73, include a lubricant consisting essentially of Lubricant 3.

[0293] Stabilizing Lubricant The present invention also provides a stabilized lubricant comprising (a) a POE lubricant and (b) a stabilizer of the present invention, including each of Stabilizers 1 to 20. The stabilized lubricant according to this paragraph may be referred to herein for convenience as Stabilized Lubricant 1.

[0294] The present invention also provides a stabilized lubricant comprising (a) a neopentyl POE lubricant and (b) a stabilizer of the present invention comprising each of Stabilizers 1 through 20. The stabilized lubricant according to this paragraph may be referred to herein for convenience as Stabilized Lubricant 2.

[0295] The present invention also provides a stabilized lubricant comprising (a) Lubricant 1 or Lubricant 2, and (b) a stabilizer of the present invention comprising each of Stabilizers 1 to 20. The stabilized lubricant according to this paragraph may be referred to herein for convenience as Stabilized Lubricant 3.

[0296] The present invention also provides a stabilized lubricant comprising (a) Lubricant 3 and (b) a stabilizer of the present invention comprising each of Stabilizers 1 to 20. The stabilized lubricant according to this paragraph may be referred to herein for convenience as Stabilized Lubricant 4.

[0297] The present invention also includes a stabilized lubricant comprising (a) a POE lubricant and / or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant and (b) Stabilizer 1. The stabilized lubricant according to this paragraph may be referred to herein for convenience as Stabilized Lubricant 5.

[0298] The present invention also includes a stabilized lubricant comprising (a) a POE lubricant and / or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant and (b) Stabilizer 2. The stabilized lubricant according to this paragraph may be referred to herein for convenience as Stabilized Lubricant 6.

[0299] The present invention also includes a stabilized lubricant comprising (a) a POE lubricant and / or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant, and (b) Stabilizer 3. The stabilized lubricant according to this paragraph may be referred to herein for convenience as Stabilized Lubricant 7.

[0300] The present invention also includes a stabilized lubricant comprising (a) a POE lubricant and / or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant and (b) Stabilizer 4. The stabilized lubricant according to this paragraph may be referred to herein for convenience as Stabilized Lubricant 8.

[0301] The present invention also includes a stabilized lubricant comprising (a) a POE lubricant and / or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant, and (b) Stabilizer 5. The stabilized lubricant according to this paragraph may be referred to herein for convenience as Stabilized Lubricant 9.

[0302] The present invention also includes a stabilized lubricant comprising (a) a POE lubricant and / or a PVE lubricant, and (b) from 1 wt % to less than 10 wt % of an alkylated naphthalene, based on the weight of the lubricant and the alkylated naphthalene. The stabilized lubricant according to this paragraph may be referred to herein for convenience as stabilized lubricant 10.

[0303] The present invention also includes a stabilized lubricant comprising (a) a POE lubricant and / or a PVE lubricant, and (b) 1 wt % to 8 wt % of an alkylated naphthalene, based on the weight of the lubricant and the alkylated naphthalene. The stabilized lubricant according to this paragraph may be referred to herein for convenience as stabilized lubricant 11.

[0304] The present invention also includes a stabilized lubricant comprising (a) a POE lubricant and / or a PVE lubricant, and (b) 1.5% to 8% by weight of an alkylated naphthalene, based on the weight of the lubricant and the alkylated naphthalene. The stabilized lubricant according to this paragraph may be referred to herein for convenience as Stabilized Lubricant 12.

[0305] The present invention also includes a stabilized lubricant comprising (a) a POE lubricant and / or a PVE lubricant, and (b) 1.5% to 6% by weight of an alkylated naphthalene, based on the weight of the lubricant and the alkylated naphthalene. The stabilized lubricant according to this paragraph may be referred to herein for convenience as Stabilized Lubricant 13.

[0306] The present invention includes a heat transfer composition of the present invention including each of Heat Transfer Compositions 1-73, and the lubricant and stabilizer are stabilized lubricants of the present invention including each of Stabilized Lubricants 1-13.

[0307] Preferred heat transfer compositions of the present invention, including the refrigerant of the present invention, the lubricant, the alkylated naphthalene, and the epoxide-based acid-depleting moiety, are set forth in Table 3 below.

[0308] [Table 7]

[0309] Preferred heat transfer compositions of the present invention, including the refrigerant of the present invention, the lubricant, the alkylated naphthalene, the epoxide-based acid-depleting moiety, and the phosphate, are set forth in Table 4 below.

[0310] [Table 8-1]

[0311] [Table 8-2]

[0312] Preferred heat transfer compositions of the present invention, comprising a refrigerant of the present invention comprising from about 10% to about 75% R1132(E) (as shown in Tables 1-4), an alkylated naphthalene, an epoxide-based acid-depleting moiety, and a phosphate, in concentration ranges as needed, are set forth in Table 5 below.

[0313] [Table 9-1]

[0314] [Table 9-2]

[0315] [Table 9-3]

[0316] [Table 9-4]

[0317]

Table 9-5

[0318]

Table 9-6

[0319]

Table 9-7

[0320]

Table 9-8

[0321]

Table 9-9

[0322]

Table 9-10

[0323]

Table 9-11

[0324]

Table 9-12

[0325]

Table 9-13

[0326]

Table 9-14

[0327] [Table 9-15]

[0328] Methods, Uses, and Systems The heat transfer compositions disclosed herein, including each of Heat Transfer Compositions 1-109, are provided for use in heat transfer applications, including air conditioning applications, with highly preferred air conditioning applications including residential air conditioning applications, commercial air conditioning applications (such as rooftop applications, VRF applications, and chillers).

[0329] The present invention also includes methods for providing heat transfer, including refrigeration methods (including low and medium temperature refrigeration), air conditioning methods having highly preferred air conditioning methods (including residential air conditioning, commercial air conditioning (e.g., rooftop air conditioning, VRF air conditioning, and chiller air conditioning)), which methods use a heat transfer composition of the present invention, including each of Heat Transfer Compositions 1-109.

[0330] The present invention also includes heat transfer systems, including air conditioning systems having refrigeration (including low and medium temperature refrigeration), highly preferred air conditioning systems (including residential air conditioning, commercial air conditioning systems (e.g., rooftop air conditioning systems, VRF air conditioning systems, and air conditioning chiller systems)), methods of which use the heat transfer compositions of the present invention, including each of Heat Transfer Compositions 1-109.

[0331] The present invention also provides uses of heat transfer compositions, methods of using the heat transfer compositions, and systems including the heat transfer compositions, including each of heat transfer compositions 1-109, in connection with refrigeration, heat pumps, and cooling devices (including portable and centralized water coolers).

[0332] Any reference to any of the heat transfer compositions of the present invention refers to each and every heat transfer composition described herein. Thus, for the following discussion of the uses, methods, systems, or applications of the compositions of the present invention, the heat transfer composition may comprise or consist essentially of any of heat transfer compositions 1-109.

[0333] With respect to the heat transfer systems of the present invention, including a compressor and a lubricant for the compressor therein, the system can include a lubricant loading of refrigerant and lubricant such that the lubricant loading in the system is about 5% to 60% by weight, or about 10% to about 60% by weight, or about 20% to about 50% by weight, or about 20% to about 40% by weight, or about 20% to about 30% by weight, or about 30% to about 50% by weight, or about 30% to about 40% by weight. As used herein, the term "lubricant loading" refers to the total weight of lubricant contained in the system as a percentage of the total of the lubricant and refrigerant contained in the system. Such systems can also include a lubricant loading of about 5% to about 10% by weight, or about 8% by weight of the heat transfer composition.

[0334] A heat transfer system according to the present invention may include a compressor, an evaporator, a condenser, and an expansion device in fluid communication with one another within the system; a heat transfer composition 1-109; and a sequestration material, preferably comprising: i. copper or a copper alloy; or ii. activated alumina; or iii. a zeolite molecular sieve comprising copper, silver, lead, or a combination thereof; or iv. an anion exchange resin; or v. a moisture removal material, preferably a moisture removal molecular sieve; or vi. a combination of two or more of the foregoing.

[0335] The present invention also provides a method for transferring heat of the type comprising evaporating a refrigerant liquid to produce a refrigerant vapor, compressing at least a portion of the refrigerant vapor in a compressor, and condensing the refrigerant vapor in a plurality of repeated cycles, comprising: (a) providing a heat transfer composition according to the present invention comprising each of heat transfer compositions 1-109; (b) optionally, but preferably, providing a lubricant to said compressor; (b) exposing at least a portion of the refrigerant and / or at least a portion of the lubricant to a sealing material.

[0336] Uses, Equipment, and Systems The present invention includes the use of the heat transfer compositions of the present invention, including each of Heat Transfer Compositions 1-109, in residential air conditioning systems.

[0337] The present invention includes the use of the heat transfer compositions of the present invention, including each of Heat Transfer Compositions 1-109, in chiller systems.

[0338] Examples of commonly used compressors, for purposes of this invention, include reciprocating, rotary (including rolling piston and impeller), scroll, screw, and centrifugal compressors. Accordingly, the present invention provides each and any of the refrigerants and / or heat transfer compositions described herein for use in a heat transfer system comprising a reciprocating, rotary (including rolling piston and impeller), scroll, screw, or centrifugal compressor.

[0339] Examples of commonly used expansion devices, for purposes of this invention, include capillary tubes, fixed orifices, thermal expansion valves, and electronic expansion valves. Accordingly, the present invention provides each and any of the refrigerants and / or heat transfer compositions described herein for use in heat transfer systems comprising capillary tubes, fixed orifices, thermal expansion valves, and electronic expansion valves.

[0340] For purposes of the present invention, the evaporator and condenser may each be in the form of a heat exchanger, preferably selected from a finned-tube heat exchanger, a microchannel heat exchanger, a shell-and-tube, a plate heat exchanger, and a tube-in-tube heat exchanger. Accordingly, the present invention provides each and any of the refrigerants and / or heat transfer compositions described herein for use in a heat transfer system in which the evaporator and condenser together form a finned-tube, microchannel, shell-and-tube, plate heat exchanger, or tube-in-tube heat exchanger.

[0341] Thus, the system of the present invention preferably comprises a sealing material in contact with at least a portion of the refrigerant and / or at least a portion of the lubricant according to the present invention, wherein the temperature of the sealing material and / or the temperature of the refrigerant and / or the temperature of the lubricant during said contact is preferably at least about 10°C, and the sealing material preferably comprises an anion exchange resin, activated alumina, a zeolite molecular sieve containing silver, and a moisture-removing material, preferably a moisture-removing molecular sieve.

[0342] As used in this application, the term "in contact with at least a portion" is intended in its broadest sense to include each of the sealing materials and any combination of sealing materials in contact with the same or separate portions of the refrigerant and / or lubricant in the system, and is intended to include, but not necessarily be limited to, embodiments in which each type or particular sealing material is (i) types or particular materials that, when present, are physically located together with one another, (ii) types or particular materials that, when present, are physically located separately from one another, and (iii) combinations of two or more materials being physically together and at least one sealing material being physically separate from at least one other sealing material.

[0343] The heat transfer compositions of the present invention can be used in heating and cooling applications.

[0344] In a particular aspect of the invention, the heat transfer composition can be used in a cooling method that involves condensing the heat transfer composition and then evaporating the composition in the vicinity of the article or body to be cooled.

[0345] Accordingly, the present invention provides a method of cooling in a heat transfer system including an evaporator, a condenser, and a compressor, the process comprising: i) condensing a heat transfer composition described herein; ii) evaporating the composition in the vicinity of the body or article to be cooled; The cooling method relates to a method in which the evaporator temperature of the heat transfer system is in the range of about -40°C to about +10°C.

[0346] Alternatively, or in addition, the heat transfer composition can be used in a heating method that involves condensing the heat transfer composition near the article or body to be heated and then evaporating the composition.

[0347] Accordingly, the present invention provides a method of heating in a heat transfer system including an evaporator, a condenser, and a compressor, the process comprising: i) condensing a heat transfer composition described herein in the vicinity of a body or article to be heated; ii) evaporating the composition, wherein the evaporator temperature of the heat transfer system is in the range of about -30°C to about 5°C.

[0348] The heat transfer compositions of the present invention are provided for use in air conditioning applications, including both transportation and stationary air conditioning applications. Accordingly, any of the heat transfer compositions described herein may be - air conditioning applications, including mobile air conditioning, especially train and bus air conditioning; -Mobile heat pumps, especially heat pumps for electric vehicles, Coolers, especially positive displacement coolers, especially air-cooled or water-cooled direct expansion coolers (either modular or conventionally packaged); residential air conditioning systems, in particular ducted split or ductless split air conditioning systems; -Residential heat pumps, -Residential air-to-water heat pump / hot water system, -Industrial air conditioning systems, -Commercial air conditioning systems, particularly packaged rooftop units and variable refrigerant flow (VRF) systems; -Can be used in any one of commercial air-source, water-source, or ground-source heat pump systems.

[0349] The heat transfer compositions of the present invention are provided for use in refrigeration systems. The term "refrigeration system" refers to any system or device, or any part or portion of such a system or device, that uses a refrigerant to provide cooling. Thus, any of the heat transfer compositions described herein may be -Low temperature refrigeration systems, -Medium temperature refrigeration system, -Commercial refrigerators, -Commercial freezer, -Ice maker, -vending machines, -Transport refrigeration systems, -Household freezer, -Domestic refrigerators, -industrial freezers, -Industrial refrigerators, and -cooler.

[0350] Each of the heat transfer compositions described herein, including Heat Transfer Compositions 1-109, is particularly provided for use in residential air conditioning systems having evaporator temperatures in the range of about 0 to about 10° C. for cooling, particularly about 7° C., and / or in the range of about −20 to about 3° C. for heating, particularly about 0.5° C. Alternatively, or additionally, each of the heat transfer compositions described herein, including each of Heat Transfer Compositions 1-109, is particularly provided for use in residential air conditioning systems having reciprocating, rotary (rolling piston or rotor), or scroll compressors.

[0351] Each of the described heat transfer compositions, including Heat Transfer Compositions 1-109, is particularly provided for use in air-cooled chillers (having an evaporator temperature in the range of about 0 to about 10°C, particularly about 4.5°C), particularly air-cooled chillers having positive displacement compressors, especially air-cooled chillers having reciprocating or scroll compressors.

[0352] Each of the heat transfer compositions described herein, including Heat Transfer Compositions 1-109, is provided specifically for use in residential air-to-water heat pump hot water systems (having an evaporator temperature in the range of about -20 to about 3°C, particularly about 0.5°C, or in the range of about -30 to about 5°C, particularly about 0.5°C).

[0353] Each of the heat transfer compositions described herein, including heat transfer compositions 1-109, is provided specifically for use in medium temperature refrigeration systems (having an evaporator temperature in the range of about -12 to about 0°C, specifically about -8°C).

[0354] Each of the heat transfer compositions described herein, including heat transfer compositions 1-109, is provided specifically for use in low temperature refrigeration systems (having an evaporator temperature within the range of about −40° C. to about −12° C., particularly about −40° C. to about −23° C., or preferably about −32° C.).

[0355] The heat transfer compositions of the present invention, including Heat Transfer Compositions 1-109, are provided for use in residential air conditioning systems, which are used, for example, in the summer to supply cool air to buildings (the air having a temperature of, for example, about 10°C to about 17°C, particularly about 12°C).

[0356] Heat transfer compositions of the present invention, including heat transfer compositions 1-109, are therefore provided for use in split-type residential air conditioning systems, which are used to provide cool air (e.g., the air having a temperature of about 10°C to about 17°C, particularly about 12°C).

[0357] Heat transfer compositions of the present invention, including heat transfer compositions 1-109, are therefore provided for use in duct-split residential air conditioning systems used to provide cool air (e.g., the air having a temperature of about 10°C to about 17°C, particularly about 12°C).

[0358] The heat transfer compositions of the present invention, including heat transfer compositions 1-109, are therefore provided for use in window residential air conditioning systems, which are used to provide cool air (e.g., the air having a temperature of about 10°C to about 17°C, particularly about 12°C).

[0359] The heat transfer compositions of the present invention, including heat transfer compositions 1-109, are therefore provided for use in portable residential air conditioning systems used to provide cool air (e.g., the air having a temperature of about 10°C to about 17°C, particularly about 12°C).

[0360] The residential air conditioning systems described herein, including the immediately preceding paragraph, preferably have an air-refrigerant evaporator (indoor coil), a compressor, an air-refrigerant condenser (outdoor coil), and an expansion valve. The evaporator and condenser may be round-tube-plate-fin, fin-tube, or microchannel heat exchangers. The compressor may be a reciprocating, rotary (rolling piston or rotor), or scroll compressor. The expansion valve may be a capillary tube, a thermostatic expansion valve, or an electronic expansion valve. The refrigerant evaporation temperature is preferably in the range of 0°C to 10°C. The condensation temperature is preferably in the range of 40°C to 70°C.

[0361] The heat transfer compositions of the present invention, including heat transfer compositions 1-109, are provided for use in residential heat pump systems, which are used to supply warm air (e.g., about 18°C ​​to about 24°C, particularly about 21°C) to buildings during the winter. This can be the same system as a residential air conditioning system, but in heat pump mode, the refrigerant flow is reversed, with the indoor coil acting as the condenser and the outdoor coil acting as the evaporator. Typical system types are split and mini-split heat pump systems. The evaporator and condenser are typically round-tube plate-fin, finned, or microchannel heat exchangers. The compressor is typically a reciprocating, rotary (rolling piston or rotor), or scroll compressor. The expansion valve is typically a thermostatic expansion valve or an electronic expansion valve. The refrigerant evaporation temperature is preferably within the range of about -20 to about 3°C ​​or about -30 to about 5°C. The condensation temperature is preferably within the range of about 35 to about 50°C.

[0362] The heat transfer compositions of the present invention, including heat transfer compositions 1-109, are provided for use in commercial air conditioning systems, which can be chillers used to supply chilled water (e.g., at a temperature of about 7°C) to large buildings such as offices and hospitals. Depending on the application, the chiller system may operate year-round. The chiller system can be air-cooled or water-cooled. Air-cooled chillers typically have a plate, tube-in-tube, or shell-in-tube evaporator to supply chilled water, a reciprocating or scroll compressor, a round-tube plate-fin, fin-tube, or microchannel condenser to exchange heat with ambient air, and a thermostatic or electronic expansion valve. Water-cooled systems typically have a shell-and-tube evaporator to supply chilled water, a reciprocating, scroll, screw, or centrifugal compressor, a shell-and-tube condenser to exchange heat with a cooling tower or water from lakes, oceans, and other natural sources, and a thermostatic or electronic expansion valve. The refrigerant evaporation temperature is preferably within the range of about 0°C to about 10°C. The condensation temperature is preferably within the range of about 40°C to about 70°C.

[0363] The heat transfer compositions of the present invention, including heat transfer compositions 1-109, are provided for use in residential air-to-water heat pump hot water systems, which are used to supply hot water (e.g., at a temperature of about 50°C or about 55°C) to buildings for floor heating or similar uses during the winter. Hot water systems typically include a round-tube, plate-fin, fin-tube, or microchannel evaporator for exchanging heat with ambient air, a reciprocating, scroll, or rotary compressor, a plate, tube-in-tube, or shell-and-tube condenser for heating the water, and a thermostatic or electronic expansion valve. The refrigerant evaporation temperature is preferably within the range of about -20°C to about 3°C ​​or -30°C to about 5°C. The condensation temperature is preferably within the range of about 50°C to about 90°C.

[0364] The heat transfer compositions of the present invention, including Heat Transfer Compositions 1-109, are provided for use in medium temperature refrigeration systems in which the refrigerant preferably has an evaporation temperature in the range of about -12°C to about 0°C, and in such systems, the refrigerant preferably has a condensation temperature in the range of about 40°C to about 70°C, or about 20°C to about 70°C.

[0365] Accordingly, the present invention provides a medium temperature refrigeration system for use in cooling food or beverages, such as a refrigerator or bottle cooler, wherein the refrigerant preferably has an evaporation temperature in the range of about -12°C to about 0°C, and in such a system the refrigerant preferably has a condensation temperature in the range of about 40°C to about 70°C, or about 20°C to about 70°C.

[0366] Medium-temperature systems of the present invention, including those described in the immediately preceding paragraph, preferably include an air-refrigerant evaporator for providing cooling, e.g., to food or beverages contained therein; a reciprocating, scroll, screw, or rotary compressor; an air-refrigerant condenser for exchanging heat with ambient air; and a thermal or electronic expansion valve. Heat transfer compositions of the present invention, including heat transfer compositions 1-109, are provided for use in low-temperature refrigeration systems in which the refrigerant preferably has an evaporation temperature within the range of about -40°C to about -12°C, and the refrigerant preferably has a condensation temperature within the range of about 40°C to about 70°C, or about 20°C to about 70°C.

[0367] Thus, the present invention provides a low temperature refrigeration system in which the heat transfer compositions of the present invention, including heat transfer compositions 1-109, are used to provide cooling in a freezer, the system comprising a refrigerant having an evaporation temperature preferably within the range of about -40°C to about -12°C, and the refrigerant preferably having a condensation temperature within the range of about 40°C to about 70°C or about 20°C to about 70°C.

[0368] Accordingly, the present invention also provides a low temperature refrigeration system for use in providing cooling in a cream machine, wherein the heat transfer composition of the present invention, including heat transfer compositions 1-109, comprises a refrigerant having an evaporation temperature preferably within the range of about -40°C to about -12°C, and the refrigerant has a condensation temperature preferably within the range of about 40°C to about 70°C or about 20°C to about 70°C.

[0369] Cryogenic systems of the present invention, including those described in the immediately preceding paragraph, preferably have an air-refrigerant evaporator for cooling food or beverages, a reciprocating, scroll, or rotary compressor, an air-refrigerant condenser for exchanging heat with ambient air, and a thermal or electronic expansion valve.

[0370] Accordingly, the present invention provides the use of a heat transfer composition of the present invention, including each of Heat Transfer Compositions 1-109, in a cooler, wherein the alkylated naphthalene is AN5, and the heat transfer composition further comprises BHT, wherein the AN5 is provided in an amount of about 0.001 wt % to about 5 wt % based on the weight of the lubricant, and the BHT is provided in an amount of about 0.001 wt % to about 5 wt % based on the weight of the lubricant.

[0371] Accordingly, the present invention provides the use of a heat transfer composition of the present invention, including each of Heat Transfer Compositions 1-109, in a cooler, wherein the alkylated naphthalene is AN5, and the heat transfer composition further comprises BHT, wherein the AN5 is present in an amount of about 0.001 wt % to about 5 wt % based on the weight of the lubricant, and the BHT is present in an amount of about 0.001 wt % to about 5 wt % based on the weight of the lubricant.

[0372] Accordingly, the present invention provides the use of a heat transfer composition of the present invention, including each of Heat Transfer Compositions 1 to 109, in a cooler, wherein the heat transfer composition further comprises BHT, wherein AN5 is present in an amount of about 0.001 wt % to about 5 wt % based on the weight of the heat transfer composition, and BHT is present in an amount of about 0.001 wt % to about 5 wt % based on the weight of the heat transfer composition.

[0373] For purposes of the present invention, each heat transfer composition according to the present invention, including each of Heat Transfer Compositions 1-109, is provided for use in a cooler having an evaporating temperature in the range of about 0° C. to about 10° C., and a condensing temperature in the range of about 40° C. to about 70° C. The cooler is provided for use in air conditioning or refrigeration, preferably for commercial air conditioning. The cooler is preferably a positive displacement cooler, especially an air-cooled or water-cooled direct expansion cooler (either modular or conventionally single-packaged).

[0374] Thus, the present invention provides the use of each heat transfer composition according to the invention, including each of heat transfer compositions 1 to 109, in stationary air conditioning, particularly residential, industrial or commercial air conditioning.

[0375] Accordingly, the present invention provides the use of a heat transfer composition of the present invention, including each of Heat Transfer Compositions 1-109, in stationary air conditioning, particularly residential, industrial, or commercial air conditioning, wherein the alkylated naphthalene is AN5, and the heat transfer composition further comprises BHT, wherein the AN5 is present in an amount of about 0.001% to about 5% by weight based on the weight of the lubricant, and the BHT is present in an amount of about 0.001% to about 5% by weight based on the weight of the lubricant.

[0376] Accordingly, the present invention provides the use of a heat transfer composition of the present invention, including each of Heat Transfer Compositions 1-109, in stationary air conditioning, particularly residential, industrial, or commercial air conditioning, wherein the alkylated naphthalene is AN5, and the heat transfer composition further comprises BHT, wherein the AN5 is present in an amount of about 0.001 wt. % to about 5 wt. % based on the weight of the heat transfer composition, and the BHT is present in an amount of about 0.001 wt. % to about 5 wt. % based on the weight of the heat transfer composition.

[0377] Each heat transfer composition according to the present invention, including each of Heat Transfer Compositions 1-109, is provided as a low GWP replacement for refrigerant R-410A.

[0378] Each heat transfer composition according to the present invention, including each of Heat Transfer Compositions 1-109, is provided as a low GWP add-on to the refrigerant R-410A.

[0379] The heat transfer compositions and refrigerants of the present invention, including each of Heat Transfer Compositions 1-109, may therefore be used as add-on refrigerants / heat transfer compositions or as replacement refrigerants / heat transfer compositions.

[0380] The present invention therefore includes a method for retrofitting existing heat transfer systems designed to contain R-410A refrigerant without requiring substantial engineering modifications to the existing system, particularly without modifying the condenser, evaporator, and / or expansion valve.

[0381] Thus, the present invention also includes methods of using the refrigerant or heat transfer compositions of the present invention as a replacement for R-410A, particularly as a replacement for R-410A in residential air conditioning refrigerants, without requiring substantial engineering changes to existing systems, particularly without modifications to condensers, evaporators, and / or expansion valves.

[0382] Thus, the present invention also includes methods of using the refrigerant or heat transfer compositions of the present invention as a replacement for R-410A, particularly as a replacement for R-410A in residential air conditioning systems.

[0383] Thus, the present invention also includes methods of using the refrigerant or heat transfer compositions of the present invention as a replacement for R-410A, particularly as a replacement for R-410A in chiller systems.

[0384] Accordingly, there is provided a method for retrofitting an existing heat transfer system containing an R-410A refrigerant, the method comprising replacing at least a portion of the existing R-410A refrigerant with a heat transfer composition of the present invention, including each of heat transfer compositions 1-109.

[0385] The replacement step preferably involves removing at least a substantial portion, preferably substantially all, of the existing refrigerant (which may be, but is not limited to, R-410A) without any substantial modification of the system to accommodate the refrigerant of the present invention, and introducing a heat transfer composition comprising each of heat transfer compositions 1 through 109. Preferably, the method involves removing at least about 5%, about 10%, about 25%, about 50%, or about 75% by weight of the R-410A from the system and replacing it with the heat transfer composition of the present invention.

[0386] Alternatively, the heat transfer compositions may be used in a method of retrofitting an existing heat transfer system that is designed to contain or contains an R410A refrigerant, the system being modified for use with the heat transfer composition of the present invention.

[0387] Alternatively, the heat transfer composition can be used as a replacement in heat transfer systems designed to contain or suitable for use with R-410A refrigerant.

[0388] It will be understood that the present invention encompasses the use of the heat transfer compositions of the present invention, including each of Heat Transfer Compositions 1-109, as a low global warming replacement for R-410A, or used in a method for retrofitting existing heat transfer systems, or used in heat transfer systems that are suitable for use with R-410A refrigerant as described herein.

[0389] Those skilled in the art will appreciate that when the heat transfer compositions are provided for use in methods for retrofitting existing heat transfer systems as described above, the methods preferably include removing at least a portion of the existing R-410A refrigerant from the system. Preferably, the methods include removing at least about 5%, about 10%, about 25%, about 50%, or about 75% by weight of the R-410A from the system and replacing it with a heat transfer composition of the present invention, including each of heat transfer compositions 1-109.

[0390] The heat transfer compositions of the present invention, including each of Heat Transfer Compositions 1-109, can be used as replacements in systems used with or suitable for use with R-410A refrigerant, such as existing or new heat transfer systems.

[0391] The compositions of the present invention, including each of Heat Transfer Compositions 1-109, exhibit many of the desirable properties of R-410A, but have a substantially lower GWP than R-410A, while at the same time possessing operating characteristics, i.e., capacity and / or efficiency (COP), that are substantially similar to or substantially identical to, and more preferably as high as, or higher than, R-410A. This allows the present compositions, including each of Heat Transfer Compositions 1-109, to replace R-410A in existing heat transfer systems without requiring any significant system modifications, for example, to the condenser, evaporator, and / or expansion valve. Thus, the present compositions, including each of Heat Transfer Compositions 1-109, can be used as a direct replacement for R-410A in heat transfer systems.

[0392] Thus, the heat transfer compositions of the present invention, including each of Heat Transfer Compositions 1-109, preferably exhibit operating characteristics compared to R-410A such that the efficiency (COP) of the composition in a heat transfer system is greater than 90% of the efficiency of R-410A.

[0393] Thus, the heat transfer compositions of the present invention, including each of Heat Transfer Compositions 1-109, preferably exhibit operating characteristics compared to R-410A that are 95-105% of the capacity of R-410A in heat transfer systems.

[0394] It will be appreciated that R-410A is an azeotrope-like composition. Therefore, in order to make the claimed compositions compatible with the operating characteristics of R-410A, it is desirable for the refrigerants contained in the heat transfer compositions of the present invention, including each of Heat Transfer Compositions 1-109, to exhibit a low level of glide. Thus, the refrigerants contained in the heat transfer compositions of the present invention, including each of Heat Transfer Compositions 1-109 according to the present invention described herein, can provide an evaporator glide of less than 2°C, preferably less than 1.5°C.

[0395] Thus, the heat transfer compositions of the present invention, including each of Heat Transfer Compositions 1-109, preferably exhibit operating characteristics compared to R-410A such that the efficiency (COP) of the composition is 100-102% of the efficiency of R-410A in a heat transfer system, and the capacity is 92-102% of the capacity of R-410A in a heat transfer system.

[0396] Preferably, the heat transfer compositions of the present invention, including each of Heat Transfer Compositions 1-109, have the following properties in a heat transfer system where the composition of the present invention replaces R-410A refrigerant: the efficiency (COP) of the composition is 100-105% of the efficiency of R-410A, and / or -Capacity is 92~102% of that of R-410A; The operating characteristics are shown.

[0397] To enhance the reliability of heat transfer systems, the heat transfer compositions of the present invention, including each of Heat Transfer Compositions 1-109, preferably further exhibit the following properties compared to R-410A in heat transfer systems in which the compositions of the present invention are used to replace R-410A refrigerant: - The discharge temperature is not more than 10°C higher than the discharge temperature of R-410A, and / or -The compressor pressure ratio is 98 to 102% of that of R-410A.

[0398] The present heat transfer compositions, including each of Heat Transfer Compositions 1-109, are used to replace R-410A in air conditioning systems, including both mobile and stationary air conditioning systems. As used herein, the term mobile air conditioning system refers to a mobile, non-vehicle air conditioning system, such as truck, bus, and train air conditioning systems. Thus, each of the heat transfer compositions described herein, including each of Heat Transfer Compositions 1-109, - air conditioning systems, including mobile air conditioning systems, in particular air conditioning systems for trucks, buses and trains; -Mobile heat pumps, especially heat pumps for electric vehicles, Coolers, especially positive displacement coolers, especially air-cooled or water-cooled direct expansion coolers (either modular or conventionally packaged); residential air conditioning systems, in particular ducted split or ductless split air conditioning systems; -Residential heat pumps, -Residential air-to-water heat pump / hot water system, -Industrial air conditioning systems, -Packaged rooftop units or variable refrigerant flow (VRF) systems; -Can be used to replace R-410A in any one of commercial air-source, water-source, or ground-source heat pump systems.

[0399] The heat transfer compositions of the present invention, including each of Heat Transfer Compositions 1-109, can also be provided to replace R410A in refrigeration systems. Thus, each of the heat transfer compositions described herein, including each of Heat Transfer Compositions 1-109, can be provided to replace R410A in refrigeration systems. -Low temperature refrigeration systems, -Medium temperature refrigeration system, -Commercial refrigerators, -Commercial freezer, -Ice maker, -vending machines, -Transport refrigeration systems, -Household freezer, -Domestic refrigerators, -industrial freezers, -Industrial refrigerators, and -cooler, can be used to replace R10A in any one of the following:

[0400] Each of the heat transfer compositions described herein, including each of Heat Transfer Compositions 1-109, is particularly provided for replacing R-410A in residential air conditioning systems (having evaporator temperatures in the range of about 0 to about 10° C. for cooling, particularly about 7° C., and / or in the range of about −20 to about 3° C. or 30 to about 5° C. for heating, particularly about 0.5° C.). Alternatively or additionally, each of the heat transfer compositions described herein, including each of Heat Transfer Compositions 1-109, is particularly provided for replacing R-410A in residential air conditioning systems having reciprocating, rotary (rolling piston or rotary vane), or scroll compressors.

[0401] Each of the heat transfer compositions described herein, including each of Heat Transfer Compositions 1-109, is provided specifically for replacing R-410A in air-cooled chillers (having an evaporator temperature in the range of about 0 to about 10°C, particularly about 4.5°C), particularly air-cooled chillers with positive displacement compressors, more particularly air-cooled chillers with reciprocating scroll compressors.

[0402] Each of the heat transfer compositions described herein, including each of Heat Transfer Compositions 1-109, is provided specifically for replacing R-410A in residential air-to-water heat pump hot water systems (having evaporator temperatures within the range of about -20 to about 3°C ​​or about -30 to about 5°C, specifically about 0.5°C).

[0403] Each of the heat transfer compositions described herein, including each of Heat Transfer Compositions 1-109, is provided specifically for replacing R-410A in medium temperature refrigeration systems (having evaporator temperatures in the range of about -12 to about 0°C, specifically about -8°C).

[0404] Each of the heat transfer compositions described herein, including each of Heat Transfer Compositions 1-109, is provided specifically for replacing R-410A in low temperature refrigeration systems (having evaporator temperatures within the range of about −40 to about −12° C., particularly about −40 to about −23° C., or preferably about −32° C.).

[0405] Thus, there is provided a method of retrofitting an existing heat transfer system designed to contain, containing, or suitable for use with an R-410A refrigerant, the method comprising replacing at least a portion of the existing R-410A refrigerant with a heat transfer composition of the present invention, including each of heat transfer compositions 1-109.

[0406] Thus, there is provided a method of retrofitting an existing heat transfer system designed to contain, or containing, or suitable for use with an R-410A refrigerant, the method comprising replacing at least a portion of the existing R-410A refrigerant with a heat transfer composition according to the present invention, including each of heat transfer compositions 1-109.

[0407] The present invention further provides a heat transfer system comprising a compressor, a condenser, and an evaporator in fluid communication, and a heat transfer composition therein, wherein the heat transfer composition according to the present invention comprises each of Heat Transfer Compositions 1-109, and the heat transfer system is a residential air conditioning system (having an evaporator temperature in the range of about 0 to about 10°C for cooling, particularly about 7°C, and / or in the range of about -20 to about 3°C ​​or about -30 to about 5°C for heating, particularly about 0.5°C).

[0408] The present invention further provides a heat transfer system including a compressor, a condenser, and an evaporator in fluid communication, and a heat transfer composition within the system, wherein the heat transfer composition according to the present invention comprises each of Heat Transfer Compositions 1-109, and the heat transfer system is an air-cooled chiller (having an evaporator temperature in the range of about 0°C to about 10°C, particularly about 4.5°C), particularly an air-cooled chiller having a positive displacement compressor, more particularly an air-cooled chiller having a reciprocating compressor or a scroll compressor.

[0409] The present invention further provides a heat transfer system including a compressor, a condenser, and an evaporator in fluid communication, and a heat transfer composition within the system, wherein the heat transfer composition according to the present invention comprises each of heat transfer compositions 1-109, and the heat transfer system is a residential air-to-water heat pump hot water system (having an evaporator temperature in the range of about -20°C to about 3°C ​​or about -30°C to about 5°C, particularly about 0.5°C).

[0410] The present invention further provides a heat transfer system including a compressor, a condenser, and an evaporator in fluid communication, and a heat transfer composition within the system, wherein the heat transfer composition according to the present invention includes each of heat transfer compositions 1-109, and the heat transfer system can be a refrigeration system such as a low temperature refrigeration system, a medium temperature refrigeration system, a commercial refrigerator, a commercial freezer, an ice maker, a vending machine, a transport refrigeration system, a domestic freezer, a household refrigerator, an industrial freezer, an industrial refrigerator, and a chiller. [Example]

[0411] The refrigerant compositions identified in Table EA below as Refrigerants A1 and A2 are refrigerants within the scope of the invention described herein. The parameters selected for performing the analysis were the same compressor volume for all refrigerants, the same operating conditions for all refrigerants, and the same compressor isentropic and volumetric efficiencies for all refrigerants.

[0412] [Table 10]

[0413] Refrigerant A1 consists of two compounds listed in Table EA, and Refrigerant A2 consists of three compounds listed in Table EA, given in their relative percentages.

[0414] Example 1A - Residential Air Conditioning System (Cooling) A residential air conditioning system is used to supply cool air (26.7°C) to a building during the summer. Refrigerants A1 and A2 were used in the residential air conditioning system as described above, and performance was acceptable. The operating conditions were as follows: condensing temperature = 46°C, condenser subcooling = 5.5°C, evaporating temperature = 7°C, evaporator superheat = 5.5°C, isentropic efficiency = 70%, volumetric efficiency: 100%, and temperature rise in the intake line = 5.5°C.

[0415] Example 1B. - Residential Air Conditioning System (Cooling) with POE Lubricant and Stabilizer Including AN4 and ADM4 A residential air conditioning system is configured to provide cool air according to Example 1A, and a POE lubricant is included in the system and stabilized with an alkylated naphthalene according to the present invention (AN4 in an amount of about 2% to about 10% based on the weight of the lubricant and stabilizer), and an ADM according to the present invention (ADM4 in an amount of about 0.05% to about 2.5% based on the weight of the lubricant and stabilizer). The system thus configured is operated continuously for an extended period of time, and the lubricant is tested after such operation and found to remain stable during such actual operation.

[0416] Example 1C. - Residential Air Conditioning System (Cooling) with PVE Lubricant and Stabilizer Including AN4 and ADM4 A residential air conditioning system is configured to provide cool air according to Example 1A, and a PVE lubricant is included in the system and stabilized with an alkylated naphthalene according to the present invention (AN4 in an amount of about 2% to about 10% based on the weight of the lubricant and stabilizer), and an ADM according to the present invention (ADM4 in an amount of about 0.05% to about 2.5% based on the weight of the lubricant and stabilizer). The system thus configured is operated continuously for an extended period of time, and the lubricant is tested after such operation and found to remain stable during such actual operation.

[0417] Example 1D. - Residential Air Conditioning System (Cooling) with POE Lubricant and Stabilizer Including AN4 and ADM6 A residential air conditioning system was configured to provide cool air according to Example 1A, and a POE lubricant was included in the system and stabilized with an alkylated naphthalene according to the present invention (AN4 in an amount of about 2% to about 10% based on the weight of the lubricant) and an ADM according to the present invention (ADM6 in an amount of about 0.05% to about 2.5% based on the weight of the lubricant and stabilizer). The system thus configured was operated continuously for an extended period of time, and the lubricant was tested after such operation and found to remain stable during such actual operation.

[0418] Example 1E. - Residential Air Conditioning System (Cooling) with PVE Lubricant and Stabilizer Containing AN4 and ADM6 A residential air conditioning system was configured to provide cooled air according to Example 1A, and a PVE lubricant was included in the system and stabilized with an alkylated naphthalene according to the present invention (AN4 in an amount of about 2% to about 10% based on the weight of the lubricant) and an ADM according to the present invention (ADM6 in an amount of about 0.05% to about 2.5% based on the weight of the lubricant and stabilizer). The system thus configured was operated continuously for an extended period of time, and the lubricant was tested after such operation and found to remain stable during such actual operation.

[0419] Example 1F. Residential Air Conditioning System (Cooling) with Heat Transfer Compositions 1-109 A residential air conditioning system is configured to provide cooled air in accordance with Example 1A, except that each of Heat Transfer Compositions 1-109 is used in a separate run as the heat transfer composition in place of the composition of Example 1A. In each case using each of Heat Transfer Compositions 1-109, the system so configured is operated continuously for an extended period of time, and after such operation, the heat transfer composition, and any lubricants contained therein, are tested and found to remain stable during such actual operation.

[0420] Example 2A - Residential Heat Pump System (Heating) A residential heat pump system is used to supply warm air (21.1°C) to a building during the winter. Refrigerants A1 and A2 were used in the residential heat pump system as described above, and performance was found to be acceptable. The operating conditions were as follows: condensing temperature = 41°C, condenser subcooling = 5.5°C, evaporating temperature = 0.5°C, evaporator superheat = 5.5°C, isentropic efficiency = 70%, volumetric efficiency: 100%, and temperature rise in the intake line = 5.5°C.

[0421] Example 2B. - Residential Heat Pump System (Heating) with POE Lubricant and Stabilizers Including AN4 and ADM4 A heat pump system was constructed according to Example 2A, and a POE lubricant was included in the system along with an alkylated naphthalene stabilizer according to the present invention (AN4 in an amount of about 2% to about 10% by weight, based on the weight of the lubricant and stabilizer) and an ADM according to the present invention (ADM4 in an amount of about 0.05 to 2.5% by weight, based on the weight of the lubricant and stabilizer). The system thus constructed was operated continuously for an extended period of time, and the lubricant was tested after such operation and found to remain stable during such actual operation.

[0422] Example 2B. - Residential heat pump system (heating) with PVE lubricant and stabilizer containing AN4 and ADM4 A heat pump system was constructed according to Example 2A, and a PVE lubricant was included in the system along with an alkylated naphthalene stabilizer according to the present invention (AN4 in an amount of about 2% to about 10% by weight, based on the weight of the lubricant and stabilizer) and an ADM according to the present invention (ADM4 in an amount of about 0.05 to 2.5% by weight, based on the weight of the lubricant and stabilizer). The system thus constructed was operated continuously for an extended period of time, and the lubricant was tested after such operation and found to remain stable during such actual operation.

[0423] Example 2D. - Residential Heat Pump System (Heating) with POE Lubricant and Stabilizer Containing AN4 and ADM6 A heat pump system was constructed according to Example 2A, in which a POE lubricant was included in the system and stabilized with an alkylated naphthalene according to the present invention (AN4 in an amount of about 2% to about 10% by weight, based on the weight of the lubricant), and an ADM according to the present invention (ADM6 in an amount of about 0.05 to 2.5% by weight, based on the weight of the lubricant). The system thus constructed was operated continuously for an extended period of time, and the lubricant was tested after such operation and found to remain stable during such actual operation.

[0424] Example 2E. - Residential Heat Pump System (Heating) with PVE Lubricant and Stabilizer Containing AN4 and ADM6 A heat pump system was constructed according to Example 2A, in which a PVE lubricant was included in the system and stabilized with an alkylated naphthalene according to the present invention (AN4 in an amount of about 2% to about 10% by weight, based on the weight of the lubricant), and an ADM according to the present invention (ADM6 in an amount of about 0.05 to 2.5% by weight, based on the weight of the lubricant). The system thus constructed was operated continuously for an extended period of time, and the lubricant was tested after such operation and found to remain stable during such actual operation.

[0425] Example 2F. Residential Heat Pump System (Heating) with Heat Transfer Compositions 1-109 A system is constructed according to Example 2A, except that each of heat transfer compositions 1-109 is used in a separate run in place of the heat transfer composition of Example 2A. In each case with each of heat transfer compositions 1-109, the system so constructed is operated continuously for an extended period of time, and after such operation, the heat transfer composition, and any lubricants contained therein, are tested and found to remain stable during such actual operation.

[0426] Example 3A - Commercial Air Conditioning System - Chiller A commercial air conditioning system (chiller) is used to provide chilled water (7°C) to large buildings such as offices and hospitals. Refrigerants A1 and A2 were used in the above commercial air conditioning system, and performance was found to be acceptable. The operating conditions were as follows: condensing temperature = 46°C, condenser subcooling = 5.5°C, evaporating temperature = 4.5°C, evaporator superheat = 5.5°C, isentropic efficiency = 70%, volumetric efficiency: 100%, and temperature rise in the intake line = 2°C.

[0427] Example 3B. Commercial Air Conditioning System - Chiller with POE Lubricant and Stabilizer Including AN4 and ADM4 A commercial air conditioner was constructed according to Example 3A, in which a POE lubricant was included in the system and stabilized with an alkylated naphthalene according to the present invention (AN4 in an amount of about 2% to about 10% by weight of the lubricant) and an ADM according to the present invention (ADM4 in an amount of about 0.05 to 2.5% by weight of the lubricant). The system thus constructed was operated continuously for an extended period of time, and the lubricant was tested after such operation and found to remain stable during such actual operation.

[0428] Example 3C. Commercial Air Conditioning System - Chiller with PVE Lubricant and Stabilizer Containing AN4 and ADM4 A commercial air conditioner was constructed according to Example 3A, in which a PVE lubricant was included in the system and stabilized with an alkylated naphthalene according to the present invention (AN4 in an amount of about 2% to about 10% by weight, based on the weight of the lubricant and stabilizer), and an ADM according to the present invention (ADM4 in an amount of about 0.05 to 2.5% by weight, based on the weight of the lubricant and stabilizer). The system thus constructed was operated continuously for an extended period of time, and the lubricant was tested after such operation and found to remain stable during such actual operation.

[0429] Example 3D. Commercial Air Conditioning System - Chiller with POE Lubricant and Stabilizer Containing AN4 and ADM6 A commercial air conditioner was constructed according to Example 3A, in which a POE lubricant was included in the system and stabilized with an alkylated naphthalene according to the present invention (AN4 in an amount of about 2% to about 10% by weight, based on the weight of the lubricant and stabilizer), and an ADM according to the present invention (ADM6 in an amount of about 0.05 to 2.5% by weight, based on the weight of the lubricant and stabilizer). The system thus constructed was operated continuously for an extended period of time, and the lubricant was tested after such operation and found to remain stable during such actual operation.

[0430] Example 3E. Commercial Air Conditioning System - Chiller with PVE Lubricant and Stabilizer Containing AN4 and ADM6 A commercial air conditioner was constructed according to Example 3A, in which a PVE lubricant was included in the system and stabilized with an alkylated naphthalene according to the present invention (AN4 in an amount of about 2% to about 10% by weight, based on the weight of the lubricant and stabilizer), and an ADM according to the present invention (ADM6 in an amount of about 0.05 to 2.5% by weight, based on the weight of the lubricant and stabilizer). The system thus constructed was operated continuously for an extended period of time, and the lubricant was tested after such operation and found to remain stable during such actual operation.

[0431] Example 3F. Commercial Air Conditioning Systems - Chillers with Heat Transfer Compositions 1-109 A system is constructed according to Example 3A, except that each of Heat Transfer Compositions 1-109 is used in a separate run in place of the heat transfer composition of Example 3A. In each case with each of HTCs 1-109, the system so constructed is operated continuously for an extended period of time, and after such operation, the heat transfer composition, and any lubricants contained therein, are tested and found to remain stable during such actual operation.

[0432] Example 4A - Residential Air-to-Water Heat Pump - Hot Water System A residential air-to-water heat pump hot water system is used to supply hot water (50°C) to a building for underfloor heating or similar uses in winter. Refrigerants A1 and A2 were used in the residential heat pump system as described above, and performance results were found to be acceptable. The operating conditions were as follows: condensing temperature = 60°C, condenser subcooling = 5.5°C, evaporating temperature = 0.5°C, evaporator superheat = 5.5°C, isentropic efficiency = 70%, volumetric efficiency: 100%, and temperature rise in the suction line = 2°C.

[0433] Example 4B. Residential Air-to-Water Heat Pump Hot Water System with POE Lubricant and Stabilizer Including AN4 and ADM4 A residential air-to-water heat pump hot water system was constructed according to Example 4A, wherein a POE lubricant was included in the system and stabilized with an alkylated naphthalene according to the present invention (AN4 in an amount of about 2% to about 10% by weight, based on the weight of the lubricant and stabilizer), and an ADM according to the present invention (ADM4 in an amount of about 0.05 to 2.5% by weight, based on the weight of the lubricant and stabilizer). The system thus constructed was operated continuously for an extended period of time, and the lubricant was tested after such operation and found to remain stable during such actual operation.

[0434] Example 4C. Residential Air-to-Water Heat Pump Hot Water System with PVE Lubricant and Stabilizers Containing AN4 and ADM4 A residential air-to-water heat pump hot water system was constructed according to Example 4A, wherein a PVE lubricant was included in the system and stabilized with an alkylated naphthalene according to the present invention (AN4 in an amount of about 2% to about 10% by weight, based on the weight of the lubricant and stabilizer), and an ADM according to the present invention (ADM4 in an amount of about 0.05 to 2.5% by weight, based on the weight of the lubricant and stabilizer). The system thus constructed was operated continuously for an extended period of time, and the lubricant was tested after such operation and found to remain stable during such actual operation.

[0435] Example 4D. Residential Air-to-Water Heat Pump Hot Water System with POE Lubricant and Stabilizer Including AN4 and ADM6 A residential air-to-water heat pump hot water system was constructed according to Example 4A, wherein a POE lubricant was included in the system and stabilized with an alkylated naphthalene according to the present invention (AN4 in an amount of about 2% to about 10% by weight, based on the weight of the lubricant and stabilizer), and an ADM according to the present invention (ADM6 in an amount of about 0.05 to 2.5% by weight, based on the weight of the lubricant and stabilizer). The system thus constructed was operated continuously for an extended period of time, and the lubricant was tested after such operation and found to remain stable during such actual operation.

[0436] Example 4E. Residential Air-to-Water Heat Pump Hot Water System with PVE Lubricant and Stabilizer Including AN4 and ADM6 A residential air-to-water heat pump hot water system was constructed according to Example 4A, wherein a PVE lubricant was included in the system and stabilized with an alkylated naphthalene according to the present invention (AN4 in an amount of about 2% to about 10% by weight, based on the weight of the lubricant and stabilizer), and an ADM according to the present invention (ADM6 in an amount of about 0.05 to 2.5% by weight, based on the weight of the lubricant and stabilizer). The system thus constructed was operated continuously for an extended period of time, and the lubricant was tested after such operation and found to remain stable during such actual operation.

[0437] Example 4F. - Residential Air-to-Water Heat Pump Hot Water System with Heat Transfer Compositions 1-109 A system is constructed according to Example 4A, except that each of heat transfer compositions 1-109 is used in a separate run in place of the heat transfer composition of Example 4A. In each case with each of heat transfer compositions 1-109, the system so constructed is operated continuously for an extended period of time, and after such operation, the heat transfer composition, and any lubricants contained therein, are tested and found to remain stable during such actual operation.

[0438] Example 5A - Medium Temperature Refrigeration System Medium-temperature refrigeration systems are used to chill food or beverages in refrigerators, bottle coolers, and the like. Refrigerants A1 and A2 were used in a simulation of a medium-temperature refrigeration system as described above, and performance was acceptable. Operating conditions: condensing temperature = 40.6°C, condenser subcooling = 0°C (system with receiver), evaporating temperature = -6.7°C, evaporator superheat = 5.5°C, isentropic efficiency = 70%, volumetric efficiency: 100%, and suction line superheat = 19.5°C.

[0439] Example 5B. Medium Temperature Refrigeration System with POE Lubricant and Stabilizers Including AN4 and ADM4 A medium temperature refrigeration system is configured to cool food or beverages, such as in a refrigerator or bottle cooler, constructed according to Example 5A, wherein a POE lubricant is included in the system and stabilized with an alkylated naphthalene according to the present invention (AN4 in an amount of about 2% to about 10% by weight, based on the weight of the lubricant and stabilizer), and an ADM according to the present invention (ADM4 in an amount of about 0.05 to 2.5% by weight, based on the weight of the lubricant and stabilizer). Systems thus constructed are operated continuously for extended periods of time, and the lubricant is tested after such operation and found to remain stable during such actual operation.

[0440] Example 5C. Medium Temperature Refrigeration System with PVE Lubricant and Stabilizers Including AN4 and ADM4 A medium temperature refrigeration system is configured to cool food or beverages, such as in a refrigerator or bottle cooler, constructed according to Example 5A, wherein a PVE lubricant is included in the system and stabilized with an alkylated naphthalene according to the present invention (AN4 in an amount of about 2% to about 10% by weight, based on the weight of the lubricant and stabilizer), and an ADM according to the present invention (ADM4 in an amount of about 0.05 to 2.5% by weight, based on the weight of the lubricant and stabilizer). Systems so constructed are operated continuously for extended periods of time, and the lubricant is tested after such operation and found to remain stable during such actual operation.

[0441] Example 5D. Medium Temperature Refrigeration System with POE Lubricant and Stabilizers Containing AN4 and ADM6 A medium temperature refrigeration system is configured to cool food or beverages, such as in a refrigerator or bottle cooler, constructed according to Example 5A, wherein a POE lubricant is included in the system and stabilized with an alkylated naphthalene according to the present invention (AN4 in an amount of about 2% to about 10% by weight, based on the weight of the lubricant and stabilizer), and an ADM according to the present invention (ADM6 in an amount of about 0.05 to 2.5% by weight, based on the weight of the lubricant and stabilizer). Systems thus constructed are operated continuously for extended periods of time, and the lubricant is tested after such operation and found to remain stable during such actual operation.

[0442] Example 5E. Medium Temperature Refrigeration System with PVE Lubricant and Stabilizers Containing AN4 and ADM6 A medium temperature refrigeration system is configured to cool food or beverages, such as in a refrigerator or bottle cooler, constructed according to Example 5A, wherein a PVE lubricant is included in the system and stabilized with an alkylated naphthalene according to the present invention (AN4 in an amount of about 2% to about 10% by weight, based on the weight of the lubricant and stabilizer), and an ADM according to the present invention (ADM6 in an amount of about 0.05 to 2.5% by weight, based on the weight of the lubricant and stabilizer). Systems thus constructed are operated continuously for extended periods of time, and the lubricant is tested after such operation and found to remain stable during such actual operation.

[0443] Example 5F. - Medium Temperature Refrigeration System with Heat Transfer Compositions 1-109 A system is constructed according to Example 5A, except that each of heat transfer compositions 1-109 is used in a separate run in place of the heat transfer composition of Example 5A. In each case with each of heat transfer compositions 1-109, the system so constructed is operated continuously for an extended period of time, and after such operation, the heat transfer composition, and any lubricants contained therein, are tested and found to remain stable during such actual operation.

[0444] Example 6A - Low Temperature Refrigeration System Low temperature refrigeration systems are used in ice cream machines, freezers, etc. to freeze food. Refrigerants A1 and A2a are used in the low temperature refrigeration systems as described above, and performance is found to be acceptable. Operating conditions: condensing temperature = 40.6°C, condenser subcooling = 0°C (system with receiver), evaporating temperature = -28.9°C, superheat at evaporator outlet = 5.5°C, isentropic efficiency = 65%, volumetric efficiency: 100%, and superheat at suction line = 44.4°C.

[0445] Example 6B. Low Temperature Refrigeration System with POE Lubricant and Stabilizers Including AN4 and ADM4 A low temperature refrigeration system configured to freeze food products, such as in an ice cream machine and freezer, constructed according to Example 6A, wherein a POE lubricant is included in the system and stabilized with an alkylated naphthalene according to the present invention (AN4 in an amount of about 2% to about 10% by weight, based on the weight of the lubricant and stabilizer), and an ADM according to the present invention (ADM4 in an amount of about 0.05 to 2.5% by weight, based on the weight of the lubricant and stabilizer). Systems thus constructed are operated continuously for extended periods of time, and the lubricant is tested after such operation and found to remain stable during such actual operation.

[0446] Example 6C. Low Temperature Refrigeration System with PVE Lubricant and Stabilizers Containing AN4 and ADM4 A low temperature refrigeration system configured to freeze food products, such as in an ice cream machine and freezer, constructed according to Example 6A, wherein a PVE lubricant is included in the system and stabilized with an alkylated naphthalene according to the present invention (AN4 in an amount of about 2% to about 10% by weight, based on the weight of the lubricant and stabilizer), and an ADM according to the present invention (ADM4 in an amount of about 0.05 to 2.5% by weight, based on the weight of the lubricant and stabilizer). Systems thus constructed are operated continuously for extended periods of time, and the lubricant is tested after such operation and found to remain stable during such actual operation.

[0447] Example 6D. Low Temperature Refrigeration System with POE Lubricant and Stabilizers Containing AN4 and ADM6 A low temperature refrigeration system configured to freeze food products, such as in an ice cream machine and freezer, constructed according to Example 6A, wherein a POE lubricant is included in the system and stabilized with an alkylated naphthalene according to the present invention (AN4 in an amount of about 2% to about 10% by weight based on the weight of the lubricant and stabilizer), and an ADM according to the present invention (ADM6 in an amount of about 0.05 to 2.5% by weight based on the weight of the lubricant and stabilizer). Systems thus constructed are operated continuously for extended periods of time, and the lubricant is tested after such operation and found to remain stable during such actual operation.

[0448] Example 6E. Low Temperature Refrigeration System with PVE Lubricant and Stabilizers Containing AN4 and ADM6 A low temperature refrigeration system configured to freeze food products, such as in an ice cream machine and freezer, constructed according to Example 6A, wherein a PVE lubricant is included in the system and stabilized with an alkylated naphthalene according to the present invention (AN4 in an amount of about 2% to about 10% by weight of the lubricant) and an ADM according to the present invention (ADM4 in an amount of about 0.05 to 2.5% by weight of the lubricant). Systems so constructed are operated continuously for extended periods of time, and the lubricant is tested after such operation and found to remain stable during such actual operation.

[0449] Example 6F - Low Temperature Refrigeration System with Heat Transfer Compositions 1-109 A system is constructed according to Example 6A, except that each of heat transfer compositions 1-109 is used in a separate run in place of the heat transfer composition of Example 6A. In each case with each of heat transfer compositions 1-109, the system so constructed is operated continuously for an extended period of time, and after such operation, the heat transfer composition, and any lubricants contained therein, are tested and found to remain stable during such actual operation.

[0450] Example 7A. Commercial Air Conditioning System - Packaged Rooftop A packaged rooftop commercial air conditioning system configured to provide cooled or heated air to a building is tested. The experimental system includes a packaged rooftop air conditioning / heat pump system with an air-to-refrigerant evaporator (indoor coil), a compressor, an air-to-refrigerant condenser (outdoor coil), and an expansion valve. The tests described herein are representative of results obtained from such a system. The operating conditions for the tests are as follows: 1. Condensation temperature: approx. 46°C (corresponding outdoor ambient temperature: approx. 67°C) 2. Condenser subcooling = approx. 5.5°C 3. Evaporation temperature = approx. 7°C (corresponding indoor ambient temperature = 26.7°C) 4. Evaporator superheat = approx. 5.5°C 5. Isentropic efficiency = 70% 6.Volumetric efficiency = 100% 7. Temperature rise in intake line = 5.5°C Performance with each of refrigerants A1 and A2 is found to be acceptable.

[0451] Example 7B. Commercial Air Conditioning System - Packaged Rooftop with POE Lubricant and Stabilizer Containing AN4 and ADM4 A packaged rooftop commercial air conditioning system is configured to supply cooled or heated air to a building according to Example 7A, wherein a POE lubricant is included in the system and stabilized with an alkylated naphthalene according to the present invention (AN4 in an amount of about 2% to about 10% by weight, based on the weight of the lubricant and stabilizer), and an ADM according to the present invention (ADM4 in an amount of about 0.05 to 2.5% by weight, based on the weight of the lubricant and stabilizer). The system thus configured is operated continuously for an extended period of time, and the lubricant is tested after such operation and found to remain stable during such actual operation.

[0452] Example 7C. Commercial Air Conditioning System - Packaged Rooftop with PVE Lubricant and Stabilizer Containing AN4 and ADM4 A packaged rooftop commercial air conditioning system is configured to supply cooled or heated air to a building according to Example 7A, wherein a PVE lubricant is included in the system and stabilized with an alkylated naphthalene according to the present invention (AN4 in an amount of about 2% to about 10% by weight, based on the weight of the lubricant and stabilizer), and an ADM according to the present invention (ADM4 in an amount of about 0.05 to 2.5% by weight, based on the weight of the lubricant and stabilizer). The system thus configured is operated continuously for an extended period of time, and the lubricant is tested after such operation and found to remain stable during such actual operation.

[0453] Example 7D. Commercial Air Conditioning System - Packaged Rooftop with POE Lubricant and Stabilizer Containing AN4 and ADM6 A packaged rooftop commercial air conditioning system is configured to supply cooled or heated air to a building according to Example 7A, wherein a POE lubricant is included in the system and stabilized with an alkylated naphthalene according to the present invention (AN4 in an amount of about 2% to about 10% by weight, based on the weight of the lubricant and stabilizer), and an ADM according to the present invention (ADM6 in an amount of about 0.05 to 2.5% by weight, based on the weight of the lubricant and stabilizer). The system thus configured is operated continuously for an extended period of time, and the lubricant is tested after such operation and found to remain stable during such actual operation.

[0454] Example 7E. Commercial Air Conditioning System - Packaged Rooftop with PVE Lubricant and Stabilizer Containing AN4 and ADM6 A packaged rooftop commercial air conditioning system is configured to supply cooled or heated air to a building according to Example 7A, wherein a PVE lubricant is included in the system and stabilized with an alkylated naphthalene according to the present invention (AN4 in an amount of about 2% to about 10% by weight, based on the weight of the lubricant and stabilizer), and an ADM according to the present invention (ADM6 in an amount of about 0.05 to 2.5% by weight, based on the weight of the lubricant and stabilizer). The system thus configured is operated continuously for an extended period of time, and the lubricant is tested after such operation and found to remain stable during such actual operation.

[0455] Example 7F. Commercial Air Conditioning System - Packaged Rooftop with Heat Transfer Compositions 1-109 A system is constructed according to Example 7A, except that each of heat transfer compositions 1-109 is used in a separate run in place of the heat transfer composition of Example 7A. In each case with each of heat transfer compositions 1-109, the system so constructed is operated continuously for an extended period of time, and after such operation, the heat transfer composition, and any lubricants contained therein, are tested and found to remain stable during such actual operation.

[0456] Example 8A - Commercial Air Conditioning System - Variable Refrigerant Flow System A commercial air conditioning system with variable refrigerant flow configured to supply cooled or heated air to a building is tested. The experimental system includes multiple (four or more) air-to-refrigerant evaporators (indoor coils), a compressor, an air-to-refrigerant condenser (outdoor coil), and an expansion valve. The tests described herein are representative of the results obtained from such a system. The operating conditions for the tests are as follows: 1. Condensation temperature = approx. 46°C, corresponding outdoor ambient temperature = 67°C 2. Condenser subcooling = approx. 5.5°C 3. Evaporation temperature = approx. 7°C (corresponding indoor ambient temperature = 26.7°C) 4. Evaporator superheat = approx. 5.5°C 5. Isentropic efficiency = 70% 6.Volumetric efficiency = 100% 7. Temperature rise in intake line = 5.5° C. Performance with each of refrigerants A1 and A2 is found to be acceptable.

[0457] Example 8B. Commercial Air Conditioning System with POE Lubricant and Stabilizer Containing AN4 and ADM4 - Variable Flow Refrigerant A commercial air conditioning system with variable refrigerant flow, configured to supply cool or warm air to a building, wherein a POE lubricant is included in the system and stabilized with an alkylated naphthalene according to the present invention (AN4 in an amount of about 2% to about 10% by weight, based on the weight of the lubricant and stabilizer) and an ADM according to the present invention (ADM4 in an amount of about 0.05 to 2.5% by weight, based on the weight of the lubricant and stabilizer), is constructed according to Example 8A. Systems thus constructed are operated continuously for extended periods of time, and the lubricant is tested after such operation and found to remain stable during such actual operation.

[0458] Example 8C. Commercial Air Conditioning System with PVE Lubricant and Stabilizer Containing AN4 and ADM4 - Variable Flow Refrigerant A commercial air conditioning system with variable refrigerant flow configured to supply cool or warm air to a building, wherein a PVE lubricant is included in the system, and stabilized with an alkylated naphthalene according to the present invention (AN4 in an amount of about 2% to about 10% by weight, based on the weight of the lubricant and stabilizer) and an ADM according to the present invention (ADM4 in an amount of about 0.05 to 2.5% by weight, based on the weight of the lubricant and stabilizer), is constructed according to Example 8A. Systems thus constructed are operated continuously for extended periods of time, and the lubricant is tested after such operation and found to remain stable during such actual operation.

[0459] Example 8D. Commercial Air Conditioning System with POE Lubricant and Stabilizer Containing AN4 and ADM6 - Variable Flow Refrigerant A commercial air conditioning system with variable refrigerant flow, configured to supply cool or warm air to a building, wherein a POE lubricant is included in the system and stabilized with an alkylated naphthalene according to the present invention (AN4 in an amount of about 2% to about 10% by weight, based on the weight of the lubricant and stabilizer) and an ADM according to the present invention (ADM6 in an amount of about 0.05 to 2.5% by weight, based on the weight of the lubricant and stabilizer), is constructed according to Example 8A. Systems thus constructed are operated continuously for extended periods of time, and the lubricant is tested after such operation and found to remain stable during such actual operation.

[0460] Example 8E. Commercial Air Conditioning System with PVE Lubricant and Stabilizer Containing AN4 and ADM6 - Variable Flow Refrigerant A commercial air conditioning system with variable refrigerant flow, configured to supply cool or warm air to a building, wherein a PVE lubricant is included in the system and stabilized with an alkylated naphthalene according to the present invention (AN4 in an amount of about 2% to about 10% by weight, based on the weight of the lubricant and stabilizer) and an ADM according to the present invention (ADM6 in an amount of about 0.05 to 2.5% by weight, based on the weight of the lubricant and stabilizer), is constructed according to Example 8A. Systems so constructed are operated continuously for extended periods of time, and the lubricant is tested after such operation and found to remain stable during such actual operation.

[0461] Example 8F. Commercial Air Conditioning System with Heat Transfer Compositions 1-109 - Variable Flow Refrigerant A system is constructed according to Example 8A, except that each of heat transfer compositions 1-109 is used in a separate run in place of the heat transfer composition of Example 8A. In each case with each of heat transfer compositions 1-109, the system so constructed is operated continuously for an extended period of time, and after such operation, the heat transfer composition, and any lubricants contained therein, are tested and found to remain stable during such actual operation.

[0462] Comparative Example 1 - Heat Transfer Composition Comprising Refrigerant, POE Lubricant, and BHT The heat transfer compositions of the present invention were tested in accordance with ASHRAE Standard 97—"Sealed Glass Tube Method to Test the Chemical Stability of Materials for Use within Refrigerant Systems" to simulate the long-term stability of heat transfer compositions through accelerated aging. The test refrigerant consisted of 50 wt. % HFO-1234yf and 50 wt. % R1132(E), with 1.7 vol. % air in the refrigerant. The POE lubricant tested was ISO 32 POE (Lubricant A) with a viscosity of approximately 32 cSt at 40°C and a water content of 300 ppm or less. The stabilizer BHT was included with the lubricant, but neither alkylated naphthalene nor ADM was included. After testing, the fluid was observed to show evidence of instability.

[0463] Example 9 - Stabilizer for heat transfer compositions containing refrigerants and lubricants The test of Comparative Example 1 is repeated except that 2 wt. % alkylated naphthalene (AN4) is added based on the weight of the lubricant, and after testing as shown in Comparative Example 1, it is found that the stability is unexpectedly improved.

[0464] Example 10 - Stabilizer for heat transfer compositions containing refrigerants and lubricants The test of Example 9 is repeated except that 4 wt. % alkylated naphthalene (AN4) based on the weight of the lubricant is added. The results are similar to those of Example 9.

[0465] Example 11 - Stabilizer for heat transfer compositions containing refrigerants and lubricants The test of Example 9 is repeated except that 6 wt. % alkylated naphthalene (AN4) based on the weight of the lubricant is added. The results are similar to those of Example 9.

[0466] Example 12 - Stabilizer for heat transfer compositions containing refrigerants and lubricants The test of Example 9 is repeated except that 8 wt. % alkylated naphthalene (AN4) based on the weight of the lubricant is added. The results are similar to those of Example 9.

[0467] Example 13 - Stabilizer for heat transfer compositions containing refrigerants and lubricants The test of Example 9 is repeated except that 10 wt. % alkylated naphthalene (AN4) based on the weight of the lubricant is added. The results are similar to those of Example 9.

[0468] Example 13A - Stabilizer for heat transfer compositions containing refrigerants and lubricants The test of Example 13 is repeated except that 1000 ppm by weight (0.1 wt%) of ADM (ADM4) is also added in addition to 10 wt% of the alkylated naphthalene (AN4) based on the weight of the lubricant added. Unexpectedly improved results are achieved.

[0469] Example 13B - Stabilizer for heat transfer compositions containing refrigerants and lubricants The test of Example 13A is repeated, except that 1000 ppm by weight (0.1% by weight) of ADM (ADM6) is also added in addition to 10% by weight of the alkylated naphthalene (AN4) based on the weight of the lubricant added. The results are similar to those of Example 13A.

[0470] Comparative Example 2 - Heat Transfer Composition Comprising Refrigerant, PVE Lubricant, and BHT The heat transfer compositions of the present invention were tested in accordance with ASHRAE Standard 97—"Sealed Glass Tube Method to Test the Chemical Stability of Materials for Use within Refrigerant Systems" to simulate the long-term stability of heat transfer compositions through accelerated aging. The test refrigerant consisted of 50 wt. % HFO-1234yf and 50 wt. % R1132(E), with 1.7 vol. % air in the refrigerant. The PVE lubricant tested was an ISO 68 PVE with a viscosity of approximately 68 cSt at 40°C and a water content of 300 ppm or less (Lubricant B). The stabilizer BHT was included with the lubricant, but neither alkylated naphthalene nor ADM was included. After testing, the fluid was observed to show evidence of instability.

[0471] Example 14 - Stabilizer for heat transfer compositions containing refrigerants and PVE lubricants The test of Comparative Example 2 is repeated except that 2 wt. % alkylated naphthalene (AN4) is added based on the weight of the lubricant, and after testing as shown in Comparative Example 2, it is found that the stability is unexpectedly improved.

[0472] Example 15 - Stabilizer for heat transfer compositions containing refrigerants and lubricants The test of Example 14 is repeated except that 4 wt. % alkylated naphthalene (AN4) based on the weight of the lubricant is added. The results are similar to those of Example 14.

[0473] Example 16 - Stabilizer for heat transfer compositions containing refrigerants and PVE lubricants The test of Example 14 is repeated except that 6 wt. % alkylated naphthalene (AN4) based on the weight of the lubricant is added. The results are similar to those of Example 14.

[0474] Example 17 - Stabilizer for heat transfer compositions containing refrigerants and lubricants The test of Example 14 is repeated except that 8 wt. % alkylated naphthalene (AN4) based on the weight of the lubricant is added. The results are similar to those of Example 14.

[0475] Example 18 - Stabilizer for heat transfer compositions containing refrigerants and lubricants The test of Example 14 is repeated except that 10 wt. % alkylated naphthalene (AN4) based on the weight of the lubricant is added. The results are similar to those of Example 14.

[0476] Example 18A - Stabilizer for heat transfer compositions containing refrigerants and PVE lubricants The test of Example 18 is repeated, except that in addition to the 10 wt. % alkylated naphthalene (AN4) based on the weight of the lubricant added, 1000 ppm by weight (0.1 wt. %) of ADM (ADM4) is also added. Unexpectedly improved results are achieved.

[0477] Example 18B - Stabilizer for heat transfer compositions containing refrigerants and PVE lubricants The test of Example 18A is repeated, except that 1000 ppm by weight (0.1% by weight) of ADM (ADM6) is also added in addition to 10% by weight of the alkylated naphthalene (AN4) based on the weight of the lubricant added. The results are similar to those of Example 18A.

Claims

1. 1. A heat transfer composition comprising a refrigerant, a lubricant, and a stabilizer, wherein the refrigerant comprises from about 5% to 100% by weight of trans-1,2-difluoroethylene (R1132(E)), the lubricant comprises a polyol ester (POE) lubricant and / or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant, and the stabilizer comprises from 1% to less than 10% by weight of AN4 and from about 0.05% to about 2.5% of one or more compounds according to AMD1, wherein the amount of the stabilizer component is based on the weight of the lubricant and stabilizer.

2. 10. The heat transfer composition of claim 1, wherein the alkylated naphthalene is present in the composition in an amount of 1% to 8% by weight, based on the weight of the lubricant and the stabilizer.

3. 10. The heat transfer composition of claim 1, wherein the alkylated naphthalene is present in the composition in an amount of 1.5% to 6% by weight, based on the weight of the lubricant and the stabilizer.

4. The heat transfer composition of claim 3 , wherein the at least one compound according to AMD1 comprises ADM4.

5. 5. The heat transfer composition of claim 4, wherein the stabilizer comprises about 40% to about 99.9% by weight of the AN4 and 0.05% to about 50% by weight of the ADM4, based on the weight of the stabilizer.

6. The heat transfer composition of claim 1 , wherein the alkylated naphthalene comprises AN5.

7. 7. The heat transfer composition of claim 6, wherein said compound according to AMD1 consists essentially of ADM4.

8. The heat transfer composition of claim 1 , wherein the stabilizer further comprises a triaryl phosphate and / or a trialkyl phosphate.

9. 1. A heat transfer composition comprising a refrigerant, a lubricant, and a stabilizer, wherein the refrigerant comprises about 5% to 100% by weight of trans-1,2-difluoroethylene (R1132(E)), the lubricant comprises a polyol ester (POE) lubricant and / or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant, and the stabilizer comprises AN5 and ADM, including ADM4, ADM6, and combinations thereof, and the AN5 and ADM together comprise 1% to less than 10% by weight, based on the weight of the AN5, ADM, and lubricant.

10. 1. A heat transfer composition comprising a refrigerant, a lubricant, and a stabilizer, wherein the refrigerant comprises about 5% to 100% by weight of trans-1,2-difluoroethylene (R1132(E)), the lubricant comprises a polyol ester (POE) lubricant and / or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant, and the stabilizer comprises AN10 and ADM4, the AN10 and ADM4 together comprising 1% to less than 10% by weight, based on the weight of the AN10, ADM4, and the lubricant.

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