Solar cell, method for manufacturing the same, and photovoltaic module

Abstract

SOLUTION: To provide a solar cell, its manufacturing method, and a power generation module. A substrate, a first hole transport layer, a perovskite layer, an electron transport layer and a first electrode stacked from bottom to top, wherein the substrate has a textured structure, and the first hole transport layer, the perovskite layer and the electron transport layer grow along the textured structure. A thickness of the first hole transport layer is between 2nm and 15nm, a material of the first hole transport layer is 2Ph and 4PACz or R and 2Ph and 4PACz, and the perovskite layer is obtained by a reaction between the PZT skeleton layer and a cation solvent.EFFECT: 2Ph 4PACz or R 2Ph 4PACz is used as the material of the first hole transport layer, which is beneficial to improving the crystallinity and shape retention of the perovskite layer with the pyramid-shaped textured structure and improving the conversion rate of the solar battery.SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 2

Description

[Technical Field]

[0001] The present invention relates to the field of solar cells, and more particularly to a solar cell, a method for manufacturing the same, and a photovoltaic module. [Background technology]

[0002] In solar cells, the perovskite layer with a pyramidal texture has low optical reflectance, which is advantageous for enhancing light absorption and improving the conversion efficiency of solar cells. However, conventional perovskite layers with a pyramidal texture have low crystallinity and shape retention, making it difficult to further improve the conversion efficiency of solar cells. Summary of the Invention [Problem to be solved by the invention]

[0003] In order to improve the crystallinity and shape retention of the pyramidal textured perovskite layer and thereby improve the conversion efficiency of the solar cell, the present application provides a solar cell and a method for manufacturing the same. [Means for solving the problem]

[0004] In a first aspect, embodiments of the present invention provide a solar cell. a solar cell comprising a substrate, a first hole transport layer, a perovskite layer, an electron transport layer, and a first electrode, which are stacked from bottom to top; the substrate has a textured structure; the first hole transport layer, the perovskite layer, and the electron transport layer grow along the textured structure; the first hole transport layer has a thickness of 2 nm to 15 nm; the first hole transport layer is made of 2Ph-4PACz or R-2Ph-4PACz, the molecular structure of 2Ph-4PACz being shown in Chemical Formula 1 below; the structure of R-2Ph-4PACz being shown in Chemical Formula 2 below; R being one of NO2, F, Cl, Br, pyrazine, and pyridine; and the perovskite layer being obtained by reacting a lead halide skeleton layer with a cationic solution. [ka] [ka]

[0005] In one embodiment of the present invention, the solar cell further includes a second hole transport layer, the second hole transport layer being stacked on the side of the first hole transport layer away from the perovskite layer, and the material of the second hole transport layer is selected from the group consisting of CuO, CuO, and MoO. x , NIMgLiO or NiO x It includes one or more combinations of the above.

[0006] In one embodiment of the present invention, the thickness of the second hole transport layer is 10 nm to 20 nm.

[0007] In one embodiment, in the examples of the present invention, the perovskite layer has a thickness of 600 nm to 900 nm, the lead halide skeleton layer has a thickness of 300 nm to 600 nm, and / or the electron transport layer has a thickness of 10 nm to 30 nm, and / or the first electrode has a thickness of 250 nm to 400 nm.

[0008] In one embodiment, in an example of the present invention, the substrate comprises a back-textured cell and a composite layer laminated to the back-textured cell, and the solar cell further comprises a transparent conductive layer, which is located on the side of the first electrode closest to the substrate.

[0009] In one embodiment, in the examples of the present invention, the solar cell further comprises a passivation layer, the passivation layer being disposed between the perovskite layer and the electron transport layer; and / or The solar cell further comprises a buffer layer, the buffer layer being disposed between the electron transport layer and the transparent conductive layer; and / or The solar cell further includes an anti-reflection layer, which is laminated on the side of the transparent conductive layer that faces away from the substrate.

[0010] In a second aspect, embodiments of the present invention provide a method for manufacturing a solar cell.

[0011] A method for producing a solar cell according to the first aspect, comprising: providing the substrate; forming the first hole transport layer, placing the 2Ph-4PACz or the R-2Ph-4PACz in a solution environment to form a 2Ph-4PACz solution or an R-2Ph-4PACz solution; then applying the 2Ph-4PACz solution or the R-2Ph-4PACz solution to a surface of the substrate and performing a first annealing treatment to form the first hole transport layer; Producing the perovskite layer, forming the lead halide skeleton layer on the first hole transport layer; applying the cation solution onto the lead halide skeleton layer and performing a second annealing treatment to generate the perovskite layer; forming the electron transport layer on the perovskite layer; and forming the first electrode on the electron transport layer.

[0012] In one embodiment of the present invention, in the step of forming the first hole transport layer, the concentration of the 2Ph-4PACz solution or the R-2Ph-4PACz solution is 1 mg / mL to 1.5 mg / mL, the method of applying the 2Ph-4PACz solution or the R-2Ph-4PACz solution is spin coating, the rotation speed of the spin coating is 3000 rpm to 5000 rpm, and the spin coating time is 30 seconds to 50 seconds.

[0013] In one embodiment, in the examples of the present invention, the solvent of the 2Ph-4PACz solution or the R-2Ph-4PACz solution is a mixture of one or more of absolute ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, and cyclohexane.

[0014] In one embodiment, the method for manufacturing a solar cell further comprises forming a second hole transport layer between the substrate and the first hole transport layer.

[0015] In one embodiment, in an example of the present invention, the method for manufacturing a solar cell further comprises forming a transparent conductive layer on a side of the electron transport layer away from the perovskite layer, The method for manufacturing the substrate includes: providing a battery with a backside texture; and fabricating a composite layer on the backside textured battery.

[0016] In one embodiment, in an embodiment of the present invention, a buffer layer is further formed between the electron transport layer and the transparent conductive layer, and / or a passivation layer is further formed between the perovskite layer and the electron transport layer, and / or an anti-reflection layer is further formed on the side of the transparent conductive layer facing away from the substrate.

[0017] In a third aspect, an embodiment of the present invention provides a photovoltaic module. The photovoltaic module includes the solar cell according to the first aspect or the solar cell manufactured by the manufacturing method according to the second aspect. [Effects of the Invention]

[0018] Compared with the prior art, the present invention has the following beneficial effects: By providing a first hole transport layer having the above-mentioned thickness at the bottom of the perovskite layer, it not only effectively improves hole extraction capability and reduces non-radiative recombination at the interface, but also effectively improves the shape retention and crystallinity of the textured surface of the perovskite layer, thereby solving the problem of perovskite layers having low crystallinity on textured substrate surfaces and poor shape retention (improving shape retention). This is because 2Ph-4PACz or R-2Ph-4PACz has a special structure in which the benzene ring and carbazole group in the molecular terminal group of 2Ph-4PACz or R-2Ph-4PACz are connected by a single bond, forming a certain angle between the benzene ring and the carbazole group in space, which makes it difficult for 2Ph-4PACz or R-2Ph-4PACz molecules to aggregate with each other, resulting in excellent coverage of the textured substrate surface. Furthermore, the introduction of a benzene ring or a benzene ring with an R group can strengthen the interaction between the first hole transport layer and the lead halide, affecting the deposition distribution of the lead halide on the surface of the first hole transport layer, improving the shape retention of the lead halide skeleton layer, and further improving the shape retention and crystallinity of the perovskite layer, thereby promoting the improvement of the solar cell conversion efficiency. The thickness of the first hole transport layer significantly affects the crystallinity and shape retention of the perovskite layer. If the thickness of the first hole transport layer is too low, the interaction between 2Ph-4PACz or R-2Ph-4PACz and the lead halide is relatively weak, which does not contribute to improving the shape retention and coating effect of the lead halide skeleton layer. If the thickness of the first hole transport layer is too high, the series resistance of the battery will be high, which is detrimental to the improvement of the battery conversion efficiency.

[0019] In order to more clearly explain the embodiments of the present invention or the technical solutions of the prior art, the drawings necessary for describing the embodiments or the prior art will be briefly described. The drawings described below are only shown in the embodiments of the present invention, and it is clear that those skilled in the art can obtain drawings of other embodiments based on these drawings without any creative efforts. [Brief explanation of the drawings]

[0020] [Figure 1]1 is a schematic diagram of a configuration of a solar cell disclosed in an embodiment of the present invention. [Figure 2] FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional SEM image of the perovskite disclosed in Example 1 of the present invention. [Figure 3] FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional SEM image of the perovskite disclosed in Comparative Example 1 of the present invention. [Figure 4] FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional SEM image of the perovskite disclosed in Comparative Example 2 of the present invention. [Figure 5] FIG. 1 is a diagram comparing the X-ray diffraction results of the perovskite layer between Example 1 of the present invention and Comparative Example 1. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0021] In order to more clearly explain the technical solutions according to the embodiments of the present invention, the drawings necessary for describing the embodiments will be briefly described. The drawings described below are merely illustrative of some embodiments of the present invention and do not limit the scope of the claims. Other embodiments that can be obtained by a person skilled in the art based on the embodiments of the present application without requiring creative efforts are also included in the scope of protection of the present application.

[0022] The terms "mounted," "installed," "provided," "connected," and "coupled" should be understood broadly. For example, they may refer to a fixed connection, a removable connection, or an integral structure, a mechanical connection, or an electrical connection, which may be a direct connection, an indirect connection through an intervening medium, or an internal communication between two devices, elements, or components. Those skilled in the art will be able to understand the specific meanings of the above terms in this application depending on the specific circumstances.

[0023] It should be noted that the terms "first," "second," etc. are primarily intended to distinguish between different devices, elements, or components (which may be the same or different in specific type and structure), and are not intended to state or imply the relative importance or number of the devices, elements, or components shown. Unless otherwise specified, the term "plurality" means at least two.

[0024] The technical solutions of the present invention are further described below with reference to the embodiments and drawings.

[0025] According to a first aspect, an embodiment of the present invention provides a solar cell.

[0026] Referring to FIG. 1 , the solar cell includes a substrate 1, a first hole transport layer 22, a perovskite layer 3, an electron transport layer 5, and a first electrode 9, which are stacked from bottom to top. The substrate 1 has a textured structure, and the first hole transport layer 22, the perovskite layer 3, and the electron transport layer 5 are grown along the textured structure. The thickness of the first hole transport layer 22 is 2 nm to 15 nm, and the material of the first hole transport layer 22 is 2Ph-4PACz or R-2Ph-4PACz. The molecular structure of 2Ph-4PACz is shown in the following [Chemical Formula 1], and the structure of R-2Ph-4PACz is shown in the following [Chemical Formula 2]. R is one of NO, F, Cl, Br, pyrazine or pyridine; The perovskite layer 3 is obtained by reaction of the lead halide skeleton layer with a cationic solution. [ka] [ka]

[0027] Through experiments, the inventors have found that, compared with other self-organizing materials, such as 2PACz or [4-(7H-dibenzocarbazoyl-7-yl)butyl]phosphate, providing a first hole transport layer 22 of the above thickness at the bottom of the perovskite layer 3 not only effectively improves the hole extraction ability and reduces non-radiative recombination at the interface, but also effectively improves the shape retention and crystallinity of the textured surface of the perovskite layer 3, thereby reducing the crystallinity of the textured structure of the perovskite layer 3 on the surface of the substrate 1 and improving the shape retention of the textured surface. This is because 2Ph-4PACz or R-2Ph-4PACz has a special structure, in which the benzene ring and carbazole group in the molecular terminal group of 2Ph-4PACz or R-2Ph-4PACz are connected by a single bond, and the benzene ring and carbazole group form a certain angle in space. As a result, the 2Ph-4PACz or R-2Ph-4PACz molecules are less likely to aggregate with each other, and the textured surface of substrate 1 has excellent coverage. Therefore, the material of first hole transport layer 22 exhibits excellent shape retention on the upper surface of substrate 1. Furthermore, the introduction of a benzene ring or a benzene ring with an R group can strengthen the interaction between first hole transport layer 22 and lead halide, thereby affecting the deposition distribution of lead halide on the surface of first hole transport layer 22 and improving the shape retention of the lead halide skeleton layer, which in turn improves the shape retention and crystallinity of perovskite layer 3, thereby promoting the improvement of the conversion efficiency of solar cells.

[0028] The thickness of the first hole transport layer 22 has a significant effect on the crystallinity and shape-retaining effect of the perovskite layer 3. If the thickness of the first hole transport layer 22 is too small, the interaction between 2Ph-4PACz or R-2Ph-4PACz and the lead halide will be relatively weak, and the shape-retaining coating effect of the lead halide skeleton layer will be reduced. If the thickness of the first hole transport layer 22 is too large, the series resistance of the solar cell will increase, which is detrimental to improving the conversion efficiency of the solar cell.

[0029] Illustratively, the thickness of the first hole transport layer may be 2 nm, 3 nm, 4 nm, 5 nm, 6 nm, 7 nm, 8 nm, 9 nm, 10 nm, 11 nm, 12 nm, 13 nm, 14 nm, 15 nm, and the like.

[0030] The texture structure is a roughly pyramidal textured surface, which can effectively enhance the light absorption of the solar cell, reduce the surface reflectance, and improve the photo-generated current density.

[0031] The material of the electron transport layer 5 is a material that can transport electrons, and the examples of the present application do not limit the specific material of the electron transport layer 5. Illustratively, the material of the electron transport layer 5 is C 60 and tin oxide.

[0032] Illustratively, the structure of R-2Ph-4PACz may be the following chemical formula: [ka] [ka] [ka] [ka]

[0033] In some embodiments, the solar cell further includes a second hole transport layer 21, which is stacked on the side of the first hole transport layer 22 away from the perovskite layer 3, and the material of the second hole transport layer 21 is selected from CuO, CuO, MoO x , NiMgLiO and NiO x It includes one or more of the following.

[0034] Cu2O, CuO, MoO x , NiMgLiO and NiO xThe hydroxyl groups contained on the surface of the second hole transport layer 21 formed from a metal oxide such as lead halide facilitate anchoring bonds with the phosphate groups in 2Ph-4PACz or R-2Ph-4PACz, facilitating uniform deposition of the first hole transport layer 22 on the textured second hole transport layer 21. Using a second hole transport layer 21 formed from any of the above materials as the growth substrate 1 for the first hole transport layer 22 promotes better shape-retention growth of the first hole transport layer 22, and the strong interaction between the first hole transport layer 22 and lead halide promotes improved shape-retention of the textured surface of the perovskite layer 3, thereby effectively improving the open circuit voltage and fill factor across the interface, reducing non-radiative recombination across the interface, and further improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell.

[0035] Furthermore, the material of the second hole transport layer 21 is preferably NiO x NiO x The second hole transport layer 21 formed using this as the material for the second hole transport layer 21 has many hydroxy groups on its surface, which has a stronger interaction with the phosphate groups in 2Ph-4PACz or R-2Ph-4PACz, resulting in a stronger shape-retaining growth effect of the first hole transport layer 22 on the surface of the second hole transport layer 21.

[0036] In some embodiments, the thickness of the second hole transport layer 21 is between 10 nm and 20 nm.

[0037] Illustratively, the thickness of the second hole transport layer 21 may be 10 nm, 12 nm, 14 nm, 16 nm, 18 nm, 20 nm, and the like.

[0038] In some embodiments, the perovskite layer 3 has a thickness of 600 nm to 900 nm and the lead halide skeletal layer has a thickness of 300 nm to 600 nm.

[0039] By selecting a specific material for the first hole transport layer 22, this embodiment effectively achieves shape retention of the lead halide skeleton layer having the above thickness, and the perovskite layer 3 manufactured from the lead halide skeleton layer also has excellent shape retention. Furthermore, controlling the thickness of the perovskite layer 3 within the above range is advantageous for achieving good light absorption effect and improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell.

[0040] For example, the thickness of the perovskite layer 3 may be 600 nm, 630 nm, 660 nm, 700 nm, 750 nm, 800 nm, 850 nm, 900 nm, etc., and the thickness of the lead halide skeletal layer may be 300 nm, 330 nm, 360 nm, 400 nm, 450 nm, 500 nm, 550 nm, 600 nm, etc.

[0041] In some embodiments, the thickness of the electron transport layer 5 is 10 nm to 30 nm, and illustratively, the thickness of the electron transport layer 5 may be 10 nm, 15 nm, 20 nm, 25 nm, 27 nm, 30 nm, and the like.

[0042] In some embodiments, the thickness of the first electrode 9 is between 250 nm and 400 nm. Exemplary thicknesses of the first electrode 9 include 250 nm, 265 nm, 280 nm, 300 nm, 340 nm, 360 nm, 380 nm, and 400 nm.

[0043] The first electrode 9 is used to collect photogenerated carriers and is made of a metal material, such as silver, copper, or zinc.

[0044] In some embodiments, the substrate 1 is a back-textured cell 11 and a composite layer 12 laminated to the back-textured cell 11, and the solar cell further includes a transparent conductive layer 7, which is located on the side of the first electrode 9 closest to the substrate 1.

[0045] The textured back battery 11 may be a back battery having a textured structure on any surface, such as a heterojunction battery. The textured back battery 11 has a second electrode 111 provided corresponding to the first electrode 9, and the second electrode 111 is made of a metal material with good electrical conductivity, such as silver, copper, or zinc.

[0046] The second electrode 111, like the first electrode, is used to collect photogenerated carriers, ensuring that charges are smoothly discharged from the inside of the solar cell and promoting efficient operation of the solar cell. The thickness of the second electrode 111 is 150 nm to 300 nm, and for example, the thickness of the second electrode 111 may be 150 nm, 180 nm, 200 nm, 210 nm, 240 nm, 260 nm, 280 nm, 300 nm, etc.

[0047] Preferably, the material of the composite layer 12 and the transparent conductive layer 7 is a doped indium oxide semiconductor material.

[0048] The materials of the composite layer 12 and the transparent conductive layer 7 may be the same or different. Doped indium oxide semiconductor materials include indium tin oxide, indium zinc oxide, indium cerium oxide, etc. Illustratively, the composite layer 12 is indium tin oxide, and the transparent conductive layer 7 is indium zinc oxide.

[0049] The material of the second hole transport layer 21 is CuO, CuO, MoO x , NiMgLiO and NiO x When one or more of the above are used, the hydroxyl group structure on the surface of the second hole transport layer 21 has a strong bonding ability with the doped indium oxide semiconductor material, which is advantageous for forming a dense second hole transport layer 21 in the composite layer 12 with excellent shape retention, thereby improving the interfacial performance between the composite layer 12 and the second hole transport layer 21 and further improving the shape retention of the textured surfaces of the first hole transport layer 22 and the perovskite layer 3.

[0050] Preferably, the thickness of the composite layer 12 and the transparent conductive layer 7 is 30 nm to 100 nm.

[0051] For example, the thickness of the composite layer 12 may be 30 nm, 40 nm, 50 nm, 60 nm, 70 nm, 80 nm, 90 nm, 100 nm, etc. The thickness of the transparent conductive layer 7 may be 30 nm, 40 nm, 50 nm, 60 nm, 70 nm, 80 nm, 90 nm, 100 nm, etc.

[0052] It should be noted that in some embodiments, the substrate 1 may be any substrate having a pyramidal texture structure, such as a glass substrate.

[0053] In some embodiments, the solar cell further comprises a passivation layer 4 disposed between the perovskite layer 3 and the electron transport layer 5; and / or the solar cell further comprises a buffer layer 6 disposed between the electron transport layer 5 and the transparent conductive layer 7; and / or the solar cell further comprises an anti-reflection layer 8 disposed on the side of the transparent conductive layer 7 facing away from the substrate 1.

[0054] For example, the passivation layer 4 is made of LiF and has a thickness of 1 nm to 2 nm, and for example, the thickness of the passivation layer 4 is 1 nm, 1.5 nm, 2 nm, etc.

[0055] The buffer layer 6 is made of SnO2 and has a thickness of 10 nm to 30 nm, e.g., 10 nm, 15 nm, 20 nm, 25 nm, 27 nm, 30 nm, etc. The antireflection layer 8 is made of LiF and has a thickness of 80 nm to 120 nm, e.g., 80 nm, 90 nm, 95 nm, 100 nm, 103 nm, 109 nm, 116 nm, 120 nm, etc.

[0056] According to a second aspect, an embodiment of the present invention provides a method for manufacturing a solar cell.

[0057] A method for producing a solar cell according to the first aspect, comprising: Providing a substrate 1; A step of manufacturing a first hole transport layer 22, placing 2Ph-4PACz or R-2Ph-4PACz in a solution environment to generate a 2Ph-4PACz solution or an R-2Ph-4PACz solution; then applying the 2Ph-4PACz solution or the R-2Ph-4PACz solution to the surface of the substrate 1, and performing a first annealing treatment to generate a first hole transport layer 22; 2. Producing a perovskite layer 3, forming a lead halide skeleton layer on the first hole transport layer 22; applying a cationic solution onto the lead halide skeleton layer and then performing a second annealing treatment to generate a perovskite layer 3; fabricating an electron transport layer 5 on the perovskite layer 3; fabricating a first electrode 9 on the electron transport layer 5 and a second electrode 111 on the substrate 1.

[0058] The first hole transport layer 22 is disposed at the bottom of the lead halide skeleton layer. The strong interaction between the lead halide and 2Ph-4PACz or R-2Ph-4PACz is advantageous for guiding the lead halide skeleton layer to achieve shape-retaining growth on the surface of the textured first hole transport layer 22. A cationic solution is applied to the surface of the lead halide skeleton layer, and after a second annealing treatment, the cationic solution and the lead halide skeleton layer are fully reacted to form a perovskite layer 3 with excellent shape-retaining effect.

[0059] In some embodiments, in the step of manufacturing the first hole transport layer 22, the concentration of the 2Ph-4PACz solution or the R-2Ph-4PACz solution is 1 mg / mL to 1.5 mg / mL, the method of applying the 2Ph-4PACz solution or the R-2Ph-4PACz solution is spin coating, the rotation speed of the spin coating is 3000 rpm to 5000 rpm, and the spin coating time is 30 s to 50 s.

[0060] By controlling the concentration of the 2Ph-4PACz solution or R-2Ph-4PACz solution in combination with controlling the rotation speed of the spin coater, the thickness of the first hole transport layer 22 can be effectively controlled, which can better influence the deposition distribution of lead halide on the surface of the first hole transport layer 22 and further improve the shape retention effect of the perovskite layer 3.

[0061] In some embodiments, the solvent of the 2Ph-4PACz or R-2Ph-4PACz solution is a mixture of one or more of absolute ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, or cyclohexane.

[0062] Absolute ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, or cyclohexane has good solubility for 2Ph-4PACz or R-2Ph-4PACz, which helps to uniformly disperse 2Ph-4PACz or R-2Ph-4PACz, thereby favoring the formation of a high-quality, uniform thin film and improving solar cell performance. Furthermore, absolute ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, or cyclohexane has good volatility, allowing for rapid removal during thin film formation, reducing solvent residue and improving the quality of the first hole transport layer 22 and the stability of the solar cell.

[0063] In some embodiments, the method for manufacturing a solar cell further comprises fabricating a second hole transport layer 21 between the substrate 1 and the first hole transport layer 22 .

[0064] In some embodiments, the method of manufacturing a solar cell further comprises forming a transparent conductive layer 7 on a side of the electron transport layer 5 away from the perovskite layer 3; The method for manufacturing the substrate 1 is as follows: providing a back-textured battery 11; and fabricating a composite layer 12 on the backside textured cell 11.

[0065] In some embodiments, a buffer layer 6 is further fabricated between the electron transport layer 5 and the transparent conductive layer 7; and / or a further passivation layer 4 is produced between the perovskite layer 3 and the electron transport layer 5, and / or a further anti-reflection layer 8 is produced on the side of the transparent conductive layer 7 facing away from the substrate 1.

[0066] Illustratively, the passivation layer is made of LiF and has a thickness of 1 nm to 2 nm, and illustratively, the thickness of the passivation layer is 1 nm, 1.5 nm, 2 nm, etc.

[0067] According to a third aspect, an embodiment of the present invention provides a photovoltaic module.

[0068] The photovoltaic module includes the solar cell according to the first aspect or the solar cell manufactured by the manufacturing method according to the second aspect.

[0069] The technical solutions of the present invention will be further described below with reference to more specific embodiments and drawings.

[0070] Example 1 An embodiment of the present invention provides a solar cell, the solar cell comprising: a backside heterojunction battery; a composite layer disposed on the surface of the backside heterojunction cell, the composite layer being made of indium tin oxide and having a thickness of 30 nm; a second hole transport layer disposed on the rear surface of the composite layer away from the heterojunction cell, the second hole transport layer being made of NiO; x a second hole transport layer having a thickness of 15 nm; a first hole transport layer disposed on the second hole transport layer away from the back surface heterojunction cell, the first hole transport layer being made of 2Ph-4PACz and having a thickness of 6 nm; a perovskite layer disposed on the side of the first hole transport layer away from the rear heterojunction cell, the perovskite layer being 700 nm thick and obtained by reacting a lead iodide matrix layer having a thickness of 450 nm with a cationic solution; a passivation layer disposed on the back surface of the perovskite layer away from the heterojunction cell, the passivation layer being made of LiF and having a thickness of 1.5 nm; An electron transport layer laminated on the rear surface of the passivation layer away from the heterojunction cell, the material being C 60 and an electron transport layer having a thickness of 20 nm; a buffer layer disposed on the electron transport layer on a side away from the rear heterojunction cell, the buffer layer being made of SnO2 and having a thickness of 15 nm; a transparent conductive layer disposed on the rear surface of the buffer layer away from the heterojunction cell, the transparent conductive layer being made of indium zinc oxide and having a thickness of 100 nm; an anti-reflection layer disposed on the back surface of the transparent conductive layer away from the heterojunction cell, the anti-reflection layer being made of LiF and having a thickness of 100 nm; a first electrode forming an ohmic contact with the backside cell, the first electrode being made of Ag and having a thickness of 200 nm; and a second electrode that penetrates the anti-reflection layer and forms an ohmic contact with the transparent conductive layer, the second electrode being made of Ag and having a thickness of 300 nm.

[0071] The method for manufacturing the solar cell includes: providing a backside heterojunction cell; fabricating a composite layer in a backside heterojunction cell using magnetron sputtering; forming a second hole transport layer on the composite layer using physical vapor deposition; The first hole transport layer is fabricated by spin-coating the second hole transport layer using a solution method, specifically, by taking 0.2 mL of 2Ph-4PACz solution with a concentration of 1.3 mg / mL and spin-coating it at a rotation speed of 4000 rpm for 30 seconds to spin-coat the 2Ph-4PACz solution onto the surface of the second hole transport layer, and then annealing it at 100°C for 10 minutes to form the first hole transport layer; A perovskite layer is fabricated on the first hole transport layer using a two-step method, specifically, by co-evaporating lead iodide and cesium bromide on the surface of the first hole transport layer, with the deposition rate ratio of lead iodide to cesium bromide being 5:1 to form a lead iodide frame layer; spin-coating the lead iodide frame layer with a cation solution prepared by dissolving FAI, FABr, MACl, and MABr in 1 mL of isopropyl alcohol in a mass ratio of 50:14:10:8; and annealing at 150°C for 20 minutes to form a perovskite layer; forming a passivation layer on the perovskite layer by vapor deposition; forming an electron transport layer on the passivation layer by vapor deposition; fabricating a buffer layer on the electron transport layer using atomic layer deposition; forming a transparent conductive layer on the buffer layer by magnetron sputtering; forming an anti-reflection layer on the transparent conductive layer by vapor deposition; Fabricating (depositing) a first electrode and a second electrode using evaporation, the first electrode forming an ohmic contact with the backside heterojunction cell and the second electrode penetrating the anti-reflective layer and forming an ohmic contact with the second transparent electrode.

[0072] Example 2 This embodiment of the present invention provides a solar cell, which is different from Example 1 in that the material of the first hole transport layer is NO2-2Ph-4PACz instead of 2Ph-4PACz, and other aspects are the same as Example 1.

[0073] Example 3 This embodiment of the present invention provides a solar cell, which is different from Example 1 in that the material of the first hole transport layer is F-2Ph-4PACz instead of 2Ph-4PACz, and other aspects are the same as Example 1.

[0074] Example 4 This embodiment of the present invention provides a solar cell, which is different from the first embodiment in that the material of the first hole transport layer is Br-2Ph-4PACz instead of 2Ph-4PACz, and other aspects are the same as the first embodiment.

[0075] Example 5 This example of the present invention provides a solar cell, which is different from Example 1 in that the thickness of the first hole transport layer is 2 nm, and is otherwise the same as Example 1.

[0076] Example 6 This example of the present invention provides a solar cell, which is different from Example 1 in that the thickness of the first hole transport layer is 4 nm, and is otherwise the same as Example 1.

[0077] Example 7 This example of the present invention provides a solar cell, which is different from Example 1 in that the thickness of the first hole transport layer is 8 nm, and is otherwise the same as Example 1.

[0078] Comparative Example 1 The comparative example of the present invention provides a solar cell, which is different from the example 1 in that the material of the first hole transport layer is 2PACz instead of 2Ph-4PACz, and other points are the same as the example 1.

[0079] Comparative Example 2 The comparative example of the present invention provides a solar cell, which is different from the example 1 in that the material of the first hole transport layer is CH3-4PACz instead of 2Ph-4PACz, and other aspects are the same as the example 1.

[0080] Comparative Example 3 The comparative example of the present invention provides a solar cell, which differs from Example 1 in that the material of the first hole transport layer is [4-(7H-dibenzocarbazoyl-7-group)butyl]phosphate instead of 2Ph-4PACz, and is otherwise the same as Example 1.

[0081] Experiment 1 1.1 Scanning electron microscope examination Cross sections of the perovskite layers produced in Example 1, Comparative Example 1 and Comparative Example 2 were scanned using a scanning electron microscope, and the resulting SEM images are shown in FIGS.

[0082] In FIG. 2, the first hole transport layer is a 2Ph-4PACz layer, in FIG. 3 the first hole transport layer is a 2PACz layer, and in FIG. 4 the first hole transport layer is a CH3-4PACz layer.

[0083] 2, 3, and 4, the perovskite layer on the surface of the 2Ph-4PACz layer has a relatively complete pyramidal texture structure, with prominent valley tops and valley bottoms, and exhibits excellent shape retention, while the pyramidal texture surfaces of the perovskite layers on the surfaces of the 2PACz and CH3-4PACz layers have collapsed tops and poor shape retention. As can be seen, the shape retention of the textured surface of the perovskite layer produced in Example 1 is significantly improved compared to Comparative Examples 1 and 2.

[0084] 1.2 X-ray diffraction test The perovskite layers of Example 1 and Comparative Example 1 were tested using an X-ray diffractometer, and the obtained spectra are shown in FIG.

[0085] 5, 2Ph-4PACz-based PVK (i.e., perovskite layer) corresponds to the X-ray diffraction result of the perovskite layer of Example 1, and 2PACz-based PVK corresponds to the X-ray diffraction result of the perovskite layer of Comparative Example 1. As can be seen from Fig. 5, the intensity of the main peak of perovskite corresponding to the 2Ph-4PACz layer is clearly higher than that of the main peak of perovskite of 2PACz, indicating that the content of perovskite crystalline phase in the perovskite layer of Example 1 is higher and the crystallinity of the perovskite is more excellent.

[0086] Experiment 2 Solar cell performance testing The performance of the perovskite-layered solar cells was tested using a Wavelabs solar simulator under the following conditions: AM1.5, 1000W / m 2 The test environment temperature is 25°C. Before the test, the intensity of the sunlight simulated by the light source is calibrated using a standard silicon cell. The performance test targets are the power conversion efficiency in %, the open circuit voltage in V, and the saturation voltage in mA / cm.2 is the short circuit current, and the fill factor is in %.

[0087] The test results of the above examples and comparative examples are shown in Table 1.

[0088] [Table 1]

[0089] As can be seen from a comparison of the data in Table 1 between Example 1 and Comparative Examples 1, 2, and 3, the open circuit voltage, fill factor, and power conversion efficiency of Example 1 are all significantly improved compared to Comparative Examples 1, 2, and 3. Compared with self-assembly materials of other structures, the dispersibility of the 2Ph-4PACz used in the present application is superior, allowing for better coverage of the textured substrate surface. The interaction between 2Ph-4PACz and lead iodide is more pronounced, significantly improving the deposition distribution on the textured surface of the lead iodide framework layer, improving the shape retention and crystallinity of the textured surface of the perovskite layer, and further improving the overall performance of the solar cell.

[0090] The above has described in detail the solar cell, the manufacturing method thereof, and the solar power module disclosed in the embodiments of the present invention, and the present specification has used specific examples to explain the principles and embodiments of the present application, but the explanation of the above examples is for understanding the technical solutions and core inventive features of the solar cell, the manufacturing method thereof, and the solar power module of the present invention. At the same time, those skilled in the art can make any changes in the specific embodiments and application scope based on the concept of the present application, and as such, the content of this specification should not be interpreted as limiting the scope of protection of the present application. [Explanation of symbols]

[0091] 1 substrate, 11 rear textured cell, 111 second electrode, 12 composite layer, 21 second hole transport layer, 22 first hole transport layer, 3 perovskite layer, 4 passivation layer, 5 electron transport layer, 6 buffer layer, 7 transparent conductive layer, 8 anti-reflection layer, 9 first electrode.

Claims

1. a substrate, a first hole transport layer, a perovskite layer, an electron transport layer, and a first electrode, which are stacked from bottom to top; the substrate has a textured structure, the first hole transport layer, the perovskite layer, and the electron transport layer are grown along the textured structure, the first hole transport layer has a thickness of 2 nm to 15 nm, and the material of the first hole transport layer is 2Ph-4PACz or R-2Ph-4PACz; The molecular structure of 2Ph-4PACz is shown in the following [Chemical Formula 1]: The structure of R-2Ph-4PACz is shown in the following [Chemical Formula 2]: The R is NO ２ , F, Cl, Br, pyrazine or pyridine; The solar cell is characterized in that the perovskite layer is obtained by reacting a lead halide skeleton layer with a cation solution. 【Chemistry 1】 【Chemistry 2】

2. The solar cell further includes a second hole transport layer, the second hole transport layer being stacked on a side of the first hole transport layer away from the perovskite layer, and the material of the second hole transport layer is Cu. ２ O, CuO, MoO ｘ , NIMgLiO or NiO ｘ 2. The solar cell according to claim 1, wherein the solar cell comprises one or a combination of two or more of the following:

3. 3. The solar cell according to claim 2, wherein the second hole transport layer has a thickness of 10 nm to 20 nm.

4. 2. The solar cell according to claim 1, wherein the perovskite layer has a thickness of 600 nm to 900 nm, the lead halide skeleton layer has a thickness of 300 nm to 600 nm, and / or the electron transport layer has a thickness of 10 nm to 30 nm, and / or the first electrode has a thickness of 250 nm to 400 nm.

5. 2. The solar cell of claim 1, wherein the substrate comprises a cell with a backside texture and a composite layer laminated to the cell with a backside texture, and the solar cell further comprises a transparent conductive layer, the transparent conductive layer being located on a side of the first electrode closest to the substrate.

6. the solar cell further comprises a passivation layer disposed between the perovskite layer and the electron transport layer; and / or The solar cell further comprises a buffer layer, the buffer layer being disposed between the electron transport layer and the transparent conductive layer; and / or 6. The solar cell according to claim 5, further comprising an anti-reflection layer, the anti-reflection layer being laminated on the side of the transparent conductive layer that is away from the substrate.

7. A method for producing the solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 6, comprising the steps of: providing the substrate; forming the first hole transport layer, placing the 2Ph-4PACz or the R-2Ph-4PACz in a solution environment to form a 2Ph-4PACz solution or an R-2Ph-4PACz solution; then applying the 2Ph-4PACz solution or the R-2Ph-4PACz solution to a surface of the substrate and performing a first annealing treatment to form the first hole transport layer; Producing the perovskite layer, forming the lead halide skeleton layer on the first hole transport layer; applying the cation solution onto the lead halide skeleton layer and performing a second annealing treatment to generate the perovskite layer; forming the electron transport layer on the perovskite layer; forming the first electrode on the electron transport layer.

8. 8. The method for manufacturing a solar cell according to claim 7, wherein in the step of manufacturing the first hole transport layer, the concentration of the 2Ph-4PACz solution or the R-2Ph-4PACz solution is 1 mg / mL to 1.5 mg / mL, the method for applying the 2Ph-4PACz solution or the R-2Ph-4PACz solution is a spin coating method, the rotation speed of the spin coating is 3000 rpm to 5000 rpm, and the time of the spin coating is 30 seconds to 50 seconds.

9. 8. The method for producing a solar cell according to claim 7, wherein the solvent of the 2Ph-4PACz solution or the R-2Ph-4PACz solution is one or a mixture of two or more of absolute ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, and cyclohexane.

10. 8. The method for manufacturing a solar cell according to claim 7, further comprising forming a second hole transport layer between the substrate and the first hole transport layer.

11. The method for manufacturing a solar cell further comprises: forming a transparent conductive layer on a side of the electron transport layer away from the perovskite layer; The method for manufacturing the substrate includes: providing a battery with a backside texture; 10. The method of claim 7, further comprising the step of fabricating a composite layer on the backside textured cell.

12. 12. A method for producing a solar cell according to claim 11, further comprising providing a buffer layer between the electron transport layer and the transparent conductive layer, and / or providing a passivation layer between the perovskite layer and the electron transport layer, and / or providing an anti-reflection layer on the side of the transparent conductive layer facing away from the substrate.

13. A photovoltaic module, A photovoltaic module comprising the solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 6 or a solar cell manufactured by the manufacturing method according to any one of claims 7 to 12.

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