Beaded edge and method for manufacturing the same.

Abstract

The present invention provides a beaded edge and a method for manufacturing the same that reduces repulsive force and friction noise during bending, and allows the light emission to be visible from the outside. [Solution] The device comprises a light-transmitting cylindrical portion, a leg portion integrally formed in a strip shape along the side surface of the cylindrical portion, and a core material portion disposed inside the cylindrical portion, having light transmittance in the longitudinal direction and in directions intersecting thereto, and having sliding resistance against the inner wall surface of the cylindrical portion. The core material portion is disposed inside the cylindrical portion in a flexible state, with the outer surface of a light-transmitting wire of a first thickness covered by a braided layer made of a second thickness wire that is light-transmitting and thinner than the first thickness.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention relates to a ball edge and a method for manufacturing the same.

Background Art

[0002] A ball edge portion including a bag tissue portion made of a tubular fabric and one or more linear bodies disposed inside the bag tissue portion, a substantially rectangular first seam allowance portion connected to one end side in the width direction of the bag tissue portion, and a substantially rectangular second seam allowance portion connected to the other end side in the width direction of the ball edge portion, the linear body includes a linear light guide or a linear light emitter, and a decorative material in which the warp threads constituting the bag tissue portion are configured to include at least heat-sealing threads is known (Patent Document 1).

[0003] A string-like body in which a core material is covered with a woven fabric, a knitted fabric, or a braided fabric, and at least one of a plurality of yarn materials forming the woven fabric, the knitted fabric, or the braided fabric to be covered contains a phosphorescent pigment, and the other yarn materials are strings having light transmissivity is also known (Patent Document 2).

Prior Art Documents

Patent Documents

[0004]

Patent Document 1

Patent Document 2

Summary of the Invention

Problems to be Solved by the Invention

[0005] The present invention provides a ball edge that reduces the repulsive force during bending and abnormal noise due to rubbing, and enables the light emission to be visually recognized from the outside, and a method for manufacturing the same.

Means for Solving the Problems

[0006] In order to solve the above problems, the ball edge according to claim 1 is a tubular portion having light transmissivity, A leg portion is integrally formed in a strip shape along the side surface of the cylindrical portion, A core material portion having light transmittance in the longitudinal direction and in directions intersecting thereto, and having sliding resistance against the inner wall surface of the cylindrical portion, disposed inside the cylindrical portion, Equipped with, It is characterized by the following:

[0007] The invention described in claim 2 is, in the beaded edge described in claim 1, The core material portion is arranged inside the cylindrical portion in a flexible state, with the outer surface of a first thickness wire that is light-transmitting covered by a braided layer made of a second thickness wire that is light-transmitting and thinner than the first thickness. It is characterized by the following:

[0008] The invention described in claim 3 is, in the beaded edge described in claim 2, The braided layer is a round braided cord, and is composed of 32 or more wires of the second thickness. It is characterized by the following:

[0009] The invention described in claim 4 is, in the beaded edge described in claim 2 or 3, The diameter of the first thickness wire is 0.5 mm to 2.0 mm, and the diameter of the second thickness wire is 0.1 mm to 0.5 mm. It is characterized by the following:

[0010] To solve the above problem, the method for manufacturing a beaded edge according to claim 5 is: A light-transmitting cylindrical portion, and a leg portion integrally formed in a strip shape along the side surface of the cylindrical portion, A method for manufacturing a beaded edge, comprising: a core material portion having light transmittance in the longitudinal direction and in directions intersecting thereto, and disposed inside the cylindrical portion in such a manner that it has sliding resistance to the inner wall surface of the cylindrical portion, A first step involves preparing the warp threads such that heat-fusible yarn is not included in the warp threads in both sides where the two tubular parts are woven, and heat-fusible yarn is included in the warp threads in the central part where the leg part is woven. A second step of preparing the core material portion having flexibility, wherein an outer peripheral surface of a wire rod having a first thickness and having light transmissibility is covered with a braided string layer braided with a wire rod having a second thickness thinner than the first thickness; A third step of forming an intermediate fabric body by inserting the core material portion into the two tubular portions while bag-weaving the two tubular portions and integrally weaving the leg portions; A fourth step of sequentially heating and cooling the intermediate fabric body to bond the warp and weft woven into the leg portions; A fifth step of cutting the leg portions of the intermediate fabric body to obtain two of the bead edges, including: characterized in that.

Advantages of the Invention

[0011] According to the invention described in claim 1, it is possible to reduce the repulsive force during bending and the abnormal noise due to rubbing, and to make the light emission visible from the outside.

[0012] According to the invention described in claim 2, it is possible to impart high flexibility to the tubular portion while imparting light transmissibility to the core material portion.

[0013] According to the invention described in claim 3, it is possible to suppress a decrease in light conductivity due to wire breakage of the wire rod, improve the adhesion to the inner wall surface of the tubular portion, and suppress a decrease in light emission.

[0014] According to the invention described in claim 4, it is possible to suppress a decrease in light transmissibility while maintaining the flexibility of the core material portion.

[0015] According to the invention described in claim 5, it is possible to continuously manufacture the bead edges.

Brief Description of the Drawings

[0016] [Figure 1] It is a perspective view showing an example of an automobile seat using a bead edge. [Figure 2] It is a schematic cross-sectional view showing a state where a bead edge is attached to an automobile seat. [Figure 3]It is a perspective view showing the overall configuration of the jade edge. [Figure 4] It is an organizational chart explaining an example of the weave pattern of the tubular part of the jade edge. [Figure 5] It is a longitudinal sectional view showing an example of the configuration of the core material part. [Figure 6] It is a schematic diagram for explaining the first step in the manufacturing process of the jade edge. [Figure 7] It is a schematic diagram for explaining the second step in the manufacturing process of the jade edge. [Figure 8] It is a schematic diagram for explaining the third step in the manufacturing process of the jade edge. [Figure 9] It is a schematic diagram for explaining the fourth step in the manufacturing process of the jade edge. [Figure 10] It is a schematic diagram for explaining the fifth step in the manufacturing process of the jade edge.

Embodiments for Carrying out the Invention

[0017] Next, while referring to the drawings, embodiments and specific examples will be given below to explain the present invention in more detail, but the present invention is not limited to these embodiments and specific examples. Also, in the following description using the drawings, it should be noted that the drawings are schematic, and the ratios of each dimension, etc. are different from the actual ones, and illustrations other than the members necessary for the explanation are appropriately omitted for ease of understanding.

[0018] (1) Configuration of an Automobile Seat FIG. 1 is a perspective view showing an example of an automobile seat 100 using the jade edge 1 according to the present embodiment, and FIG. 2 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing the state where the jade edge 1 is attached to the automobile seat. Hereinafter, the configuration of the automobile seat 100 using the jade edge 1 will be described while referring to the drawings.

[0019] The automobile seat 100 comprises a seat cushion 110, a seat back 120, and a headrest 130. The seat cushion 110 is formed by placing a pad (not shown) as cushioning material on a cushion frame (not shown) as a frame, and covering the surface of the pad with a cushion cover 140. The cushion cover 140 is formed by integrating multiple parts by sewing, and has a top plate portion 141 and a gusset portion 142. A piping 1 is integrally sewn and attached to the sewn portion between the top plate portion 141 and the gusset portion 142.

[0020] The seat back 120 has a similar structure to the seat cushion 110, with a back pad (not shown) as cushioning material placed on a back frame (not shown) as the frame, and its surface covered with a back cover 150. The back cover 150 is formed by integrating multiple parts by sewing, and has a top plate portion 151, a frame portion 152, and a back portion (not shown). A piping 1 is integrally sewn and attached to the sewn portion between the top plate portion 151 and the frame portion 152.

[0021] The top panel 151 of the back cover 150 has a two-layer structure in which a urethane slab cover pad 151b is laminated to the back of a fabric or leather surface 151a. The frame portion 152 of the back cover 150 consists only of a fabric or leather surface, which may be the same as or different from the surface 151a of the top plate portion 151. The piping 1 has a cylindrical tubular portion 11 in cross-section, a leg portion 12 integrally formed in a strip shape along the side surface of the tubular portion 11, and a core material portion 13 disposed inside the tubular portion 11. The leg portion 12 of the piping 1 is integrally sewn with sewing thread 160 while sandwiched between the surface side of the outer skin 151a at the end of the top plate portion 151 and the surface side of the end of the frame portion 152. The tubular portion 11 of the piping 1 is positioned at the boundary between the top plate portion 151 and the frame portion 152 to enhance the design. In the cushion cover 140, the boundary between the top plate portion 141 and the frame portion 142 is also sewn with a piping edge 1, similar to the back cover 150.

[0022] (2) Construction of the beaded edge Figure 3 is a perspective view showing the overall structure of the piping 1, Figure 4 is a structural diagram illustrating an example of the weave pattern of the tubular portion 11 of the piping 1, and Figure 5 is a longitudinal cross-sectional view showing an example of the structure of the core material portion 13. The structure of the piping 1 will be explained below with reference to the drawings. The bead 1 according to this embodiment is light-transmitting. Because the bead 1 is light-transmitting, by connecting a light source (e.g., an LED, lighting, etc.), the cylindrical portion 11 can be made to emit light, and the light emission can be seen from the outside.

[0023] (2.1) Cylindrical part and legs As shown in Figure 3, the cylindrical portion 11 is a piece of fabric that is cylindrical and encloses the core material portion 13 inside, and is woven integrally with the leg portion 12. The leg portion 12 is made of fabric and is plate-shaped, with the end 12b opposite to the cylindrical portion 11 formed in a wave-like shape when viewed from a direction intersecting the direction in which the leg portion 12 extends. Specifically, the leg portion 12 is a strip-shaped member with approximately triangular notches 12c formed at predetermined intervals at the end 12b opposite to the cylindrical portion 11.

[0024] The tubular portion 11 and the leg portion 12 are formed by weaving together light-transmitting polyester fibers. The leg portion 12 contains heat-fusible yarn 12a that melts and softens upon heating, but the tubular portion 11 does not contain heat-fusible yarn. Specifically, the warp threads used to weave the tubular portion 11 do not contain heat-fusible yarn, while the warp threads used to weave the leg portion 12 contain heat-fusible yarn 12a. For example, the warp threads used to weave the tubular portion 11 are made of light-transmitting polyester yarn with a thickness of 330T (decitex), while the warp threads used to weave the leg portion 12 are made of polyester yarn with a thickness of 220T, to which heat-fusible yarn 12a, a polyester yarn with a low melting point and a thickness of 33T (decitex), is added in a predetermined proportion. The weft threads that make up the tubular portion 11 and the leg portion 12 are made of non-heat-fusible yarn.

[0025] In this embodiment, the warp threads constituting the tubular portion 11 are made of yarn with a fineness of 330T (decitex) or less. The smaller the fineness, the greater the light transmittance, which suppresses the absorption of light by the warp threads regardless of color, thus ensuring light transmittance. In other words, by satisfying the condition of having a fineness of 330T (decitex) or less, the fabric on the surface of the tubular portion 11 can be made thin, and light transmittance can be ensured. When using dope-dyed yarn as the warp thread, light transmittance can be adjusted by controlling the concentration of pigment contained in the yarn (dope-dye concentration). When using natural yarn dyed with dye as the warp thread, light transmittance can be adjusted by controlling the degree of dyeing. Examples of dyeing methods in this case include cheese dyeing and hank dyeing, but the method is not limited to these.

[0026] In this embodiment, the tubular portion 11 is woven based on a predetermined structure diagram so that warp threads with a fineness of 330T (decitex) or less are exposed on the surface in a specific weave pattern, thereby enhancing the aesthetic appeal when the tubular portion 11 is illuminated. As an example, as shown in Figure 4, three consecutive surface stitches in the longitudinal direction of the weave are shifted in the width direction and arranged in a zigzag pattern to weave a herringbone pattern. As a result, when the core material portion 13 is illuminated, the entire tubular portion 11 becomes illuminated with a herringbone pattern at its center, adding aesthetic appeal to the illumination of the piping 1.

[0027] (2.2) Core material As shown in Figure 5, the core material portion 13 is formed in a cylindrical shape in cross-section by covering the outer surface of a first-thickness wire 131 that is light-transmitting with a braided layer 133 made of a second-thickness wire 132 that is light-transmitting and thinner than the first thickness. The wire 131 is not particularly limited as long as it transmits light, but it is preferable to use an optical fiber with a diameter of 0.5 mm to 2.0 mm. If the diameter is smaller than 0.5 mm, there is a risk that it will not be possible to secure enough light to make the cylindrical part 11 emit light. Also, if the diameter exceeds 2.0 mm, the flexibility will decrease, and there is a risk that the good texture when the beaded edge 1 comes into contact with the human body will be impaired. In other words, if the wire 131 has a diameter of 0.5 mm to 2.0 mm, it is possible to suppress the decrease in light transmittance while maintaining flexibility.

[0028] The braided layer 133 is formed by using light-transmitting wires 132 that are thinner than the wires 131 to create a braided structure that forms a tubular shape. It is preferable to use an optical fiber of 0.1 mm to 0.5 mm in diameter for the wire 132. If the diameter is smaller than 0.1 mm, there is a risk that sufficient light intensity cannot be secured. Also, if the diameter exceeds 0.5 mm, there is a risk that the flexibility of the core material portion 13, in which the wire 131 is covered with the braided layer 133, will decrease.

[0029] The braided layer 133 can be formed, for example, using a 16-strand round braiding machine 50 (see Figure 7) with wire 132. Specifically, the braided layer 133 is formed by braiding together 32 or more wires, each consisting of two 0.1mm to 0.5mm optical fibers. If the number of wires is less than this, gaps are likely to form on the outer surface of the wires 131, which may cause uneven illumination. Also, if the braiding is too dense or the number of wires is too large, the flexibility of the core material 13 may be reduced. Note that the braiding method for the braided layer 133 is not necessarily limited to the 16-strand method using the round braiding machine 50; for example, a braiding method using a round braiding machine with 16 or more strands may also be used.

[0030] In this embodiment, the core material portion 13 is arranged inside the cylindrical portion 11 without adhering to the inner wall surface 11a, with the core material portion 13 being flexible. The outer surface of the wire 131, which is made of optical fiber with a diameter of 0.5 mm to 2.0 mm and is light-transmitting, is covered with a 16-strand braided layer 133 made of optical fiber 132, which is light-transmitting and has a diameter of 0.1 mm to 0.5 mm. This allows for the use of a relatively small-diameter and highly flexible wire 131, while forming the braided layer 133 with wire 132 that is smaller in diameter than the wire 131, thereby ensuring light transmittance in the longitudinal direction and in directions intersecting it, while maintaining flexibility. Furthermore, the braided layer 133 is constructed as a 16-strand round braided cord, with two wires 132 forming a pair, meaning it is woven with 32 or more wires 132, thereby suppressing a decrease in light-guiding properties due to wire breakage. Furthermore, the outer surface of the core material portion 13 is more prone to unevenness than the wire portion 131, providing an appropriate restraining force between the inner wall surface 11a of the cylindrical portion 11 and the core material portion 13. This reduces the rebound force and friction-induced noise during bending.

[0031] (3) Method of manufacturing beaded edge Figure 6 is a schematic diagram illustrating the first step in the manufacturing process of the bead 1, Figure 7 is a schematic diagram illustrating part of the second step in the manufacturing process of the bead 1, Figure 8 is a schematic diagram illustrating the third step in the manufacturing process of the bead 1, Figure 9 is a schematic diagram illustrating the fourth step in the manufacturing process of the bead 1, and Figure 10 is a schematic diagram illustrating the fifth step in the manufacturing process of the bead 1. The manufacturing method of the bead 1 will be explained below with reference to the drawings.

[0032] (3.1) First step In the first step shown in Figure 6, multiple cones 21 wound with warp threads are placed in a warping machine and the warp threads corresponding to the tubular section 11 and the leg section 12 are wound onto the beam 22. At this time, the warp threads in both side sections 23 where the tubular section 11 is woven are not made of heat-fusible yarn, while the warp threads in the central section 24 where the leg section 12 is woven are made of heat-fusible yarn 12a. Specifically, in both side sections 23, polyester yarns with a fineness of 330T (decitex) or less are arranged at a density of 37 threads / 25.4 mm. In the central section 24, polyester yarns with a thickness of 280T (decitex) are combined with heat-fusible yarns 12a made of polyester with a thickness of 33T and a low melting point in a predetermined ratio and arranged at a density of 130 threads / 25.4 mm.

[0033] (3.2) Second step In the second step shown in Figure 7, the core material portion 13 is manufactured by covering the outer surface of a wire 131 made of optical fiber with a diameter of 0.5 mm to 2.0 mm that is light-transmitting with a 16-strand braided layer 133 made of optical fiber 132 that is light-transmitting with a diameter of 0.1 mm to 0.5 mm.

[0034] As shown in Figure 7, the core material section 13 is formed by a so-called round braiding machine 50 with a mechanism similar to that of conventional machines. The round braiding machine 50 operates as follows, for example: The wire 131 is fed at a constant speed by a feeding mechanism (not shown) as the core material, while tension is applied to the wire 131. When the wire 132 is pulled out from a plurality of carriers 52 equipped with bobbins 51 on which the wire 132 is wound, the carriers 52 move along a predetermined path by a moving mechanism 53 located below them. This movement changes the positional relationship of the threads pulled out as the wire 132 is fed out, forming a braided layer 133 on the outer surface (around) of the wire 131. The core material section 13 is wound up by a winding roller (not shown) and discharged.

[0035] (3.3) Third step In the third step shown in Figure 8, the two tubular sections 11 and the leg section 12 located between them are woven together as a single unit. Specifically, the intermediate fabric body 30 is woven by passing 112 polyester weft threads with a thickness of 280T (decitex) at a density of 25.4 mm through light-transmitting warp threads unfurled from the side section 23 of the beam 22 around which the warp threads are wound, and warp threads unfurled from the central section 24 containing the heat-fusible threads 12a. At this time, the two tubular sections 11 are woven in a bag-like manner, and the core material section 13 manufactured in the second step is inserted into them during the weaving process. The intermediate fabric body 30 is a long piece in which the leg section 12 is integrated between the two tubular sections 11, each containing the core material section 13.

[0036] (3.4) Fourth step In the fourth step shown in Figure 9, the intermediate fabric 30 woven in the third step is sequentially heated and cooled, causing the heat-fusible yarn 12a woven into the leg portion 12 to melt and solidify, bonding the warp and weft threads woven into the leg portion 12. At this time, since the tubular portion 11 does not contain heat-fusible yarn, the core material portion 13 placed inside the tubular portion 11 does not adhere to the inner wall surface 11a of the tubular portion 11 (see Figure 3), and the unevenness of the outer surface of the core material portion 13 creates a state where there is appropriate sliding resistance between it and the inner wall surface 11a of the tubular portion 11. Furthermore, since the warp and weft threads of the leg portion 12 are bonded to each other, rigidity is ensured even if the fabric is thin, and even if it is cut in the next fifth step, the threads will not easily fray from the cut ends.

[0037] (3.4) Fifth step In the fifth step shown in Figure 10, the leg portion 12 is pressed against the side surface of the cylinder by a cutting roller 26 having a wavy cutting blade 25 extending in the circumferential direction, thereby cutting the leg portion 12 in a wavy pattern to obtain two beaded edges 1. The cutting blade 25 is formed as a convex portion that protrudes radially from the side surface of the cutting roller 26. On the opposite side of the cutting roller 26, with the leg portion 12 in between, a cylindrical roller (not shown) with parallel axes is provided. When the leg portion 12 is passed between the two rollers, the leg portion 12 is pressed by the two rollers and cut in a wavy pattern by the cutting blade 25. This cutting process is performed downstream of the fourth process, the heat setting process, and is carried out continuously in synchronization with the heat setting process. At this time, since the warp and weft threads of the leg portion 12 are bonded to each other by the melting and solidification of the heat-fused thread 12a, the threads are less likely to fray from the cut end even after cutting. Furthermore, by using thermal cutting, laser cutting, or ultrasonic cutting to melt and solidify the cut surface, it is possible to make it even more difficult to fray.

[0038] (4) Effects of the beaded edge The beaded edge 1 according to this embodiment comprises a light-transmitting cylindrical portion 11, a leg portion 12 integrally formed in a strip shape along the side surface of the cylindrical portion 11, and a core material portion 13 that is light-transmitting in the longitudinal direction and in directions intersecting thereto, and is disposed inside the cylindrical portion 11 in a manner that provides sliding resistance against the inner wall surface 11a of the cylindrical portion 11. The core material portion 13 is disposed inside the cylindrical portion 11 without adhering to the inner wall surface 11a in a flexible state, with the outer surface of a wire 131 made of a light-transmitting optical fiber with a diameter of 0.5 mm to 2.0 mm covered with a 16-strand braided layer 133 made of a wire 132 made of an optical fiber with a diameter of 0.1 mm to 0.5 mm that is light-transmitting, and the outer surface of the core material portion 13 is covered with a braided layer 133 made of a light-transmitting wire 131 made of an optical fiber with a diameter of 0.1 mm to 0.5 mm. This allows for the use of a wire 131 made of a relatively small-diameter, highly flexible optical fiber with a diameter of 0.5 mm to 2.0 mm, while forming a braided layer 133 with a wire 132 that is an optical fiber with a smaller diameter than the wire 131, with a diameter of 0.1 mm to 0.5 mm. This ensures light transmission in the longitudinal direction and in directions intersecting it, while maintaining flexibility. Furthermore, the braided layer 133 is constructed as a 16-strand round braided cord, with two wires 132 forming a pair, meaning it is woven with 32 or more wires 132, thereby suppressing a decrease in light-guiding properties due to wire breakage. In addition, the outer surface of the core material portion 13 is covered with the braided layer 133, making it more uneven than the wire 131 alone, and providing an appropriate restraining force between the inner wall surface 11a of the cylindrical portion 11 and the core material portion 13. This reduces the rebound force during bending and the noise caused by friction.

[0039] Although embodiments of the present invention have been described in detail above, the present invention is not limited to the above embodiments, and various modifications can be made within the scope of the gist of the present invention as described in the claims. For example, the tubular portion 11 can be woven with various patterns by using fibers of different fineness for the warp and weft threads, thereby enhancing the design when illuminated. [Explanation of Symbols]

[0040] 1. Beaded edge 11...Cylindrical section, 11a...Inner wall surface 12... Leg portion, 12a... Heat-fusible yarn (leg portion) 13...Core material section, 131...First thickness wire, 132...Second thickness wire, 133...Braided layer 22...Beam, 23...Side section, 24...Center section, 25...Cutting blade, 26...Cutting roller 50... Round braiding machine, 51... Bobbin, 52... Carrier, 53... Moving mechanism 100...Car seats, 110...Seat cushions, 120...Seat backs, 130...Headrests, 140...Cushion covers, 141, 151...Top panels, 142, 152...Frame panels, 150...Back covers

Claims

1. A tubular part that is light-transmitting, A leg portion is integrally formed in a strip shape along the side surface of the cylindrical portion, A core material portion having light transmittance in the longitudinal direction and in directions intersecting thereto, and having sliding resistance to the inner wall surface of the cylindrical portion, disposed inside the cylindrical portion, Equipped with, A distinctive beaded edge.

2. The core material is arranged inside the cylindrical part in a flexible state, with the outer surface of a first thickness wire that is light-transmitting covered by a braided layer made of a second thickness wire that is thinner than the first thickness and is also light-transmitting. The beaded edge according to feature 1.

3. The braided layer is a round braided cord, and is composed of 32 or more wires of the second thickness. The beaded edge according to feature 2.

4. The diameter of the first thickness wire is 0.5 mm to 2.0 mm, and the diameter of the second thickness wire is 0.1 mm to 0.5 mm. The beaded edge according to feature 2 or 3.

5. A light-transmitting cylindrical portion, and a leg portion integrally formed in a strip shape along the side surface of the cylindrical portion, A method for manufacturing a beaded edge, comprising: a core material portion having light transmittance in the longitudinal direction and in directions intersecting thereto, and disposed inside the cylindrical portion in such a manner that it has sliding resistance to the inner wall surface of the cylindrical portion; A first step involves arranging the warp threads such that heat-fusible yarn is not included in the warp threads in both sides where the two tubular parts are woven, and heat-fusible yarn is included in the warp threads in the central part where the leg part is woven. A second step is to prepare the core material portion having flexibility, wherein the outer surface of a first thickness wire that is light-transmitting is covered with a braided layer made of a second thickness wire that is thinner than the first thickness and is also light-transmitting, A third step involves forming an intermediate fabric body by weaving the two tubular parts together, inserting the core material into them, and integrally weaving the leg parts. A fourth step involves sequentially heating and cooling the intermediate fabric to bond the warp and weft threads woven into the leg portion, The fifth step includes cutting the leg portion of the intermediate fabric body to obtain two piping edges, A method for manufacturing a beaded edge, characterized by the above.

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