Hydrocarbon compositions derived from the thermal decomposition of post-consumer and / or post-industrial plastics, as well as methods for producing and using the same.

Abstract

This specification discloses hydrocarbon compositions derived from the thermal decomposition of raw materials including post-consumer and / or post-industrial plastics, as well as methods for producing and using the same.

Description

[Technical Field]

[0001] Cross-reference of related applications This application is a U.S. Utility Model Application No. 18 / 204,519, U.S. Utility Model Application No. 18 / 204,521, U.S. Utility Model Application No. 18 / 204,523, U.S. Utility Model Application No. 18 / 204,524, U.S. Utility Model Application No. 18 / 204,525, U.S. Utility Model Application No. 18 / 204,527, U.S. Utility Model Application No. 18 / 204,527, filed on June 1, 2023 We claim the benefit of priority from U.S. Utility Model Application No. 18 / 204,536, U.S. Utility Model Application No. 18 / 529,061 filed on December 5, 2023, U.S. Utility Model Application No. 18 / 529,063 filed on December 5, 2023, U.S. Utility Model Application No. 18 / 594,293 filed on March 4, 2024, U.S. Utility Model Application No. 18 / 594,296 filed on March 4, 2024, and U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63 / 456,197 filed on March 31, 2023, each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. [Background technology]

[0002] Single-use plastic waste is an urgent environmental problem. Currently, there are few options for recycling mixed polyolefin streams, consisting of a wide range of compositions and physical forms of polyethylene, polypropylene, and polystyrene waste plastics, into value-added chemical and refined raw material products. Improved processes are needed to recycle such plastics on a significant industrial scale and to manufacture improved products from them. The compositions and methods considered herein address these and other needs. [Overview of the project]

[0003] In accordance with the objectives of the compositions and methods disclosed herein and described more broadly, the subject matter disclosed relates to hydrocarbon compositions derived from the thermal decomposition of raw materials including post-consumer and / or post-industrial plastics, as well as methods for preparing and using the same.

[0004] For example, this specification discloses waxes derived from the thermal decomposition of raw materials, including post-consumer and / or post-industrial plastics. In some examples, the wax comprises a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can be optionally substituted, and 60% to 80% (w / w) of the mixture is C 20 -C 45 Contains hydrocarbons. In some examples, the wax has a Reed vapor pressure of 12.5 psig or less, a total chloride content of 50 ppm or less, a nitrogen content of 300 ppm or less, a silicon content of 125 ppm or less, a sodium content of 150 ppm or less, an iron content of 10 ppm or less, a phosphorus content of 50 ppm or less, a sulfur content of 500 ppm or less, a calcium content of 50 ppm or less, or a combination thereof. In some examples, the wax has a Reed vapor pressure of 12.5 psig or less, a final boiling point of 950°F to 1300°F, a pour point of 30°F to 60°F, a total chloride content of 50 ppm or less, a nitrogen content of 300 ppm or less, a silicon content of 125 ppm or less, a sodium content of 150 ppm or less, an iron content of 10 ppm or less, a phosphorus content of 50 ppm or less, a sulfur content of 500 ppm or less, a calcium content of 50 ppm or less, or a combination thereof.

[0005] In some cases, the wax has a number-average molecular weight and / or weight-average molecular weight of 250–450 daltons. In other cases, the wax has a number-average molecular weight and / or weight-average molecular weight of 300–400 daltons.

[0006] In some examples of waxes, 70% to 75% (w / w) of the mixture is C 20 -C 45 Contains hydrocarbons. In some examples of waxes, 80-90% (w / w) of the mixture is C9-C33 It contains hydrocarbons. In some examples of the wax, 75% or more, 85% or more, or 95% or more (w / w) of the mixture is C9-C 46 It contains hydrocarbons. In some examples of the wax, 75% to 100%, 85% to 100%, or 95% to 100% (w / w) of the mixture is C9-C 46 It contains hydrocarbons. In some examples of the wax, 95% to 99% (w / w) of the mixture is C9-C 46 It contains hydrocarbons. In some examples of the wax, the mixture is 20% to 30% (e.g., 25% to 30%) of C9-C 20 hydrocarbons, 20% to 30% (e.g., 20% to 25%) of C 20 -C 24 hydrocarbons, 20% to 30% (e.g., 20% to 25%) of C 24 -C 28 hydrocarbons, and 10% to 20% (e.g., 10% to 15%) of C 28 -C 32 It contains hydrocarbons.

[0007] In some examples of the wax, the mixture substantially does not contain C1-C4 hydrocarbons. In some examples of the wax, the mixture substantially does not contain C1-C8 hydrocarbons.

[0008] In some examples of the wax, the mixture contains 80 to 100 wt% of saturated hydrocarbons (e.g., 85 to 90 wt% or 95 to 99 wt%), 0 to 5 wt% of unsaturated (non-aromatic) hydrocarbons (e.g., 0 to 2.5 wt% or 0 to 1.5 wt%), and 0 to 15 wt% of aromatic compounds (e.g., 0 to 2.5 wt% or 12 to 14 wt%).

[0009] In some cases, the wax has a melting point of 30°C to 70°C, as determined, for example, by ASTM D 127. In some cases, the wax has a melting point of 40°C to 55°C (e.g., 40°C to 50°C or 43°C to 48°C), as determined, for example, by ASTM D 127. In some cases, the wax has a solidification point of 30°C to 55°C (e.g., 45°C to 51°C), as determined, for example, using ASTM D 938. In some cases, the wax has a solidification point of 40°C to 55°C (e.g., 45°C to 51°C), as determined, for example, using ASTM D 938. In some examples, the wax has a final boiling point of 300°F to 1300°F (e.g., 650°F to 1300°F, 750°F to 1300°F, or 950°F to 1300°F) as determined, for example, using ASTM D 7169. In some examples, the wax has a final boiling point of 950°F to 1300°F (e.g., 950°F to 1250°F, 1100°F to 1250°F, or 995°F to 1235°F) as determined, for example, using ASTM D 7169. In some examples, the wax has a pour point of 30°F to 150°F (e.g., 50°F to 130°F, 30°F to 100°F, 30°F to 80°F, or 30°F to 60°F) as determined, for example, using ASTM D 97. In some cases, waxes have a pour point of 30°F to 60°F (e.g., 30°F to 55°F, 33°F to 52°F, or 45°F to 60°F) as determined, for example, using ASTM D 97.

[0010] In some examples, the wax has a total chloride content of 50 ppm or less (e.g., 25 ppm or less, 10 ppm or less, 5 ppm or less, 1 ppm or less, 0.1 ppm or less, or 0.01 ppm or less) as determined, for example, according to ASTM D 7359. In some examples, the wax has a nitrogen content of 300 ppm or less (e.g., 250 ppm or less, 200 ppm or less, 150 ppm or less, 100 ppm or less, 50 ppm or less, 10 ppm or less, or 1 ppm or less) as determined, for example, according to ASTM D 4629. In some examples, the wax has a silicon content of 125 ppm or less (e.g., 100 ppm or less, 50 ppm or less, 25 ppm or less, 10 ppm or less, 5 ppm or less, or 1 ppm or less) as determined, for example, according to ASTM D 5185. In some examples, the wax has a sodium content of 150 ppm or less (e.g., 100 ppm or less, 50 ppm or less, 25 ppm or less, 10 ppm or less, 5 ppm or less, or 1 ppm or less) as determined, for example, according to ASTM D 5185. In some examples, the wax has an iron content of 10 ppm or less (e.g., 5 ppm or less, 1 ppm or less, 0.1 ppm or less, or 0.01 ppm or less) as determined, for example, according to ASTM D 5185. In some examples, the wax has a phosphorus content of 50 ppm or less (e.g., 30 ppm or less, 10 ppm or less, 5 ppm or less, or 1 ppm or less) as determined, for example, according to ASTM D 5185. In some examples, the wax has a sulfur content of 500 ppm or less (e.g., 250 ppm or less, 100 ppm or less, 10 ppm or less, or 1 ppm or less) as determined, for example, according to ASTM D 4294. In some examples, the wax has a calcium content of 50 ppm or less (e.g., 25 ppm or less, 10 ppm or less, 5 ppm or less, 1 ppm or less, 0.1 ppm or less, or 0.01 ppm or less) as determined, for example, according to ASTM D 5185. In some examples, the wax has a copper content of 10 ppm or less (e.g., 5 ppm or less, 1 ppm or less, 0.1 ppm or less, or 0.01 ppm or less) as determined, for example, according to ASTM D 5185.In some examples, the wax has a nickel content of 100 ppm or less (e.g., 50 ppm or less, 25 ppm or less, 10 ppm or less, 5 ppm or less, or 1 ppm or less) as determined, for example, according to ASTM D 5185. In some examples, the wax has a vanadium content of 25 ppm or less (e.g., 10 ppm or less, 5 ppm or less, or 1 ppm or less) as determined, for example, according to ASTM D 5185.

[0011] In some examples, the wax has a total chloride content of 50 ppm or less, a nitrogen content of 300 ppm or less, and a silicon content of 125 ppm or less. In some examples, the wax has a total chloride content of 50 ppm or less, a nitrogen content of 300 ppm or less, a silicon content of 125 ppm or less, and a sodium content of 150 ppm or less. In some examples, the wax has a total chloride content of 50 ppm or less, a nitrogen content of 300 ppm or less, a silicon content of 125 ppm or less, a sodium content of 150 ppm or less, an iron content of 10 ppm or less, a sulfur content of 500 ppm or less, and a calcium content of 50 ppm or less. In some examples, the wax has a total chloride content of 50 ppm or less, a nitrogen content of 300 ppm or less, a silicon content of 125 ppm or less, a sodium content of 150 ppm or less, an iron content of 10 ppm or less, a phosphorus content of 50 ppm or less, a sulfur content of 500 ppm or less, and a calcium content of 50 ppm or less. In some examples, the wax has a total chloride content of 50 ppm or less, a nitrogen content of 300 ppm or less, a silicon content of 125 ppm or less, a sodium content of 150 ppm or less, an iron content of 10 ppm or less, a phosphorus content of 50 ppm or less, a sulfur content of 500 ppm or less, a calcium content of 50 ppm or less, a copper content of 10 ppm or less, a nickel content of 100 ppm or less, and a vanadium content of 25 ppm or less.

[0012] In some examples, the wax has a total chloride content of 25 ppm or less, a nitrogen content of 300 ppm or less, and a silicon content of 100 ppm or less. In some examples, the wax has a total chloride content of 25 ppm or less, a nitrogen content of 300 ppm or less, a silicon content of 100 ppm or less, and a sodium content of 10 ppm or less. In some examples, the wax has a total chloride content of 25 ppm or less, a nitrogen content of 300 ppm or less, a silicon content of 100 ppm or less, a sodium content of 10 ppm or less, an iron content of 10 ppm or less, a sulfur content of 10 ppm or less, and a calcium content of 5 ppm or less. In some examples, the wax has a total chloride content of 25 ppm or less, a nitrogen content of 300 ppm or less, a silicon content of 100 ppm or less, a sodium content of 10 ppm or less, an iron content of 10 ppm or less, a phosphorus content of 50 ppm or less, a sulfur content of 10 ppm or less, and a calcium content of 5 ppm or less. In some examples, the wax has a total chloride content of 25 ppm or less, a nitrogen content of 300 ppm or less, a silicon content of 100 ppm or less, a sodium content of 10 ppm or less, an iron content of 10 ppm or less, a phosphorus content of 50 ppm or less, a sulfur content of 10 ppm or less, a calcium content of 5 ppm or less, a copper content of 10 ppm or less, a nickel content of 100 ppm or less, and a vanadium content of 25 ppm or less.

[0013] In some examples, the wax has a Gardner color number of 2–8 (e.g., 2.5–8 or 6.5–8) as determined, for example, according to ASTM D 1500. In some examples, the wax has an oil content of 5–50% by weight (e.g., 25–45% by weight or 40–45% by weight) as determined, for example, according to ASTM D 721. In some examples, the wax has a Reed vapor pressure of 12.5 psig or less (e.g., 10 psig or less or 7–10 psig) as determined, for example, using ASTM D 5191. In some examples, the wax has a distilled water content of 0.5% by volume or less (e.g., 0.1% by volume or 0.01% by volume or less) as determined, for example, according to ASTM D 95. In some examples, the wax has a total deposit content of 0.5% by volume or less (e.g., 0.1% by volume or 0.01% by volume or less) as determined, for example, according to ASTM D 4870. In some cases, the wax has an n-heptane insoluble content of 0.5% by weight or less (e.g., 0.1% by weight or less, 0.05% by weight or less, 0.01% by weight or less) as determined, for example, by ASTM D 3279. In some cases, the wax has a total acid value of 1 mgKOH / g or less (e.g., 0.5 mgKOH / g or less or 0.2 mgKOH / g or less) as determined, for example, by ASTM D 664.

[0014] In some examples, the wax has a Reed vapor pressure of 12.5 psig or less, a final boiling point of 950°F to 1300°F, and a pour point of 30°F to 60°F. In some examples, the wax has a Reed vapor pressure of 7 to 10 psig, a final boiling point of 995°F to 1235°F, and a pour point of 33°F to 52°F. In some examples, the wax has a Reed vapor pressure of 12.5 psig or less, a final boiling point of 950°F to 1300°F, a pour point of 30°F to 60°F, a total chloride content of 50 ppm or less, a nitrogen content of 300 ppm or less, a silicon content of 125 ppm or less, a sodium content of 150 ppm or less, an iron content of 10 ppm or less, a phosphorus content of 50 ppm or less, a sulfur content of 500 ppm or less, and a calcium content of 50 ppm or less. In some examples, waxes have a Reed vapor pressure of 7–10 psig, a final boiling point of 995°F–1235°F, a pour point of 33°F–52°F, a total chloride content of 25 ppm or less, a nitrogen content of 300 ppm or less, a silicon content of 100 ppm or less, a sodium content of 10 ppm or less, an iron content of 10 ppm or less, a phosphorus content of 50 ppm or less, a sulfur content of 10 ppm or less, and a calcium content of 5 ppm or less.

[0015] In some cases, wax is manufactured on an industrial scale. In some cases, wax is produced by pyrolysis at a volume of 10,000 to 1,000,000 gallons per 5 to 90 days.

[0016] Furthermore, this specification discloses oils derived from the thermal decomposition of raw materials, including post-consumer and / or post-industrial plastics. In some examples, the oil comprises a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can be optionally substituted, and more than 55% (w / w) of the mixture is C9-C 20Contains hydrocarbons. In some examples, the oil has a Reed vapor pressure of 12.5 psig or less, a total chloride content of 500 ppm or less, a nitrogen content of 600 ppm or less, a silicon content of 2000 ppm or less, a sodium content of 100 ppm or less, an iron content of 10 ppm or less, a phosphorus content of 25 ppm or less, a sulfur content of 250 ppm or less, a calcium content of 50 ppm or less, or a combination thereof. In some examples, the oil has a Reed vapor pressure of 12.5 psig or less, a final boiling point of 750°F to 1000°F, a pour point of 0°F to 20°F, a total chloride content of 500 ppm or less, a nitrogen content of 600 ppm or less, a silicon content of 2000 ppm or less, a sodium content of 100 ppm or less, an iron content of 10 ppm or less, a phosphorus content of 25 ppm or less, a sulfur content of 250 ppm or less, a calcium content of 50 ppm or less, or a combination thereof.

[0017] In some cases, oils have a number-average molecular weight and / or weight-average molecular weight of 50-350 daltons, such as 50-300 daltons or 50-250 daltons.

[0018] In some examples of oils, 70% to 100% (w / w) of the mixture is C4-C 20 Contains hydrocarbons. In some examples of oils, 90% to 100% (w / w) of the mixture is C4-C 20 Contains hydrocarbons. In some examples of oils, 92% to 96% (w / w) of the mixture is C4-C 20 Contains hydrocarbons. In some examples of oils, 70% or more, 80% or more, or 90% or more (w / w) of the mixture is C4-C 29 Contains hydrocarbons. In some examples of oils, 70%-100%, 80%-100%, or 90%-100% (w / w) of the mixture is C4-C 29 Contains hydrocarbons. In some examples of oils, 0-10% (w / w) of the mixture is C. 21 -C 29 Contains hydrocarbons. In some examples of oils, the mixture contains 25-35% (e.g., 30-35%) C1-C8 hydrocarbons and 50-75% (e.g., 55-65% or 60-65%) C9-C1 hydrocarbons. 20Hydrocarbons, and 1-10% (e.g., 3-8%) of C 21 -C 29 Contains hydrocarbons. In some examples of oils, the mixture contains 25-35% (e.g., 30-35%) C1-C8 hydrocarbons and 55-65% (e.g., 60-65%) C9-C1 hydrocarbons. 20 Hydrocarbons, and 1-10% (e.g., 3-8%) of C 21 -C 29 Contains hydrocarbons. In some examples of oils, the mixture contains 25-35% (e.g., 30-35%) C4-C8 hydrocarbons and 50-75% (e.g., 55-65% or 60-65%) C9-C 20 Hydrocarbons, and 1-10% (e.g., 3-8%) of C 21 -C 29 Contains hydrocarbons. In some examples of oils, the mixture contains 25-35% (e.g., 30-35%) C4-C8 hydrocarbons and 55-65% (e.g., 60-65%) C9-C 20 Hydrocarbons, and 1-10% (e.g., 3-8%) of C 21 -C 29 Contains hydrocarbons.

[0019] In some examples of oils, the mixture contains substantially no hydrocarbons with 30 or more carbon atoms. In some examples of oils, the mixture contains substantially no C1-C4 hydrocarbons.

[0020] In some examples of oils, the mixture contains 80–100% by weight of saturated hydrocarbons (e.g., 90–100% by weight, 94–96% by weight), 0–5% by weight of unsaturated (non-aromatic) hydrocarbons (e.g., 3.5–4.5% by weight), and 0–15% by weight of aromatic hydrocarbons (e.g., 0–2.5% by weight, or 1–2% by weight).

[0021] In some cases, the oil has a final boiling point of 400°F to 1000°F (e.g., 400°F to 850°F) as determined, for example, using ASTM D 7169. In some cases, the oil has a final boiling point of 750°F to 1000°F (e.g., 900°F to 950°F, 920°F to 950°F, or 935°F to 950°F) as determined, for example, using ASTM D 7169. In some cases, the oil has a pour point of -200°F to 100°F as determined, for example, using ASTM D 97. In some cases, the oil has a pour point of 0°F to 20°F (e.g., 5°F to 15°F, 8°F to 15°F, or 10°F to 15°F) as determined, for example, using ASTM D 97.

[0022] In some cases, the oil has a total chloride content of 500 ppm or less (e.g., 100 ppm or less, 50 ppm or less, 25 ppm or less, 10 ppm or less, 5 ppm or less, 1 ppm or less, 0.1 ppm or less, or 0.01 ppm or less) as determined, for example, according to ASTM D 7359. In some cases, the oil has a nitrogen content of 600 ppm or less (e.g., 250 ppm or less, 200 ppm or less, 150 ppm or less, 100 ppm or less, 50 ppm or less, 10 ppm or less, or 1 ppm or less) as determined, for example, according to ASTM D 4629. In some examples, the oil has a silicon content of 2000 ppm or less (e.g., 1000 ppm or less, 500 ppm or less, 250 ppm or less, 100 ppm or less, 50 ppm or less, 25 ppm or less, 10 ppm or less, 5 ppm or less, or 1 ppm or less) as determined, for example, according to ASTM D 5185. In some examples, the oil has a sodium content of 100 ppm or less, 50 ppm or less, 25 ppm or less, 10 ppm or less, 5 ppm or less, or 1 ppm or less as determined, for example, according to ASTM D 5185. In some examples, the oil has an iron content of 10 ppm or less (e.g., 5 ppm or less, 1 ppm or less, 0.1 ppm or less, or 0.01 ppm or less) as determined, for example, according to ASTM D 5185. In some examples, the oil has a phosphorus content of 25 ppm or less (e.g., 10 ppm or less, 5 ppm or less, or 1 ppm or less) as determined, for example, according to ASTM D 5185. In some examples, the oil has a sulfur content of 250 ppm or less (e.g., 100 ppm or less, 10 ppm or less, or 1 ppm or less) as determined, for example, according to ASTM D 4294. In some examples, the oil has a calcium content of 50 ppm or less, 25 ppm or less, 10 ppm or less, 5 ppm or less, 1 ppm or less, 0.1 ppm or less, or 0.01 ppm or less as determined, for example, according to ASTM D 5185. In some examples, the oil has a copper content of 10 ppm or less (e.g., 5 ppm or less, 1 ppm or less, 0.1 ppm or less, or 0.01 ppm or less) as determined, for example, according to ASTM D 5185.In some cases, the oil has a nickel content of 250 ppm or less (e.g., 100 ppm or less, 50 ppm or less, 25 ppm or less, 10 ppm or less, 5 ppm or less, or 1 ppm or less) as determined, for example, according to ASTM D 5185. In some cases, the oil has a vanadium content of 25 ppm or less (e.g., 10 ppm or less, 5 ppm or less, or 1 ppm or less) as determined, for example, according to ASTM D 5185.

[0023] In some cases, the oil has a total chloride content of 500 ppm or less, a nitrogen content of 600 ppm or less, and a silicon content of 2000 ppm or less. In some cases, the oil has a total chloride content of 500 ppm or less, a nitrogen content of 600 ppm or less, a silicon content of 2000 ppm or less, and a sodium content of 100 ppm or less. In some cases, the oil has a total chloride content of 500 ppm or less, a nitrogen content of 600 ppm or less, a silicon content of 2000 ppm or less, a sodium content of 100 ppm or less, an iron content of 10 ppm or less, a sulfur content of 250 ppm or less, and a calcium content of 50 ppm or less. In some cases, the oil has a total chloride content of 500 ppm or less, a nitrogen content of 600 ppm or less, a silicon content of 2000 ppm or less, a sodium content of 100 ppm or less, an iron content of 10 ppm or less, a phosphorus content of 25 ppm or less, a sulfur content of 250 ppm or less, and a calcium content of 50 ppm or less. In some examples, the oil has a total chloride content of 500 ppm or less, a nitrogen content of 600 ppm or less, a silicon content of 2000 ppm or less, a sodium content of 100 ppm or less, an iron content of 10 ppm or less, a phosphorus content of 25 ppm or less, a sulfur content of 250 ppm or less, a calcium content of 50 ppm or less, a copper content of 10 ppm or less, a nickel content of 250 ppm or less, and a vanadium content of 25 ppm or less.

[0024] In some cases, the oil has a total chloride content of 100 ppm or less, a nitrogen content of 600 ppm or less, and a silicon content of 250 ppm or less. In some cases, the oil has a total chloride content of 100 ppm or less, a nitrogen content of 600 ppm or less, a silicon content of 250 ppm or less, and a sodium content of 25 ppm or less. In some cases, the oil has a total chloride content of 100 ppm or less, a nitrogen content of 600 ppm or less, a silicon content of 250 ppm or less, a sodium content of 25 ppm or less, an iron content of 10 ppm or less, a sulfur content of 10 ppm or less, and a calcium content of 5 ppm or less. In some cases, the oil has a total chloride content of 100 ppm or less, a nitrogen content of 600 ppm or less, a silicon content of 250 ppm or less, a sodium content of 25 ppm or less, an iron content of 10 ppm or less, a phosphorus content of 10 ppm or less, a sulfur content of 10 ppm or less, and a calcium content of 5 ppm or less. In some examples, the oil has a total chloride content of 100 ppm or less, a nitrogen content of 600 ppm or less, a silicon content of 250 ppm or less, a sodium content of 25 ppm or less, an iron content of 10 ppm or less, a phosphorus content of 10 ppm or less, a sulfur content of 10 ppm or less, a calcium content of 5 ppm or less, a copper content of 1 ppm or less, a nickel content of 50 ppm or less, and a vanadium content of 1 ppm or less.

[0025] In some cases, the oil has a Reed vapor pressure of 12.5 psig or less (e.g., 10 psig or less, or 7-10 psig) as determined, for example, using ASTM D 5191. In some cases, the oil has a distilled water content of 0.5 volume% or less (e.g., 0.1 volume% or less, or 0.01 volume% or less) as determined, for example, by ASTM D 95. In some cases, the oil has a total sediment content of 0.5 volume% or less (e.g., 0.1 volume% or less, or 0.01 volume% or less) as determined, for example, by ASTM D 4870. In some cases, the oil has an n-heptane insoluble matter content of 0.1 wt% or less (e.g., 0.05 wt% or less, or 0.01 wt% or less) as determined, for example, by ASTM D 3279. In some cases, the oil has a total acid value of 1 mg KOH / g or less, 0.5 mg KOH / g or less, or 0.2 mg KOH / g or less, as determined, for example, according to ASTM D 664.

[0026] In some cases, the oil has a Reed vapor pressure of 12.5 psig or less, a final boiling point of 750°F to 1000°F, and a pour point of 0°F to 20°F. In some cases, the oil has a Reed vapor pressure of 7 to 10 psig, a final boiling point of 935°F to 950°F, and a pour point of 10°F to 15°F. In some cases, the oil has a Reed vapor pressure of 12.5 psig or less, a final boiling point of 750°F to 1000°F, a pour point of 0°F to 20°F, a total chloride content of 500 ppm or less, a nitrogen content of 600 ppm or less, a silicon content of 2000 ppm or less, a sodium content of 100 ppm or less, an iron content of 10 ppm or less, a phosphorus content of 25 ppm or less, a sulfur content of 250 ppm or less, and a calcium content of 50 ppm or less. In some examples, oil has a Reed vapor pressure of 7–10 psig, a final boiling point of 935°F–950°F, a pour point of 10°F–15°F, a total chloride content of 100 ppm or less, a nitrogen content of 600 ppm or less, a silicon content of 250 ppm or less, a sodium content of 25 ppm or less, an iron content of 10 ppm or less, a phosphorus content of 10 ppm or less, a sulfur content of 10 ppm or less, and a calcium content of 5 ppm or less.

[0027] In some cases, oil is produced on an industrial scale. In some cases, oil is produced by pyrolysis in volumes of 10,000 to 1,000,000 gallons per 5 to 90 days.

[0028] Furthermore, this specification discloses compositions derived from the thermal decomposition of raw materials, including post-consumer and / or post-industrial plastics. In some examples, the compositions comprise a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can be optionally substituted, and more than 70% (w / w) of the mixture is C4-C 46 Contains hydrocarbons. In some examples, the composition has a Reed vapor pressure of 12.5 psig or less, a total chloride content of 500 ppm or less, a nitrogen content of 600 ppm or less, a silicon content of 2000 ppm or less, a sodium content of 150 ppm or less, an iron content of 10 ppm or less, a phosphorus content of 50 ppm or less, a sulfur content of 500 ppm or less, a calcium content of 50 ppm or less, or a combination thereof.

[0029] In some examples, the composition has a number-average molecular weight and / or weight-average molecular weight of 50 to 450 daltons. In some examples, the composition has a number-average molecular weight and / or weight-average molecular weight of 100 to 400 daltons.

[0030] In some examples of compositions, 70% to 100% (w / w) of the mixture is C4-C 46 Contains hydrocarbons. In some examples of compositions, more than 70% (w / w) of the mixture is C4-C 33 Contains hydrocarbons. In some examples of compositions, 70% to 100% (w / w) of the mixture is C4-C 33 Contains hydrocarbons. In some examples of compositions, the mixture contains 7.5-25% (e.g., 10-20%) C4-C8 hydrocarbons and 30-55% (e.g., 35-55%) C9-C 20 Hydrocarbons, 15-40% (e.g., 20-40%) C 21 -C 29 Hydrocarbons, and 0-15% (e.g., 5-15%) of C 30 -C46 Contains hydrocarbons. In some examples of compositions, the mixture is substantially free of C1-C4 hydrocarbons.

[0031] In some examples of compositions, the mixture contains 80–100% by weight of saturated hydrocarbons, 0–5% by weight of unsaturated (non-aromatic) hydrocarbons, and 0–15% by weight of aromatic compounds.

[0032] In some examples, the composition has a total chloride content of 500 ppm or less (e.g., 100 ppm or less, 50 ppm or less, 25 ppm or less, 10 ppm or less, 5 ppm or less, 1 ppm or less, 0.1 ppm or less, or 0.01 ppm or less) as determined, for example, according to ASTM D 7359. In some examples, the composition has a nitrogen content of 600 ppm or less (e.g., 250 ppm or less, 200 ppm or less, 150 ppm or less, 100 ppm or less, 50 ppm or less, 10 ppm or less, or 1 ppm or less) as determined, for example, according to ASTM D 4629. In some examples, the composition has a silicon content of 2000 ppm or less (e.g., 1000 ppm or less, 500 ppm or less, 250 ppm or less, 100 ppm or less, 50 ppm or less, 25 ppm or less, 10 ppm or less, 5 ppm or less, or 1 ppm or less) as determined, for example, according to ASTM D 5185. In some examples, the composition has a sodium content of 150 ppm or less (e.g., 100 ppm or less, 50 ppm or less, 25 ppm or less, 10 ppm or less, 5 ppm or less, or 1 ppm or less) as determined, for example, according to ASTM D 5185. In some examples, the composition has an iron content of 10 ppm or less (e.g., 5 ppm or less, 1 ppm or less, 0.1 ppm or less, or 0.01 ppm or less) as determined, for example, according to ASTM D 5185. In some examples, the composition has a phosphorus content of 50 ppm or less (e.g., 30 ppm or less, 10 ppm or less, 5 ppm or less, or 1 ppm or less) as determined, for example, according to ASTM D 5185. In some examples, the composition has a sulfur content of 500 ppm or less (e.g., 250 ppm or less, 100 ppm or less, 10 ppm or less, or 1 ppm or less) as determined, for example, according to ASTM D 4294. In some examples, the composition has a calcium content of 50 ppm or less (e.g., 25 ppm or less, 10 ppm or less, 5 ppm or less, 1 ppm or less, 0.1 ppm or less, or 0.01 ppm or less) as determined, for example, according to ASTM D 5185.In some examples, the composition has a copper content of 10 ppm or less (e.g., 5 ppm or less, 1 ppm or less, 0.1 ppm or less, or 0.01 ppm or less) as determined, for example, according to ASTM D 5185. In some examples, the composition has a nickel content of 250 ppm or less (e.g., 100 ppm or less, 50 ppm or less, 25 ppm or less, 10 ppm or less, 5 ppm or less, or 1 ppm or less) as determined, for example, according to ASTM D 5185. In some examples, the composition has a vanadium content of 25 ppm or less (e.g., 10 ppm or less, 5 ppm or less, or 1 ppm or less) as determined, for example, according to ASTM D 5185.

[0033] In some examples, the composition has a total chloride content of 500 ppm or less, a nitrogen content of 600 ppm or less, and a silicon content of 2000 ppm or less. In some examples, the composition has a total chloride content of 500 ppm or less, a nitrogen content of 600 ppm or less, a silicon content of 2000 ppm or less, and a sodium content of 150 ppm or less. In some examples, the composition has a total chloride content of 500 ppm or less, a nitrogen content of 600 ppm or less, a silicon content of 2000 ppm or less, a sodium content of 150 ppm or less, an iron content of 10 ppm or less, a sulfur content of 500 ppm or less, and a calcium content of 50 ppm or less. In some examples, the composition has a total chloride content of 500 ppm or less, a nitrogen content of 600 ppm or less, a silicon content of 2000 ppm or less, a sodium content of 150 ppm or less, an iron content of 10 ppm or less, a phosphorus content of 50 ppm or less, a sulfur content of 500 ppm or less, and a calcium content of 50 ppm or less. In some examples, the composition has a total chloride content of 500 ppm or less, a nitrogen content of 600 ppm or less, a silicon content of 2000 ppm or less, a sodium content of 150 ppm or less, an iron content of 10 ppm or less, a phosphorus content of 50 ppm or less, a sulfur content of 500 ppm or less, a calcium content of 50 ppm or less, a copper content of 10 ppm or less, a nickel content of 250 ppm or less, and a vanadium content of 25 ppm or less.

[0034] In some examples, the composition has a Reed vapor pressure of 12.5 psig or less (e.g., 10 psig or less or 7-10 psig) as determined, for example, using ASTM D 5191. In some examples, the composition has a distilled water content of 0.5 volume% or less (e.g., 0.1 volume% or less or 0.01 volume% or less) as determined, for example, by ASTM D 95. In some examples, the composition has a total sediment content of 0.5 volume% or less (e.g., 0.1 volume% or less or 0.01 volume% or less) as determined, for example, by ASTM D 4870. In some examples, the composition has an n-heptane insoluble matter content of 0.5 wt% or less (e.g., 0.1 wt% or less, 0.05 wt% or less, 0.01 wt% or less) as determined, for example, by ASTM D 3279. In some cases, the composition has a total acid value of 1 mg KOH / g or less (e.g., 0.5 mg KOH / g or less or 0.2 mg KOH / g or less) as determined, for example, according to ASTM D 664.

[0035] In some cases, the composition is manufactured on an industrial scale. In some cases, the composition is manufactured by pyrolysis at a volume of 10,000 to 1,000,000 gallons per 5 to 90 days.

[0036] In some examples, the composition may include any of the waxes and oils disclosed herein.

[0037] Furthermore, this specification discloses compositions comprising any of the waxes disclosed herein and any of the oils disclosed herein. In some examples, the composition comprises 50 to 70 vol% oil and 30 to 50 vol% wax. In some examples, the composition comprises a blend of wax and oil. In some examples, the composition comprises 65 vol% oil and 35 vol% wax. In some examples, the composition comprises 50 vol% oil and 50 vol% wax.

[0038] This specification also discloses methods for producing any of the compositions disclosed herein, any of the waxes disclosed herein, and / or any of the oils disclosed herein. In some examples, the method involves the thermal decomposition of raw materials, including post-consumer and / or post-industrial plastics. In some examples, the method involves the thermal depolymerization of raw materials. In some examples, the thermal decomposition is substantially free of any added catalysts. In some examples, the thermal decomposition includes a catalyst. In some examples, the method produces the compositions, oils, and / or waxes on an industrial scale. In some examples, the method produces the compositions, oils, and / or waxes in volumes of 10,000 to 1,000,000 gallons per 5 to 90 days. In some examples, the method produces the compositions, oils, and / or waxes in yields of 60% or more, 75% or more, 80% or more, or 83% or more. In some cases, the compositions, oils, and / or waxes produced by this method are raw pyrolysis products, meaning that the method substantially eliminates any hydrogenation or further purification steps after pyrolysis.

[0039] In some examples, the raw materials contain 50% or more by weight, 60% or more by weight, or 70% or more by weight of post-consumer and / or post-industrial plastics. In some examples, the raw materials contain 50% or more by weight, 60% or more by weight, or 70% or more by weight of post-consumer plastics. In some examples, the post-consumer and / or post-industrial plastics include polyethylene (e.g., LDPE, LLDPE, HDPE), polypropylene, polystyrene, or combinations thereof. In some examples, the raw materials contain 90% or more by weight (e.g., 93% or more by weight) of polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, or combinations thereof. In some examples, the raw materials contain 20% or less by weight (e.g., 10% or less by weight, 15% or less by weight, 5% or less by weight, or 3% or less by weight) of moisture. In some examples, the raw materials include 5% or less by weight (e.g., 2.5% or less by weight, or 1% or less by weight) of polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), nylon, ethylene vinyl alcohol (EVOH), polycarbonate (PC), acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), rubber, thermosetting materials, or combinations thereof. In some examples, the raw materials include 15% or less by weight (e.g., 10% or less by weight, 5% or less by weight, or 3% or less by weight) of non-plastic materials such as metal, glass, wood, cotton, paper, cardboard, soil, or inorganic materials. In some examples, the raw materials include films such as single-layer films and / or multi-layer films. In some examples, the raw materials include plastics having plastic type classification numbers 2, 4, 5, 6, or combinations thereof.

[0040] Furthermore, this specification discloses compositions comprising any of the waxes disclosed herein, any of the oils disclosed herein, any of the compositions disclosed herein, any of the methods disclosed herein, or combinations thereof.

[0041] Furthermore, this specification discloses methods of using any of the waxes disclosed herein, any of the oils disclosed herein, any of the compositions disclosed herein, any of the methods disclosed herein, or combinations thereof.

[0042] Furthermore, this specification discloses manufactured articles comprising products of any of the waxes disclosed herein, any of the oils disclosed herein, any of the compositions disclosed herein, any of the methods disclosed herein, or combinations thereof.

[0043] This specification also discloses compositions derived from any of the waxes disclosed herein, any of the oils disclosed herein, any of the compositions disclosed herein, any of the methods disclosed herein, or combinations thereof. This specification also discloses methods for producing such compositions. For example, the method may include additional treatments of the compositions, such as refining, filtration, decomposition, or hydrogenation in the production of chemicals and / or polymers. In some examples, the compositions include lubricating oils, mineral oils, Group III base oils, fully refined paraffin waxes, or combinations thereof. In some examples, the compositions include binders, processing aids, or combinations thereof. In some examples, the compositions include kerosene, white oil, expensive paraffin and refined liquid fuels, including cosmetic kerosene, or combinations thereof. In some examples, the compositions include naphtha. In some examples, the compositions include fuels. In some examples, the compositions include liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), naphtha, kerosene, diesel and gas oils, or combinations thereof. In some examples, the compositions include lubricating oils, gasoline, jet fuel, diesel fuel, or combinations thereof. This specification also discloses manufactured articles containing any of the compositions. In some examples, articles include carpets and clothing, molded articles, and extruded pipes, or combinations thereof, packaging, films, and / or fibers. In some examples, articles include medical devices. In some examples, articles include lubricants, candles, adhesives, packaging, rubber, cosmetics, firelogs, bituminous mixtures, surface abrasion coatings, asphalt, sealing coatings, or combinations thereof. In some examples, compositions or articles include asphalt, automotive fuels, aviation fuels, base oils, bitumin, cadalene, cutting oils, diesel fuels, fuel oils, gasoline, heating oils, heavy oils, hydrocarbon solvents, jet fuels, kerosene, ligroin, lubricants, mazut, microcrystalline waxes, mineral oils, motor fuels, motor oils, naphtha, naphthenic acid, paraffin waxes, petroleum benzine, petroleum ethers, petroleum jelly, petroleum naphtha, petroleum resins, letene, or combinations thereof.In some examples, the composition or article includes gasoline, jet fuel, diesel and other fuels, asphalt, heavy oil, lubricants, paraffin wax, tar, asphalt, fertilizers, flooring materials, fragrances, insecticides, petrolatum, soap, vitamins, amino acids, or combinations thereof. In some examples, the composition or article includes wood-based composite materials such as oriented strand board (OSB), particleboard, hardboard, medium-density fiberboard, gypsum board, or combinations thereof. In some examples, the composition or article includes fully purified paraffin used to manufacture candles, cosmetics, crayons, food packaging, paper and carton coatings, or combinations thereof. In some examples, the composition or article includes hydrocarbon raw materials for petroleum refineries, catalytic decomposition systems, pyrolysis systems, polymerization systems, or combinations thereof, used, for example, in the manufacture of chemicals and / or polymers. The Specified Publication also discloses, for example, methods of using any of the compositions disclosed herein, which include using the composition as a hydrocarbon raw material for petroleum refineries, catalytic decomposition systems, pyrolysis systems, polymerization systems, or combinations thereof, used, for example, in the manufacture of chemicals and / or polymers.

[0044] Additional advantages of the compositions and methods of this disclosure are described in part in the following specification and will be partially apparent from this specification. The advantages of the compositions and methods of this disclosure will be realized and achieved by the elements and combinations specifically pointed out in the appended claims. It should be understood that both the above summary and the embodiments for carrying out the invention below are merely illustrative and descriptive and do not limit the claimed systems and methods of this disclosure.

[0045] Details of one or more embodiments of the present invention are described in the accompanying drawings and the following specification. Other features, purposes, and advantages of the present invention will be apparent from the specification and drawings and the claims. [Brief explanation of the drawing]

[0046] The accompanying drawings incorporated herein and constituting part of this specification illustrate several aspects of this disclosure and serve to illustrate the principles of this disclosure together with the specification.

[0047] [Figure 1] A schematic diagram of an exemplary system and / or method disclosed herein in one implementation configuration. [Figure 2] A schematic diagram of an exemplary system and / or method disclosed herein in one implementation configuration. [Figure 3] A schematic diagram of an exemplary system and / or method disclosed herein in one implementation configuration. [Figure 4] A schematic diagram of an exemplary system and / or method disclosed herein in one implementation configuration. [Figure 5] A schematic diagram of an exemplary system and / or method disclosed herein in one implementation configuration. [Figure 6] UV-Vis spectra of wax products in hexane with a 100-fold dilution factor. [Figure 7] UV-Vis spectra of wax products in hexane with a 1000-fold dilution factor. [Figure 8] FTIR-ATR spectrum of the wax product. [Figure 9] Gas chromatogram of wax products. [Figure 10] Gas chromatogram of wax products. [Figure 11] 1H-NMR spectrum of the wax product. [Figure 12] Annotated 1H-NMR spectra of wax products. [Figure 13] 13C-NMR spectrum of the wax product. [Figure 14] Annotated 13C-NMR spectrum of the wax product. [Figure 15] UV-Vis spectra of oil products in hexane with a 100-fold dilution factor. [Figure 16]UV-Vis spectra of oil products in hexane with a 1000-fold dilution factor. [Figure 17] FTIR-ATR spectrum of the oil product. [Figure 18A] GC-FID chromatogram of oil products. [Figure 18B] GC-FID chromatogram of the oil product (continuation of Figure 18A). [Figure 18C] GC-FID chromatogram of the oil product (continuation of Figure 18B). [Figure 19] GC-FID chromatogram of oil products. [Figure 20] 1H-NMR spectrum of the oil product. [Figure 21] Annotated 1H-NMR spectra of the oil product. [Figure 22] 13C-NMR spectrum of the oil product. [Figure 23] Annotated 13C-NMR spectrum of the oil product. [Modes for carrying out the invention]

[0048] The compositions, methods, and systems described herein may be more readily understood by referring to the following detailed description of specific aspects of the subject matter of this disclosure and the examples contained herein.

[0049] Before disclosing and describing the compositions, methods, and systems described herein, it should be understood that the embodiments described below are not limited to specific synthesis methods or specific reagents, and are therefore, of course, subject to variation. It should also be understood that the terms used herein are intended solely to describe specific embodiments and are not intended to limit them.

[0050] Furthermore, various publications are referenced throughout this specification. The disclosures of these publications are incorporated by reference to this application in whole, in order to more completely describe the cutting edge of the technology relating to the disclosed matters. The disclosed references are also incorporated by reference individually and specifically to the material contained therein that is considered in the texts on which the references are based.

[0051] General definition In this specification and the following claims, many terms are referenced and defined as follows:

[0052] Throughout this specification and the claims, the word “comprise” and other forms of that word such as “comprising” and “comprises” mean “including” but not limited to, and are not intended to exclude, for example, other additives, ingredients, integers, or steps.

[0053] As used herein and in the appended claims, the singular forms "a," "an," and "the" include multiple references unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. For example, a reference to "a composition" includes mixtures of two or more such compositions, a reference to "an agent" includes mixtures of two or more such agents, and a reference to "the component" includes mixtures of two or more such components.

[0054] "Optional" or "optional" means that the event or situation described below may or may not occur, and this description includes both instances in which the event or situation occurs and instances in which it does not.

[0055] In this specification, a range can be expressed as "approximately" from one particular value and / or "approximately" to another particular value. "Approximately" means within 5% of a value, for example, within 4, 3, 2, or 1% of the value. Where such a range is expressed, another aspect includes "approximately" from one particular value and / or to another particular value. Similarly, where a value is expressed as an approximation, it will be understood that by using the antecedent "approximately," a particular value forms another aspect. It will be further understood that each endpoint of a range is important both in relation to and independently of the other endpoints.

[0056] Values ​​may be expressed as “mean” values ​​in this specification. “Mean” generally refers to the statistical mean.

[0057] "Effectively" means within 5%, for example, within 4%, 3%, 2%, or 1%.

[0058] "Essential" means "an example of," and is not intended to indicate a preferred or ideal embodiment. "Etc." is used for explanatory purposes, not in a restrictive sense.

[0059] Throughout this specification, the identifiers “First” and “Second” are understood to be used solely to help distinguish the various components and steps of the subject matter of this disclosure. The identifiers “First” and “Second” are not intended to imply any particular order, quantity, priority, or importance of the components or steps modified by these terms.

[0060] References in this specification and the concluding claims to parts by weight of a particular element or component in a composition indicate the weight relationship between the element or component in the composition or article in which the parts by weight are represented and any other element or component. Thus, in a compound containing 2 parts by weight of component X and 5 parts by weight of component Y, X and Y exist in a weight ratio of 2:5, and such a ratio exists whether or not additional components are contained in the compound.

[0061] The weight percentage (wt.%) of a component is based on the total weight of the formulation or composition in which the component is included, unless otherwise indicated.

[0062] As used herein, the term "or combinations thereof" refers to all permutations and combinations of the items listed prior to that term. For example, "A, B, C, or combinations thereof" is intended to include at least one of A, B, C, AB, AC, BC, or ABC, and, where order is important in a particular context, also at least one of BA, CA, CB, CBA, BCA, ACB, BAC, or CAB. Continuing with this example, combinations that include repetitions of one or more items or terms such as BB, AAA, AB, BBC, AAABCCCC, CBBAAA, CABABB, etc. are explicitly included. One of ordinary skill in the art will understand, unless otherwise apparent from the context, that typically there is no limit to the number of items or terms in any combination.

[0063] As used herein, the expressions "ambient temperature" and "room temperature" are understood in the art and generally refer to a temperature of from 0 °C to 30 °C, such as, for example, from 20 °C to 30 °C.

[0064] As used herein, the expressions "ambient pressure" and "room pressure" are understood in the art and generally refer to a pressure of from 14.5 to 14.7 pounds per square inch (psi).

[0065] Chemical Definitions Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs.

[0066] When referring to define variable positions within general formulas described herein (e.g., the term "halogen"), the organic moieties are a general term for the individual substituents encompassed by the organic moiety. The prefix C before a group or moiety [[ID=********]] n [[ID=********]]-C[[ID=********]] mIn all cases, this indicates the possible number of carbon atoms in the following group or part.

[0067] As used herein, the term “ion” means any molecule, molecule, molecule cluster, molecule complex, atom, or atom that can be made to contain a charge (positive, negative, or both simultaneously in a single molecule, molecule cluster, molecule complex, or atom (e.g., an amphoteric ion)), or any molecule, molecule, molecule cluster, molecule complex, atom, or atom that can be made to contain a charge. Methods for generating a charge in a molecule, molecule, molecule cluster, molecule complex, atom, or atom are disclosed herein and can also be achieved by methods known in the art, such as protonation, deprotonation, oxidation, reduction, alkylation, acetylation, esterification, deesterification, hydrolysis, and the like.

[0068] The term “anion” is a type of ion and falls within the scope of the meaning of the term “ion.” An “anion” is any molecule, part of a molecule (e.g., a zwitterion), cluster of molecules, complex of molecules, part, or atom that contains a net negative charge, or can be made to contain a net negative charge. In this specification, the term “anion precursor” is used specifically to refer to molecules that can be converted into an anion through a chemical reaction (e.g., deprotonation).

[0069] The term "cation" is a type of ion and falls within the scope of the term "ion." A "cation" is any molecule, part of a molecule (e.g., a zwitterion), cluster of molecules, complex of molecules, part, or atom that contains a net positive charge or can be made to contain a net positive charge. In this specification, the term "cation precursor" is used specifically to refer to molecules that can be converted to a cation through a chemical reaction (e.g., protonation or alkylation).

[0070] As used herein, the term “substituted” is conceivable to include all permissible substituents of an organic compound. In broad embodiments, permissible substituents include acyclic and cyclic, branched and unbranched, carbocyclic and heterocyclic, and aromatic and non-aromatic substituents of an organic compound. Illustrative substituents are, for example, those described below. There may be one or more permissible substituents, which may be the same or different with respect to the appropriate organic compound. For the purposes of this disclosure, a heteroatom such as nitrogen may have any permissible substituent of the organic compound described herein, satisfying the valence of the hydrogen substituent and / or the heteroatom. This disclosure is not intended to be limited in any way by the permissible substituents of the organic compound. Furthermore, the terms “substituted” or “substituted with” imply that such substitutions comply with the permissible valences of the substituted atom and substituent, and that the substitution results in a stable compound, such as one that does not undergo spontaneous transformation by rearrangement, cyclization, elimination, etc.

[0071] In this specification, "Z 1 "Z 2 "Z 3 " and "Z 4 The symbol ' is used as a general symbol to represent various specific substituents. These symbols can represent any substituent, not limited to those disclosed herein, and may be defined as a specific substituent in some cases, and as several other substituents in others.

[0072] As used herein, the term “aliphatic” refers to non-aromatic hydrocarbon groups, including branched and unbranched, alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl groups.

[0073] As used herein, the term "alkyl" refers to a saturated, linear, or branched saturated hydrocarbon moiety. Unless otherwise specified, C1-C 24 (For example, C1-C 22 , C1-C 20 , C1-C 18 , C1-C16 , C1-C 14 , C1-C 12 , C1-C 10 Alkyl groups (C1-C8, C1-C6, or C1-C4) are intended. Examples of alkyl groups include methyl, ethyl, propyl, 1-methyl-ethyl, butyl, 1-methyl-propyl, 2-methyl-propyl, 1,1-dimethyl-ethyl, pentyl, 1-methyl-butyl, 2-methyl-butyl, 3-methyl-butyl, 2,2-dimethyl-propyl, 1-ethyl-propyl, hexyl, 1,1-dimethyl-propyl, 1,2-dimethyl-propyl, 1-methyl-pentyl, 2-methyl-pentyl, 3-methyl-pentyl, 4-methyl-pentyl, 1,1-dimethyl Examples include 1,2-dimethylbutyl, 1,3-dimethylbutyl, 2,2-dimethylbutyl, 2,3-dimethylbutyl, 3,3-dimethylbutyl, 1-ethylbutyl, 2-ethylbutyl, 1,1,2-trimethylpropyl, 1,2,2-trimethylpropyl, 1-ethyl-1-methylpropyl, 1-ethyl-2-methylpropyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl, decyl, dodecyl, tetradecyl, hexadecyl, eicosyl, tetracosyl, and the like. Alkyl substituents may be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more chemical moieties. Alkyl groups can be substituted with one or more groups, including but not limited to hydroxyl, halogen, acyl, alkyl, alkoxy, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aldehyde, amino, cyano, carboxylic acid, ester, ether, ketone, nitro, phosphonyl, silyl, sulfooxo, sulfonyl, sulfone, sulfoxide, or thiol, provided that the substituents are sterically compatible and the laws of chemical bonding and strain energy are satisfied, as described below.

[0074] Throughout this specification, the term “alkyl” is generally used to refer to both unsubstituted and substituted alkyl groups; however, in this specification, substituted alkyl groups are also specifically referred to by identifying specific substituents on the alkyl group. For example, the term “alkyl halide” specifically refers to an alkyl group substituted with one or more halides (halogens: e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine). The term “alkoxyalkyl” specifically refers to an alkyl group substituted with one or more alkoxy groups, as described below. The term “alkylamino” specifically refers to an alkyl group substituted with one or more amino groups, as described below. When “alkyl” is used in some cases and a specific term such as “alkyl alcohol” is used in other cases, this does not mean that the term “alkyl” does not also refer to a specific term such as “alkyl alcohol.”

[0075] This practice is also applied to other groups described herein. That is, terms such as “cycloalkyl” refer to both unsubstituted and substituted cycloalkyl moieties, but substituted moieties can also be specifically identified herein; for example, certain substituted cycloalkyls may be referred to as, for example, “alkylcycloalkyl.” Similarly, substituted alkoxys may be specifically referred to as, for example, “halogenated alkoxy,” and certain substituted alkenyls may be, for example, “alkenyl alcohols.” Again, the practice of using general terms such as “cycloalkyl” and specific terms such as “alkylcycloalkyl” does not imply that general terms do not include specific terms.

[0076] As used herein, the term "alkenyl" refers to an unsaturated, linear, or branched hydrocarbon moiety containing a double bond. Unless otherwise specified, C2-C 24 (For example, C2-C 22 , C2-C 20 , C2-C 18 , C2-C 16 , C2-C 14、C2-C 12 、C2-C 10The intended alkenyl group is C2-C8, C2-C6, or C2-C4. The alkenyl group may contain one or more unsaturated bonds.Examples include etenyl, 1-propenyl, 2-propenyl, 1-methyltenyl, 1-butenyl, 2-butenyl, 3-butenyl, 1-methyl-1-propenyl, 2-methyl-1-propenyl, 1-methyl-2-propenyl, 2-methyl-2-propenyl, 1-pentenyl, 2-pentenyl, 3-pentenyl, 4-pentenyl, 1-methyl-1-butenyl, 2-methyl-1-butenyl, 3-methyl-1-butenyl, 1-methyl-2-butenyl, 2-methyl-2-butenyl, 3-methyl-2-butenyl, 1-methyl-3-butenyl, 2-methyl-3-butenyl 3-methyl-3-butenyl, 1,1-dimethyl-2-propenyl, 1,2-dimethyl-1-propenyl, 1,2-dimethyl-2-propenyl, 1-ethyl-1-propenyl, 1-ethyl-2-propenyl, 1-hexenyl, 2-hexenyl, 3-hexenyl, 4-hexenyl, 5-hexenyl, 1-methyl-1-pentenyl, 2-methyl-1-pentenyl, 3-methyl-1-pentenyl, 4-methyl-1-pentenyl, 1-methyl-2-pentenyl, 2-methyl-2-pentenyl, 3-methyl-2-pentenyl, 4-methyl-2-pentenyl, 1-methyl 3-methyl-3-pentenyl, 2-methyl-3-pentenyl, 3-methyl-3-pentenyl, 4-methyl-3-pentenyl, 1-methyl-4-pentenyl, 2-methyl-4-pentenyl, 3-methyl-4-pentenyl, 4-methyl-4-pentenyl, 1,1-dimethyl-2-butenyl, 1,1-dimethyl-3-butenyl, 1,2-dimethyl-1-butenyl, 1,2-dimethyl-2-butenyl, 1,2-dimethyl-3-butenyl, 1,3-dimethyl-1-butenyl, 1,3-dimethyl-2-butenyl, 1,3-dimethyl-3-butenyl, 2,2-dimethyl-3-butenyl Examples include nyl, 2,3-dimethyl-1-butenyl, 2,3-dimethyl-2-butenyl, 2,3-dimethyl-3-butenyl, 3,3-dimethyl-1-butenyl, 3,3-dimethyl-2-butenyl, 1-ethyl-1-butenyl, 1-ethyl-2-butenyl, 1-ethyl-3-butenyl, 2-ethyl-1-butenyl, 2-ethyl-2-butenyl, 2-ethyl-3-butenyl, 1,1,2-trimethyl-2-propenyl, 1-ethyl-1-methyl-2-propenyl, 1-ethyl-2-methyl-1-propenyl, and 1-ethyl-2-methyl-2-propenyl.The term "vinyl" refers to a group having the structure -CH=CH2, 1-propenyl refers to a group having the structure -CH=CH-CH3, and 2-propenyl refers to a group having the structure -CH2-CH=CH2. (Z. 1 Z 2 )C=C(Z 3 Z 4 Asymmetric structures such as ) are intended to include both E and Z isomers. This can be inferred from the structural formulas herein where the asymmetric alkene is present, or it can be explicitly indicated by the bond symbol C=C. Alkenyl substituents may be unsubstituted or substituted by one or more chemical moieties. Examples of preferred substituents, provided that the substituents are sterically compatible and the laws of chemical bonding and strain energy are satisfied, include, for example, alkyl, alkoxy, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, acyl, aldehyde, amino, cyano, carboxylic acid, ester, ether, halide, hydroxyl, ketone, nitro, phosphonyl, silyl, sulfooxo, sulfonyl, sulfone, sulfoxide, or thiol, as described below.

[0077] As used herein, the term "alkynyl" refers to a straight-chain or branched hydrocarbon portion containing a triple bond. Unless otherwise specified, C2-C 24 (For example, C2-C 24 , C2-C 20 , C2-C 18 , C2-C 16 , C2-C 14 , C2-C 12 , C2-C 10The intended alkynyl groups are C2-C8, C2-C6, or C2-C4. The alkynyl group may contain one or more unsaturated bonds. Examples include C2-C6 alkynyls, e.g., ethynyl, 1-propynyl, 2-propynyl (or propargyl), 1-butynyl, 2-butynyl, 3-butynyl, 1-methyl-2-propynyl, 1-pentynyl, 2-pentynyl, 3-pentynyl, 4-pentynyl, 3-methyl-1-butynyl, 1-methyl-2-butynyl, 1-methyl-3-butynyl, 2-methyl-3-butynyl, 1,1-dimethyl-2-propynyl, 1-ethyl-2-propynyl, 1-hexynyl, 2-hexynyl, 3-hexynyl, 4-hexynyl, 5-hexynyl, 3-methyl-1-pentynyl, 4 Examples include methyl-1-pentynyl, 1-methyl-2-pentynyl, 4-methyl-2-pentynyl, 1-methyl-3-pentynyl, 2-methyl-3-pentynyl, 1-methyl-4-pentynyl, 2-methyl-4-pentynyl, 3-methyl-4-pentynyl, 1,1-dimethyl-2-butynyl, 1,1-dimethyl-3-butynyl, 1,2-dimethyl-3-butynyl, 2,2-dimethyl-3-butynyl, 3,3-dimethyl-1-butynyl, 1-ethyl-2-butynyl, 1-ethyl-3-butynyl, 2-ethyl-3-butynyl, and 1-ethyl-1-methyl-2-propynyl. The alkynyl substituent may be unsubstituted or substituted by one or more chemical moieties. Examples of suitable substituents, as described below, include, for example, alkyl, alkoxy, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, acyl, aldehyde, amino, cyano, carboxylic acid, ester, ether, halide, hydroxyl, ketone, nitro, phosphonyl, silyl, sulfoxo, sulfonyl, sulfone, sulfoxide, or thiol.

[0078] As used herein, the term "aryl," and the terms for derivatives such as aryloxy, refer to a group containing a monovalent aromatic carbocyclic group of 3 to 50 carbon atoms. An aryl group may contain a single ring or multiple fused rings. In some examples, an aryl group is C6-C 10The term "aryl" includes aryl groups. Examples of aryl groups include, but are not limited to, benzene, phenyl, biphenyl, naphthyl, tetrahydronaphthyl, phenylcyclopropyl, phenoxybenzene, and indanyl. The term "aryl" also includes "heteroaryl," which is defined as a group containing an aromatic group having at least one heteroatom incorporated into the ring of the aromatic group. Examples of heteroatoms include, but are not limited to, nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, and phosphorus. The term "nonheteroaryl," which is also included in the term "aryl," defines a group containing an aromatic group that does not contain a heteroatom. The aryl substituent may be unsubstituted or may be substituted by one or more chemical moieties. Examples of preferred substituents, as described herein, include, for example, alkyl, alkoxy, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, acyl, aldehyde, amino, cyano, carboxylic acid, ester, ether, halide, hydroxyl, ketone, nitro, phosphonyl, silyl, sulfoxo, sulfonyl, sulfone, sulfoxide, or thiol. The term "biaryl" refers to a specific type of aryl group and is included in the definition of aryl. A biaryl refers to two aryl groups that are bonded together via a fused ring structure, as in naphthalene, or bonded via one or more carbon-carbon junctions, as in biphenyl.

[0079] As used herein, the term "cycloalkyl" refers to a non-aromatic carbon-carbon ring consisting of at least three carbon atoms. Examples of cycloalkyls include, but are not limited to, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, and cyclohexyl. The term "heterocycloalkyl" refers to a cycloalkyl group as defined above, in which at least one of the carbon atoms of the ring is substituted with a heteroatom, but is not limited to, nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, or phosphorus. Cycloalkyl groups and heterocycloalkyl groups may be substituted or unsubstituted. Cycloalkyl groups and heterocycloalkyl groups may be substituted with one or more groups, including, but are not limited to, alkyl, alkoxy, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, acyl, aldehyde, amino, cyano, carboxylic acid, ester, ether, halide, hydroxyl, ketone, nitro, phosphonyl, silyl, sulfoxo, sulfonyl, sulfone, sulfoxide, or thiol groups, as described herein.

[0080] As used herein, the term "cycloalkenyl" refers to a non-aromatic carbon-carbon ring consisting of at least three carbon atoms and containing at least one double bond, i.e., C=C. Examples of cycloalkenyl groups include, but are not limited to, cyclopropenyl, cyclobutenyl, cyclopentenyl, cyclopentadienyl, cyclohexenyl, and cyclohexadienyl. The term "heterocycloalkenyl" is a type of cycloalkenyl group as defined above, and is included within the scope of the term "cycloalkenyl," wherein at least one of the carbon atoms in the ring is substituted with a heteroatom, such as nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, or phosphorus, but is not limited to these. Cycloalkenyl and heterocycloalkenyl groups may be substituted or unsubstituted. Cycloalkenyl and heterocycloalkenyl groups can be substituted with one or more groups, including but not limited to alkyl, alkoxy, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, acyl, aldehyde, amino, cyano, carboxylic acid, ester, ether, halide, hydroxyl, ketone, nitro, phosphonyl, silyl, sulfoxo, sulfonyl, sulfone, sulfoxide, or thiol groups, as described herein.

[0081] The term “cyclic group” is used herein to refer to any or both of aryl groups, nonaryl groups (i.e., cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, and heterocycloalkenyl groups). A cyclic group has one or more ring systems (e.g., monocyclic, bicyclic, tricyclic, polycyclic, etc.) which can be substituted or unsubstituted. A cyclic group may contain one or more aryl groups, one or more nonaryl groups, or one or more aryl groups and one or more nonaryl groups.

[0082] As used herein, the term "acyl" refers to the formula -C(O)Z 1 It is expressed by, in the formula, Z 1It can be a hydrogen, hydroxyl, alkoxy, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, heterocycloalkyl, or heterocycloalkenyl group as described above. As used herein, the term "acyl" can be used interchangeably with "carbonyl". Throughout this specification, "C(O)" or "CO" is a simplified notation for C=O.

[0083] As used herein, the term "acetal" refers to the formula (Z 1 Z 2 )(=OZ 3 )(=OZ 4 ), where Z 1 , Z 2 , Z 3 , and Z 4 can each independently be a hydrogen, halogen, hydroxyl, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, heterocycloalkyl, or heterocycloalkenyl group as described above. 1]

[0084] As used herein, the term "alkanol" refers to the chemical formula Z 1 OH, where Z 1 can be an alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, heterocycloalkyl, or heterocycloalkenyl group as described above.

[0085] As used herein, the term "alkoxy" as used in this specification is an alkyl group bonded through a single terminal ether bond, i.e., as defined above, an "alkoxy" group can be defined as a group of the formula Z 1 -O-, where Z 1 is unsubstituted or substituted alkyl. Unless otherwise specified, when Z 1 is C1-C 24 (e.g., C1-C 22 , C1-C 20 , C1-C18 , C1-C 16 , C1-C 14 , C1-C 12 , C1-C 10 The intended alkoxy group is an alkyl group (C1-C8, C1-C6, or C1-C4). Examples include methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, 1-methyl-ethoxy, butoxy, 1-methyl-propoxy, 2-methyl-propoxy, 1,1-dimethyl-ethoxy, pentoxy, 1-methyl-butyloxy, 2-methyl-butoxy, 3-methyl-butoxy, 2,2-di-methyl-propoxy, 1-ethyl-propoxy, hexoxy, 1,1-dimethyl-propoxy, 1,2-dimethyl-propoxy, 1-methyl-pentoxy, 2-methyl-pentoxy, 3 Examples include methyl-pentoxy, 4-methyl-penoxy, 1,1-dimethyl-butoxy, 1,2-dimethyl-butoxy, 1,3-dimethyl-butoxy, 2,2-dimethyl-butoxy, 2,3-dimethyl-butoxy, 3,3-dimethyl-butoxy, 1-ethyl-butoxy, 2-ethyl-butoxy, 1,1,2-trimethyl-propoxy, 1,2,2-trimethyl-propoxy, 1-ethyl-1-methyl-propoxy, and 1-ethyl-2-methyl-propoxy.

[0086] As used herein, the term “aldehyde” is represented by the formula -C(O)H. Throughout this specification, “C(O)” is a simple notation for C=O.

[0087] As used herein, the term "amino" refers to formula -NZ 1 Z 2 Z 3 It is expressed by, in the formula, Z 1 , Z 2 , and Z 3 Each of these can be a substituent as described herein, such as hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, heterocycloalkyl, or heterocycloalkenyl groups.

[0088] As used herein, "amide" or "amido" refers to the formula -C(O)NZ 1 Z 2 It is expressed by, in the formula, Z 1 and Z 2 Each of these can be a substituent as described herein, such as hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, heterocycloalkyl, or heterocycloalkenyl groups.

[0089] As used herein, the term “anhydrous” refers to formula Z 1 C(O)OC(O)Z 2 It is expressed by, in the formula, Z 1 and Z 2 These can independently be the alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, heterocycloalkyl, or heterocycloalkenyl groups described above.

[0090] As used herein, the term “cyclic anhydrous” is represented by the following formula: [ka] In the formula, Z 1 This can be the alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, heterocycloalkyl, or heterocycloalkenyl group described above.

[0091] As used herein, the term "azide" is represented by the formula -N=N=N.

[0092] As used herein, the term "carboxylic acid" is represented by the formula -C(O)OH.

[0093] As used herein, the "carboxylate" or "carboxyl" group is defined as the formula -C(O)O - It is represented by [this].

[0094] As used herein, the term "cyano" is represented by formula -CN.

[0095] As used herein, the term "ester" refers to the formula -OC(O)Z 1 Or -C(O)OZ 1 It is expressed by, in the formula, Z 1 This can be the alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, heterocycloalkyl, or heterocycloalkenyl group described above.

[0096] As used herein, the term "ether" refers to formula Z 1 OZ 2 It is expressed by, in the formula, Z 1 and Z 2 These can independently be the alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, heterocycloalkyl, or heterocycloalkenyl groups described above.

[0097] As used herein, the terms “epoxy” or “epoxide” refer to a cyclic ether having three atomic rings and can be represented by the following formula: [ka] In the formula, Z 1 , Z 2 , Z 3 , and Z 4 These can independently be the alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, heterocycloalkyl, or heterocycloalkenyl groups described above.

[0098] As used herein, the term "ketone" refers to formula Z 1 C(O)Z 2 It is expressed by, in the formula, Z 1 and Z 2These can independently be the alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, heterocycloalkyl, or heterocycloalkenyl groups described above.

[0099] As used herein, the terms "halide," "halogen," or "halo" refer to fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine.

[0100] As used herein, the term "hydroxyl" is represented by the formula -OH.

[0101] As used herein, the term "nitro" is represented by the formula -NO2.

[0102] The term "phosphonyl" as used herein refers to the formula -P(O)(OZ 1 Used to refer to the phosphooxo group represented by )2, in the formula, Z 1 This can be the hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, heterocycloalkyl, or heterocycloalkenyl group mentioned above.

[0103] As used herein, the term "silyl" refers to the formula -SiZ 1 Z 2 Z 3 It is expressed by, in the formula, Z 1 , Z 2 , and Z 3 These can independently be the hydrogen, alkyl, alkoxy, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, heterocycloalkyl, or heterocycloalkenyl groups mentioned above.

[0104] The terms "sulfonyl" or "sulfone" are used herein to mean the formula -S(O)2Z 1 It is used to refer to the sulfooxo group represented by, in the formula, Z 1This can be the hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, heterocycloalkyl, or heterocycloalkenyl group mentioned above.

[0105] As used herein, the term "sulfide" includes the formula -S-.

[0106] As used herein, the term "thiol" is represented by the formula -SH.

[0107] When used herein, "R 1 "R 2 "R 3 "R n Each of these (where n is some integer) can independently have one or more of the bases listed above. For example, R 1 If the group is a linear alkyl group, one of the hydrogen atoms of the alkyl group can be optionally substituted with a hydroxyl group, an alkoxy group, an amino group, another alkyl group, a halide, etc. Depending on the group selected, the first group can be incorporated into the second group, or alternatively, the first group can be pendanted (i.e., bonded) to the second group. For example, with respect to the phrase "alkyl group containing an amino group," the amino group can be incorporated into the alkyl group's skeleton. Alternatively, the amino group can be bonded to the alkyl group's skeleton. The properties of the group selected determine whether the first group is embedded in or bonded to the second group.

[0108] Unless otherwise specified, formulas having chemical bonds shown only by solid lines, rather than as wedge-shaped or dashed lines, evoke each possible stereoisomer or mixture of stereoisomers (e.g., each enantiomer, each diastereomer, each meso compound, racemic mixture, or scalemic mixture).

[0109] composition This specification discloses hydrocarbon compositions derived from the thermal decomposition of raw materials, including post-consumer and / or post-industrial plastics. Thermal decomposition depolymerizes the plastic into a product composed of building block molecules. Contaminants, along with the source and collection method of the plastic, are introduced during the plastic compounding and manufacturing processes during the initial lifespan of the plastic. Recycling of plastics by thermal decomposition is a technique that produces a wide range of product qualities, depending on various factors, including raw materials and manufacturing processes.

[0110] "Post-industrial" or "pre-consumer" plastics include materials derived from waste flows during the plastic manufacturing process.

[0111] "Post-consumer" plastics include materials produced by households or by commercial, industrial, and / or corporate facilities in their role as end-users of products that can no longer be used for their intended purpose. This includes the return of raw materials from the distribution chain.

[0112] Sources of post-consumer and / or post-industrial plastics include, but are not limited to, plastic resin manufacturers, packaging converters, industrial, commercial, retail, and corporate facilities, homes, and waste collectors.

[0113] In some examples, the compositions disclosed herein may include waxes, oils, or combinations thereof.

[0114] wax For example, this specification discloses waxes derived from the thermal decomposition of raw materials, including post-consumer and / or post-industrial plastics. In some examples, the waxes can be produced by thermal decomposition on an industrial scale.

[0115] In some cases, wax is solid or semi-solid at ambient temperature and pressure.

[0116] In some examples, waxes contain relatively long-chain hydrocarbons that are solid or semi-solid at ambient temperature and pressure.

[0117] The wax is, for example, 250 Daltons or more (for example, 255 Daltons or more, 260 Daltons or more, 265 Daltons or more, 270 Daltons or more, 275 Daltons or more, 280 Daltons or more, 285 Daltons or more, 290 Daltons or more, 295 Daltons or more, 300 Daltons or more, 305 Daltons or more, 310 Daltons or more, 315 Daltons or more, 320 Daltons or more, 325 Daltons or more, 330 Daltons or more, 335 Daltons or more, 340 Daltons or more, 345 Daltons or more, 350 Daltons or more It may have a number-average molecular weight and / or weight-average molecular weight of 100 daltons or more, 355 daltons or more, 360 daltons or more, 365 daltons or more, 370 daltons or more, 375 daltons or more, 380 daltons or more, 385 daltons or more, 395 daltons or more, 400 daltons or more, 405 daltons or more, 410 daltons or more, 415 daltons or more, 420 daltons or more, 425 daltons or more, 430 daltons or more, 435 daltons or more, or 440 daltons or more. In some cases, the wax is 450 Daltons or less (for example, 445 Daltons or less, 440 Daltons or less, 435 Daltons or less, 430 Daltons or less, 425 Daltons or less, 420 Daltons or less, 415 Daltons or less, 410 Daltons or less, 405 Daltons or less, 400 Daltons or less, 395 Daltons or less, 390 Daltons or less, 385 Daltons or less, 380 Daltons or less, 375 Daltons or less, 370 Daltons or less, 365 Daltons or less, 360 Daltons or less, 355 Daltons or less, The number-average molecular weight and / or weight-average molecular weight of the wax may be 350 daltons or less, 345 daltons or less, 340 daltons or less, 335 daltons or less, 330 daltons or less, 325 daltons or less, 320 daltons or less, 315 daltons or less, 310 daltons or less, 305 daltons or less, 300 daltons or less, 295 daltons or less, 290 daltons or less, 285 daltons or less, 280 daltons or less, 275 daltons or less, 270 daltons or less, 265 daltons or 260 daltons or less. The number-average molecular weight and / or weight-average molecular weight of the wax may be in the range from any of the minimum values ​​listed above to any of the maximum values ​​listed above.For example, the wax may have a numerical average molecular weight and / or weight-average molecular weight of 250 to 450 daltons (e.g., 250 to 350 daltons, 350 to 450 daltons, 250 to 300 daltons, 300 to 350 daltons, 350 to 400 daltons, 400 to 450 daltons, 250 to 425 daltons, 250 to 400 daltons, 250 to 375 daltons, 250 to 325 daltons, 250 to 275 daltons, 275 to 450 daltons, 300 to 450 daltons, 325 to 450 daltons, 375 to 450 daltons, 425 to 450 daltons, 275 to 425 daltons, or 300 to 400 daltons). In some examples, the wax may have a numerical average molecular weight and / or weight-average molecular weight of 300-400 daltons (e.g., 300-350 daltons, 350-400 daltons, 300-320 daltons, 320-340 daltons, 340-360 daltons, 360-380 daltons, 380-400 daltons, 300-380 daltons, 300-360 daltons, 300-340 daltons, 320-400 daltons, 340-400 daltons, 360-400 daltons, 310-390 daltons, 320-380 daltons, 325-375 daltons, or 325-350 daltons).

[0118] The wax contains a mixture of different hydrocarbons (e.g., linear, branched, cyclic, acyclic, saturated, unsaturated, aromatic, non-aromatic, etc.), any of which can be optionally substituted. In some examples, the wax contains a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can be optionally substituted, and more than 60% (w / w) of the mixture is C 20 -C 45 It contains hydrocarbons (e.g., 61% or more, 62% or more, 63% or more, 64% or more, 65% or more, 66% or more, 67% or more, 68% or more, 69% or more, 70% or more, 71% or more, 72% or more, 73% or more, 74% or more, 75% or more, 76% or more, 77% or more, or 78% or more). In some examples, the wax contains a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can be optionally substituted, and up to 80% (w / w) of the mixture is C 20 -C 45Contains hydrocarbons (for example, 79% or less, 78% or less, 77% or less, 76% or less, 75% or less, 74% or less, 73% or less, 72% or less, 71% or less, 70% or less, 69% or less, 68% or less, 67% or less, 66% or less, 65% or less, 64% or less, 63% or less, or 62% or less). 20 -C 45 The amount of hydrocarbon-containing mixture can be within the range of any of the minimum and maximum values ​​listed above. For example, wax may contain a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can be optionally substituted, and 60% to 80% (w / w) of the mixture may be C 20 -C 45 Contains hydrocarbons (e.g., 60%-70%, 70%-80%, 60%-65%, 65%-70%, 70%-75%, 75%-80%, 60%-75%, 65%-80%, or 65%-75%).

[0119] In some examples, the wax contains a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can be optionally substituted, and more than 80% (w / w) of the mixture is C9-C 33 It may contain hydrocarbons (e.g., 81% or more, 82% or more, 83% or more, 84% or more, 85% or more, 86% or more, 87% or more, or 88% or more). In some examples, the wax may contain a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which may be optionally substituted, and 90% or less (w / w) of the mixture may be C9-C 33 It may contain hydrocarbons (e.g., 89% or less, 88% or less, 87% or less, 86% or less, 85% or less, 84% or less, 83% or less, or 82% or less). C9-C 33 The amount of hydrocarbon-containing mixture can be within the range of any of the minimum and maximum values ​​listed above. For example, wax may contain a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can be optionally substituted, and 80% to 90% (w / w) of the mixture may be C9-C 33Hydrocarbons (e.g., 80%-85%, 85%-90%, 80%-82%, 82%-84%, 84%-86%, 86%-88%, 88%-90%, 80%-88%, 80%-86%, 80%-84%, 82%-90%, 84%-90%, 86%-90%, 81%-89%, or 82%-88%) containment.

[0120] In some examples, the wax contains a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can be optionally substituted, and more than 75% (w / w) of the mixture is C9-C 46 It contains hydrocarbons (e.g., 76% or more, 77% or more, 78% or more, 79% or more, 80% or more, 81% or more, 82% or more, 83% or more, 84% or more, 85% or more, 86% or more, 87% or more, 88% or more, 89% or more, 90% or more, 91% or more, 92% or more, 93% or more, 94% or more, 95% or more, 95.5% or more, 96% or more, 96.5% or more, 97% or more, 97.5% or more, or 98% or more). In some examples, the wax contains a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can be optionally substituted, and less than 100% (w / w) of the mixture is C9-C 46 Hydrocarbons (e.g. 99.5% or less, 99% or less, 98.5% or less, 98% or less, 97.5% or less, 97% or less, 96.5% or less, 96% or less, 95.5% or less, 95% or less, 94% or less, 93% or less, 92% or less , 91% or less, 90% or less, 89% or less, 88% or less, 87% or less, 86% or less, 85% or less, 84% or less, 83% or less, 82% or less, 81% or less, 80% or less, 79% or less, 78% or less, or 77% or less). C9-C 46 The amount of hydrocarbon-containing mixture can be within the range of any of the minimum and maximum values ​​listed above. For example, wax may contain a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can be optionally substituted, and 75% to 100% (w / w) of the mixture may be C9-C 46The wax contains hydrocarbons (e.g., 75%-87.5%, 87.5%-100%, 75%-80%, 80%-85%, 85%-90%, 90%-95%, 95%-100%, 75%-95%, 75%-90%, 75%-85%, 80%-100%, 85%-100%, 90%-100%, or 80%-95%). In some examples, the wax contains a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can be optionally substituted, and 95%-99% (w / w) of the mixture is C9-C 46 Includes hydrocarbons (e.g., 95%-97%, 97%-99%, 95%-96%, 96%-97%, 97%-98%, 98%-99%, 95%-98%, 96%-99%, or 96%-98%).

[0121] In some examples, the wax contains a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can be optionally substituted, and more than 20% (w / w) of the mixture is C9-C 20 It contains hydrocarbons (e.g., 21% or more, 22% or more, 23% or more, 24% or more, 25% or more, 26% or more, 27% or more, or 28% or more). In some examples, the wax contains a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can be optionally substituted, and 30% or less (w / w) of the mixture is C9-C 20 Contains hydrocarbons (e.g., 29% or less, 28% or less, 27% or less, 26% or less, 25% or less, 24% or less, 23% or less, or 22% or less). C9-C 20 The amount of hydrocarbon-containing mixture can be within the range of any of the minimum and maximum values ​​listed above. For example, wax may contain a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can be optionally substituted, and 20% to 30% (w / w) of the mixture may be C9-C 20 Contains hydrocarbons (e.g., 20%-25%, 25%-30%, 20%-22%, 22%-24%, 24%-26%, 26%-28%, 28%-30%, 20%-28%, 20%-26%, 20%-24%, 22%-30%, 24%-30%, 26%-30%, 21%-29%, or 22%-28%).

[0122] In some examples, the wax contains a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can be optionally substituted, and more than 20% (w / w) of the mixture is C 20 -C 24 It contains hydrocarbons (e.g., 21% or more, 22% or more, 23% or more, 24% or more, 25% or more, 26% or more, 27% or more, or 28% or more). In some examples, the wax contains a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can be optionally substituted, and 30% or less (w / w) of the mixture is C 20 -C 24 Contains hydrocarbons (for example, 29% or less, 28% or less, 27% or less, 26% or less, 25% or less, 24% or less, 23% or less, or 22% or less). 20 -C 24 The amount of hydrocarbon-containing mixture can be within the range of any of the minimum and maximum values ​​listed above. For example, wax may contain a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can be optionally substituted, and 20% to 30% (w / w) of the mixture may be C 20 -C 24 Contains hydrocarbons (e.g., 20%-25%, 25%-30%, 20%-22%, 22%-24%, 24%-26%, 26%-28%, 28%-30%, 20%-28%, 20%-26%, 20%-24%, 22%-30%, 24%-30%, 26%-30%, 21%-29%, or 22%-28%).

[0123] In some examples, the wax contains a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can be optionally substituted, and more than 20% (w / w) of the mixture is C 24 -C 28 It contains hydrocarbons (e.g., 21% or more, 22% or more, 23% or more, 24% or more, 25% or more, 26% or more, 27% or more, or 28% or more). In some examples, the wax contains a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can be optionally substituted, and 30% or less (w / w) of the mixture is C 24 -C 28Contains hydrocarbons (for example, 29% or less, 28% or less, 27% or less, 26% or less, 25% or less, 24% or less, 23% or less, or 22% or less). 24 -C 28 The amount of hydrocarbon-containing mixture can be within the range of any of the minimum and maximum values ​​listed above. For example, wax may contain a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can be optionally substituted, and 20% to 30% (w / w) of the mixture may be C 24 -C 28 Contains hydrocarbons (e.g., 20%-25%, 25%-30%, 20%-22%, 22%-24%, 24%-26%, 26%-28%, 28%-30%, 20%-28%, 20%-26%, 20%-24%, 22%-30%, 24%-30%, 26%-30%, 21%-29%, or 22%-28%).

[0124] In some examples, the wax contains a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can be optionally substituted, and more than 10% (w / w) of the mixture is C 28 -C 32 It contains hydrocarbons (e.g., 11% or more, 12% or more, 13% or more, 14% or more, 15% or more, 16% or more, 17% or more, or 18% or more). In some examples, the wax contains a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can be optionally substituted, and 20% or less (w / w) of the mixture is C 28 -C 32 Contains hydrocarbons (for example, 19% or less, 18% or less, 17% or less, 16% or less, 15% or less, 14% or less, 13% or less, or 12% or less). 28 -C 32 The amount of hydrocarbon-containing mixture can be within the range of any of the minimum and maximum values ​​listed above. For example, wax may contain a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can be optionally substituted, and 10% to 20% (w / w) of the mixture may be C 28 -C 32Contains hydrocarbons (e.g., 10%-15%, 15%-20%, 10%-12%, 12%-14%, 14%-16%, 16%-18%, 18%-20%, 10%-18%, 10%-16%, 10%-14%, 12%-20%, 14%-20%, 16%-20%, 11%-19%, or 12%-18%).

[0125] In some examples, the wax contains a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can be optionally substituted, and the mixture contains 20-30% (e.g., 25-30%) C9-C 20 Hydrocarbons, 20-30% (e.g., 20-25%) C 20 -C 24 Hydrocarbons, 20-30% (e.g., 20-25%) C 24 -C 28 Hydrocarbons, and 10-20% (e.g., 10-15%) of C 28 -C 32 Contains hydrocarbons. In some examples, the wax contains a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can be optionally substituted, and the mixture contains 25-30% C9-C9. 20 Hydrocarbons, 20-25% C 20 -C 24 Hydrocarbons, 20-25% C 24 -C 28 Hydrocarbons, and 10-15% C 28 -C 32 Contains hydrocarbons.

[0126] In some examples, the wax contains a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can be optionally substituted, and the mixture is substantially free of C1-C4 hydrocarbons. In some examples, the wax contains a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can be optionally substituted, and the mixture is substantially free of C1-C8 hydrocarbons.

[0127] In some examples, the wax comprises a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can be optionally substituted, and the mixture includes saturated hydrocarbons (e.g., linear, branched, and / or cyclic alkanes), unsaturated (non-aromatic) hydrocarbons (e.g., linear, branched, and / or cyclic alkenes and / or alkynes), and aromatic hydrocarbons. For example, the wax comprises a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can be optionally substituted, and the mixture includes 80% by weight or more of saturated hydrocarbons (e.g., 81% by weight or more, 82% by weight or more, 83% by weight or more, 84% by weight or more, 85% by weight or more, 86% by weight or more, 87% by weight or more, 88% by weight or more, 89% by weight or more, 90% by weight or more, 91% by weight or more, 92% by weight or more, 93% by weight or more, 94% by weight or more, 95% by weight or more, 96% by weight or more, 97% by weight or more, 98% by weight or more, or 99% by weight or more). In some examples, the wax contains a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can be optionally substituted, and the mixture contains 100% by weight or less of saturated hydrocarbons (e.g., 99% by weight or less, 98% by weight or less, 97% by weight or less, 96% by weight or less, 95% by weight or less, 94% by weight or less, 93% by weight or less, 92% by weight or less, 91% by weight or less, 90% by weight or less, 89% by weight or less, 88% by weight or less, 87% by weight or less, 86% by weight or less, 85% by weight or less, 84% by weight or less, 83% by weight or less, or 82% by weight or less). The amount of the mixture containing saturated hydrocarbons can range from any of the minimum values ​​listed above to any of the maximum values ​​listed above.For example, the wax may contain a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can be optionally substituted, with 80% to 100% of the mixture being saturated hydrocarbons (e.g., 80% to 90% by weight, 90% to 100% by weight, 80% to 85% by weight, 85% to 90% by weight, 90% to 95% by weight, 95% to 100% by weight, 80% to 98% by weight, 80% to 96% by weight, 80% to 94% by weight, 80% to 92% by weight, 80% by weight). It may include ~88% by weight, 80%~86% by weight, 80%~84% by weight, 80%~82% by weight, 82%~100% by weight, 84%~100% by weight, 86%~100% by weight, 88%~100% by weight, 92%~100% by weight, 94%~100% by weight, 96%~100% by weight, 98%~100% by weight, 82%~98% by weight, 85%~99% by weight, 85%~87% by weight, or 97%~99% by weight).

[0128] In some examples, the wax contains a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can be optionally substituted, and the mixture contains 0% by weight or more of unsaturated (non-aromatic) hydrocarbons (e.g., 0.1% by weight or more, 0.2% by weight or more, 0.3% by weight or more, 0.4% by weight or more, 0.5% by weight or more, 0.6% by weight or more, 0.7% by weight or more, 0.8% by weight or more, 0.9% by weight or more, 1% by weight or more, 1.25% by weight or more, 1.5% by weight or more, 1.75% by weight or more, 2% by weight or more, 2.25% by weight or more, 2.5% by weight or more, 3% by weight or more, 3.5% by weight or more, or 4% by weight or more). In some examples, the wax contains a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can be optionally substituted, and the mixture contains 5% by weight or less of unsaturated (non-aromatic) hydrocarbons (e.g., 4.5% by weight or less, 4% by weight or less, 3.5% by weight or less, 3% by weight or less, 2.5% by weight or less, 2.25% by weight or less, 2% by weight or less, 1.75% by weight or less, 1.5% by weight or less, 1.25% by weight or less, 1% by weight or less, 0.9% by weight or less, 0.8% by weight or less, 0.7% by weight or less, 0.6% by weight or less, 0.5% by weight or less, 0.4% by weight or less, 0.3% by weight or less, or 0.2% by weight or less). The amount of the mixture containing unsaturated (non-aromatic) hydrocarbons can range from any of the minimum values ​​listed above to any of the maximum values ​​listed above. For example, the wax may contain a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can be optionally substituted, and 0–5% by weight of the mixture may include unsaturated (non-aromatic) hydrocarbons (e.g., 0–2.5% by weight, 2.5–5% by weight, 0–1% by weight, 1–2% by weight, 2–3% by weight, 3–4% by weight, 4–5% by weight, 0–4% by weight, 0–3% by weight, 0–2% by weight, 1–5% by weight, 2–5% by weight, 3–5% by weight, 0.5–4.5% by weight, or 0.5–1.5% by weight).

[0129] In some examples, the wax contains a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can be optionally substituted, and the mixture contains 0% or more aromatic hydrocarbons (e.g., 0.1% or more, 0.2% or more, 0.3% or more, 0.4% or more, 0.5% or more, 0.6% or more, 0.7% or more, 0.8% or more, 0.9% or more, 1% or more, 1.25% or more, 1.5% or more, 1.75% or more, 2% or more, 2.25%) (Containing % by weight or more, 2.5% by weight or more, 3% by weight or more, 3.5% by weight or more, 4% by weight or more, 4.5% by weight or more, 5.5% by weight or more, 6% by weight or more, 6.5% by weight or more, 7% by weight or more, 7.5% by weight or more, 8% by weight or more, 8.5% by weight or more, 9% by weight or more, 9.5% by weight or more, 10% by weight or more, 10.5% by weight or more, 11% by weight or more, 11.5% by weight or more, 12% by weight or more, 12.5% ​​by weight or more, 13% by weight or more, 13.5% by weight or more, or 14% by weight or more). In some examples, the wax contains a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can be optionally substituted, and the mixture contains 15% by weight or less of aromatic hydrocarbons (e.g., 14.5% by weight or less, 14% by weight or less, 13.5% by weight or less, 13% by weight or less, 12.5% ​​by weight or less, 12% by weight or less, 11.5% by weight or less, 11% by weight or less, 10.5% by weight or less, 10% by weight or less, 9.5% by weight or less, 9% by weight or less, 8.5% by weight or less, 8% by weight or less, 7.5% by weight or less, (containing 7% by weight or less, 6.5% by weight or less, 6% by weight or less, 5.5% by weight or less, 5% by weight or less, 4.5% by weight or less, 4% by weight or less, 3.5% by weight or less, 3% by weight or less, 2.5% by weight or less, 2.25% by weight or less, 2% by weight or less, 1.75% by weight or less, 1.5% by weight or less, 1.25% by weight or less, 1% by weight or less, 0.9% by weight or less, 0.8% by weight or less, 0.7% by weight or less, 0.6% by weight or less, 0.5% by weight or less, 0.4% by weight or less, 0.3% by weight or less, or 0.2% by weight or less). The amount of the mixture containing aromatic hydrocarbons may be within the range of any of the minimum values ​​listed above to any of the maximum values ​​listed above.For example, the wax may contain a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can be optionally substituted, and 0 to 15% by weight of the mixture may include aromatic hydrocarbons (e.g., 0 to 7.5% by weight, 7.5 to 15% by weight, 0 to 5% by weight, 5 to 10% by weight, 10 to 15% by weight, 0 to 14% by weight, 0 to 12% by weight, 0 to 10% by weight, 0 to 8% by weight, 0 to 6% by weight, 0 to 4% by weight, 0 to 2.5% by weight, 0 to 2% by weight, 0 to 1% by weight, 1 to 15% by weight, 2 to 15% by weight, 4 to 15% by weight, 6 to 15% by weight, 8 to 15% by weight, 12 to 15% by weight, 0.5 to 14.5% by weight, 1 to 14% by weight, or 12 to 14% by weight).

[0130] In some examples, the wax contains a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can be optionally substituted, and the mixture contains 80–100% by weight of saturated hydrocarbons (e.g., 85–90% by weight or 95–99% by weight), 0–5% by weight of unsaturated (non-aromatic) hydrocarbons (e.g., 0–2.5% by weight or 0–1.5% by weight), and 0–15% by weight of aromatic hydrocarbons (e.g., 0–2.5% by weight or 12–14% by weight). In some examples, the wax contains a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can be optionally substituted, and the mixture contains 85–90% by weight of saturated hydrocarbons, 0–2.5% by weight of unsaturated (non-aromatic) hydrocarbons, and 12–14% by weight of aromatic hydrocarbons. In some examples, the wax contains a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can be optionally substituted, and the mixture contains 95–99% by weight of saturated hydrocarbons, 0–1.5% by weight of unsaturated (non-aromatic) hydrocarbons, and 0–2.5% by weight of aromatic hydrocarbons.

[0131] The wax may have a melting point of 30°C or higher (for example, 31°C or higher, 32°C or higher, 33°C or higher, 34°C or higher, 35°C or higher, 36°C or higher, 37°C or higher, 38°C or higher, 39°C or higher, 40°C or higher, 41°C or higher, 42°C or higher, 43°C or higher, 44°C or higher, 45°C or higher, 46°C or higher, 47°C or higher, 48°C or higher, 49°C or higher, 50°C or higher, 51°C or higher, 52°C or higher, 53°C or higher, 54°C or higher, 55°C or higher, 56°C or higher, 57°C or higher, 58°C or higher, 59°C or higher, 60°C or higher, 61°C or higher, 62°C or higher, 63°C or higher, 64°C or higher, 65°C or higher, 66°C or higher, 67°C or higher, or 68°C or higher). In some cases, waxes can have a melting point of 70°C or less (for example, 69°C or less, 68°C or less, 67°C or less, 66°C or less, 65°C or less, 64°C or less, 63°C or less, 62°C or less, 61°C or less, 60°C or less, 59°C or less, 58°C or less, 57°C or less, 56°C or less, 55°C or less, 54°C or less, 53°C or less, 52°C or less, 51°C or less, 50°C or less, 49°C or less, 48°C or less, 47°C or less, 46°C or less, 45°C or less, 44°C or less, 43°C or less, 42°C or less, 41°C or less, 40°C or less, 39°C or less, 38°C or less, 37°C or less, 36°C or less, 35°C or less, 34°C or less, 33°C or less, or 32°C or less). The melting point of a wax can be in the range from any of the minimum values ​​listed above to any of the maximum values ​​listed above. For example, wax can have a melting point of 30°C to 70°C (e.g., 30°C to 50°C, 50°C to 70°C, 30°C to 40°C, 40°C to 50°C, 50°C to 60°C, 60°C to 70°C, 30°C to 65°C, 30°C to 60°C, 30°C to 55°C, 30°C to 45°C, 30°C to 35°C, 35°C to 70°C, 40°C to 70°C, 45°C to 70°C, 55°C to 70°C, 65°C to 70°C, 35°C to 65°C, or 40°C to 55°C). In some cases, waxes can have a melting point of 40°C to 55°C (e.g., 40°C to 48°C, 48°C to 55°C, 40°C to 45°C, 45°C to 50°C, 50°C to 55°C, 40°C to 54°C, 40°C to 52°C, 40°C to 50°C, 40°C to 46°C, 42°C to 55°C, 44°C to 55°C, 46°C to 55°C, 41°C to 54°C, 42°C to 50°C, or 43°C to 48°C). The melting point of a wax can be determined by any preferred method, such as methods known in the art.In some cases, the melting point of the wax is determined using ASTM D 127.

[0132] The wax may have a solidification point of 30°C or higher (for example, 31°C or higher, 32°C or higher, 33°C or higher, 34°C or higher, 35°C or higher, 36°C or higher, 37°C or higher, 38°C or higher, 39°C or higher, 40°C or higher, 41°C or higher, 42°C or higher, 43°C or higher, 44°C or higher, 45°C or higher, 46°C or higher, 47°C or higher, 48°C or higher, 49°C or higher, 50°C or higher, 51°C or higher, 52°C or higher, or 53°C or higher). In some cases, waxes can have a freezing point of 55°C or lower (e.g., 54°C or lower, 53°C or lower, 52°C or lower, 51°C or lower, 50°C or lower, 49°C or lower, 48°C or lower, 47°C or lower, 46°C or lower, 45°C or lower, 44°C or lower, 43°C or lower, 42°C or lower, 41°C or lower, 40°C or lower, 39°C or lower, 38°C or lower, 37°C or lower, 36°C or lower, 35°C or lower, 34°C or lower, 33°C or lower, or 32°C or lower). The freezing point of a wax can be within the range of any of the minimum and maximum values ​​listed above. For example, wax can have a solidification point of 30°C to 55°C (e.g., 30°C to 42.5°C, 42.5°C to 55°C, 30°C to 35°C, 35°C to 40°C, 40°C to 45°C, 45°C to 50°C, 50°C to 55°C, 30°C to 50°C, 30°C to 45°C, 30°C to 40°C, 35°C to 55°C, 40°C to 55°C, 45°C to 55°C, or 35°C to 50°C). In some examples, waxes can have a freezing point of 40°C to 55°C (e.g., 40°C to 48°C, 48°C to 55°C, 40°C to 45°C, 45°C to 50°C, 50°C to 55°C, 40°C to 54°C, 40°C to 52°C, 40°C to 50°C, 40°C to 46°C, 42°C to 55°C, 44°C to 55°C, 46°C to 55°C, 41°C to 54°C, 42°C to 52°C, or 45°C to 51°C). The freezing point of a wax can be determined by any preferred method, such as methods known in the art. In some examples, the freezing point of a wax is determined using ASTM D 938.

[0133] The wax is, for example, above 300°F (for example, above 325°F, above 350°F, above 375°F, above 400°F, above 425°F, above 450°F, above 475°F, above 500°F, above 525°F, above 550°F, above 575°F, above 600°F, above 625°F, above 650°F, above 675°F, above 700°F, above 725°F, above 750°F, above 775°F, above 800 It may have a final boiling point of 825°F or higher, 850°F or higher, 875°F or higher, 900°F or higher, 925°F or higher, 950°F or higher, 975°F or higher, 1000°F or higher, 1025°F or higher, 1050°F or higher, 1075°F or higher, 1100°F or higher, 1125°F or higher, 1150°F or higher, 1175°F or higher, 1200°F or higher, 1225°F or higher, or 1250°F or higher. In some cases, wax is suitable for temperatures below 1300°F (e.g., below 1275°F, below 1250°F, below 1225°F, below 1200°F, below 1175°F, below 1150°F, below 1125°F, below 1100°F, below 1075°F, below 1050°F, below 1025°F, below 1000°F, below 975°F, below 950°F, below 925°F, below 900°F, below 875°F, below 850°F) The final boiling point of the wax may be any of the following: 825°F or less, 800°F or less, 775°F or less, 750°F or less, 725°F or less, 700°F or less, 675°F or less, 650°F or less, 625°F or less, 600°F or less, 575°F or less, 550°F or less, 525°F or less, 500°F or less, 475°F or less, 450°F or less, 425°F or less, 400°F or less, 375°F or less, or 350°F or less. The final boiling point of the wax may be in the range from any of the minimum values ​​listed above to any of the maximum values ​​listed above. For example, wax can have a final boiling point of 300°F to 1300°F (e.g., 300°F to 800°F, 800°F to 1300°F, 300°F to 500°F, 500°F to 700°F, 700°F to 900°F, 900°F to 1100°F, 1100°F to 1300°F, 350°F to 1300°F, 450°F to 1300°F, 550°F to 1300°F, 650°F to 1300°F, 750°F to 1300°F, 850°F to 1300°F, or 950°F to 1300°F).In some cases, wax is used in temperatures ranging from 950°F to 1300°F (for example, 950°F to 1125°F, 1125°F to 1300°F, 950°F to 1000°F, 1000°F to 1050°F, 1050°F to 1100°F, 1100°F to 1150°F, 1150°F to 1200°F, 1200°F to 1250°F, 1250°F to 1300°F, 950°F to 1250°F, and 950°F to 1200°F). The final boiling point of the wax may be in the range of 950°F~1150°F, 950°F~1100°F, 950°F~1050°F, 1000°F~1300°F, 1050°F~1300°F, 1100°F~1300°F, 1150°F~1300°F, 1200°F~1300°F, 975°F~1275°F, 950°F~1250°F, 1100°F~1250°F, or 995°F~1235°F. The final boiling point of the wax can be determined by any preferred method, such as methods known in the art. In some examples, the final boiling point of the wax is determined using ASTM D 7169.

[0134] The wax is for temperatures above 30°F (for example, above 31°F, above 32°F, above 33°F, above 34°F, above 35°F, above 36°F, above 37°F, above 38°F, above 39°F, above 40°F, above 41°F, above 42°F, above 43°F, above 44°F, above 45°F, above 46°F, above 47°F, above 48°F, above 49°F, above 50°F, above 51°F, above 52°F, above 53°F, above 54°F It may have a flow point of 55°F or higher, 56°F or higher, 57°F or higher, 58°F or higher, 59°F or higher, 60°F or higher, 65°F or higher, 70°F or higher, 75°F or higher, 80°F or higher, 85°F or higher, 90°F or higher, 95°F or higher, 100°F or higher, 105°F or higher, 110°F or higher, 115°F or higher, 120°F or higher, 125°F or higher, 130°F or higher, 135°F or higher, or 140°F or higher. In some cases, wax is used below 150°F (for example, below 145°F, below 140°F, below 135°F, below 130°F, below 125°F, below 120°F, below 115°F, below 110°F, below 105°F, below 100°F, below 95°F, below 90°F, below 85°F, below 80°F, below 75°F, below 70°F, below 65°F, below 60°F, below 59°F, below 58°F, below 57°F, below 56°F The following can be the pour point of a wax: 55°F or less, 54°F or less, 53°F or less, 52°F or less, 51°F or less, 50°F or less, 49°F or less, 48°F or less, 47°F or less, 46°F or less, 45°F or less, 44°F or less, 43°F or less, 42°F or less, 41°F or less, 40°F or less, 39°F or less, 38°F or less, 37°F or less, 36°F or less, 35°F or less, 34°F or less, 33°F or less, or 32°F or less. The pour point of a wax can be within the range of any of the minimum values ​​listed above to any of the maximum values ​​listed above.For example, a wax can have a flow point of 30°F to 150°F (e.g., 30°F to 90°F, 90°F to 150°F, 30°F to 60°F, 60°F to 90°F, 90°F to 120°F, 120°F to 150°F, 30°F to 120°F, 30°F to 100°F, 30°F to 80°F, 30°F to 60°F, 50°F to 150°F, 70°F to 150°F, 110°F to 150°F, 40°F to 140°F, or 50°F to 130°F). In some examples, waxes can have a pour point of 30°F to 60°F (e.g., 30°F to 45°F, 45°F to 60°F, 30°F to 40°F, 40°F to 50°F, 50°F to 60°F, 30°F to 55°F, 30°F to 50°F, 35°F to 60°F, 40°F to 60°F, 32°F to 58°F, 33°F to 52°F, or 45°F to 60°F). The pour point of a wax can be determined by any preferred method, such as those known in the art. In some examples, the pour point of a wax is determined using ASTM D 97.

[0135] In some examples, the wax may contain one or more contaminants. These contaminants may include, for example, alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, transition metals, basic metals, metalloids, nonmetals, halogens, their salts or compounds, or combinations thereof. Examples of contaminants include, but are not limited to, lithium, sodium, beryllium, magnesium, calcium, strontium, titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, molybdenum, cadmium, mercury, aluminum, titanium silicon, tin, lead, nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic, antimony, oxygen, sulfur, selenium, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, their compounds, and combinations thereof. In some examples, the wax may contain contaminants including chloride, nitrogen, silicon, sodium, iron, phosphorus, sulfur, calcium, nickel, copper, vanadium, or combinations thereof.

[0136] Contaminants, along with the sources and collection methods of plastics, are introduced during the plastic formulation and manufacturing processes during the initial lifespan of the plastics.

[0137] For example, chlorine sources in used plastics can include PVDC layers. PVDC is often used as a layer or coating in food and pharmaceutical packaging applications because it offers excellent barrier properties against moisture, UV light, acids, salts, and detergents, as well as good transparency. Despite designs for recyclability-enhancing formulation changes, PVDC is projected to increase by 3.2% annually in the US by 2028. Packaging converters produce a variety of single-layer and multi-layer packaging. Both types can be mixed into recycled flows. Post-consumer sources contain larger amounts of material containing chlorine sources that may be difficult to distinguish and remove by standard sorting techniques.

[0138] Nitrogen sources in used plastics can, for example, often originate from the depolymerization of nylon (e.g., nylon 6 (PA-6), nylon 66 (PA-66)) in used plastic sources from food and industrial packaging materials. Nylon is used in multilayer flexible packing films to protect oxygen-sensitive foods or where excellent oil and grease resistance, as well as high mechanical strength, are required for processed meats and fish, as well as cheese and other dairy products. Nylon also provides a wide temperature range from cold to hot (e.g., -60°C to 150°C), allowing food to be moved from the freezer to the microwave / oven without the packaging degrading. In industrial packaging, nylon is often used as a reinforcing layer, providing high mechanical strength as well as excellent abrasion and puncture resistance (e.g., in polypropylene super sacks containing a nylon interlayer or strap). Nitrogen can also originate from protein (food) residue on the plastic resulting from amino acids in decomposed proteins. Post-consumer sources contain larger amounts of material containing nitrogen sources that may be difficult to distinguish and remove by standard sorting techniques.

[0139] Silicon sources in used plastics can include, for example, silica desiccant packages. In food packaging and processing plants, silicon products are widely used as release agents for a wide variety of materials and equipment, leaving residues on plastic surfaces. Silicon is also an additive that can be added to a wide range of materials to alter their appearance, extrusion properties, and / or the characteristics of the final product, and this applies not only to two-dimensional plastics but also to films. Post-consumer sources contain larger quantities of material that may contain silicon sources that are difficult to distinguish and remove by standard sorting techniques.

[0140] Silicon dioxide, when applied as a very thin coating to plastics, specifically polyethylene, polypropylene, and / or polystyrene, can function as a barrier layer to improve the shelf life of oxygen and moisture-sensitive foods. This thin coating can be applied by vacuum or plasma deposition processes, and the barrier layer and the plastic form covalent bonds. SiO2 barrier coatings are chemically inert, enabling advantages in rigid and flexible food packaging applications. These advantages include, but are not limited to, reducing the oxygen and moisture permeability of the plastic, ensuring aroma protection, preserving the smell and taste of the contents, being insensitive to temperature and humidity fluctuations, being well-suited to pasteurization and sterilization processes, and extending the shelf life of food without the addition of preservatives. SiO2 coatings are thin, significantly thinner than, for example, a human hair, and therefore have a negligible impact on packaging weight. For this reason, coated packaging is considered a single material that can be mechanically recycled. Recyclability initiatives are promoting the use of SiO2 coatings as an alternative to PVDC and nylon barriers in flexible and rigid packaging. While these guidelines apply to mechanically recycled plastics, some packaging forms and formulations are better suited to pyrolysis-based advanced recycling. SiO2 coatings have the potential to be a “continuing gift,” especially when used with rigid and flexible polyethylene and polypropylene plastics that are initially mechanically recycled and then, after several cycles, eventually become spent plastic raw materials for advanced recycling, as silicon is expected to accumulate and carry over to each subsequent application.

[0141] Phosphorus-containing flame retardants are widely used in plastics because their rapid oxidation consumes all oxygen present, thereby stopping fires. Plastics commonly containing these flame retardants include, but are not limited to, engineering plastics, polyurethane foams, polyamides (e.g., nylon) and glass fiber reinforced nylon, polyethylene and EVA copolymers, and expanded coatings on foams and polypropylene fabrics. Phosphate esters are also used as flame-retardant plasticizers in PVC, high-impact polystyrene (HIPS), polycarbonate (PC), and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS). Phosphorus sources also include agricultural applications such as residual glyphosate in HDPE containers and residual phosphorus fertilizers on ground films (e.g., mulch films). Post-consumer sources contain larger quantities of material containing phosphorus sources that may be difficult to distinguish and remove by standard sorting techniques.

[0142] Sources of sulfur, calcium, sodium, iron, phosphorus, or combinations thereof are additives, surface residues, and residual contamination from incoming post-consumer and / or post-industrial plastics. While washing steps can potentially remove certain surface residues, they add cost and complexity to advanced (e.g., pyrolysis-based) recycling processes. Therefore, post-consumer sources contain larger quantities of material containing sources of sulfur, calcium, sodium, iron, phosphorus, or combinations thereof, which can be difficult to distinguish and remove by standard sorting techniques.

[0143] Copper alloys are increasingly commonly used to fabricate molds for plastic injection molding processes due to their high thermal conductivity, which eliminates hot spots, reduces warping, shortens cycle times, facilitates machining by various processes, and provides corrosion resistance to injected water, cooling fluids, and plastics. Copper alloys often contain nickel and silicon. Plastics manufactured in copper alloy molds may have residual amounts of copper, nickel, and silicon on their surface. In addition, plating plastics with nickel and copper can be an effective means of protecting the substrate from corrosion from environmental exposure and making the substrate more resistant to damage from chemicals used in the manufacturing process. In some cases, plating on plastics can increase the hardness, strength, and wear resistance of the substrate. The presence of copper and nickel on the surface of both pre-consumer and post-consumer sources can be difficult to distinguish and remove through standard sorting techniques.

[0144] In some examples, the wax has a total chloride content of 50 ppm or less (for example, 45 ppm or less, 40 ppm or less, 35 ppm or less, 30 ppm or less, 25 ppm or less, 20 ppm or less, 15 ppm or less, 10 ppm or less, 9 ppm or less, 8 ppm or less, 7 ppm or less, 6 ppm or less, 5 ppm or less, 4.5 ppm or less, 4 ppm or less, 3.5 ppm or less, 3 ppm or less, 2.5 ppm or less, 2 ppm or less, 1.5 ppm or less, 1 ppm or less, 0.75 ppm or less, 0.5 ppm or less, 0.25 ppm or less, 0.1 ppm or less, 0.075 ppm or less, 0.05 ppm or less, 0.025 ppm or less, 0.01 ppm or less, 0.0075 ppm or less, or 0.005 ppm or less). In some examples, the wax has a total chloride content of 0 ppm or more (for example, 0.001 ppm or more, 0.0025 ppm or more, 0.005 ppm or more, 0.0075 ppm or more, 0.01 ppm or more, 0.025 ppm or more, 0.05 ppm or more, 0.075 ppm or more, 0.1 ppm or more, 0.25 ppm or more, 0.5 ppm or more, 0.75 ppm or more, 1 ppm or more, 1.5 ppm or more, 2 ppm or more, 2.5 ppm or more, 3 ppm or more, 3.5 ppm or more, 4 ppm or more, 4.5 ppm or more, 5 ppm or more, 6 ppm or more, 7 ppm or more, 8 ppm or more, 9 ppm or more, 10 ppm or more, 15 ppm or more, 20 ppm or more, 25 ppm or more, 30 ppm or more, 35 ppm or more, or 40 ppm or more). The total chloride content of the wax may be within the range of any of the minimum and maximum values ​​listed above.For example, waxes range from 0 ppm to 50 ppm (e.g., 0-25 ppm, 25-50 ppm, 0-10 ppm, 10-20 ppm, 20-30 ppm, 30-40 ppm, 40-50 ppm, 0.001-50 ppm, 0.001-45 ppm, 0.001-40 ppm, 0.001-35 ppm, 0.001-30 ppm, 0.001-25 ppm, 0.001-20 ppm, 0.001-15 ppm) The total chloride content can be m, 0.001-10 ppm, 0.001-5 ppm, 0.001-1 ppm, 0.001-0.1 ppm, 0.001-0.01 ppm, 0-45 ppm, 0-40 ppm, 0-35 ppm, 0-30 ppm, 0-25 ppm, 0-20 ppm, 0-15 ppm, 0-10 ppm, 0-5 ppm, 0-1 ppm, 0-0.1 ppm, or 0-0.01 ppm. In some examples, the wax is substantially chloride-free. The total chloride content of a wax can be determined by any suitable method, such as methods known in the art. For example, the total chloride content of a wax can be determined using ASTM D 7359.

[0145] In some cases, waxes have a nitrogen content of 300 ppm or less (for example, 275 ppm or less, 250 ppm or less, 225 ppm or less, 200 ppm or less, 175 ppm or less, 150 ppm or less, 125 ppm or less, 100 ppm or less, 75 ppm or less, 50 ppm or less, 45 ppm or less, 40 ppm or less, 35 ppm or less, 30 ppm or less, 25 ppm or less, 20 ppm or less, 15 ppm or less, 10 ppm or less, 9 ppm or less, 8 ppm or less). The following are included: 7 ppm or less, 6 ppm or less, 5 ppm or less, 4.5 ppm or less, 4 ppm or less, 3.5 ppm or less, 3 ppm or less, 2.5 ppm or less, 2 ppm or less, 1.5 ppm or less, 1 ppm or less, 0.75 ppm or less, 0.5 ppm or less, 0.25 ppm or less, 0.1 ppm or less, 0.075 ppm or less, 0.05 ppm or less, 0.025 ppm or less, 0.01 ppm or less, 0.0075 ppm or less, or 0.005 ppm or less. In some examples, wax is present in concentrations of 0 ppm or higher (e.g., 0.001 ppm or higher, 0.0025 ppm or higher, 0.005 ppm or higher, 0.0075 ppm or higher, 0.01 ppm or higher, 0.025 ppm or higher, 0.05 ppm or higher, 0.075 ppm or higher, 0.1 ppm or higher, 0.25 ppm or higher, 0.5 ppm or higher, 0.75 ppm or higher, 1 ppm or higher, 1.5 ppm or higher, 2 ppm or higher, 2.5 ppm or higher, 3 ppm or higher, 3.5 ppm or higher, 4 ppm or higher). The wax has a nitrogen content of m or more, 4.5 ppm or more, 5 ppm or more, 6 ppm or more, 7 ppm or more, 8 ppm or more, 9 ppm or more, 10 ppm or more, 15 ppm or more, 20 ppm or more, 25 ppm or more, 30 ppm or more, 35 ppm or more, 40 ppm or more, 45 ppm or more, 50 ppm or more, 75 ppm or more, 100 ppm or more, 125 ppm or more, 150 ppm or more, 175 ppm or more, 200 ppm or more, 225 ppm or more, or 250 ppm or more. The nitrogen content of the wax may be within the range of any of the minimum values ​​listed above to any of the maximum values ​​listed above.For example, waxes range from 0 to 300 ppm (e.g., 0 to 150 ppm, 150 to 300 ppm, 0 to 100 ppm, 100 to 200 ppm, 200 to 300 ppm, 0.001 to 275 ppm, 0.001 to 250 ppm, 0.001 to 225 ppm, 0.001 to 200 ppm, 0.001 to 175 ppm, 0.001 to 150 ppm, 0.001 to 125 ppm, 0.001 to 100 ppm, 0.001 to 75 ppm, 0.001 to 50 ppm, 0.001 to 45 ppm, 0.001 to 40 ppm, 0.001 to 35 ppm, 0.001 to 30 ppm, 0.001 to 25 ppm, 0.001 to 20 ppm, 0 It may have a nitrogen content of 0.001-15 ppm, 0.001-10 ppm, 0.001-5 ppm, 0.001-1 ppm, 0.001-0.1 ppm, 0.001-0.01 ppm, 0-275 ppm, 0-250 ppm, 0-225 ppm, 0-200 ppm, 0-175 ppm, 0-150 ppm, 0-125 ppm, 0-100 ppm, 0-75 ppm, 0-50 ppm, 0-45 ppm, 0-40 ppm, 0-35 ppm, 0-30 ppm, 0-25 ppm, 0-20 ppm, 0-15 ppm, 0-10 ppm, 0-5 ppm, 0-1 ppm, 0-0.1 ppm, or 0-0.01 ppm. In some cases, the wax is substantially nitrogen-free. The nitrogen content of the wax can be determined using any suitable method, such as methods known in the art. In some cases, the nitrogen content of the wax is determined using ASTM D 4629.

[0146] The wax may have a silicon content of, for example, 125 ppm or less (for example, 100 ppm or less, 75 ppm or less, 50 ppm or less, 45 ppm or less, 40 ppm or less, 35 ppm or less, 30 ppm or less, 25 ppm or less, 20 ppm or less, 15 ppm or less, 10 ppm or less, 9 ppm or less, 8 ppm or less, 7 ppm or less, 6 ppm or less, 5 ppm or less, 4.5 ppm or less, 4 ppm or less, 3.5 ppm or less, 3 ppm or less, 2.5 ppm or less, 2 ppm or less, 1.5 ppm or less, 1 ppm or less, 0.75 ppm or less, 0.5 ppm or less, 0.25 ppm or less, 0.1 ppm or less, 0.075 ppm or less, 0.05 ppm or less, 0.025 ppm or less, 0.01 ppm or less, 0.0075 ppm or less, or 0.005 ppm or less). In some examples, wax is found to be above 0 ppm (e.g., above 0.001 ppm, above 0.0025 ppm, above 0.005 ppm, above 0.0075 ppm, above 0.01 ppm, above 0.025 ppm, above 0.05 ppm, above 0.075 ppm, above 0.1 ppm, above 0.25 ppm, above 0.5 ppm, above 0.75 ppm, above 1 ppm, above 1.5 ppm, above 2 ppm, 2. The silicon content is 5 ppm or more, 3 ppm or more, 3.5 ppm or more, 4 ppm or more, 4.5 ppm or more, 5 ppm or more, 6 ppm or more, 7 ppm or more, 8 ppm or more, 9 ppm or more, 10 ppm or more, 15 ppm or more, 20 ppm or more, 25 ppm or more, 30 ppm or more, 35 ppm or more, 40 ppm or more, 45 ppm or more, 50 ppm or more, 75 ppm or more, or 100 ppm or more. The silicon content of the wax may be within the range of any of the minimum values ​​listed above to any of the maximum values ​​listed above.For example, waxes range from 0 to 125 ppm (e.g., 0 to 60 ppm, 60 ppm to 125 ppm, 0 to 25 ppm, 25 to 50 ppm, 50 to 75 ppm, 75 to 100 ppm, 100 to 125 ppm, 0.001 to 100 ppm, 0.001 to 75 ppm, 0.001 to 50 ppm, 0.001 to 45 ppm, 0.001 to 40 ppm, 0.001 to 35 ppm, 0.001 to 30 ppm, 0.001 to 25 ppm, 0.001 to 20 ppm, 0.001 to 1 The silicon content can be 5 ppm, 0.001-10 ppm, 0.001-5 ppm, 0.001-1 ppm, 0.001-0.1 ppm, 0.001-0.01 ppm, 0-100 ppm, 0-75 ppm, 0-50 ppm, 0-45 ppm, 0-40 ppm, 0-35 ppm, 0-30 ppm, 0-25 ppm, 0-20 ppm, 0-15 ppm, 0-10 ppm, 0-5 ppm, 0-1 ppm, 0-0.1 ppm, or 0-0.01 ppm. In some examples, the wax is substantially silicon-free. The silicon content of the wax can be determined using any suitable method, such as methods known in the art. For example, the silicon content of the wax can be determined using ASTM D 5185.

[0147] For example, waxes are 150 ppm or less (for example, 125 ppm or less, 100 ppm or less, 75 ppm or less, 50 ppm or less, 45 ppm or less, 40 ppm or less, 35 ppm or less, 30 ppm or less, 25 ppm or less, 20 ppm or less, 15 ppm or less, 10 ppm or less, 9 ppm or less, 8 ppm or less, 7 ppm or less, 6 ppm or less, 5 ppm or less, 4.5 ppm or less, 4 ppm or less, It may have a sodium content of 3.5 ppm or less, 3 ppm or less, 2.5 ppm or less, 2 ppm or less, 1.5 ppm or less, 1 ppm or less, 0.75 ppm or less, 0.5 ppm or less, 0.25 ppm or less, 0.1 ppm or less, 0.075 ppm or less, 0.05 ppm or less, 0.025 ppm or less, 0.01 ppm or less, 0.0075 ppm or less, or 0.005 ppm or less. In some examples, wax is present in concentrations of 0 ppm or higher (e.g., 0.001 ppm or higher, 0.0025 ppm or higher, 0.005 ppm or higher, 0.0075 ppm or higher, 0.01 ppm or higher, 0.025 ppm or higher, 0.05 ppm or higher, 0.075 ppm or higher, 0.1 ppm or higher, 0.25 ppm or higher, 0.5 ppm or higher, 0.75 ppm or higher, 1 ppm or higher, 1.5 ppm or higher, 2 ppm or higher, 2.5 ppm or higher). The sodium content is 3 ppm or more, 3.5 ppm or more, 4 ppm or more, 4.5 ppm or more, 5 ppm or more, 6 ppm or more, 7 ppm or more, 8 ppm or more, 9 ppm or more, 10 ppm or more, 15 ppm or more, 20 ppm or more, 25 ppm or more, 30 ppm or more, 35 ppm or more, 40 ppm or more, 45 ppm or more, 50 ppm or more, 75 ppm or more, 100 ppm or more, or 125 ppm or more. The sodium content may be within the range of any of the minimum values ​​listed above to any of the maximum values ​​listed above.For example, waxes range from 0 to 150 ppm (e.g., 0 to 75 ppm, 75 to 150 ppm, 0 to 50 ppm, 50 to 100 ppm, 100 to 150 ppm, 0.001 to 150 ppm, 0.001 to 125 ppm, 0.001 to 100 ppm, 0.001 to 75 ppm, 0.001 to 50 ppm, 0.001 to 45 ppm, 0.001 to 40 ppm, 0.001 to 35 ppm, 0.001 to 30 ppm, 0.001 to 25 ppm, 0.001 to 20 ppm, 0.001 to 15 ppm) The sodium content can be as follows: m, 0.001-10 ppm, 0.001-5 ppm, 0.001-1 ppm, 0.001-0.1 ppm, 0.001-0.01 ppm, 0-125 ppm, 0-100 ppm, 0-75 ppm, 0-50 ppm, 0-45 ppm, 0-40 ppm, 0-35 ppm, 0-30 ppm, 0-25 ppm, 0-20 ppm, 0-15 ppm, 0-10 ppm, 0-5 ppm, 0-1 ppm, 0-0.1 ppm, or 0-0.01 ppm. In some examples, the wax is substantially sodium-free. The sodium content of the wax can be determined by any suitable method, such as methods known in the art. For example, the sodium content of the wax can be determined using ASTM D 5185.

[0148] The wax may have an iron content of, for example, 10 ppm or less (for example, 9 ppm or less, 8 ppm or less, 7 ppm or less, 6 ppm or less, 5 ppm or less, 4.5 ppm or less, 4 ppm or less, 3.5 ppm or less, 3 ppm or less, 2.5 ppm or less, 2 ppm or less, 1.5 ppm or less, 1 ppm or less, 0.75 ppm or less, 0.5 ppm or less, 0.25 ppm or less, 0.1 ppm or less, 0.075 ppm or less, 0.05 ppm or less, 0.025 ppm or less, 0.01 ppm or less, 0.0075 ppm or less, or 0.005 ppm or less). In some examples, the wax may have an iron content of 0 ppm or more (e.g., 0.001 ppm or more, 0.0025 ppm or more, 0.005 ppm or more, 0.0075 ppm or more, 0.01 ppm or more, 0.025 ppm or more, 0.05 ppm or more, 0.075 ppm or more, 0.1 ppm or more, 0.25 ppm or more, 0.5 ppm or more, 0.75 ppm or more, 1 ppm or more, 1.5 ppm or more, 2 ppm or more, 2.5 ppm or more, 3 ppm or more, 3.5 ppm or more, 4 ppm or more, 4.5 ppm or more, 5 ppm or more, 6 ppm or more, 7 ppm or more, 8 ppm or more, or 9 ppm or more). The iron content of the wax may be in the range from any of the minimum values ​​listed above to any of the maximum values ​​listed above. For example, wax can be found in concentrations of 0-10 ppm (e.g., 0-5 ppm, 5-10 ppm, 1-2 ppm, 2-4 ppm, 4-6 ppm, 6-8 ppm, 8-10 ppm, 0.001-10 ppm, 0.001-9 ppm, 0.001-8 ppm, 0.001-7 ppm, 0.001-6 ppm, 0.001-5 ppm, 0.001-4 ppm, 0 The iron content can be 0.001-3 ppm, 0.001-2 ppm, 0.001-1 ppm, 0.001-0.1 ppm, 0.001-0.01 ppm, 0-9 ppm, 0-8 ppm, 0-7 ppm, 0-6 ppm, 0-5 ppm, 0-4 ppm, 0-3 ppm, 0-1 ppm, 0-0.1 ppm, or 0-0.01 ppm. In some examples, the wax is substantially iron-free. The iron content of the wax can be determined using any suitable method, such as methods known in the art. For example, the iron content of the wax can be determined using ASTM D 5185.

[0149] The wax may have a phosphorus content of 50 ppm or less (for example, 45 ppm or less, 40 ppm or less, 35 ppm or less, 30 ppm or less, 25 ppm or less, 20 ppm or less, 15 ppm or less, 10 ppm or less, 9 ppm or less, 8 ppm or less, 7 ppm or less, 6 ppm or less, 5 ppm or less, 4.5 ppm or less, 4 ppm or less, 3.5 ppm or less, 3 ppm or less, 2.5 ppm or less, 2 ppm or less, 1.5 ppm or less, 1 ppm or less, 0.75 ppm or less, 0.5 ppm or less, 0.25 ppm or less, 0.1 ppm or less, 0.075 ppm or less, 0.05 ppm or less, 0.025 ppm or less, 0.01 ppm or less, 0.0075 ppm or less, or 0.005 ppm or less). In some examples, the wax may have a phosphorus content of 0 ppm or more (for example, 0.001 ppm or more, 0.0025 ppm or more, 0.005 ppm or more, 0.0075 ppm or more, 0.01 ppm or more, 0.025 ppm or more, 0.05 ppm or more, 0.075 ppm or more, 0.1 ppm or more, 0.25 ppm or more, 0.5 ppm or more, 0.75 ppm or more, 1 ppm or more, 1.5 ppm or more, 2 ppm or more, 2.5 ppm or more, 3 ppm or more, 3.5 ppm or more, 4 ppm or more, 4.5 ppm or more, 5 ppm or more, 6 ppm or more, 7 ppm or more, 8 ppm or more, 9 ppm or more, 10 ppm or more, 15 ppm or more, 20 ppm or more, 25 ppm or more, 30 ppm or more, 35 ppm or more, 40 ppm or more, or 45 ppm or more). The phosphorus content of the wax can be within the range of any of the minimum and maximum values ​​listed above.For example, waxes range from 0 ppm to 50 ppm (e.g., 0-25 ppm, 25-50 ppm, 0-10 ppm, 10-20 ppm, 20-30 ppm, 30-40 ppm, 40-50 ppm, 0.001-50 ppm, 0.001-45 ppm, 0.001-40 ppm, 0.001-35 ppm, 0.001-30 ppm, 0.001-25 ppm, 0.001-20 ppm, 0.001-15 ppm) The phosphorus content can be as follows: pm, 0.001-10 ppm, 0.001-5 ppm, 0.001-1 ppm, 0.001-0.1 ppm, 0.001-0.01 ppm, 0-45 ppm, 0-40 ppm, 0-35 ppm, 0-30 ppm, 0-25 ppm, 0-20 ppm, 0-15 ppm, 0-10 ppm, 0-5 ppm, 0-1 ppm, 0-0.1 ppm, or 0-0.01 ppm. In some examples, the wax may be substantially phosphorus-free. The phosphorus content of the wax can be determined using any suitable method, such as methods known in the art. In some examples, the phosphorus content of the wax is determined using ASTM D 5185.

[0150] Wax is, for example, below 500 ppm (for example, below 475 ppm, below 450 ppm, below 425 ppm, below 400 ppm, below 375 ppm, below 350 ppm, below 325 ppm, below 300 ppm, below 275 ppm, below 250 ppm, below 225 ppm, below 200 ppm, below 175 ppm, below 150 ppm, below 125 ppm, below 100 ppm, below 75 ppm, below 50 ppm, below 45 ppm, below 40 ppm, below 35 ppm, below 30 ppm, below 25 ppm, below 20 ppm, below 15 ppm It may have a sulfur content of 0.005 ppm or less, 10 ppm or less, 9 ppm or less, 8 ppm or less, 7 ppm or less, 6 ppm or less, 5 ppm or less, 4.5 ppm or less, 4 ppm or less, 3.5 ppm or less, 3 ppm or less, 2.5 ppm or less, 2 ppm or less, 1.5 ppm or less, 1 ppm or less, 0.75 ppm or less, 0.5 ppm or less, 0.25 ppm or less, 0.1 ppm or less, 0.075 ppm or less, 0.05 ppm or less, 0.025 ppm or less, 0.01 ppm or less, 0.0075 ppm or less, or 0.005 ppm or less. In some examples, wax is present in concentrations of 0 ppm or higher (e.g., 0.001 ppm or higher, 0.0025 ppm or higher, 0.005 ppm or higher, 0.0075 ppm or higher, 0.01 ppm or higher, 0.025 ppm or higher, 0.05 ppm or higher, 0.075 ppm or higher, 0.1 ppm or higher, 0.25 ppm or higher, 0.5 ppm or higher, 0.75 ppm or higher, 1 ppm or higher, 1.5 ppm or higher, 2 ppm or higher, 2.5 ppm or higher, 3 ppm or higher, 3.5 ppm or higher, 4 ppm or higher, 4.5 ppm or higher, 5 ppm or higher, 6 ppm or higher, 7 ppm or higher, 8 ppm or higher). The above may have a sulfur content of 9 ppm or more, 10 ppm or more, 15 ppm or more, 20 ppm or more, 25 ppm or more, 30 ppm or more, 35 ppm or more, 40 ppm or more, 45 ppm or more, 50 ppm or more, 75 ppm or more, 100 ppm or more, 125 ppm or more, 150 ppm or more, 175 ppm or more, 200 ppm or more, 225 ppm or more, 250 ppm or more, 275 ppm or more, 300 ppm or more, 325 ppm or more, 350 ppm or more, 375 ppm or more, 400 ppm or more, 425 ppm or more, or 450 ppm or more.The sulfur content of the wax can be within the range of any of the minimum and maximum values ​​listed above. For example, the wax may have a sulfur content of 0-500 ppm (e.g., 0-250 ppm, 250-500 ppm, 0-100 ppm, 100-200 ppm, 200-300 ppm, 300-400 ppm, 400-500 ppm, 0.001-500 ppm, 0.001-475 ppm, 0.001-450 ppm, 0.001-425 ppm, 0.001-400 ppm, 0.001-375 ppm, 0.001-350 ppm, 0.0 01~325ppm, 0.001~300ppm, 0.001~275ppm, 0.001~250ppm, 0.001~225ppm, 0.001~200ppm, 0.001~175ppm, 0.001~1 50ppm, 0.001~125ppm, 0.001~100ppm, 0.001~75ppm, 0.001~50ppm, 0.001~45ppm, 0.001~40ppm, 0.001~35ppm, 0.00 1~30ppm, 0.001~25ppm, 0.001~20ppm, 0.001~15ppm, 0.001~10ppm, 0.001~5ppm, 0.001~1ppm, 0.001~0.1ppm, 0.00 1~0.01ppm, 0~475ppm, 0~450ppm, 0~425ppm, 0~400ppm, 0~375ppm, 0~350ppm, 0~325ppm, 0~300ppm, 0~275ppm, 0~25 The sulfur content can be 0 ppm, 0-225 ppm, 0-200 ppm, 0-175 ppm, 0-150 ppm, 0-125 ppm, 0-100 ppm, 0-75 ppm, 0-50 ppm, 0-45 ppm, 0-40 ppm, 0-35 ppm, 0-30 ppm, 0-25 ppm, 0-20 ppm, 0-15 ppm, 0-10 ppm, 0-5 ppm, 0-1 ppm, 0-0.1 ppm, or 0-0.01 ppm. In some examples, the wax may be substantially sulfur-free. The sulfur content of the wax can be determined by any suitable method, such as methods known in the art. In some examples, the sulfur content of the wax is determined using ASTM D 4294.

[0151] The wax may have a calcium content of, for example, 50 ppm or less (e.g., 45 ppm or less, 40 ppm or less, 35 ppm or less, 30 ppm or less, 25 ppm or less, 20 ppm or less, 15 ppm or less, 10 ppm or less, 9 ppm or less, 8 ppm or less, 7 ppm or less, 6 ppm or less, 5 ppm or less, 4.5 ppm or less, 4 ppm or less, 3.5 ppm or less, 3 ppm or less, 2.5 ppm or less, 2 ppm or less, 1.5 ppm or less, 1 ppm or less, 0.75 ppm or less, 0.5 ppm or less, 0.25 ppm or less, 0.1 ppm or less, 0.075 ppm or less, 0.05 ppm or less, 0.025 ppm or less, 0.01 ppm or less, 0.0075 ppm or less, or 0.005 ppm or less). In some examples, the wax may have a calcium content of 0 ppm or more (for example, 0.001 ppm or more, 0.0025 ppm or more, 0.005 ppm or more, 0.0075 ppm or more, 0.01 ppm or more, 0.025 ppm or more, 0.05 ppm or more, 0.075 ppm or more, 0.1 ppm or more, 0.25 ppm or more, 0.5 ppm or more, 0.75 ppm or more, 1 ppm or more, 1.5 ppm or more, 2 ppm or more, 2.5 ppm or more, 3 ppm or more, 3.5 ppm or more, 4 ppm or more, 4.5 ppm or more, 5 ppm or more, 6 ppm or more, 7 ppm or more, 8 ppm or more, 9 ppm or more, 10 ppm or more, 15 ppm or more, 20 ppm or more, 25 ppm or more, 30 ppm or more, 35 ppm or more, or 40 ppm or more). The calcium content of the wax can be within the range of any of the minimum and maximum values ​​listed above.For example, waxes can range from 0 to 50 ppm (e.g., 0 to 25 ppm, 25 to 50 ppm, 0 to 10 ppm, 10 to 20 ppm, 20 to 30 ppm, 30 to 40 ppm, 40 to 50 ppm, 0.001 to 50 ppm, 0.001 to 45 ppm, 0.001 to 40 ppm, 0.001 to 35 ppm, 0.001 to 30 ppm, 0.001 to 25 ppm, 0.001 to 20 ppm, 0.001 to 15 ppm, The calcium content can be 0.001-10 ppm, 0.001-5 ppm, 0.001-1 ppm, 0.001-0.1 ppm, 0.001-0.01 ppm, 0-45 ppm, 0-40 ppm, 0-35 ppm, 0-30 ppm, 0-25 ppm, 0-20 ppm, 0-15 ppm, 0-10 ppm, 0-5 ppm, 0-1 ppm, 0-0.1 ppm, or 0-0.01 ppm. In some examples, the wax may be substantially calcium-free. The calcium content of the wax can be determined using any suitable method, such as methods known in the art. In some examples, the calcium content of the wax can be determined using ASTM D 5185.

[0152] The wax may have a copper content of, for example, 10 ppm or less (e.g., 9 ppm or less, 8 ppm or less, 7 ppm or less, 6 ppm or less, 5 ppm or less, 4.5 ppm or less, 4 ppm or less, 3.5 ppm or less, 3 ppm or less, 2.5 ppm or less, 2 ppm or less, 1.5 ppm or less, 1 ppm or less, 0.75 ppm or less, 0.5 ppm or less, 0.25 ppm or less, 0.1 ppm or less, 0.075 ppm or less, 0.05 ppm or less, 0.025 ppm or less, 0.01 ppm or less, 0.0075 ppm or less, or 0.005 ppm or less). In some examples, the wax may have a copper content of 0 ppm or more (e.g., 0.001 ppm or more, 0.0025 ppm or more, 0.005 ppm or more, 0.0075 ppm or more, 0.01 ppm or more, 0.025 ppm or more, 0.05 ppm or more, 0.075 ppm or more, 0.1 ppm or more, 0.25 ppm or more, 0.5 ppm or more, 0.75 ppm or more, 1 ppm or more, 1.5 ppm or more, 2 ppm or more, 2.5 ppm or more, 3 ppm or more, 3.5 ppm or more, 4 ppm or more, 4.5 ppm or more, 5 ppm or more, 6 ppm or more, 7 ppm or more, or 8 ppm or more). The copper content of the wax may range from any of the minimum values ​​listed above to any of the maximum values ​​listed above. For example, waxes can be found in concentrations of 0 ppm to 10 ppm (e.g., 0-5 ppm, 5-10 ppm, 1-2 ppm, 2-4 ppm, 4-6 ppm, 6-8 ppm, 8-10 ppm, 0.001-10 ppm, 0.001-9 ppm, 0.001-8 ppm, 0.001-7 ppm, 0.001-6 ppm, 0.001-5 ppm, 0.001-4 ppm). The copper content can be 0.001-3 ppm, 0.001-2 ppm, 0.001-1 ppm, 0.001-0.1 ppm, 0.001-0.01 ppm, 0-9 ppm, 0-8 ppm, 0-7 ppm, 0-6 ppm, 0-5 ppm, 0-4 ppm, 0-3 ppm, 0-1 ppm, 0-0.1 ppm, or 0-0.01 ppm. In some examples, the wax may be substantially copper-free. The copper content of the wax can be determined using any suitable method, such as methods known in the art. For example, the copper content of the wax can be determined using ASTM D 5185.

[0153] Wax is, for example, below 100 ppm (for example, below 95 ppm, below 90 ppm, below 85 ppm, below 80 ppm, below 75 ppm, below 70 ppm, below 65 ppm, below 60 ppm, below 55 ppm, below 50 ppm, below 45 ppm, below 40 ppm, below 35 ppm, below 30 ppm, below 25 ppm, below 20 ppm, below 15 ppm, below 10 ppm, below 9 ppm, below 8 ppm, below 7 ppm, below 6 ppm, It may have a nickel content of 5 ppm or less, 4.5 ppm or less, 4 ppm or less, 3.5 ppm or less, 3 ppm or less, 2.5 ppm or less, 2 ppm or less, 1.5 ppm or less, 1 ppm or less, 0.75 ppm or less, 0.5 ppm or less, 0.25 ppm or less, 0.1 ppm or less, 0.075 ppm or less, 0.05 ppm or less, 0.025 ppm or less, 0.01 ppm or less, 0.0075 ppm or less, or 0.005 ppm or less. In some examples, wax levels are 0 ppm or higher (e.g., 0.001 ppm or higher, 0.0025 ppm or higher, 0.005 ppm or higher, 0.0075 ppm or higher, 0.01 ppm or higher, 0.025 ppm or higher, 0.05 ppm or higher, 0.075 ppm or higher, 0.1 ppm or higher, 0.25 ppm or higher, 0.5 ppm or higher, 0.75 ppm or higher, 1 ppm or higher, 1.5 ppm or higher, 2 ppm or higher, 2.5 ppm or higher, 3 ppm or higher, 3.5 ppm or higher, 4 ppm or higher). The nickel content may be 4.5 ppm or more, 5 ppm or more, 6 ppm or more, 7 ppm or more, 8 ppm or more, 9 ppm or more, 10 ppm or more, 15 ppm or more, 20 ppm or more, 25 ppm or more, 30 ppm or more, 35 ppm or more, 40 ppm or more, 45 ppm or more, 50 ppm or more, 55 ppm or more, 60 ppm or more, 65 ppm or more, 70 ppm or more, 75 ppm or more, 80 ppm or more, 85 ppm or more, or 90 ppm or more. The nickel content of the wax may be within the range of any of the minimum values ​​listed above to any of the maximum values ​​listed above.For example, waxes range from 0 to 100 ppm (e.g., 0 to 50 ppm, 50 to 100 ppm, 0 to 20 ppm, 20 to 40 ppm, 40 to 60 ppm, 60 to 80 ppm, 80 to 100 ppm, 0.001 to 100 ppm, 0.001 to 75 ppm, 0.001 to 50 ppm, 0.001 to 45 ppm, 0.001 to 40 ppm, 0.001 to 35 ppm, 0.001 to 30 ppm, 0.001 to 25 ppm, 0.001 to 20 ppm, 0.001 to... The nickel content can be 15 ppm, 0.001-10 ppm, 0.001-5 ppm, 0.001-1 ppm, 0.001-0.1 ppm, 0.001-0.01 ppm, 0-75 ppm, 0-50 ppm, 0-45 ppm, 0-40 ppm, 0-35 ppm, 0-30 ppm, 0-25 ppm, 0-20 ppm, 0-15 ppm, 0-10 ppm, 0-5 ppm, 0-1 ppm, 0-0.1 ppm, or 0-0.01 ppm. In some examples, the wax may be substantially nickel-free. The nickel content of the wax can be determined using any suitable method, such as methods known in the art. For example, the nickel content can be determined using ASTM D 5185.

[0154] The wax may have a vanadium content of, for example, 25 ppm or less (e.g., 20 ppm or less, 15 ppm or less, 10 ppm or less, 9 ppm or less, 8 ppm or less, 7 ppm or less, 6 ppm or less, 5 ppm or less, 4.5 ppm or less, 4 ppm or less, 3.5 ppm or less, 3 ppm or less, 2.5 ppm or less, 2 ppm or less, 1.5 ppm or less, 1 ppm or less, 0.75 ppm or less, 0.5 ppm or less, 0.25 ppm or less, 0.1 ppm or less, 0.075 ppm or less, 0.05 ppm or less, 0.025 ppm or less, 0.01 ppm or less, 0.0075 ppm or less, or 0.005 ppm or less). In some examples, the wax may have a vanadium content of 0 ppm or more (e.g., 0.001 ppm or more, 0.0025 ppm or more, 0.005 ppm or more, 0.0075 ppm or more, 0.01 ppm or more, 0.025 ppm or more, 0.05 ppm or more, 0.075 ppm or more, 0.1 ppm or more, 0.25 ppm or more, 0.5 ppm or more, 0.75 ppm or more, 1 ppm or more, 1.5 ppm or more, 2 ppm or more, 2.5 ppm or more, 3 ppm or more, 3.5 ppm or more, 4 ppm or more, 4.5 ppm or more, 5 ppm or more, 6 ppm or more, 7 ppm or more, 8 ppm or more, 9 ppm or more, 10 ppm or more, 15 ppm or more, or 20 ppm or more). The vanadium content of the wax may range from any of the minimum values ​​listed above to any of the maximum values ​​listed above. For example, a wax can have a vanadium content of 0 to 20 ppm (e.g., 0 to 10 ppm, 10 to 20 ppm, 0 to 5 ppm, 5 to 10 ppm, 10 to 15 ppm, 15 to 20 ppm, 0.001 to 20 ppm, 0.001 to 15 ppm, 0.001 to 10 ppm, 0.001 to 5 ppm, 0.001 to 1 ppm, 0.001 to 0.1 ppm, 0.001 to 0.01 ppm, 0 to 15 ppm, 0 to 10 ppm, 0 to 5 ppm, 0 to 1 ppm, 0 to 0.1 ppm, or 0 to 0.01 ppm). In some examples, the wax may be substantially vanadium-free. The vanadium content of a wax can be determined using any suitable method, such as methods known in the art. For example, the vanadium content of a wax can be determined using ASTM D 5185.

[0155] In some examples, the wax has a total chloride content of 50 ppm or less, a nitrogen content of 300 ppm or less, and a silicon content of 125 ppm or less. In some examples, the wax has a total chloride content of 50 ppm or less, a nitrogen content of 300 ppm or less, a silicon content of 125 ppm or less, and a sodium content of 150 ppm or less. In some examples, the wax has a total chloride content of 50 ppm or less, a nitrogen content of 300 ppm or less, a silicon content of 125 ppm or less, a sodium content of 150 ppm or less, an iron content of 10 ppm or less, a sulfur content of 500 ppm or less, and a calcium content of 50 ppm or less. In some examples, the wax has a total chloride content of 50 ppm or less, a nitrogen content of 300 ppm or less, a silicon content of 125 ppm or less, a sodium content of 150 ppm or less, an iron content of 10 ppm or less, a phosphorus content of 50 ppm or less, a sulfur content of 500 ppm or less, and a calcium content of 50 ppm or less. In some examples, the wax has a total chloride content of 50 ppm or less, a nitrogen content of 300 ppm or less, a silicon content of 125 ppm or less, a sodium content of 150 ppm or less, an iron content of 10 ppm or less, a phosphorus content of 50 ppm or less, a sulfur content of 500 ppm or less, a calcium content of 50 ppm or less, a copper content of 10 ppm or less, a nickel content of 100 ppm or less, and a vanadium content of 25 ppm or less.

[0156] In some examples, the wax has a total chloride content of 25 ppm or less, a nitrogen content of 300 ppm or less, and a silicon content of 100 ppm or less. In some examples, the wax has a total chloride content of 25 ppm or less, a nitrogen content of 300 ppm or less, a silicon content of 100 ppm or less, and a sodium content of 10 ppm or less. In some examples, the wax has a total chloride content of 25 ppm or less, a nitrogen content of 300 ppm or less, a silicon content of 100 ppm or less, a sodium content of 10 ppm or less, an iron content of 10 ppm or less, a sulfur content of 10 ppm or less, and a calcium content of 5 ppm or less. In some examples, the wax has a total chloride content of 25 ppm or less, a nitrogen content of 300 ppm or less, a silicon content of 100 ppm or less, a sodium content of 10 ppm or less, an iron content of 10 ppm or less, a phosphorus content of 50 ppm or less, a sulfur content of 10 ppm or less, and a calcium content of 5 ppm or less. In some examples, the wax has a total chloride content of 25 ppm or less, a nitrogen content of 300 ppm or less, a silicon content of 100 ppm or less, a sodium content of 10 ppm or less, an iron content of 10 ppm or less, a phosphorus content of 50 ppm or less, a sulfur content of 10 ppm or less, a calcium content of 5 ppm or less, a copper content of 10 ppm or less, a nickel content of 100 ppm or less, and a vanadium content of 25 ppm or less.

[0157] A wax can have, for example, two or more Gardner color numbers (e.g., 2.5 or more, 3 or more, 3.5 or more, 4 or more, 4.5 or more, 5 or more, 5.5 or more, 6 or more, 6.5 or more, 7 or more, or 7.5 or more). In some examples, a wax can have eight or fewer Gardner color numbers (e.g., 7.5 or less, 7 or less, 6.5 or less, 6 or less, 5.5 or less, 5 or less, 4.5 or less, 4 or less, 3.5 or less, 3 or less, or 2.5 or less). The Gardner color number of a wax can range from any of the minimum values ​​listed above to any of the maximum values ​​listed above. For example, a wax can have 2 to 8 Gardner color numbers (e.g., 2 to 5, 5 to 8, 2 to 4, 4 to 6, 6 to 8, 2 to 7, 2 to 6, 3 to 8, 4 to 8, 2.5 to 7.5, 2.5 to 8, or 6.5 to 8). The Gardner color number of a wax can be determined using any suitable method, such as methods known in the art. For example, the Gardner color number of a wax can be determined using ASTM D 1500.

[0158] The wax may have an oil content of, for example, 5% by weight or more (e.g., 10% or more, 15% or more, 20% or more, 25% or more, 30% or more, 35% or more, or 40% or more). In some examples, the wax may have an oil content of 50% or less (e.g., 45% or less, 40% or less, 35% or less, 30% or less, 25% or less, 20% or less, 15% or less, or 10% or less). The oil content of the wax may be within the range of any of the minimum values ​​and maximum values ​​listed above. For example, a wax can have an oil content of 5% to 50% (e.g., 5% to 25%, 25% to 50%, 5% to 15%, 10% to 15%, 15% to 20%, 20% to 25%, 25% to 30%, 30% to 35%, 35% to 40%, 40% to 45%, 45% to 50%, 5% to 45%, 5% to 40%, 5% to 35%, 5% to 30%, 5% to 20%, 5% to 15%, 10% to 50%, 15% to 50%, 20% to 50%, 30% to 50%, 35% to 50%, 40% to 50%, 10% to 45%, or 25% to 45%). The oil content of the wax can be determined using any suitable method, for example, a method known in the art. For example, the oil content of a wax can be determined using ASTM D 721.

[0159] The wax may have a reed vapor pressure of, for example, 12.5 psig or less (e.g., 12 psig or less, 11.5 psig or less, 11 psig or less, 10.5 psig or less, 10 psig or less, 9.5 psig or less, 9 psig or less, 8.5 psig or less, 8 psig or less, 7.5 psig or less, 7 psig or less, 6.5 psig or less, 6 psig or less, 5.5 psig or less, 5 psig or less, 4.5 psig or less, 4 psig or less, 3.5 psig or less, 3 psig or less, or 2.5 psig or less). In some cases, waxes can have a reed vapor pressure of 2 psig or more (e.g., 2.5 psig or more, 3 psig or more, 3.5 psig or more, 4 psig or more, 4.5 psig or more, 5 psig or more, 5.5 psig or more, 6 psig or more, 6.5 psig or more, 7 psig or more, 7.5 psig or more, 8 psig or more, 8.5 psig or more, 9 psig or more, 9.5 psig or more, 10 psig or more, 10.5 psig or more, or 11 psig or more). The reed vapor pressure of a wax can range from any of the minimum values ​​listed above to any of the maximum values ​​listed above. For example, a wax can have a reed vapor pressure of 2 to 12.5 psig (e.g., 5 to 7 psig, 7 to 12.5 psig, 2 to 4 psig, 4 to 6 psig, 6 to 8 psig, 8 to 10 psig, 10 to 12.5 psig, 2 to 12 psig, 2 to 11 psig, 2 to 10 psig, 2 to 9 psig, 2 to 8 psig, 2 to 6 psig, 2 to 5 psig, 3 to 12.5 psig, 4 to 12.5 psig, 5 to 12.5 psig, 6 to 12.5 psig, 7 to 12.5 psig, 8 to 12.5 psig, 9 to 12.5 psig, 3 to 12 psig, 5 to 11 psig, or 7 to 10 psig). The reed vapor pressure of a wax can be determined using any suitable method, such as methods known in the art. For example, the reed vapor pressure of a wax can be determined using ASTM D 5191.

[0160] The wax may have a distilled water content of 0.5 vol% or less (for example, 0.45 vol% or less, 0.4 vol% or less, 0.35 vol% or less, 0.3 vol% or less, 0.25 vol% or less, 0.2 vol% or less, 0.15 vol% or less, 0.1 vol% or less, 0.075 vol% or less, 0.05 vol% or less, 0.025 vol% or less, or 0.01 vol% or less). In some examples, the wax may have a distilled water content of 0 vol% or more (for example, 0.01 vol% or more, 0.025 vol% or more, 0.05 vol% or more, 0.075 vol% or more, 0.1 vol% or more, 0.15 vol% or more, 0.2 vol% or more, 0.25 vol% or more, 0.3 vol% or more, 0.35 vol% or more, or 0.4 vol% or more). The amount of water distilled in the wax can be within the range of any of the minimum and maximum values ​​listed above. For example, the wax may have a distilled water content of 0 to 0.5 volume% (e.g., 0 to 0.25 volume%, 0.25 to 0.5 volume%, 0 to 0.1 volume%, 0.1 to 0.2 volume%, 0.2 to 0.3 volume%, 0.3 to 0.4 volume%, 0.4 to 0.5 volume%, 0 to 0.4 volume%, 0 to 0.3 volume%, 0 to 0.2 volume%, 0 to 0.05 volume%, or 0 to 0.01 volume%). The amount of water distilled in the wax can be determined by any preferred method, such as methods known in the art. For example, the amount of water distilled in the wax can be determined using ASTM D 95.

[0161] The wax may have a total sediment content of 0.5 vol% or less (e.g., 0.45 vol% or less, 0.4 vol% or less, 0.35 vol% or less, 0.3 vol% or less, 0.25 vol% or less, 0.2 vol% or less, 0.15 vol% or less, 0.1 vol% or less, 0.075 vol% or less, 0.05 vol% or less, 0.025 vol% or less, or 0.01 vol% or less). In some examples, the wax may have a total sediment content of 0 vol% or more (e.g., 0.01 vol% or more, 0.025 vol% or more, 0.05 vol% or more, 0.075 vol% or more, 0.1 vol% or more, 0.15 vol% or more, 0.2 vol% or more, 0.25 vol% or more, 0.3 vol% or more, 0.35 vol% or more, or 0.4 vol% or more). The total deposit content of a wax can range from any of the minimum values ​​to any of the maximum values ​​listed above. For example, a wax can have a total deposit content of 0 to 0.5 volume% (e.g., 0 to 0.25 volume%, 0.25 to 0.5 volume%, 0 to 0.1 volume%, 0.1 to 0.2 volume%, 0.2 to 0.3 volume%, 0.3 to 0.4 volume%, 0.4 to 0.5 volume%, 0 to 0.4 volume%, 0 to 0.3 volume%, 0 to 0.2 volume%, 0 to 0.05 volume%, or 0 to 0.01 volume%). The total deposit content of a wax can be determined by any suitable method, such as methods known in the art. For example, the total deposit content of a wax can be determined using ASTM D 4870.

[0162] The wax may have an n-heptane insoluble matter content of 0.5% by weight or less (for example, 0.45% by weight or less, 0.4% by weight or less, 0.35% by weight or less, 0.3% by weight or less, 0.25% by weight or less, 0.2% by weight or less, 0.15% by weight or less, 0.1% by weight or less, 0.075% by weight or less, 0.05% by weight or less, 0.025% by weight or less, or 0.01% by weight or less). In some examples, the wax may have an n-heptane insoluble matter content of 0% by weight or more (for example, 0.01% by weight or more, 0.025% by weight or more, 0.05% by weight or more, 0.075% by weight or more, 0.1% by weight or more, 0.15% by weight or more, 0.2% by weight or more, 0.25% by weight or more, 0.3% by weight or more, 0.35% by weight or more, or 0.4% by weight or more). The n-heptane insoluble matter content of a wax can range from any of the minimum values ​​to any of the maximum values ​​listed above. For example, a wax may have an n-heptane insoluble matter content of 0 to 0.5% by weight (e.g., 0 to 0.25%, 0.25 to 0.5%, 0 to 0.1%, 0.1 to 0.2%, 0.2 to 0.3%, 0.3 to 0.4%, 0.4 to 0.5%, 0 to 0.4%, 0 to 0.3%, 0 to 0.2%, 0 to 0.05%, or 0 to 0.01%). The n-heptane insoluble matter content of a wax can be determined by any suitable method, such as methods known in the art. For example, the n-heptane insoluble matter content of a wax can be determined using ASTM D 3279.

[0163] The wax may have a total acid value of 1 mgKOH / g or less (for example, 0.9 mgKOH / g or less, 0.8 mgKOH / g or less, 0.7 mgKOH / g or less, 0.6 mgKOH / g or less, 0.5 mgKOH / g or less, 0.4 mgKOH / g or less, 0.3 mgKOH / g or less, 0.2 mgKOH / g or less, or 0.1 mgKOH / g or less). In some cases, the wax may have a total acid value of 0 mgKOH / g or more (for example, 0.1 mgKOH / g or more, 0.2 mgKOH / g or more, 0.3 mgKOH / g or more, 0.4 mgKOH / g or more, 0.5 mgKOH / g or more, 0.6 mgKOH / g or more, 0.7 mgKOH / g or more, 0.8 mgKOH / g or more, or 0.9 mgKOH / g or more). The total acid value of a wax can be in the range of any of the minimum and maximum values ​​listed above. For example, a wax can have a total acid value of 0 to 1 mgKOH / g (e.g., 0 to 0.5 mgKOH / g, 0.5 to 1 mgKOH / g, 0 to 0.2 mgKOH / g, 0.2 to 0.4 mgKOH / g, 0.4 to 0.6 mgKOH / g, 0.6 to 0.8 mgKOH / g, 0.8 to 1 mgKOH / g, 0 to 0.8 mgKOH / g, 0 to 0.6 mgKOH / g, 0 to 0.4 mgKOH / g, or 0 to 0.1 mgKOH / g). The total acid value of a wax can be determined using any preferred method, such as a method known in the art. For example, the total acid value of a wax can be determined using ASTM D 664.

[0164] In some cases, the wax has a Reed vapor pressure of 12.5 psig or less and a final boiling point of 300°F to 1300°F. In some cases, the wax has a Reed vapor pressure of 12.5 psig or less and a final boiling point of 950°F to 1300°F. In some cases, the wax has a Reed vapor pressure of 7 to 10 psig and a final boiling point of 995°F to 1235°F.

[0165] In some examples, the wax has a Reed vapor pressure of 12.5 psig or less and a pour point of 30°F to 150°F. In some examples, the wax has a Reed vapor pressure of 12.5 psig or less and a pour point of 30°F to 60°F. In some examples, the wax has a Reed vapor pressure of 7 to 10 psig and a pour point of 33°F to 52°F.

[0166] In some examples, the wax has a final boiling point of 300°F to 1300°F and a pour point of 30°F to 150°F. In some examples, the wax has a final boiling point of 950°F to 1300°F and a pour point of 30°F to 60°F. In some examples, the wax has a final boiling point of 995°F to 1235°F and a pour point of 33°F to 52°F.

[0167] In some examples, waxes have a Reed vapor pressure of 12.5 psig or less, a final boiling point of 300°F to 1300°F, and a pour point of 30°F to 150°F. In some examples, waxes have a Reed vapor pressure of 12.5 psig or less, a final boiling point of 950°F to 1300°F, and a pour point of 30°F to 60°F. In some examples, waxes have a Reed vapor pressure of 7 to 10 psig, a final boiling point of 995°F to 1235°F, and a pour point of 33°F to 52°F.

[0168] In some examples, the wax has a Reed vapor pressure of 12.5 psig or less, a final boiling point of 300°F to 1300°F, a pour point of 30°F to 150°F, a total chloride content of 50 ppm or less, a nitrogen content of 300 ppm or less, a silicon content of 125 ppm or less, a sodium content of 150 ppm or less, an iron content of 10 ppm or less, a phosphorus content of 50 ppm or less, a sulfur content of 500 ppm or less, and a calcium content of 50 ppm or less. In some examples, the wax has a Reed vapor pressure of 12.5 psig or less, a final boiling point of 950°F to 1300°F, a pour point of 30°F to 60°F, a total chloride content of 50 ppm or less, a nitrogen content of 300 ppm or less, a silicon content of 125 ppm or less, a sodium content of 150 ppm or less, an iron content of 10 ppm or less, a phosphorus content of 50 ppm or less, a sulfur content of 500 ppm or less, and a calcium content of 50 ppm or less. In some examples, waxes have a Reed vapor pressure of 7–10 psig, a final boiling point of 995°F–1235°F, a pour point of 33°F–52°F, a total chloride content of 25 ppm or less, a nitrogen content of 300 ppm or less, a silicon content of 100 ppm or less, a sodium content of 10 ppm or less, an iron content of 10 ppm or less, a phosphorus content of 50 ppm or less, a sulfur content of 10 ppm or less, and a calcium content of 5 ppm or less.

[0169] In some cases, wax is a raw pyrolysis product, meaning that the wax is produced by a method that substantially eliminates any hydrogenation or further purification steps after pyrolysis.

[0170] oil Furthermore, this specification discloses oils derived from the thermal decomposition of raw materials, including post-consumer and / or post-industrial plastics. In some examples, the oils can be produced by thermal decomposition on an industrial scale.

[0171] In some cases, oil is a liquid at ambient temperature and pressure.

[0172] In some examples, oils contain relatively short-chain hydrocarbons that are liquid at ambient temperature and pressure.

[0173] The oil may have a number-average molecular weight and / or weight-average molecular weight of 50 daltons or more (for example, 55 daltons or more, 60 daltons or more, 65 daltons or more, 70 daltons or more, 75 daltons or more, 80 daltons or more, 85 daltons or more, 90 daltons or more, 95 daltons or more, 100 daltons or more, 110 daltons or more, 120 daltons or more, 130 daltons or more, 140 daltons or more, 150 daltons or more, 160 daltons or more, 170 daltons or more, 180 daltons or more, 190 daltons or more, 200 daltons or more, 225 daltons or more, 250 daltons or more, 275 daltons or more, 300 daltons or more, or 325 daltons or more). In some cases, oils may have a number-average molecular weight and / or weight-average molecular weight of 350 daltons or less (e.g., 325 daltons or less, 300 daltons or less, 275 daltons or less, 250 daltons or less, 225 daltons or less, 200 daltons or less, 190 daltons or less, 180 daltons or less, 170 daltons or less, 160 daltons or less, 150 daltons or less, 140 daltons or less, 130 daltons or less, 120 daltons or less, 110 daltons or less, 100 daltons or less, 95 daltons or less, 90 daltons or less, 85 daltons or less, 80 daltons or less, 75 daltons or less, 70 daltons or less, 65 daltons or less, or 60 daltons or less). The number-average molecular weight and / or weight-average molecular weight of oils may be in the range from any of the minimum values ​​listed above to any of the maximum values ​​listed above. For example, an oil can have a numerical average molecular weight and / or weight-average molecular weight of 50 to 350 daltons (e.g., 50 to 200 daltons, 200 to 350 daltons, 50 to 150 daltons, 150 to 250 daltons, 250 to 350 daltons, 50 to 300 daltons, 50 to 250 daltons, 50 to 100 daltons, 75 to 350 daltons, 100 to 350 daltons, 150 to 350 daltons, 300 to 350 daltons, 75 to 325 daltons, or 100 to 300 daltons). In some examples, an oil can have a number-average molecular weight and / or weight-average molecular weight of 50 to 300 daltons. In some examples, an oil can have a number-average molecular weight and / or weight-average molecular weight of 50 to 250 daltons.

[0174] Oils contain mixtures of different hydrocarbons (e.g., linear, branched, cyclic, acyclic, saturated, unsaturated, aromatic, non-aromatic, etc.), any of which can be optionally substituted. In some examples, oils contain mixtures of different hydrocarbons, any of which can be optionally substituted, and more than 70% (w / w) of the mixture is C1-C 20 Includes hydrocarbons (for example, 71% or more, 72% or more, 73% or more, 74% or more, 75% or more, 76% or more, 77% or more, 78% or more, 79% or more, 80% or more, 81% or more, 82% or more, 83% or more, 84% or more, 85% or more, 86% or more, 87% or more, 88% or more, 89% or more, 90% or more, 90.5% or more, 91% or more, 91.5% or more, 92% or more, 92.5% or more, 93% or more, 93.5% or more, 94% or more, 94.5% or more, 95% or more, 95.5% or more, 96% or more, 96.5% or more, 97% or more, 97.5% or more, 98% or more, 98.5% or more, or 99% or more). In some examples, the oil contains a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can be optionally substituted, and less than 100% (w / w) of the mixture is C1-C1 20 Hydrocarbons (e.g. 99.5% or less, 99% or less, 98.5% or less, 98% or less, 97.5% or less, 97% or less, 96.5% or less, 96% or less, 95.5% or less, 95% or less, 94.5% or less, 94% or less, 93.5% or less, 93% or less, 92.5% or less, 92% or less, 91.5% or less, 91% or less , 90.5% or less, 90% or less, 89% or less, 88% or less, 87% or less, 86% or less, 85% or less, 84% or less, 83% or less, 82% or less, 81% or less, 80% or less, 79% or less, 78% or less, 77% or less, 76% or less, 75% or less, 74% or less, 73% or less, 72% or less, or 71% or less). C1-C 20 The amount of hydrocarbon-containing mixture can be within the range of any of the minimum and maximum values ​​listed above. For example, the oil may contain a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can be optionally substituted, and 70% to 100% (w / w) of the mixture may be C1-C 20It may contain hydrocarbons (e.g., 70%-85%, 85%-100%, 70%-80%, 80%-90%, 90%-100%, 70%-95%, 70%-90%, 70%-75%, 75%-100%, 80%-100%, or 75%-95%). In some examples, the oil may contain a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can be optionally substituted, with 90%-100% (w / w) of the mixture being C1-C 20 It may contain hydrocarbons (e.g., 90%-95%, 95%-100%, 90%-92%, 92%-94%, 94%-96%, 96%-98%, 98%-100%, 90%-98%, 90%-96%, 90%-94%, 92%-100%, 94%-100%, 96%-100%, 91%-99%, 92%-98%, or 92%-96%).

[0175] Oils contain mixtures of different hydrocarbons (e.g., linear, branched, cyclic, acyclic, saturated, unsaturated, aromatic, non-aromatic, etc.), any of which can be optionally substituted. In some examples, oils contain mixtures of different hydrocarbons, any of which can be optionally substituted, and more than 70% (w / w) of the mixture is C4-C 20 Includes hydrocarbons (for example, 71% or more, 72% or more, 73% or more, 74% or more, 75% or more, 76% or more, 77% or more, 78% or more, 79% or more, 80% or more, 81% or more, 82% or more, 83% or more, 84% or more, 85% or more, 86% or more, 87% or more, 88% or more, 89% or more, 90% or more, 90.5% or more, 91% or more, 91.5% or more, 92% or more, 92.5% or more, 93% or more, 93.5% or more, 94% or more, 94.5% or more, 95% or more, 95.5% or more, 96% or more, 96.5% or more, 97% or more, 97.5% or more, 98% or more, 98.5% or more, or 99% or more). In some examples, the oil contains a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can be optionally substituted, and less than 100% (w / w) of the mixture is C4-C 20Hydrocarbons (e.g. 99.5% or less, 99% or less, 98.5% or less, 98% or less, 97.5% or less, 97% or less, 96.5% or less, 96% or less, 95.5% or less, 95% or less, 94.5% or less, 94% or less, 93.5% or less, 93% or less, 92.5% or less, 92% or less, 91.5% or less, 91% or less , 90.5% or less, 90% or less, 89% or less, 88% or less, 87% or less, 86% or less, 85% or less, 84% or less, 83% or less, 82% or less, 81% or less, 80% or less, 79% or less, 78% or less, 77% or less, 76% or less, 75% or less, 74% or less, 73% or less, 72% or less, or 71% or less). C4-C 20 The amount of hydrocarbon-containing mixture can be within the range of any of the minimum and maximum values ​​listed above. For example, the oil may contain a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can be optionally substituted, and 70% to 100% (w / w) of the mixture may be C4-C 20 It may contain hydrocarbons (e.g., 70%-85%, 85%-100%, 70%-80%, 80%-90%, 90%-100%, 70%-95%, 70%-90%, 70%-75%, 75%-100%, 80%-100%, or 75%-95%). In some examples, the oil may contain a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can be optionally substituted, with 90%-100% (w / w) of the mixture being C4-C 20 It may contain hydrocarbons (e.g., 90%-95%, 95%-100%, 90%-92%, 92%-94%, 94%-96%, 96%-98%, 98%-100%, 90%-98%, 90%-96%, 90%-94%, 92%-100%, 94%-100%, 96%-100%, 91%-99%, 92%-98%, or 92%-96%).

[0176] Oils contain mixtures of different hydrocarbons (e.g., linear, branched, cyclic, acyclic, saturated, unsaturated, aromatic, non-aromatic, etc.), any of which can be optionally substituted. In some examples, oils contain mixtures of different hydrocarbons, any of which can be optionally substituted, and more than 70% (w / w) of the mixture is C4-C 29Includes hydrocarbons (for example, 71% or more, 72% or more, 73% or more, 74% or more, 75% or more, 76% or more, 77% or more, 78% or more, 79% or more, 80% or more, 81% or more, 82% or more, 83% or more, 84% or more, 85% or more, 86% or more, 87% or more, 88% or more, 89% or more, 90% or more, 90.5% or more, 91% or more, 91.5% or more, 92% or more, 92.5% or more, 93% or more, 93.5% or more, 94% or more, 94.5% or more, 95% or more, 95.5% or more, 96% or more, 96.5% or more, 97% or more, 97.5% or more, 98% or more, 98.5% or more, or 99% or more). In some examples, the oil contains a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can be optionally substituted, and less than 100% (w / w) of the mixture is C4-C 29 Hydrocarbons (e.g. 99.5% or less, 99% or less, 98.5% or less, 98% or less, 97.5% or less, 97% or less, 96.5% or less, 96% or less, 95.5% or less, 95% or less, 94.5% or less, 94% or less, 93.5% or less, 93% or less, 92.5% or less, 92% or less, 91.5% or less, 91% or less , 90.5% or less, 90% or less, 89% or less, 88% or less, 87% or less, 86% or less, 85% or less, 84% or less, 83% or less, 82% or less, 81% or less, 80% or less, 79% or less, 78% or less, 77% or less, 76% or less, 75% or less, 74% or less, 73% or less, 72% or less, or 71% or less). C4-C 29 The amount of hydrocarbon-containing mixture can be within the range of any of the minimum and maximum values ​​listed above. For example, the oil may contain a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can be optionally substituted, and 70% to 100% (w / w) of the mixture may be C4-C 29 It may contain hydrocarbons (e.g., 70%-85%, 85%-100%, 70%-80%, 80%-90%, 90%-100%, 70%-95%, 70%-90%, 70%-75%, 75%-100%, 80%-100%, or 75%-95%). In some examples, the oil may contain a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can be optionally substituted, with 90%-100% (w / w) of the mixture being C4-C 29It may contain hydrocarbons (e.g., 90%-95%, 95%-100%, 90%-92%, 92%-94%, 94%-96%, 96%-98%, 98%-100%, 90%-98%, 90%-96%, 90%-94%, 92%-100%, 94%-100%, 96%-100%, 91%-99%, 92%-98%, or 92%-96%).

[0177] In some examples, the oil contains a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can be optionally substituted, and more than 0% (w / w) of the mixture is C 12 -C 29 Hydrocarbons (for example, 0.5% or more, 1% or more, 1.5% or more, 2% or more, 2.5% or more, 3% or more, 3.5% or more, 4% or more, 4.5% or more, 5% or more, 5.5% or more, 6% or more, 6.5% or more, 7% or more, 7.5% or more, 8% or more, 8.5% or more, 9% or more, 9.5% or more, 10% or more, 11% or more, 12% or more, 13% or more, 14% or more, 15% or more, 20% or more, 25% or more, 30% or more, 35% or more, 40% or more, 45% or more, 50% or more, 55% or more, 60% or more, or 65% or more) may be included. In some examples, the oil may contain a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can be optionally substituted, and up to 70% (w / w) of the mixture may be C 12 -C 29 This may include hydrocarbons (for example, 65% or less, 60% or less, 55% or less, 50% or less, 45% or less, 40% or less, 35% or less, 30% or less, 25% or less, 20% or less, 15% or less, 14% or less, 13% or less, 12% or less, 11% or less, 10% or less, 9.5% or less, 9% or less, 8.5% or less, 8% or less, 7.5% or less, 7% or less, 6.5% or less, 6% or less, 5.5% or less, 5% or less, 4.5% or less, 4% or less, 3.5% or less, 3% or less, 2.5% or less, 2% or less, 1.5% or less, or 1% or less). 12 -C 29 The amount of hydrocarbons in the mixture can be within the range of any of the minimum and maximum values ​​listed above. For example, the oil may contain a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can be optionally substituted, and 0% to 70% (w / w) of the mixture may be C12 -C 29 It may contain hydrocarbons (e.g., 0%-35%, 35%-70%, 0%-25%, 25%-50%, 50%-70%, 0%-60%, 0%-50%, 0%-40%, 0%-30%, 0%-20%, 0%-10%, 0%-5%, 1%-70%, 5%-70%, 10%-70%, 20%-70%, 30%-70%, 40%-70%, 60%-70%, 5%-65%, 10%-60%, or 40%-60%). In some examples, the oil may contain a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can be optionally substituted, with 0%-10% (w / w) of the mixture being C 12 -C 29 It may contain hydrocarbons (e.g., 0%-5%, 5%-10%, 0%-2%, 2%-4%, 4%-6%, 6%-8%, 8%-10%, 0%-8%, 0%-6%, 0%-4%, 1%-10%, 2%-10%, 4%-10%, 6%-10%, 0.5%-9.5%, 1%-9%, or 2%-8%).

[0178] In some examples, the oil contains a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can be optionally substituted, and 25% or more (w / w) of the mixture contains C1-C8 hydrocarbons (e.g., 25.5% or more, 26% or more, 26.5% or more, 27% or more, 27.5% or more, 28% or more, 28.5% or more, 29% or more, 29.5% or more, 30% or more, 30.5% or more, 31% or more, 31.5% or more, 32% or more, 32.5% or more, 33% or more, 33.5% or more, or 34% or more). In some examples, the oil contains a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can be optionally substituted, and the mixture contains 35% or less (w / w) of C1-C8 hydrocarbons (e.g., 34.5% or less, 34% or less, 33.5% or less, 33% or less, 32.5% or less, 32% or less, 31.5% or less, 31% or less, 30.5% or less, 30% or less, 29.5% or less, 29% or less, 28.5% or less, 28% or less, 27.5% or less, 27% or less, 26.5% or less, or 26% or less). The amount of mixture containing C1-C8 hydrocarbons can range from any of the minimum values ​​listed above to any of the maximum values ​​listed above. For example, the oil may contain a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can be optionally substituted, and 25% to 35% (w / w) of the mixture may include C1-C8 hydrocarbons (e.g., 25% to 30%, 30% to 35%, 25% to 27%, 27% to 29%, 29% to 31%, 31% to 33%, 33% to 35%, 25% to 33%, 25% to 31%, 25% to 29%, 27% to 35%, 29% to 35%, 31% to 35%, 25.5% to 34.5%, or 26% to 34%).

[0179] In some examples, the oil contains a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can be optionally substituted, and 25% or more (w / w) of the mixture contains C4-C8 hydrocarbons (e.g., 25.5% or more, 26% or more, 26.5% or more, 27% or more, 27.5% or more, 28% or more, 28.5% or more, 29% or more, 29.5% or more, 30% or more, 30.5% or more, 31% or more, 31.5% or more, 32% or more, 32.5% or more, 33% or more, 33.5% or more, or 34% or more). In some examples, the oil contains a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can be optionally substituted, and the mixture contains 35% or less (w / w) of C4-C8 hydrocarbons (e.g., 34.5% or less, 34% or less, 33.5% or less, 33% or less, 32.5% or less, 32% or less, 31.5% or less, 31% or less, 30.5% or less, 30% or less, 29.5% or less, 29% or less, 28.5% or less, 28% or less, 27.5% or less, 27% or less, 26.5% or less, or 26% or less). The amount of mixture containing C4-C8 hydrocarbons can range from any of the minimum values ​​listed above to any of the maximum values ​​listed above. For example, the oil may contain a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can be optionally substituted, and 25% to 35% (w / w) of the mixture may include C4-C8 hydrocarbons (e.g., 25% to 30%, 30% to 35%, 25% to 27%, 27% to 29%, 29% to 31%, 31% to 33%, 33% to 35%, 25% to 33%, 25% to 31%, 25% to 29%, 27% to 35%, 29% to 35%, 31% to 35%, 25.5% to 34.5%, or 26% to 34%).

[0180] In some examples, the oil contains a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can be optionally substituted, and more than 50% (w / w) of the mixture is C9-C 20Hydrocarbons (for example, 50.5% or more, 51% or more, 51.5% or more, 52% or more, 52.5% or more, 53% or more, 53.5% or more, 54% or more, 54.5% or more, 55% or more, 55.5% or more, 56% or more, 56.5% or more, 57% or more, 57.5% or more, 58% or more, 58.5% or more, 59% or more, 59.5% or more, 60% or more, 60.5% or more, 61% or more, 61.5% or more, 62% or more, 6 It may contain 2.5% or more, 63% or more, 63.5% or more, 64% or more, 64.5% or more, 65% or more, 65.5% or more, 66% or more, 66.5% or more, 67% or more, 67.5% or more, 68% or more, 68.5% or more, 69% or more, 69.5% or more, 70% or more, 70.5% or more, 71% or more, 71.5% or more, 72% or more, 72.5% or more, 73% or more, 73.5% or more, or 74% or more. In some examples, the oil contains a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can be optionally substituted, and 75% or less (w / w) of the mixture is C9-C 20 Hydrocarbons (for example, 74.5% or less, 74% or less, 73.5% or less, 73% or less, 72.5% or less, 72% or less, 71.5% or less, 71% or less, 70.5% or less, 70% or less, 69.5% or less, 69% or less, 68.5% or less, 68% or less, 67.5% or less, 67% or less, 66.5% or less, 66% or less, 65.5% or less, 65% or less, 64.5% or less, 64% or less, 63.5% or less, 63% or less, 6 This may include percentages of 2.5% or less, 62% or less, 61.5% or less, 61% or less, 60.5% or less, 60% or less, 59.5% or less, 59% or less, 58.5% or less, 58% or less, 57.5% or less, 57% or less, 56.5% or less, 56% or less, 55.5% or less, 55% or less, 54.5% or less, 54% or less, 53.5% or less, 53% or less, 52.5% or less, 52% or less, 51.5% or less, or 51% or less. C9-C 20 The amount of hydrocarbon-containing mixture can be within the range of any of the minimum and maximum values ​​listed above. For example, the oil may contain a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can be optionally substituted, and 50% to 75% (w / w) of the mixture may be C9-C 20It may contain hydrocarbons (e.g., 50%-62.5%, 62.5%-75%, 50%-55%, 55%-60%, 60%-65%, 65%-70%, 70%-75%, 50%-70%, 50%-65%, 50%-60%, 55%-75%, 60%-75%, 65%-75%, 51%-74%, 52%-73%, 55%-60%, or 55%-65%). In some examples, the oil may contain a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can be optionally substituted, with 55%-65% (w / w) of the mixture being C9-C 20 It may contain hydrocarbons (for example, 55%-60%, 60%-65%, 55%-57%, 57%-59%, 59%-61%, 61%-63%, 63%-65%, 55%-63%, 55%-61%, 55%-59%, 57%-65%, 59%-65%, 61%-65%, 55.5%-64.5%, or 56%-64%).

[0181] In some examples, the oil contains a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can be optionally substituted, and more than 1% (w / w) of the mixture is C 21 -C 29 It may contain hydrocarbons (for example, 1.5% or more, 2% or more, 2.5% or more, 3% or more, 3.5% or more, 4% or more, 4.5% or more, 5% or more, 5.5% or more, 6% or more, 6.5% or more, 7% or more, 7.5% or more, 8% or more, 8.5% or more, or 9% or more). In some examples, the oil may contain a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which may be optionally substituted, and less than 10% (w / w) of the mixture may be C 21 -C 29 It may include hydrocarbons (for example, 9.5% or less, 9% or less, 8.5% or less, 8% or less, 7.5% or less, 7% or less, 6.5% or less, 6% or less, 5.5% or less, 5% or less, 4.5% or less, 4% or less, 3.5% or less, 3% or less, 2.5% or less, or 2% or less). 21 -C 29The amount of hydrocarbon-containing mixture can be within the range of any of the minimum and maximum values ​​listed above. For example, the oil may contain a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can be optionally substituted, and 1% to 10% (w / w) of the mixture may be C 21 -C 29 It may contain hydrocarbons (e.g., 1%-4.5%, 4.5%-10%, 1%-4%, 4%-7%, 7%-10%, 1%-9%, 1%-8%, 1%-7%, 1%-6%, 1%-5%, 1%-3%, 2%-10%, 3%-10%, 4%-10%, 5%-10%, 6%-10%, 8%-10%, 1.5%-9.5%, 2%-9%, or 3%-8%).

[0182] In some examples, the oil contains a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can be optionally substituted, and the mixture consists of 25-35% (e.g., 30-35%) C1-C8 hydrocarbons and 50-75% (e.g., 55-65% or 60-65%) C9-C1 hydrocarbons. 20 Hydrocarbons, and 1-10% (e.g., 3-8%) of C 21 -C 29 Contains hydrocarbons. In some examples, the oil contains a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can be optionally substituted, and the mixture consists of 25-35% (e.g., 30-35%) C1-C8 hydrocarbons and 55-65% (e.g., 60-65%) C9-C1 hydrocarbons. 20 Hydrocarbons, and 1-10% (e.g., 3-8%) of C 21 -C 29 Contains hydrocarbons. In some examples, the oil contains a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can be optionally substituted, and the mixture consists of 30-35% C1-C8 hydrocarbons and 60-65% C9-C1 hydrocarbons. 20 Hydrocarbons, and 3-8% C 21 -C 29 Contains hydrocarbons.

[0183] In some examples, the oil contains a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can be optionally substituted, and the mixture consists of 25-35% (e.g., 30-35%) C4-C8 hydrocarbons and 50-75% (e.g., 55-65% or 60-65%) C9-C8 hydrocarbons. 20 Hydrocarbons, and 1-10% (e.g., 3-8%) of C 21 -C 29 Contains hydrocarbons. In some examples, the oil contains a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can be optionally substituted, and the mixture consists of 25-35% (e.g., 30-35%) C4-C8 hydrocarbons and 55-65% (e.g., 60-65%) C9-C8 hydrocarbons. 20 Hydrocarbons, and 1-10% (e.g., 3-8%) of C 21 -C 29 Contains hydrocarbons. In some examples, the oil contains a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can be optionally substituted, and the mixture consists of 30-35% C4-C8 hydrocarbons and 60-65% C9-C8 hydrocarbons. 20 Hydrocarbons, and 3-8% C 21 -C 29 Contains hydrocarbons.

[0184] In some examples, the oil contains a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can be optionally substituted, and the mixture is substantially free of C1-C4 hydrocarbons.

[0185] In some examples, the oil contains a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can be optionally substituted, and the mixture substantially does not contain hydrocarbons with more than 30 carbon atoms.

[0186] In some examples, the oil contains a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can be optionally substituted, and the mixture substantially does not contain C1-C4 hydrocarbons or hydrocarbons containing 30 or more carbon atoms.

[0187] In some examples, the oil contains a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can be optionally substituted, and the mixture includes saturated hydrocarbons (e.g., linear, branched, and / or cyclic alkanes), unsaturated (non-aromatic) hydrocarbons (e.g., linear, branched, and / or cyclic alkenes and / or alkynes), and aromatic hydrocarbons. For example, the oil contains a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can be optionally substituted, and the mixture includes 80% by weight or more of saturated hydrocarbons (e.g., 80.5% by weight or more, 81% by weight or more, 81.5% by weight or more, 82% by weight or more, 82.5% by weight or more, 83% by weight or more, 83.5% by weight or more, 84% by weight or more, 84.5% by weight or more, 85% by weight or more, 85.5% by weight or more, 86% by weight or more, 86.5% by weight or more, 87% by weight or more, 87.5% by weight or more, 88 (Containing % by weight or more, 88.5% by weight or more, 89% by weight or more, 89.5% by weight or more, 90% by weight or more, 90.5% by weight or more, 91% by weight or more, 91.5% by weight or more, 92% by weight or more, 92.5% by weight or more, 93% by weight or more, 93.5% by weight or more, 94% by weight or more, 94.5% by weight or more, 95% by weight or more, 95.5% by weight or more, 96% by weight or more, 96.5% by weight or more, 97% by weight or more, 97.5% by weight or more, 98% by weight or more, 98.5% by weight or more, or 99% by weight or more). In some examples, the oil contains a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can be optionally substituted, and the mixture contains 100% by weight or less saturated hydrocarbons (e.g., 99.5% by weight or less, 99% by weight or less, 98.5% by weight or less, 98% by weight or less, 97.5% by weight or less, 97% by weight or less, 96.5% by weight or less, 96% by weight or less, 95.5% by weight or less, 95% by weight or less, 94.5% by weight or less, 94% by weight or less, 93.5% by weight or less, 93% by weight or less, 92.5% by weight or less). (including , 92% or less by weight, 91.5% or less by weight, 91% or less by weight, 90.5% or less by weight, 90% or less by weight, 89.5% or less by weight, 89% or less by weight, 88.5% or less by weight, 88% or less by weight, 87.5% or less by weight, 87% or less by weight, 86.5% or less by weight, 86% or less by weight, 85.5% or less by weight, 85% or less by weight, 84.5% or less by weight, 84% or less by weight, 83.5% or less by weight, 83% or less by weight, 82.5% or less by weight, 82% or less by weight, 81.5% or less by weight, or 81% or less by weight).The amount of saturated hydrocarbons in the mixture can be within the range of any of the minimum and maximum values ​​listed above. For example, the oil may contain a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can be optionally substituted, and the mixture may contain 90% to 100% saturated hydrocarbons (e.g., 80-90%, 90-100%, 80-85%, 85-90%, 90-95%, 95-100%, 80-82%, 82-84%, 84-86%, 86-88%, 88-90%, 90-92%, 92-94%, 94-96%, 96-98%, 98-100%) , containing 80-98% by weight, 80-96% by weight, 80-94% by weight, 80-92% by weight, 80-88% by weight, 80-86% by weight, 80-84% by weight, 82-100% by weight, 84-100% by weight, 86-100% by weight, 88-100% by weight, 92-100% by weight, 94-100% by weight, 96-100% by weight, 80-95% by weight, 85-100% by weight, 85-95% by weight, 90-98% by weight, 90-96% by weight, 90-94% by weight, 91-99% by weight, 92-98% by weight, or 94-96% by weight). In some examples, the oil contains a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can be optionally substituted, and the mixture contains 90-100% by weight of saturated hydrocarbons. The oil contains a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can be optionally substituted, and the mixture contains 94% to 96% by weight of saturated hydrocarbons.

[0188] In some examples, the oil contains a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can be optionally substituted, and the mixture contains 0% by weight or more of unsaturated (non-aromatic) hydrocarbons (e.g., 0.25% by weight or more, 0.5% by weight or more, 0.75% by weight or more, 1% by weight or more, 1.25% by weight or more, 1.5% by weight or more, 1.75% by weight or more, 2% by weight or more, 2.25% by weight or more, 2.5% by weight or more, 3% by weight or more, 3.5% by weight or more, or 4% by weight or more). In some examples, the oil contains a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can be optionally substituted, and the mixture contains 5% by weight or less of unsaturated (non-aromatic) hydrocarbons (e.g., 4.5% by weight or less, 4% by weight or less, 3.5% by weight or less, 3% by weight or less, 2.5% by weight or less, 2.25% by weight or less, 2% by weight or less, 1.75% by weight or less, 1.5% by weight or less, 1.25% by weight or less, 1% by weight or less, 0.75% by weight or less, or 0.5% by weight or less). The amount of unsaturated (non-aromatic) hydrocarbons in the mixture can range from any of the minimum values ​​listed above to any of the maximum values ​​listed above. For example, the oil may contain a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can be optionally substituted, and the mixture may include 0% to 5% by weight of unsaturated (non-aromatic) hydrocarbons (e.g., 0-2.5% by weight, 2.5-5% by weight, 0-1% by weight, 1-2% by weight, 2-3% by weight, 3-4% by weight, 4-5% by weight, 0-4% by weight, 0-3% by weight, 0-2% by weight, 1-5% by weight, 2-5% by weight, 3-5% by weight, 0.5-4.5% by weight, or 3.5-4.5% by weight).

[0189] In some examples, the oil contains a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can be optionally substituted, and the mixture contains 0% or more aromatic hydrocarbons (e.g., 0.25% or more, 0.5% or more, 0.75% or more, 1% or more, 1.25% or more, 1.5% or more, 1.75% or more, 2% or more, 2.25% or more, 2.5% or more, 3% or more, 3.5% or more) (contains % or more, 4% or more by weight, 4.5% or more by weight, 5.5% or more by weight, 6% or more by weight, 6.5% or more by weight, 7% or more by weight, 7.5% or more by weight, 8% or more by weight, 8.5% or more by weight, 9% or more by weight, 9.5% or more by weight, 10% or more by weight, 10.5% or more by weight, 11% or more by weight, 11.5% or more by weight, 12% or more by weight, 12.5% ​​or more by weight, 13% or more by weight, 13.5% or more by weight, or 14% or more by weight). In some examples, the oil contains a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can be optionally substituted, and the mixture contains 15% by weight or less of aromatic hydrocarbons (e.g., 14.5% by weight or less, 14% by weight or less, 13.5% by weight or less, 13% by weight or less, 12.5% ​​by weight or less, 12% by weight or less, 11.5% by weight or less, 11% by weight or less, 10.5% by weight or less, 10% by weight or less, 9.5% by weight or less, 9% by weight or less, (containing 8.5% by weight or less, 8% by weight or less, 7.5% by weight or less, 7% by weight or less, 6.5% by weight or less, 6% by weight or less, 5.5% by weight or less, 5% by weight or less, 4.5% by weight or less, 4% by weight or less, 3.5% by weight or less, 3% by weight or less, 2.5% by weight or less, 2.25% by weight or less, 2% by weight or less, 1.75% by weight or less, 1.5% by weight or less, 1.25% by weight or less, 1% by weight or less, 0.75% by weight or less, or 0.5% by weight or less). The amount of the mixture containing aromatic hydrocarbons may be within the range of any of the minimum values ​​listed above to any of the maximum values ​​listed above.For example, the oil may contain a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can be optionally substituted, and the mixture may contain 0 to 15% by weight of aromatic hydrocarbons (e.g., 0 to 7.5% by weight, 7.5 to 15% by weight, 0 to 5% by weight, 5 to 10% by weight, 10 to 15% by weight, 0 to 14% by weight, 0 to 12% by weight, 0 to 10% by weight, 0 to 8% by weight, 0 to 6% by weight, 0 to 4% by weight, 0 to 2.5% by weight, 0 to 2% by weight, 0 to 1% by weight, 1 to 15% by weight, 2 to 15% by weight, 4 to 15% by weight, 6 to 15% by weight, 8 to 15% by weight, 12 to 15% by weight, 0.5 to 14.5% by weight, or 1 to 14% by weight). In some examples, the oil may contain a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which may be optionally substituted, and the mixture may include 0% to 2.5% by weight of aromatic hydrocarbons (e.g., 0-1.25% by weight, 1.25-2.5% by weight, 0-0.5% by weight, 0.5-1% by weight, 1-1.5% by weight, 1.5-2% by weight, 2-2.5% by weight, 0-2% by weight, 0-1.5% by weight, 0-1% by weight, 0.5-2.5% by weight, 1-2.5% by weight, 1.5-2.5% by weight, 0.5-2% by weight, or 1-2% by weight).

[0190] In some examples, the oil contains a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can be optionally substituted, and the mixture includes 80–100% by weight of saturated hydrocarbons (e.g., 90–100% by weight or 94–96% by weight), 0–5% by weight of unsaturated (non-aromatic) hydrocarbons (e.g., 3.5–4.5% by weight), and 0–15% by weight of aromatic hydrocarbons (e.g., 0–2.5% by weight or 1–2% by weight). In some examples, the oil contains a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can be optionally substituted, and the mixture includes 90–100% by weight of saturated hydrocarbons (e.g., 94–96% by weight), 0–5% by weight of unsaturated (non-aromatic) hydrocarbons (e.g., 3.5–4.5% by weight), and 0–2.5% by weight of aromatic hydrocarbons (e.g., 1–2% by weight). In some examples, the oil contains a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can be optionally substituted, and the mixture contains 94–96% by weight of saturated hydrocarbons, 3.5–4.5% by weight of unsaturated (non-aromatic) hydrocarbons, and 1–2% by weight of aromatic hydrocarbons.

[0191] Oils are, for example, 400°F or higher (for example, 410°F or higher, 420°F or higher, 430°F or higher, 440°F or higher, 450°F or higher, 460°F or higher, 470°F or higher, 480°F or higher, 490°F or higher, 500°F or higher, 510°F or higher, 520°F or higher, 530°F or higher, 540°F or higher, 550°F or higher, 560°F or higher, 570°F or higher, 580°F or higher, 590°F or higher, 600°F or higher, 610°F or higher, 620°F or higher, 630°F or higher, 640°F or higher, 650°F or higher, 660°F or higher, 670°F or higher, 680°F or higher, 690°F or higher) It may have a final boiling point of 700°F or higher, 710°F or higher, 720°F or higher, 730°F or higher, 740°F or higher, 750°F or higher, 760°F or higher, 770°F or higher, 780°F or higher, 790°F or higher, 800°F or higher, 810°F or higher, 820°F or higher, 830°F or higher, 840°F or higher, 850°F or higher, 860°F or higher, 870°F or higher, 880°F or higher, 890°F or higher, 900°F or higher, 910°F or higher, 920°F or higher, 930°F or higher, 940°F or higher, 950°F or higher, 960°F or higher, 970°F or higher, or 980°F or higher.In some cases, oil is kept below 1000°F (for example, below 990°F, below 980°F, below 970°F, below 960°F, below 950°F, below 940°F, below 930°F, below 920°F, below 910°F, below 900°F, below 890°F, below 880°F, below 870°F, below 860°F, below 850°F, below 840°F, below 830°F, below 820°F, below 810°F, below 800°F, below 790°F, below 780°F, below 770°F, below 760°F, below 750°F, below 740°F, below 730°F, below 720°F, below 710°F, The final boiling point of the oil may be 700°F or less, 690°F or less, 680°F or less, 670°F or less, 660°F or less, 650°F or less, 640°F or less, 630°F or less, 620°F or less, 610°F or less, 600°F or less, 590°F or less, 580°F or less, 570°F or less, 560°F or less, 550°F or less, 540°F or less, 530°F or less, 520°F or less, 510°F or less, 500°F or less, 490°F or less, 480°F or less, 470°F or less, 460°F or less, 450°F or less, 440°F or less, 430°F or less, 420°F or less, or 410°F or less. For example, oil is suitable for temperatures ranging from 400°F to 1000°F (e.g., 400°F to 700°F, 700°F to 1000°F, 400°F to 600°F, 600°F to 800°F, 800°F to 1000°F, 400°F to 950°F, 400°F to 900°F, 400°F to 850°F, 400°F to 800°F, 400°F to 750°F, 400°F to 650°F, 400°F to... Oils can have a final boiling point of 550°F, 400°F-500°F, 450°F-1000°F, 500°F-1000°F, 550°F-1000°F, 600°F-1000°F, 650°F-1000°F, 750°F-1000°F, 850°F-1000°F, 900°F-1000°F, 450°F-950°F, or 500°F-900°F. In some examples, oils can have a final boiling point of 400°F-850°F.In some examples, oil is used in temperatures ranging from 750°F to 1000°F (e.g., 750°F to 875°F, 875°F to 1000°F, 750°F to 800°F, 800°F to 850°F, 850°F to 900°F, 900°F to 950°F, 950°F to 1000°F, 750°F to 975°F, 750°F to 950°F, 750°F to 925°F, 750°F to 900°F, 750°F to 85°F). The final boiling point of the oil may be in the following ranges: 0°F, 750°F-825°F, 775°F-1000°F, 800°F-1000°F, 825°F-1000°F, 850°F-1000°F, 900°F-1000°F, 925°F-1000°F, 775°F-975°F, 800°F-950°F, 850°F-950°F, 920°F-950°F, or 935°F-950°F. The final boiling point of the oil can be determined using any preferred method, such as methods known in the art. For example, the final boiling point of the oil can be determined using ASTM D 7169.

[0192] Oils are, for example, above -200°F (for example, above -190°F, above -180°F, above -170°F, above -160°F, above -150°F, above -140°F, above -130°F, above -120°F, above -110°F, above -100°F, above -90°F, above -80°F, above -70°F, above -60°F) , -50°F or higher, -45°F or higher, -40°F or higher, -35°F or higher, -30°F or higher, -25°F or higher, -20°F or higher, -19°F or higher, -18°F Above, -17°F and above, -16°F and above, -15°F and above, -14°F and above, -13°F and above, -12°F and above, -11°F and above, -10°F and above, -9°F It may have a flow point of -8°F or higher, -7°F or higher, -6°F or higher, -5°F or higher, -4°F or higher, -3°F or higher, -2°F or higher, -1°F or higher, 0°F or higher, 1°F or higher, 2°F or higher, 3°F or higher, 4°F or higher, 5°F or higher, 6°F or higher, 7°F or higher, 8°F or higher, 9°F or higher, 10°F or higher, 11°F or higher, 12°F or higher, 13°F or higher, 14°F or higher, 15°F or higher, 16°F or higher, 17°F or higher, 18°F or higher, 19°F or higher, 20°F or higher, 25°F or higher, 30°F or higher, 35°F or higher, 40°F or higher, 45°F or higher, 50°F or higher, 60°F or higher, 70°F or higher, 80°F or higher, or 90°F or higher.In some cases, oil is below 100°F (for example, below 90°F, below 80°F, below 70°F, below 60°F, below 50°F, below 45°F, below 40°F, below 35°F, below 30°F, below 25°F, below 20°F, below 19°F, below 18°F, below 17°F, below 16°F, below 15°F, below 14°F, below 13°F, below 12°F, below 11°F, below 10°F, below 9°F, below 8°F, below 7°F, below 6°F, below 5°F, below 4°F, below 3°F, below 2°F, below 1°F, below 0°F, below -1°F, below -2°F, below -3°F, below -4°F, below -5°F, below -6°F, below -7°F, below -8°F It may have a flow point of -9°F or less, -10°F or less, -11°F or less, -12°F or less, -13°F or less, -14°F or less, -15°F or less, -16°F or less, -17°F or less, -18°F or less, -19°F or less, -20°F or less, -25°F or less, -30°F or less, -35°F or less, -40°F or less, -45°F or less, -50°F or less, -60°F or less, -70°F or less, -80°F or less, -90°F or less, -100°F or less, -110°F or less, -120°F or less, -130°F or less, -140°F or less, -150°F or less, -160°F or less, -170°F or less, -180°F or less, or 190°F or less. The pour point of an oil can be within the range of any of the minimum and maximum values ​​listed above. For example, an oil can have a pour point in the range of -200°F to 100°F (e.g., -200°F to -50°F, -50°F to 100°F, -200°F to -100°F, -100°F to 0°F, 0°F to 100°F, -200°F to 75°F, -200°F to 50°F, -200°F to 25°F, -200°F to 0°F, -200°F to -25°F, -200°F to -50°F, -200°F to -75°F, -200°F to -125°F, -200°F). It can have a flow point of F~-150°F, -175°F~100°F, -150°F~100°F, -125°F~100°F, -100°F~100°F, -75°F~100°F, -50°F~100°F, -25°F~100°F, 0°F~100°F, 25°F~100°F, 50°F~100°F, -150°F~75°F, -100°F~50°F, -50°F~25°F, or 0°F~20°F.In some cases, oils can have a pour point between 0°F and 20°F (e.g., 0°F to 10°F, 10°F to 20°F, 0°F to 5°F, 5°F to 10°F, 10°F to 15°F, 15°F to 20°F, 0°F to 15°F, 5°F to 20°F, 5°F to 15°F, or 8°F to 15°F). The pour point of an oil can be determined using any preferred method, such as methods known in the art. For example, the pour point of an oil can be determined using ASTM D 97.

[0193] In some cases, oil may contain one or more contaminants. These contaminants may include, for example, alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, transition metals, basic metals, metalloids, nonmetals, halogens, their salts or compounds, or combinations thereof. Examples of contaminants include, but are not limited to, lithium, sodium, beryllium, magnesium, calcium, strontium, titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, molybdenum, cadmium, mercury, aluminum, titanium silicon, tin, lead, nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic, antimony, oxygen, sulfur, selenium, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, their compounds, and combinations thereof. In some cases, oil may contain contaminants including chlorides, nitrogen, silicon, sodium, iron, phosphorus, sulfur, calcium, nickel, copper, vanadium, or combinations thereof.

[0194] Contaminants, along with the sources and collection methods of plastics, are introduced during the plastic formulation and manufacturing processes during the initial lifespan of the plastics.

[0195] For example, chlorine sources in used plastics can include PVDC layers. PVDC is often used as a layer or coating in food and pharmaceutical packaging applications because it offers excellent barrier properties against moisture, UV light, acids, salts, and detergents, as well as good transparency. Despite designs for recyclability-enhancing formulation changes, PVDC is projected to increase by 3.2% annually in the US by 2028. Packaging converters produce a variety of single-layer and multi-layer packaging. Both types can be mixed into recycled flows. Post-consumer sources contain larger amounts of material containing chlorine sources that may be difficult to distinguish and remove by standard sorting techniques.

[0196] Nitrogen sources in used plastics can, for example, often originate from the depolymerization of nylon (e.g., nylon 6 (PA-6), nylon 66 (PA-66)) in used plastic sources from food and industrial packaging materials. Nylon is used in multilayer flexible packing films to protect oxygen-sensitive foods or where excellent oil and grease resistance, as well as high mechanical strength, are required for processed meats and fish, as well as cheese and other dairy products. Nylon also provides a wide temperature range from cold to hot (e.g., -60°C to 150°C), allowing food to be moved from the freezer to the microwave / oven without the packaging degrading. In industrial packaging, nylon is often used as a reinforcing layer, providing high mechanical strength as well as excellent abrasion and puncture resistance (e.g., in polypropylene super sacks containing a nylon interlayer or strap). Nitrogen can also originate from protein (food) residue on the plastic resulting from amino acids in decomposed proteins. Post-consumer sources contain larger amounts of material containing nitrogen sources that may be difficult to distinguish and remove by standard sorting techniques.

[0197] Silicon sources in used plastics can include, for example, silica desiccant packages. In food packaging and processing plants, silicon products are widely used as release agents for a wide variety of materials and equipment, leaving residues on plastic surfaces. Silicon is also an additive that can be added to a wide range of materials to alter their appearance, extrusion properties, and / or the characteristics of the final product, and this applies not only to two-dimensional plastics but also to films. Post-consumer sources contain larger quantities of material that may contain silicon sources that are difficult to distinguish and remove by standard sorting techniques.

[0198] Silicon dioxide can be applied as a very thin coating to plastics, specifically polyethylene, polypropylene, and / or polystyrene, to function as a barrier layer and improve the shelf life of oxygen and moisture-sensitive foods. This thin coating can be applied by vacuum or plasma deposition processes, and the barrier layer and the plastic form covalent bonds. SiO2 barrier coatings are chemically inert, enabling advantages in rigid and flexible food packaging applications. These advantages include, but are not limited to, reducing the oxygen and moisture permeability of the plastic, ensuring aroma protection, preserving the smell and taste of the contents, being insensitive to temperature and humidity fluctuations, being well-suited to pasteurization and sterilization processes, and extending the shelf life of food without the addition of preservatives. SiO2 coatings are thin, significantly thinner than, for example, a human hair, and therefore have a negligible impact on packaging weight. For this reason, coated packaging can be considered a single material that can be mechanically recycled. Recyclability initiatives are promoting the use of SiO2 coatings as an alternative to PVDC and nylon barriers in flexible and rigid packaging. While these guidelines apply to mechanically recycled plastics, some packaging forms and formulations are better suited to pyrolysis-based advanced recycling. SiO2 coatings have the potential to be a “continuing gift,” especially when used with rigid and flexible polyethylene and polypropylene plastics that are initially mechanically recycled and then, after several cycles, eventually become spent plastic raw materials for advanced recycling, as silicon is expected to accumulate and carry over to each subsequent application.

[0199] Phosphorus-containing flame retardants are widely used in plastics because their rapid oxidation consumes all oxygen present, thereby stopping fires. Plastics commonly containing these flame retardants include, but are not limited to, engineering plastics, polyurethane foams, polyamides (e.g., nylon) and glass fiber reinforced nylon, polyethylene and EVA copolymers, and expanded coatings on foams and polypropylene fabrics. Phosphate esters are also used as flame-retardant plasticizers in PVC, high-impact polystyrene (HIPS), polycarbonate (PC), and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS). Phosphorus sources also include agricultural applications such as residual glyphosate in HDPE containers and residual phosphorus fertilizers on ground films (e.g., mulch films). Post-consumer sources contain larger quantities of material containing phosphorus sources that may be difficult to distinguish and remove by standard sorting techniques.

[0200] Sources of sulfur, calcium, sodium, iron, phosphorus, or combinations thereof are additives, surface residues, and residual contamination from incoming post-consumer and / or post-industrial plastics. While washing steps can potentially remove certain surface residues, they add cost and complexity to advanced (e.g., pyrolysis-based) recycling processes. Therefore, post-consumer sources contain larger quantities of material containing sources of sulfur, calcium, sodium, iron, phosphorus, or combinations thereof, which can be difficult to distinguish and remove by standard sorting techniques.

[0201] Copper alloys are increasingly commonly used to fabricate molds for plastic injection molding processes due to their high thermal conductivity, which eliminates hot spots, reduces warping, shortens cycle times, facilitates machining by various processes, and provides corrosion resistance to injected water, cooling fluids, and plastics. Copper alloys often contain nickel and silicon. Plastics manufactured in copper alloy molds may have residual amounts of copper, nickel, and silicon on their surface. In addition, plating plastics with nickel and copper can be an effective means of protecting the substrate from corrosion from environmental exposure and making the substrate more resistant to damage from chemicals used in the manufacturing process. In some cases, plating on plastics can increase the hardness, strength, and wear resistance of the substrate. The presence of copper and nickel on the surface of both pre-consumer and post-consumer sources can be difficult to distinguish and remove through standard sorting techniques.

[0202] In some cases, oils have a concentration of 500 ppm or less (for example, 475 ppm or less, 450 ppm or less, 425 ppm or less, 400 ppm or less, 375 ppm or less, 350 ppm or less, 325 ppm or less, 300 ppm or less, 275 ppm or less, 250 ppm or less, 225 ppm or less, 200 ppm or less, 175 ppm or less, 150 ppm or less, 125 ppm or less, 100 ppm or less, 75 ppm or less, 50 ppm or less, 45 ppm or less, 40 ppm or less, 35 ppm or less, 30 ppm or less, 25 ppm or less, 20 ppm or less, It has a total chloride content of 15 ppm or less, 10 ppm or less, 9 ppm or less, 8 ppm or less, 7 ppm or less, 6 ppm or less, 5 ppm or less, 4.5 ppm or less, 4 ppm or less, 3.5 ppm or less, 3 ppm or less, 2.5 ppm or less, 2 ppm or less, 1.5 ppm or less, 1 ppm or less, 0.75 ppm or less, 0.5 ppm or less, 0.25 ppm or less, 0.1 ppm or less, 0.075 ppm or less, 0.05 ppm or less, 0.025 ppm or less, 0.01 ppm or less, 0.0075 ppm or less, or 0.005 ppm or less. In some examples, oil is considered to have a concentration of 0 ppm or higher (for example, 0.001 ppm or higher, 0.0025 ppm or higher, 0.005 ppm or higher, 0.0075 ppm or higher, 0.01 ppm or higher, 0.025 ppm or higher, 0.05 ppm or higher, 0.075 ppm or higher, 0.1 ppm or higher, 0.25 ppm or higher, 0.5 ppm or higher, 0.75 ppm or higher, 1 ppm or higher, 1.5 ppm or higher, 2 ppm or higher, 2.5 ppm or higher, 3 ppm or higher, 3.5 ppm or higher, 4 ppm or higher, 4.5 ppm or higher, 5 ppm or higher, 6 ppm or higher, 7 ppm or higher, 8 ppm or higher). The total chloride content of the oil may be in the range of any of the minimum values ​​listed above to any of the maximum values ​​listed above.For example, oils have a concentration range of 0-500 ppm (e.g., 0-250 ppm, 250-500 ppm, 0-100 ppm, 100-200 ppm, 200-300 ppm, 300-400 ppm, 400-500 ppm, 0.001-500 ppm, 0.001-475 ppm, 0.001-450 ppm, 0.001-425 ppm, 0.001-400 ppm, 0.001-375 ppm, 0.001-350 ppm, 0.001- 325ppm, 0.001~300ppm, 0.001~275ppm, 0.001~250ppm, 0.001~225ppm, 0.001~200ppm, 0.001~175ppm, 0.001~150p pm, 0.001~125ppm, 0.001~100ppm, 0.001~75ppm, 0.001~50ppm, 0.001~45ppm, 0.001~40ppm, 0.001~35ppm, 0.001~ 30ppm, 0.001~25ppm, 0.001~20ppm, 0.001~15ppm, 0.001~10ppm, 0.001~5ppm, 0.001~1ppm, 0.001~0.1ppm, 0.001~ 0.01ppm, 0~475ppm, 0~450ppm, 0~425ppm, 0~400ppm, 0~375ppm, 0~350ppm, 0~325ppm, 0~300ppm, 0~275ppm, 0~250p The total chloride content can be as follows: pm, 0-225 ppm, 0-200 ppm, 0-175 ppm, 0-150 ppm, 0-125 ppm, 0-100 ppm, 0-75 ppm, 0-50 ppm, 0-45 ppm, 0-40 ppm, 0-35 ppm, 0-30 ppm, 0-25 ppm, 0-20 ppm, 0-15 ppm, 0-10 ppm, 0-5 ppm, 0-1 ppm, 0-0.1 ppm, or 0-0.01 ppm. In some examples, the oil is substantially chloride-free. The total chloride content of the oil can be determined using any preferred method. For example, the total chloride content of the oil can be determined using ASTM D 7359.

[0203] For example, oils should be 600 ppm or less (for example, 575 ppm or less, 550 ppm or less, 525 ppm or less, 500 ppm or less, 475 ppm or less, 450 ppm or less, 425 ppm or less, 400 ppm or less, 375 ppm or less, 350 ppm or less, 325 ppm or less, 300 ppm or less, 275 ppm or less, 250 ppm or less, 225 ppm or less, 200 ppm or less, 175 ppm or less, 150 ppm or less, 125 ppm or less, 100 ppm or less, 75 ppm or less, 50 ppm or less, 45 ppm or less, 40 ppm or less, 35 ppm or less, 30 ppm or less, 25 It may have a nitrogen content of 0.005 ppm or less, 0.01 ppm or less, 0.0075 ppm or less, 0.005 ppm or less.In some examples, oil is 0 ppm or higher (e.g., 0.001 ppm or higher, 0.0025 ppm or higher, 0.005 ppm or higher, 0.0075 ppm or higher, 0.01 ppm or higher, 0.025 ppm or higher, 0.05 ppm or higher, 0.075 ppm or higher, 0.1 ppm or higher, 0.25 ppm or higher, 0.5 ppm or higher, 0.75 ppm or higher, 1 ppm or higher, 1.5 ppm or higher, 2 ppm or higher, 2.5 ppm or higher, 3 ppm or higher, 3.5 ppm or higher, 4 ppm or higher, 4.5 ppm or higher, 5 ppm or higher, 6 ppm or higher, 7 ppm or higher, 8 ppm or higher, 9 ppm or higher, 10 ppm or higher, 15 ppm or higher). The nitrogen content may be 500 ppm or more, 20 ppm or more, 25 ppm or more, 30 ppm or more, 35 ppm or more, 40 ppm or more, 45 ppm or more, 50 ppm or more, 75 ppm or more, 100 ppm or more, 125 ppm or more, 150 ppm or more, 175 ppm or more, 200 ppm or more, 225 ppm or more, 250 ppm or more, 275 ppm or more, 300 ppm or more, 325 ppm or more, 350 ppm or more, 375 ppm or more, 400 ppm or more, 425 ppm or more, 450 ppm or more, 475 ppm or more, 500 ppm or more, 525 ppm or more, or 550 ppm or more. The nitrogen content of the oil may be within the range of any of the minimum values ​​listed above to any of the maximum values ​​listed above.For example, oils have a concentration range of 0-600 ppm (e.g., 0-300 ppm, 300-600 ppm, 0-100 ppm, 100-200 ppm, 200-300 ppm, 300-400 ppm, 400-500 ppm, 500-600 ppm, 0.001-600 ppm, 0.001-575 ppm, 0.001-550 ppm, 0.001-525 ppm, 0.001-500 ppm, 0.001-475 ppm, 0.001-450 ppm, 0.001-425 ppm, 0.001- 400ppm, 0.001~375ppm, 0.001~350ppm, 0.001~325ppm, 0.001~300ppm, 0.001~275ppm, 0.001~250ppm, 0.001~225ppm, 0.001~200 ppm, 0.001~175ppm, 0.001~150ppm, 0.001~125ppm, 0.001~100ppm, 0.001~75ppm, 0.001~50ppm, 0.001~45ppm, 0.001~40ppm, 0.00 1~35ppm, 0.001~30ppm, 0.001~25ppm, 0.001~20ppm, 0.001~15ppm, 0.001~10ppm, 0.001~5ppm, 0.001~1ppm, 0.001~0.1ppm, 0.00 1~0.01ppm, 0~575ppm, 0~550ppm, 0~525ppm, 0~500ppm, 0~475ppm, 0~450ppm, 0~425ppm, 0~400ppm, 0~375ppm, 0~350ppm, 0~325pp The nitrogen content can be as follows: m, 0-300 ppm, 0-275 ppm, 0-250 ppm, 0-225 ppm, 0-200 ppm, 0-175 ppm, 0-150 ppm, 0-125 ppm, 0-100 ppm, 0-75 ppm, 0-50 ppm, 0-45 ppm, 0-40 ppm, 0-35 ppm, 0-30 ppm, 0-25 ppm, 0-20 ppm, 0-15 ppm, 0-10 ppm, 0-5 ppm, 0-1 ppm, 0-0.1 ppm, or 0-0.01 ppm. In some examples, the oil may contain substantially no nitrogen. The nitrogen content of the oil can be determined using any suitable method, such as methods known in the art. For example, the nitrogen content of the oil can be determined using ASTM D 4629.

[0204] This oil has a concentration of, for example, 2000 ppm or less (for example, 1900 ppm or less, 1800 ppm or less, 1700 ppm or less, 1600 ppm or less, 1500 ppm or less, 1400 ppm or less, 1300 ppm or less, 1200 ppm or less, 1100 ppm or less, 1000 ppm or less, 950 ppm or less, 900 ppm or less, 850 ppm or less, 800 ppm or less, 750 ppm or less) m or less, 700ppm or less, 650ppm or less, 600ppm or less, 550ppm or less, 500ppm or less, 475ppm or less, 450ppm or less, 425ppm or less, 400ppm Below, 375ppm or less, 350ppm or less, 325ppm or less, 300ppm or less, 275ppm or less, 250ppm or less, 225ppm or less, 200ppm or less, 175ppm or less , 150ppm or less, 125ppm or less, 100ppm or less, 75ppm or less, 50ppm or less, 45ppm or less, 40ppm or less, 35ppm or less, 30ppm or less, 25ppm or less Lower, 20ppm or less, 15ppm or less, 10ppm or less, 9ppm or less, 8ppm or less, 7ppm or less, 6ppm or less, 5ppm or less, 4.5ppm or less, 4ppm or less, 3.5ppm The silicon content may be 3 ppm or less, 2.5 ppm or less, 2 ppm or less, 1.5 ppm or less, 1 ppm or less, 0.75 ppm or less, 0.5 ppm or less, 0.25 ppm or less, 0.1 ppm or less, 0.075 ppm or less, 0.05 ppm or less, 0.025 ppm or less, 0.01 ppm or less, 0.0075 ppm or less, or 0.005 ppm or less.In some examples, oil is 0 ppm or higher (e.g., 0.001 ppm or higher, 0.0025 ppm or higher, 0.005 ppm or higher, 0.0075 ppm or higher, 0.01 ppm or higher, 0.025 ppm or higher, 0.05 ppm or higher, 0.075 ppm or higher, 0.1 ppm or higher, 0.25 ppm or higher, 0.5 ppm or higher, 0.75 ppm or higher, 1 ppm or higher, 1.5 ppm or higher, 2 ppm or higher) m or more, 2.5 ppm or more, 3 ppm or more, 3.5 ppm or more, 4 ppm or more, 4.5 ppm or more, 5 ppm or more, 6 ppm or more, 7 ppm or more, 8 ppm or more, 9 ppm or more, 10 ppm or more, 15 ppm or more, 20 ppm or more, 25 ppm or more, 30 ppm or more, 35 ppm or more, 40 ppm or more, 45 ppm or more, 50 ppm or more, 75 ppm or more, 100 ppm or more , 125 ppm or more, 150 ppm or more, 175 ppm or more, 200 ppm or more, 225 ppm or more, 250 ppm or more, 275 ppm or more, 300 ppm or more, 325 ppm or more, 350 ppm or more, 375 ppm or more, 400 ppm or more, 425 ppm or more, 450 ppm or more, 475 ppm or more, 500 ppm or more, 550 ppm or more, 600 ppm or more, 650 ppm The silicon content may be m or more, 700 ppm or more, 750 ppm or more, 800 ppm or more, 850 ppm or more, 900 ppm or more, 950 ppm or more, 1000 ppm or more, 1100 ppm or more, 1200 ppm or more, 1300 ppm or more, 1400 ppm or more, 1500 ppm or more, 1600 ppm or more, 1700 ppm or more, or 1800 ppm or more. The silicon content of the oil may be within the range of any of the minimum values ​​listed above to any of the maximum values ​​listed above.For example, oils have a concentration range of 0-2000 ppm (e.g., 0-1000 ppm, 1000-2000 ppm, 0-500 ppm, 500-1000 ppm, 1000-1500 ppm, 1500-2000 ppm, 0.001-2000 ppm, 0.001-1750 ppm, 0.001-1500 ppm, 0.001-1250 ppm, 0.001-1000 ppm, 0.001-750 ppm, 0.001-500 ppm, 0.001-475 ppm, 0.001-450 ppm, 0.001-425 ppm). m, 0.001~400ppm, 0.001~375ppm, 0.001~350ppm, 0.001~325ppm, 0.001~300ppm, 0.001~275ppm, 0.001~250ppm, 0.001~225ppm, 0.001~ 200ppm, 0.001~175ppm, 0.001~150ppm, 0.001~125ppm, 0.001~100ppm, 0.001~75ppm, 0.001~50ppm, 0.001~45ppm, 0.001~40ppm, 0.001~ 35ppm, 0.001~30ppm, 0.001~25ppm, 0.001~20ppm, 0.001~15ppm, 0.001~10ppm, 0.001~5ppm, 0.001~1ppm, 0.001~0.1ppm, 0.001~0.01p pm, 0~1750ppm, 0~1500ppm, 0~1250ppm, 0~1000ppm, 0~750ppm, 0~500ppm, 0~475ppm, 0~450ppm, 0~425ppm, 0~400ppm, 0~375ppm, 0~350ppm The silicon content can be as follows: m, 0-325 ppm, 0-300 ppm, 0-275 ppm, 0-250 ppm, 0-225 ppm, 0-200 ppm, 0-175 ppm, 0-150 ppm, 0-125 ppm, 0-100 ppm, 0-75 ppm, 0-50 ppm, 0-45 ppm, 0-40 ppm, 0-35 ppm, 0-30 ppm, 0-25 ppm, 0-20 ppm, 0-15 ppm, 0-10 ppm, 0-5 ppm, 0-1 ppm, 0-0.1 ppm, or 0-0.01 ppm. In some examples, the oil may be substantially silicon-free. The silicon content of the oil can be determined using any suitable method, such as methods known in the art.For example, the silicon content of oil can be determined using ASTM D 5185.

[0205] For example, oils should be 100 ppm or less (for example, 95 ppm or less, 90 ppm or less, 85 ppm or less, 80 ppm or less, 75 ppm or less, 70 ppm or less, 65 ppm or less, 60 ppm or less, 55 ppm or less, 50 ppm or less, 45 ppm or less, 40 ppm or less, 35 ppm or less, 30 ppm or less, 25 ppm or less, 20 ppm or less, 15 ppm or less, 10 ppm or less, 9 ppm or less, 8 ppm or less, 7 ppm or less, 6 ppm or less, 5 ppm or less). It may have a sodium content of 0.005 ppm or less, 4.5 ppm or less, 4 ppm or less, 3.5 ppm or less, 3 ppm or less, 2.5 ppm or less, 2 ppm or less, 1.5 ppm or less, 1 ppm or less, 0.75 ppm or less, 0.5 ppm or less, 0.25 ppm or less, 0.1 ppm or less, 0.075 ppm or less, 0.05 ppm or less, 0.025 ppm or less, 0.01 ppm or less, 0.0075 ppm or less, or 0.005 ppm or less. In some examples, oil is 0 ppm or higher (for example, 0.001 ppm or higher, 0.0025 ppm or higher, 0.005 ppm or higher, 0.0075 ppm or higher, 0.01 ppm or higher, 0.025 ppm or higher, 0.05 ppm or higher, 0.075 ppm or higher, 0.1 ppm or higher, 0.25 ppm or higher, 0.5 ppm or higher, 0.75 ppm or higher, 1 ppm or higher, 1.5 ppm or higher, 2 ppm or higher, 2.5 ppm or higher, 3 ppm or higher, 3.5 ppm or higher, 4 ppm or higher). The sodium content may be 4.5 ppm or more, 5 ppm or more, 6 ppm or more, 7 ppm or more, 8 ppm or more, 9 ppm or more, 10 ppm or more, 15 ppm or more, 20 ppm or more, 25 ppm or more, 30 ppm or more, 35 ppm or more, 40 ppm or more, 45 ppm or more, 50 ppm or more, 55 ppm or more, 60 ppm or more, 65 ppm or more, 70 ppm or more, 75 ppm or more, 80 ppm or more, 85 ppm or more, or 90 ppm or more. The sodium content of the oil may be within the range of any of the minimum values ​​listed above to any of the maximum values ​​listed above.For example, oils have a concentration of 0-100 ppm (for example, 0-50 ppm, 50-100 ppm, 0-20 ppm, 20-40 ppm, 40-60 ppm, 60-80 ppm, 80-100 ppm, 0.001-100 ppm, 0.001-75 ppm, 0.001-50 ppm, 0.001-45 ppm, 0.001-40 ppm, 0.001-35 ppm, 0.001-30 ppm, 0.001-25 ppm, 0.001-20 ppm, 0.001-15 ppm) The sodium content can be ppm, 0.001-10 ppm, 0.001-5 ppm, 0.001-1 ppm, 0.001-0.1 ppm, 0.001-0.01 ppm, 0-75 ppm, 0-50 ppm, 0-45 ppm, 0-40 ppm, 0-35 ppm, 0-30 ppm, 0-25 ppm, 0-20 ppm, 0-15 ppm, 0-10 ppm, 0-5 ppm, 0-1 ppm, 0-0.1 ppm, or 0-0.01 ppm. In some examples, the oil may be substantially sodium-free. The sodium content of the oil can be determined using any suitable method, such as methods known in the art. For example, the sodium content of the oil can be determined using ASTM D 5185.

[0206] The oil may have an iron content of, for example, 10 ppm or less (for example, 9 ppm or less, 8 ppm or less, 7 ppm or less, 6 ppm or less, 5 ppm or less, 4.5 ppm or less, 4 ppm or less, 3.5 ppm or less, 3 ppm or less, 2.5 ppm or less, 2 ppm or less, 1.5 ppm or less, 1 ppm or less, 0.75 ppm or less, 0.5 ppm or less, 0.25 ppm or less, 0.1 ppm or less, 0.075 ppm or less, 0.05 ppm or less, 0.025 ppm or less, 0.01 ppm or less, 0.0075 ppm or less, or 0.005 ppm or less). In some cases, oils can have an iron content of 0 ppm or more (e.g., 0.001 ppm or more, 0.0025 ppm or more, 0.005 ppm or more, 0.0075 ppm or more, 0.01 ppm or more, 0.025 ppm or more, 0.05 ppm or more, 0.075 ppm or more, 0.1 ppm or more, 0.25 ppm or more, 0.5 ppm or more, 0.75 ppm or more, 1 ppm or more, 1.5 ppm or more, 2 ppm or more, 2.5 ppm or more, 3 ppm or more, 3.5 ppm or more, 4 ppm or more, 4.5 ppm or more, 5 ppm or more, 6 ppm or more, 7 ppm or more, or 8 ppm or more). The iron content of oils can range from any of the minimum values ​​listed above to any of the maximum values ​​listed above. For example, oils can range from 0 ppm to 10 ppm (e.g., 0-5 ppm, 5-10 ppm, 1-2 ppm, 2-4 ppm, 4-6 ppm, 6-8 ppm, 8-10 ppm, 0.001-10 ppm, 0.001-9 ppm, 0.001-8 ppm, 0.001-7 ppm, 0.001-6 ppm, 0.001-5 ppm, 0.001-4 ppm, 0 The iron content can be 0.001-3 ppm, 0.001-2 ppm, 0.001-1 ppm, 0.001-0.1 ppm, 0.001-0.01 ppm, 0-9 ppm, 0-8 ppm, 0-7 ppm, 0-6 ppm, 0-5 ppm, 0-4 ppm, 0-3 ppm, 0-1 ppm, 0-0.1 ppm, or 0-0.01 ppm. In some examples, the oil may contain substantially no iron. The iron content of the oil can be determined using any suitable method, such as methods known in the art. For example, the iron content of the oil can be determined using ASTM D 5185.

[0207] The oil may have a phosphorus content of 25 ppm or less (for example, 20 ppm or less, 15 ppm or less, 10 ppm or less, 9 ppm or less, 8 ppm or less, 7 ppm or less, 6 ppm or less, 5 ppm or less, 4.5 ppm or less, 4 ppm or less, 3.5 ppm or less, 3 ppm or less, 2.5 ppm or less, 2 ppm or less, 1.5 ppm or less, 1 ppm or less, 0.75 ppm or less, 0.5 ppm or less, 0.25 ppm or less, 0.1 ppm or less, 0.075 ppm or less, 0.05 ppm or less, 0.025 ppm or less, 0.01 ppm or less, 0.0075 ppm or less, or 0.005 ppm or less). In some cases, oils may have a phosphorus content of 0 ppm or more (for example, 0.001 ppm or more, 0.0025 ppm or more, 0.005 ppm or more, 0.0075 ppm or more, 0.01 ppm or more, 0.025 ppm or more, 0.05 ppm or more, 0.075 ppm or more, 0.1 ppm or more, 0.25 ppm or more, 0.5 ppm or more, 0.75 ppm or more, 1 ppm or more, 1.5 ppm or more, 2 ppm or more, 2.5 ppm or more, 3 ppm or more, 3.5 ppm or more, 4 ppm or more, 4.5 ppm or more, 5 ppm or more, 6 ppm or more, 7 ppm or more, 8 ppm or more, 9 ppm or more, 10 ppm or more, 15 ppm or more, or 20 ppm or more). The phosphorus content of oils may range from any of the minimum values ​​listed above to any of the maximum values ​​listed above. For example, an oil may have a phosphorus content of 0 to 25 ppm (e.g., 0 to 12.5 ppm, 12.5 to 25 ppm, 0 to 5 ppm, 5 to 10 ppm, 10 to 15 ppm, 15 to 20 ppm, 20 to 25 ppm, 0.001 to 25 ppm, 0.001 to 20 ppm, 0.001 to 15 ppm, 0.001 to 10 ppm, 0.001 to 5 ppm, 0.001 to 1 ppm, 0.001 to 0.1 ppm, 0.001 to 0.01 ppm, 0 to 20 ppm, 0 to 15 ppm, 0 to 10 ppm, 0 to 5 ppm, 0 to 1 ppm, 0 to 0.1 ppm, or 0 to 0.01 ppm). In some examples, the oil may contain substantially no phosphorus. The phosphorus content of an oil can be determined using any suitable method, such as methods known in the art. For example, the phosphorus content of an oil can be determined using ASTM D 5185.

[0208] Oil is, for example, 250ppm or less (for example, 225ppm or less, 200ppm or less, 175ppm or less, 150ppm or less, 125ppm or less, 100ppm or less, 75ppm or less, 50ppm or less, 45p pm or less, 40ppm or less, 35ppm or less, 30ppm or less, 25ppm or less, 20ppm or less, 15ppm or less, 10ppm or less, 9ppm or less, 8ppm or less, 7ppm or less, 6ppm or less, 5ppm or less The sulfur content may be 4.5 ppm or less, 4 ppm or less, 3.5 ppm or less, 3 ppm or less, 2.5 ppm or less, 2 ppm or less, 1.5 ppm or less, 1 ppm or less, 0.75 ppm or less, 0.5 ppm or less, 0.25 ppm or less, 0.1 ppm or less, 0.075 ppm or less, 0.05 ppm or less, 0.025 ppm or less, 0.01 ppm or less, 0.0075 ppm or less, or 0.005 ppm or less. In some examples, oil is 0 ppm or higher (for example, 0.001 ppm or higher, 0.0025 ppm or higher, 0.005 ppm or higher, 0.0075 ppm or higher, 0.01 ppm or higher, 0.025 ppm or higher, 0.05 ppm or higher, 0.075 ppm or higher, 0.1 ppm or higher, 0.25 ppm or higher, 0.5 ppm or higher, 0.75 ppm or higher, 1 ppm or higher, 1.5 ppm or higher, 2 ppm or higher, 2.5 ppm or higher, 3 ppm or higher, 3.5 ppm or higher). The sulfur content may be 4 ppm or more, 4.5 ppm or more, 5 ppm or more, 6 ppm or more, 7 ppm or more, 8 ppm or more, 9 ppm or more, 10 ppm or more, 15 ppm or more, 20 ppm or more, 25 ppm or more, 30 ppm or more, 35 ppm or more, 40 ppm or more, 45 ppm or more, 50 ppm or more, 75 ppm or more, 100 ppm or more, 125 ppm or more, 150 ppm or more, 175 ppm or more, or 200 ppm or more. The sulfur content of the oil may be within the range of any of the minimum values ​​listed above to any of the maximum values ​​listed above.For example, oils range from 0 ppm to 250 ppm (e.g., 0-125 ppm, 125-250 ppm, 0-50 ppm, 50-100 ppm, 100-150 ppm, 150-200 ppm, 200-250 ppm, 0.001-250 ppm, 0.001-225 ppm, 0.001-200 ppm, 0.001-175 ppm, 0.001-150 ppm, 0.001-125 ppm, 0.001-100 ppm, 0.001-75 ppm, 0.001-50 ppm, 0.001-45 ppm, 0.001-40 ppm, 0.001-35 ppm, 0.001-30 ppm, 0.001-25 ppm, 0 The sulfur content can be 0.001-20 ppm, 0.001-15 ppm, 0.001-10 ppm, 0.001-5 ppm, 0.001-1 ppm, 0.001-0.1 ppm, 0.001-0.01 ppm, 0-225 ppm, 0-200 ppm, 0-175 ppm, 0-150 ppm, 0-125 ppm, 0-100 ppm, 0-75 ppm, 0-50 ppm, 0-45 ppm, 0-40 ppm, 0-35 ppm, 0-30 ppm, 0-25 ppm, 0-20 ppm, 0-15 ppm, 0-10 ppm, 0-5 ppm, 0-1 ppm, 0-0.1 ppm, or 0-0.01 ppm. In some examples, the oil may be substantially sulfur-free. The sulfur content of oil can be determined by any suitable method, such as methods known in the art. For example, the sulfur content of oil can be determined using ASTM D 4294.

[0209] The oil may have a calcium content of, for example, 50 ppm or less (for example, 45 ppm or less, 40 ppm or less, 35 ppm or less, 30 ppm or less, 25 ppm or less, 20 ppm or less, 15 ppm or less, 10 ppm or less, 9 ppm or less, 8 ppm or less, 7 ppm or less, 6 ppm or less, 5 ppm or less, 4.5 ppm or less, 4 ppm or less, 3.5 ppm or less, 3 ppm or less, 2.5 ppm or less, 2 ppm or less, 1.5 ppm or less, 1 ppm or less, 0.75 ppm or less, 0.5 ppm or less, 0.25 ppm or less, 0.1 ppm or less, 0.075 ppm or less, 0.05 ppm or less, 0.025 ppm or less, 0.01 ppm or less, 0.0075 ppm or less, or 0.005 ppm or less). In some examples, oils can have a calcium content of 0 ppm or more (for example, 0.001 ppm or more, 0.0025 ppm or more, 0.005 ppm or more, 0.0075 ppm or more, 0.01 ppm or more, 0.025 ppm or more, 0.05 ppm or more, 0.075 ppm or more, 0.1 ppm or more, 0.25 ppm or more, 0.5 ppm or more, 0.75 ppm or more, 1 ppm or more, 1.5 ppm or more, 2 ppm or more, 2.5 ppm or more, 3 ppm or more, 3.5 ppm or more, 4 ppm or more, 4.5 ppm or more, 5 ppm or more, 6 ppm or more, 7 ppm or more, 8 ppm or more, 9 ppm or more, 10 ppm or more, 15 ppm or more, 20 ppm or more, 25 ppm or more, 30 ppm or more, 35 ppm or more, 40 ppm or more). The calcium content of the oil can be within the range of any of the minimum and maximum values ​​listed above.For example, oils have a concentration of 0-50 ppm (e.g., 0-25 ppm, 25-50 ppm, 0-10 ppm, 10-20 ppm, 20-30 ppm, 30-40 ppm, 40-50 ppm, 0.001-50 ppm, 0.001-45 ppm, 0.001-40 ppm, 0.001-35 ppm, 0.001-30 ppm, 0.001-25 ppm, 0.001-20 ppm, 0.001-15 ppm, 0. The calcium content can be 0.001-10 ppm, 0.001-5 ppm, 0.001-1 ppm, 0.001-0.1 ppm, 0.001-0.01 ppm, 0-45 ppm, 0-40 ppm, 0-35 ppm, 0-30 ppm, 0-25 ppm, 0-20 ppm, 0-15 ppm, 0-10 ppm, 0-5 ppm, 0-1 ppm, 0-0.1 ppm, or 0-0.01 ppm. In some examples, the oil may contain substantially no calcium. The calcium content of the oil can be determined using any suitable method, such as methods known in the art. In some examples, the calcium content of the oil can be determined using ASTM D 5185.

[0210] The oil may have a copper content of, for example, 10 ppm or less (for example, 9 ppm or less, 8 ppm or less, 7 ppm or less, 6 ppm or less, 5 ppm or less, 4.5 ppm or less, 4 ppm or less, 3.5 ppm or less, 3 ppm or less, 2.5 ppm or less, 2 ppm or less, 1.5 ppm or less, 1 ppm or less, 0.75 ppm or less, 0.5 ppm or less, 0.25 ppm or less, 0.1 ppm or less, 0.075 ppm or less, 0.05 ppm or less, 0.025 ppm or less, 0.01 ppm or less, 0.0075 ppm or less, or 0.005 ppm or less). In some cases, oils can have a copper content of 0 ppm or more (for example, 0.001 ppm or more, 0.0025 ppm or more, 0.005 ppm or more, 0.0075 ppm or more, 0.01 ppm or more, 0.025 ppm or more, 0.05 ppm or more, 0.075 ppm or more, 0.1 ppm or more, 0.25 ppm or more, 0.5 ppm or more, 0.75 ppm or more, 1 ppm or more, 1.5 ppm or more, 2 ppm or more, 2.5 ppm or more, 3 ppm or more, 3.5 ppm or more, 4 ppm or more, 4.5 ppm or more, 5 ppm or more, 6 ppm or more, 7 ppm or more, or 8 ppm or more). The copper content of the oil can be in the range from any of the minimum values ​​listed above to any of the maximum values ​​listed above. For example, oils can range from 0 ppm to 10 ppm (e.g., 0-5 ppm, 5-10 ppm, 1-2 ppm, 2-4 ppm, 4-6 ppm, 6-8 ppm, 8-10 ppm, 0.001-10 ppm, 0.001-9 ppm, 0.001-8 ppm, 0.001-7 ppm, 0.001-6 ppm, 0.001-5 ppm, 0.001-4 ppm, 0 The copper content can be 0.001-3 ppm, 0.001-2 ppm, 0.001-1 ppm, 0.001-0.1 ppm, 0.001-0.01 ppm, 0-9 ppm, 0-8 ppm, 0-7 ppm, 0-6 ppm, 0-5 ppm, 0-4 ppm, 0-3 ppm, 0-1 ppm, 0-0.1 ppm, or 0-0.01 ppm. In some examples, the oil may be substantially copper-free. The copper content of the oil can be determined using any suitable method, such as methods known in the art. For example, the copper content of the oil can be determined using ASTM D 5185.

[0211] For example, oils should have a concentration of 250 ppm or less (for example, 225 ppm or less, 200 ppm or less, 175 ppm or less, 150 ppm or less, 125 ppm or less, 100 ppm or less, 75 ppm or less, 50 ppm or less, 45 ppm or less, 40 ppm or less, 35 ppm or less, 30 ppm or less, 25 ppm or less, 20 ppm or less, 15 ppm or less, 10 ppm or less, 9 ppm or less, 8 ppm or less, 7 ppm or less, 6 ppm or less, 5 ppm or less). It may have a nickel content of 4.5 ppm or less, 4 ppm or less, 3.5 ppm or less, 3 ppm or less, 2.5 ppm or less, 2 ppm or less, 1.5 ppm or less, 1 ppm or less, 0.75 ppm or less, 0.5 ppm or less, 0.25 ppm or less, 0.1 ppm or less, 0.075 ppm or less, 0.05 ppm or less, 0.025 ppm or less, 0.01 ppm or less, 0.0075 ppm or less, or 0.005 ppm or less. In some examples, oil is 0 ppm or higher (for example, 0.001 ppm or higher, 0.0025 ppm or higher, 0.005 ppm or higher, 0.0075 ppm or higher, 0.01 ppm or higher, 0.025 ppm or higher, 0.05 ppm or higher, 0.075 ppm or higher, 0.1 ppm or higher, 0.25 ppm or higher, 0.5 ppm or higher, 0.75 ppm or higher, 1 ppm or higher, 1.5 ppm or higher, 2 ppm or higher, 2.5 ppm or higher, 3 ppm or higher, 3.5 ppm or higher, The nickel content may be 4 ppm or more, 4.5 ppm or more, 5 ppm or more, 6 ppm or more, 7 ppm or more, 8 ppm or more, 9 ppm or more, 10 ppm or more, 15 ppm or more, 20 ppm or more, 25 ppm or more, 30 ppm or more, 35 ppm or more, 40 ppm or more, 45 ppm or more, 50 ppm or more, 75 ppm or more, 100 ppm or more, 125 ppm or more, 150 ppm or more, 175 ppm or more, or 200 ppm or more. The nickel content of the oil may be within the range of any of the minimum values ​​listed above to any of the maximum values ​​listed above.For example, oils have a concentration range of 0 ppm to 250 ppm (e.g., 0 to 125 ppm, 125 to 250 ppm, 0 to 50 ppm, 50 to 100 ppm, 100 to 150 ppm, 150 to 200 ppm, 200 to 250 ppm, 0.001 to 250 ppm, 0.001 to 225 ppm, 0.001 to 200 ppm, 0.001 to 175 ppm, 0.001 to 150 ppm, 0.001 to 125 ppm, 0.001 to 100 ppm, 0.001 to 75 ppm, 0.001 to 50 ppm, 0.001 to 45 ppm, 0.001 to 40 ppm, 0.001 to 35 ppm, 0.001 to 30 ppm, 0.001 to 25 ppm, 0. It may have a nickel content of 0.001-20 ppm, 0.001-15 ppm, 0.001-10 ppm, 0.001-5 ppm, 0.001-1 ppm, 0.001-0.1 ppm, 0.001-0.01 ppm, 0-225 ppm, 0-200 ppm, 0-175 ppm, 0-150 ppm, 0-125 ppm, 0-100 ppm, 0-75 ppm, 0-50 ppm, 0-45 ppm, 0-40 ppm, 0-35 ppm, 0-30 ppm, 0-25 ppm, 0-20 ppm, 0-15 ppm, 0-10 ppm, 0-5 ppm, 0-1 ppm, 0-0.1 ppm, or 0-0.01 ppm. In some cases, the oil can be substantially a nickel fee. The nickel content of the oil can be determined using any suitable method, such as methods known in the art. For example, the nickel content of the oil can be determined using ASTM D 5185.

[0212] The oil may have a vanadium content of, for example, 25 ppm or less (e.g., 20 ppm or less, 15 ppm or less, 10 ppm or less, 9 ppm or less, 8 ppm or less, 7 ppm or less, 6 ppm or less, 5 ppm or less, 4.5 ppm or less, 4 ppm or less, 3.5 ppm or less, 3 ppm or less, 2.5 ppm or less, 2 ppm or less, 1.5 ppm or less, 1 ppm or less, 0.75 ppm or less, 0.5 ppm or less, 0.25 ppm or less, 0.1 ppm or less, 0.075 ppm or less, 0.05 ppm or less, 0.025 ppm or less, 0.01 ppm or less, 0.0075 ppm or less, or 0.005 ppm or less). In some examples, oils can have a vanadium content of 0 ppm or more (e.g., 0.001 ppm or more, 0.0025 ppm or more, 0.005 ppm or more, 0.0075 ppm or more, 0.01 ppm or more, 0.025 ppm or more, 0.05 ppm or more, 0.075 ppm or more, 0.1 ppm or more, 0.25 ppm or more, 0.5 ppm or more, 0.75 ppm or more, 1 ppm or more, 1.5 ppm or more, 2 ppm or more, 2.5 ppm or more, 3 ppm or more, 3.5 ppm or more, 4 ppm or more, 4.5 ppm or more, 5 ppm or more, 6 ppm or more, 7 ppm or more, 8 ppm or more, 9 ppm or more, 10 ppm or more, 15 ppm or more, or 20 ppm or more). The vanadium content of an oil can range from any of the minimum values ​​listed above to any of the maximum values ​​listed above. For example, oils can have a vanadium content of 0 to 25 ppm (e.g., 0 to 12.5 ppm, 12.5 to 25 ppm, 0 to 5 ppm, 5 to 10 ppm, 10 to 15 ppm, 15 to 20 ppm, 20 to 25 ppm, 0.001 to 25 ppm, 0.001 to 20 ppm, 0.001 to 15 ppm, 0.001 to 10 ppm, 0.001 to 5 ppm, 0.001 to 1 ppm, 0.001 to 0.1 ppm, 0.001 to 0.01 ppm, 0 to 20 ppm, 0 to 15 ppm, 0 to 10 ppm, 0 to 5 ppm, 0 to 1 ppm, 0 to 0.1 ppm, or 0 to 0.01 ppm). In some examples, oils may be substantially vanadium-free. The vanadium content of the oil can be determined using any suitable method, such as methods known in the art.For example, the vanadium content of oil can be determined using ASTM D 5185.

[0213] In some cases, the oil has a total chloride content of 500 ppm or less, a nitrogen content of 600 ppm or less, and a silicon content of 2000 ppm or less. In some cases, the oil has a total chloride content of 500 ppm or less, a nitrogen content of 600 ppm or less, a silicon content of 2000 ppm or less, and a sodium content of 100 ppm or less. In some cases, the oil has a total chloride content of 500 ppm or less, a nitrogen content of 600 ppm or less, a silicon content of 2000 ppm or less, a sodium content of 100 ppm or less, an iron content of 10 ppm or less, a sulfur content of 250 ppm or less, and a calcium content of 50 ppm or less. In some cases, the oil has a total chloride content of 500 ppm or less, a nitrogen content of 600 ppm or less, a silicon content of 2000 ppm or less, a sodium content of 100 ppm or less, an iron content of 10 ppm or less, a phosphorus content of 25 ppm or less, a sulfur content of 250 ppm or less, and a calcium content of 50 ppm or less. In some examples, the oil has a total chloride content of 500 ppm or less, a nitrogen content of 600 ppm or less, a silicon content of 2000 ppm or less, a sodium content of 100 ppm or less, an iron content of 10 ppm or less, a phosphorus content of 25 ppm or less, a sulfur content of 250 ppm or less, a calcium content of 50 ppm or less, a copper content of 10 ppm or less, a nickel content of 250 ppm or less, and a vanadium content of 25 ppm or less.

[0214] In some cases, the oil has a total chloride content of 100 ppm or less, a nitrogen content of 600 ppm or less, and a silicon content of 250 ppm or less. In some cases, the oil has a total chloride content of 100 ppm or less, a nitrogen content of 600 ppm or less, a silicon content of 250 ppm or less, and a sodium content of 25 ppm or less. In some cases, the oil has a total chloride content of 100 ppm or less, a nitrogen content of 600 ppm or less, a silicon content of 250 ppm or less, a sodium content of 25 ppm or less, an iron content of 10 ppm or less, a sulfur content of 10 ppm or less, and a calcium content of 5 ppm or less. In some cases, the oil has a total chloride content of 100 ppm or less, a nitrogen content of 600 ppm or less, a silicon content of 250 ppm or less, a sodium content of 25 ppm or less, an iron content of 10 ppm or less, a phosphorus content of 10 ppm or less, a sulfur content of 10 ppm or less, and a calcium content of 5 ppm or less. In some examples, the oil has a total chloride content of 100 ppm or less, a nitrogen content of 600 ppm or less, a silicon content of 250 ppm or less, a sodium content of 25 ppm or less, an iron content of 10 ppm or less, a phosphorus content of 10 ppm or less, a sulfur content of 10 ppm or less, a calcium content of 5 ppm or less, a copper content of 1 ppm or less, a nickel content of 50 ppm or less, and a vanadium content of 1 ppm or less.

[0215] The oil may have a Reed vapor pressure of, for example, 12.5 psig or less (e.g., 12 psig or less, 11.5 psig or less, 11 psig or less, 10.5 psig or less, 10 psig or less, 9.5 psig or less, 9 psig or less, 8.5 psig or less, 8 psig or less, 7.5 psig or less, 7 psig or less, 6.5 psig or less, 6 psig or less, 5.5 psig or less, 5 psig or less, 4.5 psig or less, 4 psig or less, 3.5 psig or less, 3 psig or less, or 2.5 psig or less). In some cases, oil can have a Reed vapor pressure of 2 psig or more (e.g., 2.5 psig or more, 3 psig or more, 3.5 psig or more, 4 psig or more, 4.5 psig or more, 5 psig or more, 5.5 psig or more, 6 psig or more, 6.5 psig or more, 7 psig or more, 7.5 psig or more, 8 psig or more, 8.5 psig or more, 9 psig or more, 9.5 psig or more, 10 psig or more, 10.5 psig or more, or 11 psig or more). The Reed vapor pressure of oil can range from any of the minimum values ​​listed above to any of the maximum values ​​listed above. For example, an oil can have a Reed vapor pressure of 2 to 12.5 psig (e.g., 5 to 7 psig, 7 to 12.5 psig, 2 to 4 psig, 4 to 6 psig, 6 to 8 psig, 8 to 10 psig, 10 to 12.5 psig, 2 to 12 psig, 2 to 11 psig, 2 to 10 psig, 2 to 9 psig, 2 to 8 psig, 2 to 6 psig, 2 to 5 psig, 3 to 12.5 psig, 4 to 12.5 psig, 5 to 12.5 psig, 6 to 12.5 psig, 7 to 12.5 psig, 8 to 12.5 psig, 9 to 12.5 psig, 3 to 12 psig, 5 to 11 psig, or 7 to 10 psig). The Reed vapor pressure of an oil can be determined using any suitable method, such as methods known in the art. For example, the Reed vapor pressure of an oil can be determined using ASTM D 5191.

[0216] The oil may have a distillation water content of 0.5 vol% or less (for example, 0.45 vol% or less, 0.4 vol% or less, 0.35 vol% or less, 0.3 vol% or less, 0.25 vol% or less, 0.2 vol% or less, 0.15 vol% or less, 0.1 vol% or less, 0.075 vol% or less, 0.05 vol% or less, 0.025 vol% or less, or 0.01 vol% or less). In some examples, the oil may have a distillation water content of 0 vol% or more (for example, 0.01 vol% or more, 0.025 vol% or more, 0.05 vol% or more, 0.075 vol% or more, 0.1 vol% or more, 0.15 vol% or more, 0.2 vol% or more, 0.25 vol% or more, 0.3 vol% or more, 0.35 vol% or more, or 0.4 vol% or more). The amount of water distilled into the oil can be within the range of any of the minimum and maximum values ​​listed above. For example, the oil may have a distillation water content of 0 to 0.5 volume% (e.g., 0 to 0.25 volume%, 0.25 to 0.5 volume%, 0 to 0.1 volume%, 0.1 to 0.2 volume%, 0.2 to 0.3 volume%, 0.3 to 0.4 volume%, 0.4 to 0.5 volume%, 0 to 0.4 volume%, 0 to 0.3 volume%, 0 to 0.2 volume%, 0 to 0.05 volume%, or 0 to 0.01 volume%). The amount of water distilled into the oil can be determined by any preferred method, such as methods known in the art. For example, the amount of water distilled into the oil can be determined using ASTM D 95.

[0217] The oil may have a total sediment content of 0.5 vol% or less (for example, 0.45 vol% or less, 0.4 vol% or less, 0.35 vol% or less, 0.3 vol% or less, 0.25 vol% or less, 0.2 vol% or less, 0.15 vol% or less, 0.1 vol% or less, 0.075 vol% or less, 0.05 vol% or less, 0.025 vol% or less, or 0.01 vol% or less). In some examples, the oil may have a total sediment content of 0 vol% or more (for example, 0.01 vol% or more, 0.025 vol% or more, 0.05 vol% or more, 0.075 vol% or more, 0.1 vol% or more, 0.15 vol% or more, 0.2 vol% or more, 0.25 vol% or more, 0.3 vol% or more, 0.35 vol% or more, or 0.4 vol% or more). The total sediment content of oil can range from any of the minimum values ​​to any of the maximum values ​​listed above. For example, oil can have a total sediment content of 0 to 0.5 volume% (e.g., 0 to 0.25 volume%, 0.25 to 0.5 volume%, 0 to 0.1 volume%, 0.1 to 0.2 volume%, 0.2 to 0.3 volume%, 0.3 to 0.4 volume%, 0.4 to 0.5 volume%, 0 to 0.4 volume%, 0 to 0.3 volume%, 0 to 0.2 volume%, 0 to 0.05 volume%, or 0 to 0.01 volume%). The total sediment content of oil can be determined by any preferred method, such as methods known in the art. For example, the total sediment content of oil can be determined using ASTM D 4870.

[0218] The oil may have an n-heptane insoluble matter content of, for example, 0.1% by weight or less (e.g., 0.09% by weight or less, 0.08% by weight or less, 0.07% by weight or less, 0.06% by weight or less, 0.05% by weight or less, 0.04% by weight or less, 0.03% by weight or less, 0.02% by weight or less, or 0.01% by weight or less). In some examples, the oil may have an n-heptane insoluble matter content of 0% by weight or more (e.g., 0.01% by weight or more, 0.02% by weight or more, 0.03% by weight or more, 0.04% by weight or more, 0.05% by weight or more, 0.06% by weight or more, 0.07% by weight or more, or 0.08% by weight or more). The n-heptane insoluble matter content of the oil may be within the range of any of the minimum values ​​listed above to any of the maximum values ​​listed above. For example, an oil may have an n-heptane insoluble matter content of 0 to 0.1% by weight (e.g., 0 to 0.05% by weight, 0.05 to 0.1% by weight, 0 to 0.02% by weight, 0.02 to 0.04% by weight, 0.04 to 0.06% by weight, 0.06 to 0.08% by weight, 0.08 to 0.1% by weight, 0 to 0.09% by weight, 0 to 0.08% by weight, 0 to 0.07% by weight, 0 to 0.06% by weight, 0 to 0.04% by weight, 0 to 0.03% by weight, or 0 to 0.01% by weight). The n-heptane insoluble matter content of an oil can be determined using any suitable method, such as methods known in the art. For example, the n-heptane insoluble matter content of an oil can be determined using ASTM D 3279.

[0219] Oils can have a total acid value of 1 mgKOH / g or less (for example, 0.9 mgKOH / g or less, 0.8 mgKOH / g or less, 0.7 mgKOH / g or less, 0.6 mgKOH / g or less, 0.5 mgKOH / g or less, 0.4 mgKOH / g or less, 0.3 mgKOH / g or less, 0.2 mgKOH / g or less, or 0.1 mgKOH / g or less). In some cases, oils can have a total acid value of 0 mgKOH / g or more (for example, 0.1 mgKOH / g or more, 0.2 mgKOH / g or more, 0.3 mgKOH / g or more, 0.4 mgKOH / g or more, 0.5 mgKOH / g or more, 0.6 mgKOH / g or more, 0.7 mgKOH / g or more, 0.8 mgKOH / g or more, or 0.9 mgKOH / g or more). The total acid value of an oil can be within the range of any of the minimum and maximum values ​​listed above. For example, an oil may have a total acid value of 0 to 1 mgKOH / g (e.g., 0 to 0.5 mgKOH / g, 0.5 to 1 mgKOH / g, 0 to 0.2 mgKOH / g, 0.2 to 0.4 mgKOH / g, 0.4 to 0.6 mgKOH / g, 0.6 to 0.8 mgKOH / g, 0.8 to 1 mgKOH / g, 0 to 0.8 mgKOH / g, 0 to 0.6 mgKOH / g, 0 to 0.4 mgKOH / g, or 0 to 0.1 mgKOH / g). The total acid value of an oil can be determined using any preferred method, such as a method known in the art. For example, the total acid value of an oil can be determined using ASTM D 664.

[0220] In some cases, the oil has a Reed vapor pressure of 12.5 psig or less and a final boiling point of 400°F to 1000°F. In some cases, the oil has a Reed vapor pressure of 12.5 psig or less and a final boiling point of 400°F to 850°F. In some cases, the oil has a Reed vapor pressure of 12.5 psig or less and a final boiling point of 750°F to 1000°F. In some cases, the oil has a Reed vapor pressure of 7 to 10 psig and a final boiling point of 935°F to 950°F.

[0221] In some cases, the oil has a Reed vapor pressure of 12.5 psig or less and a pour point of -200°F to 100°F. In some cases, the oil has a Reed vapor pressure of 12.5 psig or less and a pour point of 0°F to 20°F. In some cases, the oil has a Reed vapor pressure of 7 to 10 psig and a pour point of 10°F to 15°F.

[0222] In some examples, oil has a final boiling point of 400°F to 1000°F and a pour point of -200°F to 100°F. In some examples, oil has a final boiling point of 400°F to 850°F and a pour point of -200°F to 100°F. In some examples, oil has a final boiling point of 750°F to 1000°F and a pour point of 0°F to 20°F. In some examples, oil has a final boiling point of 935°F to 950°F and a pour point of 10°F to 15°F.

[0223] In some examples, oil has a Reed vapor pressure of 12.5 psig or less, a final boiling point of 400°F to 1000°F, and a pour point of -200°F to 100°F. In some examples, oil has a Reed vapor pressure of 12.5 psig or less, a final boiling point of 400°F to 850°F, and a pour point of -200°F to 100°F. In some examples, oil has a Reed vapor pressure of 12.5 psig or less, a final boiling point of 750°F to 1000°F, and a pour point of 0°F to 20°F. In some examples, oil has a Reed vapor pressure of 7 to 10 psig, a final boiling point of 935°F to 950°F, and a pour point of 10°F to 15°F.

[0224] In some examples, oil has a Reed vapor pressure of 12.5 psig or less, a final boiling point of 400°F to 1000°F, a pour point of -200°F to 100°F, a total chloride content of 500 ppm or less, a nitrogen content of 600 ppm or less, a silicon content of 2000 ppm or less, a sodium content of 100 ppm or less, an iron content of 10 ppm or less, a phosphorus content of 25 ppm or less, a sulfur content of 250 ppm or less, and a calcium content of 50 ppm or less. In some examples, oil has a Reed vapor pressure of 12.5 psig or less, a final boiling point of 400°F to 850°F, a pour point of -200°F to 100°F, a total chloride content of 500 ppm or less, a nitrogen content of 600 ppm or less, a silicon content of 2000 ppm or less, a sodium content of 100 ppm or less, an iron content of 10 ppm or less, a phosphorus content of 25 ppm or less, a sulfur content of 250 ppm or less, and a calcium content of 50 ppm or less. In some examples, oil has a Reed vapor pressure of 12.5 psig or less, a final boiling point of 750°F to 1000°F, a pour point of 0°F to 20°F, a total chloride content of 500 ppm or less, a nitrogen content of 600 ppm or less, a silicon content of 2000 ppm or less, a sodium content of 100 ppm or less, an iron content of 10 ppm or less, a phosphorus content of 25 ppm or less, a sulfur content of 250 ppm or less, and a calcium content of 50 ppm or less. In some examples, oil has a Reed vapor pressure of 7–10 psig, a final boiling point of 935°F–950°F, a pour point of 10°F–15°F, a total chloride content of 100 ppm or less, a nitrogen content of 600 ppm or less, a silicon content of 250 ppm or less, a sodium content of 25 ppm or less, an iron content of 10 ppm or less, a phosphorus content of 10 ppm or less, a sulfur content of 10 ppm or less, and a calcium content of 5 ppm or less.

[0225] In some cases, oil is a raw pyrolysis product, meaning that the oil is produced by a method that substantially eliminates any hydrogenation or further refining steps after pyrolysis.

[0226] Compositions, for example, compositions containing oils and waxes, for example, blends Furthermore, this specification discloses compositions derived from the thermal decomposition of raw materials, including post-consumer and / or post-industrial plastics. In some examples, the compositions can be produced by thermal decomposition on an industrial scale.

[0227] The composition may have, for example, a number-average molecular weight and / or weight-average molecular weight of 50 daltons or more (e.g., 55 daltons or more, 60 daltons or more, 65 daltons or more, 70 daltons or more, 75 daltons or more, 80 daltons or more, 85 daltons or more, 90 daltons or more, 95 daltons or more, 100 daltons or more, 110 daltons or more, 120 daltons or more, 130 daltons or more, 140 daltons or more, 150 daltons or more, 160 daltons or more, 170 daltons or more, 180 daltons or more, 190 daltons or more, 200 daltons or more, 225 daltons or more, 250 daltons or more, 275 daltons or more, 300 daltons or more, 325 daltons or more, 350 daltons or more, 375 daltons or more, 400 daltons or more, or 425 daltons or more). In some examples, a composition may have a number-average molecular weight and / or weight-average molecular weight of 450 daltons or less (e.g., 425 daltons or less, 400 daltons or less, 375 daltons or less, 350 daltons or less, 325 daltons or less, 300 daltons or less, 275 daltons or less, 250 daltons or less, 225 daltons or less, 200 daltons or less, 190 daltons or less, 180 daltons or less, 170 daltons or less, 160 daltons or less, 150 daltons or less, 140 daltons or less, 130 daltons or less, 120 daltons or less, 110 daltons or less, 100 daltons or less, 95 daltons or less, 90 daltons or less, 85 daltons or less, 80 daltons or less, 75 daltons or less, 70 daltons or less, 65 daltons or less, or 60 daltons or less). The number-average molecular weight and / or weight-average molecular weight of a composition may be in the range from any of the minimum values ​​listed above to any of the maximum values ​​listed above. For example, the composition may have a number-average molecular weight and / or weight-average molecular weight of 50 to 450 daltons (e.g., 50 to 250 daltons, 250 to 450 daltons, 50 to 150 daltons, 150 to 250 daltons, 250 to 350 daltons, 350 to 450 daltons, 50 to 400 daltons, 50 to 350 daltons, 50 to 300 daltons, 50 to 200 daltons, 100 to 450 daltons, 150 to 250 daltons, 200 to 450 daltons, 300 to 450 daltons, 75 to 425 daltons, or 100 to 400 daltons).

[0228] The composition contains a mixture of different hydrocarbons (e.g., linear, branched, cyclic, acyclic, saturated, unsaturated, aromatic, non-aromatic, etc.), any of which can be optionally substituted. In some examples, the composition contains a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can be optionally substituted, and more than 70% (w / w) of the mixture is C4-C 46 Includes hydrocarbons (for example, 71% or more, 72% or more, 73% or more, 74% or more, 75% or more, 76% or more, 77% or more, 78% or more, 79% or more, 80% or more, 81% or more, 82% or more, 83% or more, 84% or more, 85% or more, 86% or more, 87% or more, 88% or more, 89% or more, 90% or more, 90.5% or more, 91% or more, 91.5% or more, 92% or more, 92.5% or more, 93% or more, 93.5% or more, 94% or more, 94.5% or more, 95% or more, 95.5% or more, 96% or more, 96.5% or more, 97% or more, 97.5% or more, 98% or more, 98.5% or more, or 99% or more). In some examples, the composition contains a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can be optionally substituted, and less than 100% (w / w) of the mixture is C4-C 46 Hydrocarbons (e.g. 99.5% or less, 99% or less, 98.5% or less, 98% or less, 97.5% or less, 97% or less, 96.5% or less, 96% or less, 95.5% or less, 95% or less, 94.5% or less, 94% or less, 93.5% or less, 93% or less, 92.5% or less, 92% or less, 91.5% or less, 91% or less , 90.5% or less, 90% or less, 89% or less, 88% or less, 87% or less, 86% or less, 85% or less, 84% or less, 83% or less, 82% or less, 81% or less, 80% or less, 79% or less, 78% or less, 77% or less, 76% or less, 75% or less, 74% or less, 73% or less, 72% or less, or 71% or less). C4-C 46 The amount of hydrocarbon-containing mixture can be within the range of any of the minimum and maximum values ​​listed above. For example, the composition may contain a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can be optionally substituted, and 70% to 100% (w / w) of the mixture may be C4-C 46The composition may include hydrocarbons (e.g., 70%-85%, 85%-100%, 70%-80%, 80%-90%, 90%-100%, 70%-95%, 70%-90%, 70%-75%, 75%-100%, 80%-100%, or 75%-95%). In some examples, the composition may include a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which may be optionally substituted, with 90%-100% (w / w) of the mixture being C4-C 46 It may contain hydrocarbons (e.g., 90%-95%, 95%-100%, 90%-92%, 92%-94%, 94%-96%, 96%-98%, 98%-100%, 90%-98%, 90%-96%, 90%-94%, 92%-100%, 94%-100%, 96%-100%, 91%-99%, 92%-98%, or 93%-97%).

[0229] The composition contains a mixture of different hydrocarbons (e.g., linear, branched, cyclic, acyclic, saturated, unsaturated, aromatic, non-aromatic, etc.), any of which can be optionally substituted. In some examples, the composition contains a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can be optionally substituted, and more than 70% (w / w) of the mixture is C4-C 33 Includes hydrocarbons (for example, 71% or more, 72% or more, 73% or more, 74% or more, 75% or more, 76% or more, 77% or more, 78% or more, 79% or more, 80% or more, 81% or more, 82% or more, 83% or more, 84% or more, 85% or more, 86% or more, 87% or more, 88% or more, 89% or more, 90% or more, 90.5% or more, 91% or more, 91.5% or more, 92% or more, 92.5% or more, 93% or more, 93.5% or more, 94% or more, 94.5% or more, 95% or more, 95.5% or more, 96% or more, 96.5% or more, 97% or more, 97.5% or more, 98% or more, 98.5% or more, or 99% or more). In some examples, the composition contains a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can be optionally substituted, and less than 100% (w / w) of the mixture is C4-C 33Hydrocarbons (e.g. 99.5% or less, 99% or less, 98.5% or less, 98% or less, 97.5% or less, 97% or less, 96.5% or less, 96% or less, 95.5% or less, 95% or less, 94.5% or less, 94% or less, 93.5% or less, 93% or less, 92.5% or less, 92% or less, 91.5% or less, 91% or less , 90.5% or less, 90% or less, 89% or less, 88% or less, 87% or less, 86% or less, 85% or less, 84% or less, 83% or less, 82% or less, 81% or less, 80% or less, 79% or less, 78% or less, 77% or less, 76% or less, 75% or less, 74% or less, 73% or less, 72% or less, or 71% or less). C4-C 33 The amount of hydrocarbon-containing mixture can be within the range of any of the minimum and maximum values ​​listed above. For example, the composition may contain a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can be optionally substituted, and 70% to 100% (w / w) of the mixture may be C4-C 33 The composition may include hydrocarbons (e.g., 70%-85%, 85%-100%, 70%-80%, 80%-90%, 90%-100%, 70%-95%, 70%-90%, 70%-75%, 75%-100%, 80%-100%, or 75%-95%). In some examples, the composition may include a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which may be optionally substituted, with 90%-100% (w / w) of the mixture being C4-C 33 It may contain hydrocarbons (e.g., 90%-95%, 95%-100%, 90%-92%, 92%-94%, 94%-96%, 96%-98%, 98%-100%, 90%-98%, 90%-96%, 90%-94%, 92%-100%, 94%-100%, 96%-100%, 91%-99%, 92%-98%, or 93%-97%).

[0230] The composition comprises a mixture of different hydrocarbons (e.g., linear, branched, cyclic, acyclic, saturated, unsaturated, aromatic, non-aromatic, etc.), any of which can be optionally substituted. In some examples, the composition comprises a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can be optionally substituted, and 7.5% or more (w / w) of the mixture comprises C4-C8 hydrocarbons (e.g., 8% or more, 8.5% or more, 9% or more, 9.5% or more, 10% or more, 11% or more, 12% or more, 13% or more, 14% or more, 15% or more, 16% or more, 17% or more, 18% or more, 19% or more, 20% or more, 21% or more, 22% or more, 23% or more, or 24% or more). In some examples, the composition may contain a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which may be optionally substituted, with 25% or less (w / w) of the mixture containing C4-C8 hydrocarbons (e.g., 24% or less, 23% or less, 22% or less, 21% or less, 20% or less, 19% or less, 18% or less, 17% or less, 16% or less, 15% or less, 14% or less, 13% or less, 12% or less, 11% or less, 10% or less, 9.5% or less, 9% or less, 8.5% or less, or 8% or less). The amount of mixture containing C4-C8 hydrocarbons may range from any of the minimum values ​​listed above to any of the maximum values ​​listed above. For example, the composition may contain a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can be optionally substituted, and 7.5% to 25% (w / w) of the mixture may include C4-C8 hydrocarbons (e.g., 7.5% to 16%, 16% to 25%, 7.5% to 10%, 10% to 15%, 15% to 20%, 20% to 25%, 7.5% to 20%, 7.5% to 15%, 10% to 25%, 15% to 25%, 8% to 24%, 9% to 22%, or 10% to 20%). In some examples, the composition may contain a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can be optionally substituted, and 10% to 20% (w / w) of the mixture may include C4-C8 hydrocarbons.

[0231] The composition contains a mixture of different hydrocarbons (e.g., linear, branched, cyclic, acyclic, saturated, unsaturated, aromatic, non-aromatic, etc.), any of which can be optionally substituted. In some examples, the composition contains a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can be optionally substituted, and more than 30% (w / w) of the mixture is C9-C 20 The composition contains hydrocarbons (for example, 31% or more, 32% or more, 33% or more, 34% or more, 35% or more, 36% or more, 37% or more, 38% or more, 39% or more, 40% or more, 41% or more, 42% or more, 43% or more, 44% or more, 45% or more, 46% or more, 47% or more, 48% or more, 49% or more, 50% or more, 51% or more, 52% or more, 53% or more, or 54% or more). In some examples, the composition contains a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can be optionally substituted, and 55% or less (w / w) of the mixture is C9-C 20 Contains hydrocarbons (for example, 54% or less, 53% or less, 52% or less, 51% or less, 50% or less, 49% or less, 48% or less, 47% or less, 46% or less, 45% or less, 44% or less, 43% or less, 42% or less, 41% or less, 40% or less, 39% or less, 38% or less, 37% or less, 36% or less, 35% or less, 34% or less, 33% or less, 32% or less, or 31% or less). C9-C 20 The amount of hydrocarbon-containing mixture can be within the range of any of the minimum and maximum values ​​listed above. For example, the composition may contain a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can be optionally substituted, and 30% to 55% (w / w) of the mixture may be C9-C 20 Hydrocarbons (e.g., 30%-42.5%, 42.5%-55%, 30%-35%, 35%-40%, 40%-45%, 45%-50%, 50%-55%, 30%-50%, 30%-45%, 30%-40%, 35%-55%, 40%-55%, 45%-55%, 31%-54%, 32%-53%, or 35%-50%) may be included. In some examples, the composition may contain a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can be optionally substituted, with 35%-55% (w / w) of the mixture being C9-C 20 It may contain hydrocarbons.

[0232] The composition contains a mixture of different hydrocarbons (e.g., linear, branched, cyclic, acyclic, saturated, unsaturated, aromatic, non-aromatic, etc.), any of which can be optionally substituted. In some examples, the composition contains a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can be optionally substituted, and 15% or more (w / w) of the mixture is C 21 -C 29 The composition contains hydrocarbons (for example, 16% or more, 17% or more, 18% or more, 19% or more, 20% or more, 21% or more, 22% or more, 23% or more, 24% or more, 25% or more, 26% or more, 27% or more, 28% or more, 29% or more, 30% or more, 31% or more, 32% or more, 33% or more, 34% or more, 35% or more, 36% or more, 37% or more, 38% or more, or 39% or more). In some examples, the composition contains a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can be optionally substituted, and 40% or less (w / w) of the mixture is C 21 -C 29 Contains hydrocarbons (for example, 39% or less, 38% or less, 37% or less, 36% or less, 35% or less, 34% or less, 33% or less, 32% or less, 31% or less, 30% or less, 29% or less, 28% or less, 27% or less, 26% or less, 25% or less, 24% or less, 23% or less, 22% or less, 21% or less, 20% or less, 19% or less, 18% or less, 17% or less, or 16% or less). 21 -C 29 The amount of hydrocarbon-containing mixture can be within the range of any of the minimum and maximum values ​​listed above. For example, the composition may contain a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can be optionally substituted, and 15% to 40% (w / w) of the mixture may be C 21 -C 29Hydrocarbons (e.g., 15%-27.5%, 27.5%-40%, 15%-20%, 20%-25%, 25%-30%, 30%-35%, 35%-40%, 15%-35%, 15%-30%, 15%-25%, 20%-40%, 25%-40%, 30%-40%, 16%-39%, 17%-38%, or 20%-35%) may be included. In some examples, the composition may contain a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which may be optionally substituted, with 20%-40% (w / w) of the mixture being C 21 -C 29 It may contain hydrocarbons.

[0233] The composition comprises a mixture of different hydrocarbons (e.g., linear, branched, cyclic, acyclic, saturated, unsaturated, aromatic, non-aromatic, etc.), any of which can be optionally substituted. In some examples, the composition comprises a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can be optionally substituted, and 0% or more (w / w) of the mixture is C 30 -C 46 Hydrocarbons (for example, 0.5% or more, 1% or more, 1.5% or more, 2% or more, 2.5% or more, 3% or more, 3.5% or more, 4% or more, 4.5% or more, 5% or more, 5.5% or more, 6% or more, 6.5% or more, 7% or more, 7.5% or more, 8% or more, 8.5% or more, 9% or more, 9.5% or more, 10% or more, 10.5% or more, 11% or more, 11.5% or more, 12% or more, 12.5% ​​or more, 13% or more, 13.5% or more, or 14% or more) may be included. In some examples, the composition may contain a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which may be optionally substituted, and 15% or less (w / w) of the mixture may be C 30 -C 46 This may include hydrocarbons (for example, 14.5% or less, 14% or less, 13.5% or less, 13% or less, 12.5% ​​or less, 12% or less, 11.5% or less, 11% or less, 10.5% or less, 10% or less, 9.5% or less, 9% or less, 8.5% or less, 8% or less, 7.5% or less, 7% or less, 6.5% or less, 6% or less, 5.5% or less, 5% or less, 4.5% or less, 4% or less, 3.5% or less, 3% or less, 2.5% or less, 2% or less, 1.5% or less, 1% or less, or 0.5% or less). 30-C 45 The amount of hydrocarbon-containing mixture can be within the range of any of the minimum and maximum values ​​listed above. For example, the composition may contain a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can be optionally substituted, and 0% to 15% (w / w) of the mixture may be C 30 -C 46 Hydrocarbons (e.g., 0%-7.5%, 7.5%-15%, 0%-5%, 5%-10%, 10%-15%, 0%-14%, 0%-12%, 0%-10%, 0%-8%, 0%-6%, 0%-4%, 0%-2%, 1%-15%, 3%-15%, 5%-15%, 7%-15%, 9%-15%, 11%-15%, 13%-15%, 1%-14%, 2%-13%, or 3%-12%) may be included. In some examples, the composition may contain a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which may be optionally substituted, with 5%-15% (w / w) of the mixture being C 30 -C 46 It may contain hydrocarbons.

[0234] In some examples, the composition contains a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can be optionally substituted, and the mixture consists of 7.5-25% (e.g., 10-20%) C4-C8 hydrocarbons and 30-55% (e.g., 35-55%) C9-C8 hydrocarbons. 20 Hydrocarbons, 15-40% (e.g., 20-40%) C 21 -C 29 Hydrocarbons, and 0-15% (e.g., 5-15%) of C 30 -C 46 Contains hydrocarbons. In some examples, the composition contains a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can be optionally substituted, and the mixture consists of 10-20% C4-C8 hydrocarbons and 35-55% C9-C8 hydrocarbons. 20 Hydrocarbons, 20-40% C 21 -C 29 Hydrocarbons, and 5-15% C 30 -C 46 Contains hydrocarbons.

[0235] In some examples, the composition comprises a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can be optionally substituted, and the mixture substantially contains no C1-C4 hydrocarbons.

[0236] In some examples, the composition comprises a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can be optionally substituted, and the mixture comprises saturated hydrocarbons (e.g., linear, branched, and / or cyclic alkanes), unsaturated (non-aromatic) hydrocarbons (e.g., linear, branched, and / or cyclic alkenes and / or alkynes), and aromatic hydrocarbons. For example, the composition comprises a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can be optionally substituted, and the mixture comprises 80% by weight or more of saturated hydrocarbons (e.g., 81% by weight or more, 82% by weight or more, 83% by weight or more, 84% by weight or more, 85% by weight or more, 86% by weight or more, 87% by weight or more, 88% by weight or more, 89% by weight or more, 90% by weight or more, 91% by weight or more, 92% by weight or more, 93% by weight or more, 94% by weight or more, 95% by weight or more, 96% by weight or more, 97% by weight or more, 98% by weight or more, or 99% by weight or more). In some examples, the composition comprises a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can be optionally substituted, and the mixture contains 100% by weight or less of saturated hydrocarbons (e.g., 99% by weight or less, 98% by weight or less, 97% by weight or less, 96% by weight or less, 95% by weight or less, 94% by weight or less, 93% by weight or less, 92% by weight or less, 91% by weight or less, 90% by weight or less, 89% by weight or less, 88% by weight or less, 87% by weight or less, 86% by weight or less, 85% by weight or less, 84% by weight or less, 83% by weight or less, or 82% by weight or less). The amount of the mixture containing saturated hydrocarbons can range from any of the minimum values ​​listed above to any of the maximum values ​​listed above.For example, the composition may contain a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which may be optionally substituted, with 80% to 100% of the mixture being saturated hydrocarbons (e.g., 80% to 90% by weight, 90% to 100% by weight, 80% to 85% by weight, 85% to 90% by weight, 90% to 95% by weight, 95% to 100% by weight, 80% to 98% by weight, 80% to 96% by weight, 80% to 944% by weight, 80% to It may include 92% by weight, 80% to 88% by weight, 80% to 86% by weight, 80% to 84% by weight, 80% to 82% by weight, 82% to 100% by weight, 84% to 100% by weight, 86% to 100% by weight, 88% to 100% by weight, 92% to 100% by weight, 94% to 100% by weight, 96% to 100% by weight, 98% to 100% by weight, 82% to 98% by weight, or 85% to 95% by weight).

[0237] In some examples, the composition comprises a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can be optionally substituted, and the mixture contains 0% by weight or more of unsaturated (non-aromatic) hydrocarbons (e.g., 0.1% by weight or more, 0.2% by weight or more, 0.3% by weight or more, 0.4% by weight or more, 0.5% by weight or more, 0.6% by weight or more, 0.7% by weight or more, 0.8% by weight or more, 0.9% by weight or more, 1% by weight or more, 1.25% by weight or more, 1.5% by weight or more, 1.75% by weight or more, 2% by weight or more, 2.25% by weight or more, 2.5% by weight or more, 3% by weight or more, 3.5% by weight or more, or 4% by weight or more). In some examples, the composition may contain a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which may be optionally substituted, and the mixture may contain 5% by weight or less of unsaturated (non-aromatic) hydrocarbons (e.g., 4.5% by weight or less, 4% by weight or less, 3.5% by weight or less, 3% by weight or less, 2.5% by weight or less, 2.25% by weight or less, 2% by weight or less, 1.75% by weight or less, 1.5% by weight or less, 1.25% by weight or less, 1% by weight or less, 0.9% by weight or less, 0.8% by weight or less, 0.7% by weight or less, 0.6% by weight or less, 0.5% by weight or less, 0.4% by weight or less, 0.3% by weight or less, or 0.2% by weight or less). The amount of the mixture containing unsaturated (non-aromatic) hydrocarbons may range from any of the minimum values ​​listed above to any of the maximum values ​​listed above. For example, the composition may contain a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which may be optionally substituted, and 0 to 5% by weight of the mixture may include unsaturated (non-aromatic) hydrocarbons (e.g., 0 to 2.5% by weight, 2.5 to 5% by weight, 0 to 1% by weight, 1 to 2% by weight, 2 to 3% by weight, 3 to 4% by weight, 4 to 5% by weight, 0 to 4% by weight, 0 to 3% by weight, 0 to 2% by weight, 1 to 5% by weight, 2 to 5% by weight, 3 to 5% by weight, 0.5 to 4.5% by weight, or 1 to 4% by weight).

[0238] In some examples, the composition contains a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can be optionally substituted, and the mixture contains 0% or more aromatic hydrocarbons (e.g., 0.1% or more, 0.2% or more, 0.3% or more, 0.4% or more, 0.5% or more, 0.6% or more, 0.7% or more, 0.8% or more, 0.9% or more, 1% or more, 1.25% or more, 1.5% or more, 1.75% or more, 2% or more, 2.25% or more) Contains (amount % or more, 2.5% or more by weight, 3% or more by weight, 3.5% or more by weight, 4% or more by weight, 4.5% or more by weight, 5.5% or more by weight, 6% or more by weight, 6.5% or more by weight, 7% or more by weight, 7.5% or more by weight, 8% or more by weight, 8.5% or more by weight, 9% or more by weight, 9.5% or more by weight, 10% or more by weight, 10.5% or more by weight, 11% or more by weight, 11.5% or more by weight, 12% or more by weight, 12.5% ​​or more by weight, 13% or more by weight, 13.5% or more by weight, or 14% or more by weight). In some examples, the composition comprises a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can be optionally substituted, and the mixture contains 15% by weight or less of aromatic hydrocarbons (e.g., 14.5% by weight or less, 14% by weight or less, 13.5% by weight or less, 13% by weight or less, 12.5% ​​by weight or less, 12% by weight or less, 11.5% by weight or less, 11% by weight or less, 10.5% by weight or less, 10% by weight or less, 9.5% by weight or less, 9% by weight or less, 8.5% by weight or less, 8% by weight or less, 7.5% by weight or less, (containing 7% by weight or less, 6.5% by weight or less, 6% by weight or less, 5.5% by weight or less, 5% by weight or less, 4.5% by weight or less, 4% by weight or less, 3.5% by weight or less, 3% by weight or less, 2.5% by weight or less, 2.25% by weight or less, 2% by weight or less, 1.75% by weight or less, 1.5% by weight or less, 1.25% by weight or less, 1% by weight or less, 0.9% by weight or less, 0.8% by weight or less, 0.7% by weight or less, 0.6% by weight or less, 0.5% by weight or less, 0.4% by weight or less, 0.3% by weight or less, or 0.2% by weight or less). The amount of the mixture containing aromatic hydrocarbons may be within the range of any of the minimum values ​​listed above to any of the maximum values ​​listed above.For example, the composition may contain a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which may be optionally substituted, and 0 to 15% by weight of the mixture may include aromatic hydrocarbons (e.g., 0 to 7.5% by weight, 7.5 to 15% by weight, 0 to 5% by weight, 5 to 10% by weight, 10 to 15% by weight, 0 to 14% by weight, 0 to 12% by weight, 0 to 10% by weight, 0 to 8% by weight, 0 to 6% by weight, 0 to 4% by weight, 0 to 2.5% by weight, 0 to 2% by weight, 0 to 1% by weight, 1 to 15% by weight, 2 to 15% by weight, 4 to 15% by weight, 6 to 15% by weight, 8 to 15% by weight, 12 to 15% by weight, 0.5 to 14.5% by weight, or 1 to 14% by weight).

[0239] In some examples, the composition comprises a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can be optionally substituted, and the mixture comprises 80–100% by weight of saturated hydrocarbons, 0–5% by weight of unsaturated (non-aromatic) hydrocarbons, and 0–15% by weight of aromatic hydrocarbons.

[0240] In some examples, a composition may contain one or more contaminants. These contaminants may include, for example, alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, transition metals, basic metals, metalloids, nonmetals, halogens, their salts or compounds, or combinations thereof. Examples of contaminants include, but are not limited to, lithium, sodium, beryllium, magnesium, calcium, strontium, titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, molybdenum, cadmium, mercury, aluminum, titanium silicon, tin, lead, nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic, antimony, oxygen, sulfur, selenium, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, their compounds, and combinations thereof. In some examples, a composition may contain contaminants including chloride, nitrogen, silicon, sodium, iron, phosphorus, sulfur, calcium, nickel, copper, vanadium, or combinations thereof.

[0241] Contaminants, along with the sources and collection methods of plastics, are introduced during the plastic formulation and manufacturing processes during the initial lifespan of the plastics.

[0242] For example, chlorine sources in used plastics can include PVDC layers. PVDC is often used as a layer or coating in food and pharmaceutical packaging applications because it offers excellent barrier properties against moisture, UV light, acids, salts, and detergents, as well as good transparency. Despite designs for recyclability-enhancing formulation changes, PVDC is projected to increase by 3.2% annually in the US by 2028. Packaging converters produce a variety of single-layer and multi-layer packaging. Both types can be mixed into recycled flows. Post-consumer sources contain larger amounts of material containing chlorine sources that may be difficult to distinguish and remove by standard sorting techniques.

[0243] Nitrogen sources in used plastics can, for example, often originate from the depolymerization of nylon (e.g., nylon 6 (PA-6), nylon 66 (PA-66)) in used plastic sources from food and industrial packaging materials. Nylon is used in multilayer flexible packing films to protect oxygen-sensitive foods or where excellent oil and grease resistance, as well as high mechanical strength, are required for processed meats and fish, as well as cheese and other dairy products. Nylon also provides a wide temperature range from cold to hot (e.g., -60°C to 150°C), allowing food to be moved from the freezer to the microwave / oven without the packaging degrading. In industrial packaging, nylon is often used as a reinforcing layer, providing high mechanical strength as well as excellent abrasion and puncture resistance (e.g., in polypropylene super sacks containing a nylon interlayer or strap). Nitrogen can also originate from protein (food) residue on the plastic resulting from amino acids in decomposed proteins. Post-consumer sources contain larger amounts of material containing nitrogen sources that may be difficult to distinguish and remove by standard sorting techniques.

[0244] Silicon sources in used plastics can include, for example, silica desiccant packages. In food packaging and processing plants, silicon products are widely used as release agents for a wide variety of materials and equipment, leaving residues on plastic surfaces. Silicon is also an additive that can be added to a wide range of materials to alter their appearance, extrusion properties, and / or the characteristics of the final product, and this applies not only to two-dimensional plastics but also to films. Post-consumer sources contain larger quantities of material that may contain silicon sources that are difficult to distinguish and remove by standard sorting techniques.

[0245] Silicon dioxide can be applied as a very thin coating to plastics, specifically polyethylene, polypropylene, and / or polystyrene, to function as a barrier layer and improve the shelf life of oxygen and moisture-sensitive foods. This thin coating can be applied by vacuum or plasma deposition processes, and the barrier layer and the plastic form covalent bonds. SiO2 barrier coatings are chemically inert, enabling advantages in rigid and flexible food packaging applications. These advantages include, but are not limited to, reducing the oxygen and moisture permeability of the plastic, ensuring aroma protection, preserving the smell and taste of the contents, being insensitive to temperature and humidity fluctuations, being suitable for pasteurization and sterilization processes, and extending the shelf life of food without the addition of preservatives. SiO2 coatings are thin, significantly thinner than, for example, a human hair, and therefore have a negligible impact on packaging weight. For this reason, coated packaging can be considered a single material that can be mechanically recycled. Recyclability initiatives are promoting the use of SiO2 coatings as an alternative to PVDC and nylon barriers in flexible and rigid packaging. While these guidelines apply to mechanically recycled plastics, some packaging forms and formulations are better suited to pyrolysis-based advanced recycling. SiO2 coatings have the potential to be a “continuing gift,” especially when used with rigid and flexible polyethylene and polypropylene plastics that are initially mechanically recycled and then, after several cycles, eventually become spent plastic raw materials for advanced recycling, as silicon is expected to accumulate and carry over to each subsequent application.

[0246] Phosphorus-containing flame retardants are widely used in plastics because their rapid oxidation consumes all oxygen present, thereby stopping fires. Plastics commonly containing these flame retardants include, but are not limited to, engineering plastics, polyurethane foams, polyamides (e.g., nylon) and glass fiber reinforced nylon, polyethylene and EVA copolymers, and expanded coatings on foams and polypropylene fabrics. Phosphate esters are also used as flame-retardant plasticizers in PVC, high-impact polystyrene (HIPS), polycarbonate (PC), and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS). Phosphorus sources also include agricultural applications such as residual glyphosate in HDPE containers and residual phosphorus fertilizers on ground films (e.g., mulch films). Post-consumer sources contain larger quantities of material containing phosphorus sources that may be difficult to distinguish and remove by standard sorting techniques.

[0247] Sources of sulfur, calcium, sodium, iron, phosphorus, or combinations thereof are additives, surface residues, and residual contamination from incoming post-consumer and / or post-industrial plastics. While washing steps can potentially remove certain surface residues, they add cost and complexity to advanced (e.g., pyrolysis-based) recycling processes. Therefore, post-consumer sources contain larger quantities of material containing sources of sulfur, calcium, sodium, iron, phosphorus, or combinations thereof, which can be difficult to distinguish and remove by standard sorting techniques.

[0248] Copper alloys are increasingly commonly used to fabricate molds for plastic injection molding processes due to their high thermal conductivity, which eliminates hot spots, reduces warping, shortens cycle times, facilitates machining by various processes, and provides corrosion resistance to injected water, cooling fluids, and plastics. Copper alloys often contain nickel and silicon. Plastics manufactured in copper alloy molds may have residual amounts of copper, nickel, and silicon on their surface. In addition, plating plastics with nickel and copper can be an effective means of protecting the substrate from corrosion from environmental exposure and making the substrate more resistant to damage from chemicals used in the manufacturing process. In some cases, plating on plastics can increase the hardness, strength, and wear resistance of the substrate. The presence of copper and nickel on the surface of both pre-consumer and post-consumer sources can be difficult to distinguish and remove through standard sorting techniques.

[0249] In some examples, the composition is 500 ppm or less (for example, 475 ppm or less, 450 ppm or less, 425 ppm or less, 400 ppm or less, 375 ppm or less, 350 ppm or less, 325 ppm or less, 300 ppm or less, 275 ppm or less, 250 ppm or less, 225 ppm or less, 200 ppm or less, 175 ppm or less, 150 ppm or less, 125 ppm or less, 100 ppm or less, 75 ppm or less, 50 ppm or less, 45 ppm or less, 40 ppm or less, 35 ppm or less, 30 ppm or less, 25 ppm or less, 20 ppm or less) It has a total chloride content of 15 ppm or less, 10 ppm or less, 9 ppm or less, 8 ppm or less, 7 ppm or less, 6 ppm or less, 5 ppm or less, 4.5 ppm or less, 4 ppm or less, 3.5 ppm or less, 3 ppm or less, 2.5 ppm or less, 2 ppm or less, 1.5 ppm or less, 1 ppm or less, 0.75 ppm or less, 0.5 ppm or less, 0.25 ppm or less, 0.1 ppm or less, 0.075 ppm or less, 0.05 ppm or less, 0.025 ppm or less, 0.01 ppm or less, 0.0075 ppm or less, or 0.005 ppm or less. In some examples, the composition is 0 ppm or higher (for example, 0.001 ppm or higher, 0.0025 ppm or higher, 0.005 ppm or higher, 0.0075 ppm or higher, 0.01 ppm or higher, 0.025 ppm or higher, 0.05 ppm or higher, 0.075 ppm or higher, 0.1 ppm or higher, 0.25 ppm or higher, 0.5 ppm or higher, 0.75 ppm or higher, 1 ppm or higher, 1.5 ppm or higher, 2 ppm or higher, 2.5 ppm or higher, 3 ppm or higher, 3.5 ppm or higher, 4 ppm or higher, 4.5 ppm or higher, 5 ppm or higher, 6 ppm or higher, 7 ppm or higher, 8 ppm or higher). It has a total chloride content of 9 ppm or more, 10 ppm or more, 15 ppm or more, 20 ppm or more, 25 ppm or more, 30 ppm or more, 35 ppm or more, 40 ppm or more, 45 ppm or more, 50 ppm or more, 75 ppm or more, 100 ppm or more, 125 ppm or more, 150 ppm or more, 175 ppm or more, 200 ppm or more, 225 ppm or more, 250 ppm or more, 275 ppm or more, 300 ppm or more, 325 ppm or more, 350 ppm or more, 375 ppm or more, 400 ppm or more, 425 ppm or more, or 450 ppm or more.The total chloride content of the composition may be within the range of any of the minimum and maximum values ​​listed above. For example, the composition may be 0-500 ppm (e.g., 0-250 ppm, 250-500 ppm, 0-100 ppm, 100-200 ppm, 200-300 ppm, 300-400 ppm, 400-500 ppm, 0.001-500 ppm, 0.001-475 ppm, 0.001-450 ppm, 0.001-425 ppm, 0.001-400 ppm, 0.001-375 ppm, 0.001-350 ppm, 0.00 1~325ppm, 0.001~300ppm, 0.001~275ppm, 0.001~250ppm, 0.001~225ppm, 0.001~200ppm, 0.001~175ppm, 0.001~15 0ppm, 0.001~125ppm, 0.001~100ppm, 0.001~75ppm, 0.001~50ppm, 0.001~45ppm, 0.001~40ppm, 0.001~35ppm, 0.001 ~30ppm, 0.001~25ppm, 0.001~20ppm, 0.001~15ppm, 0.001~10ppm, 0.001~5ppm, 0.001~1ppm, 0.001~0.1ppm, 0.001 ~0.01ppm, 0~475ppm, 0~450ppm, 0~425ppm, 0~400ppm, 0~375ppm, 0~350ppm, 0~325ppm, 0~300ppm, 0~275ppm, 0~250p The total chloride content can be as follows: pm, 0-225 ppm, 0-200 ppm, 0-175 ppm, 0-150 ppm, 0-125 ppm, 0-100 ppm, 0-75 ppm, 0-50 ppm, 0-45 ppm, 0-40 ppm, 0-35 ppm, 0-30 ppm, 0-25 ppm, 0-20 ppm, 0-15 ppm, 0-10 ppm, 0-5 ppm, 0-1 ppm, 0-0.1 ppm, or 0-0.01 ppm. In some examples, the composition is substantially chloride-free. The total chloride content of a composition can be determined using any preferred method. For example, the total chloride content of a composition can be determined using ASTM D 7359.

[0250] The composition is, for example, 600 ppm or less (for example, 575 ppm or less, 550 ppm or less, 525 ppm or less, 500 ppm or less, 475 ppm or less, 450 ppm or less, 425 ppm or less, 400 ppm or less, 375 ppm or less, 350 ppm or less, 325 ppm or less, 300 ppm or less, 275 ppm or less, 250 ppm or less, 225 ppm or less, 200 ppm or less, 175 ppm or less, 150 ppm or less, 125 ppm or less, 100 ppm or less, 75 ppm or less, 50 ppm or less, 45 ppm or less, 40 ppm or less, 35 ppm or less, 30 ppm or less, 2 It may have a nitrogen content of 5 ppm or less, 20 ppm or less, 15 ppm or less, 10 ppm or less, 9 ppm or less, 8 ppm or less, 7 ppm or less, 6 ppm or less, 5 ppm or less, 4.5 ppm or less, 4 ppm or less, 3.5 ppm or less, 3 ppm or less, 2.5 ppm or less, 2 ppm or less, 1.5 ppm or less, 1 ppm or less, 0.75 ppm or less, 0.5 ppm or less, 0.25 ppm or less, 0.1 ppm or less, 0.075 ppm or less, 0.05 ppm or less, 0.025 ppm or less, 0.01 ppm or less, 0.0075 ppm or less, or 0.005 ppm or less.In some examples, the composition is 0 ppm or higher (for example, 0.001 ppm or higher, 0.0025 ppm or higher, 0.005 ppm or higher, 0.0075 ppm or higher, 0.01 ppm or higher, 0.025 ppm or higher, 0.05 ppm or higher, 0.075 ppm or higher, 0.1 ppm or higher, 0.25 ppm or higher, 0.5 ppm or higher, 0.75 ppm or higher, 1 ppm or higher, 1.5 ppm or higher, 2 ppm or higher, 2.5 ppm or higher, 3 ppm or higher, 3.5 ppm or higher, 4 ppm or higher, 4.5 ppm or higher, 5 ppm or higher, 6 ppm or higher, 7 ppm or higher, 8 ppm or higher, 9 ppm or higher, 10 ppm or higher, 15 ppm or higher). The nitrogen content may be 50 ppm or more, 20 ppm or more, 25 ppm or more, 30 ppm or more, 35 ppm or more, 40 ppm or more, 45 ppm or more, 50 ppm or more, 75 ppm or more, 100 ppm or more, 125 ppm or more, 150 ppm or more, 175 ppm or more, 200 ppm or more, 225 ppm or more, 250 ppm or more, 275 ppm or more, 300 ppm or more, 325 ppm or more, 350 ppm or more, 375 ppm or more, 400 ppm or more, 425 ppm or more, 450 ppm or more, 475 ppm or more, 500 ppm or more, 525 ppm or more, or 550 ppm or more. The nitrogen content of the composition may be within the range of any of the minimum values ​​listed above to any of the maximum values ​​listed above.For example, the composition is 0-600 ppm (for example, 0-300 ppm, 300-600 ppm, 0-100 ppm, 100-200 ppm, 200-300 ppm, 300-400 ppm, 400-500 ppm, 500-600 ppm, 0.001-600 ppm, 0.001-575 ppm, 0.001-550 ppm, 0.001-525 ppm, 0.001-500 ppm, 0.001-475 ppm, 0.001-450 ppm, 0.001-425 ppm, 0.001 ~400ppm, 0.001~375ppm, 0.001~350ppm, 0.001~325ppm, 0.001~300ppm, 0.001~275ppm, 0.001~250ppm, 0.001~225ppm, 0.001~20 0ppm, 0.001~175ppm, 0.001~150ppm, 0.001~125ppm, 0.001~100ppm, 0.001~75ppm, 0.001~50ppm, 0.001~45ppm, 0.001~40ppm, 0.0 01~35ppm, 0.001~30ppm, 0.001~25ppm, 0.001~20ppm, 0.001~15ppm, 0.001~10ppm, 0.001~5ppm, 0.001~1ppm, 0.001~0.1ppm, 0.0 01~0.01ppm, 0~575ppm, 0~550ppm, 0~525ppm, 0~500ppm, 0~475ppm, 0~450ppm, 0~425ppm, 0~400ppm, 0~375ppm, 0~350ppm, 0~325pp A composition may have a nitrogen content of m, 0-300 ppm, 0-275 ppm, 0-250 ppm, 0-225 ppm, 0-200 ppm, 0-175 ppm, 0-150 ppm, 0-125 ppm, 0-100 ppm, 0-75 ppm, 0-50 ppm, 0-45 ppm, 0-40 ppm, 0-35 ppm, 0-30 ppm, 0-25 ppm, 0-20 ppm, 0-15 ppm, 0-10 ppm, 0-5 ppm, 0-1 ppm, 0-0.1 ppm, or 0-0.01 ppm. In some examples, the composition may be substantially nitrogen-free. The nitrogen content of a composition can be determined using any suitable method, such as methods known in the art. For example, the nitrogen content of a composition can be determined using ASTM D 4629.

[0251] The composition is, for example, 2000 ppm or less (for example, 1900 ppm or less, 1800 ppm or less, 1700 ppm or less, 1600 ppm or less, 1500 ppm or less, 1400 ppm or less, 1300 ppm or less, 1200 ppm or less, 1100 ppm or less, 1000 ppm or less, 950 ppm or less, 900 ppm or less, 850 ppm or less, 800 ppm or less, 750 ppm or less) m or less, 700ppm or less, 650ppm or less, 600ppm or less, 550ppm or less, 500ppm or less, 475ppm or less, 450ppm or less, 425ppm or less, 400ppm Below, 375ppm or less, 350ppm or less, 325ppm or less, 300ppm or less, 275ppm or less, 250ppm or less, 225ppm or less, 200ppm or less, 175ppm or less , 150ppm or less, 125ppm or less, 100ppm or less, 75ppm or less, 50ppm or less, 45ppm or less, 40ppm or less, 35ppm or less, 30ppm or less, 25ppm or less Lower, 20ppm or less, 15ppm or less, 10ppm or less, 9ppm or less, 8ppm or less, 7ppm or less, 6ppm or less, 5ppm or less, 4.5ppm or less, 4ppm or less, 3.5ppm The silicon content may be 3 ppm or less, 2.5 ppm or less, 2 ppm or less, 1.5 ppm or less, 1 ppm or less, 0.75 ppm or less, 0.5 ppm or less, 0.25 ppm or less, 0.1 ppm or less, 0.075 ppm or less, 0.05 ppm or less, 0.025 ppm or less, 0.01 ppm or less, 0.0075 ppm or less, or 0.005 ppm or less.In some examples, the simplest is 0 ppm or more (for example, 0.001 ppm or more, 0.0025 ppm or more, 0.005 ppm or more, 0.0075 ppm or more, 0.01 ppm or more, 0.025 ppm or more, 0.05 ppm or more, 0.075 ppm or more, 0.1 ppm or more, 0.25 ppm or more, 0.5 ppm or more, 0.75 ppm or more, 1 ppm or more, 1.5 ppm or more, 2 ppm or more, 2.5ppm or more, 3ppm or more, 3.5ppm or more, 4ppm or more, 4.5ppm or more, 5ppm or more, 6ppm or more, 7ppm or more, 8ppm or more, 9ppm or more, 10 ppm or more, 15ppm or more, 20ppm or more, 25ppm or more, 30ppm or more, 35ppm or more, 40ppm or more, 45ppm or more, 50ppm or more, 75ppm or more, 100ppm or more Above, 125 ppm or more, 150 ppm or more, 175 ppm or more, 200 ppm or more, 225 ppm or more, 250 ppm or more, 275 ppm or more, 300 ppm or more, 325 ppm or more, 350 ppm or more, 375 ppm or more, 400 ppm or more, 425 ppm or more, 450 ppm or more, 475 ppm or more, 500 ppm or more, 550 ppm or more, 600 ppm or more, 650 ppm The silicon content may be 100 ppm or more, 700 ppm or more, 750 ppm or more, 800 ppm or more, 850 ppm or more, 900 ppm or more, 950 ppm or more, 1000 ppm or more, 1100 ppm or more, 1200 ppm or more, 1300 ppm or more, 1400 ppm or more, 1500 ppm or more, 1600 ppm or more, 1700 ppm or more, or 1800 ppm or more. The silicon content of the composition may be within the range of any of the minimum values ​​listed above to any of the maximum values ​​listed above.For example, the composition ranges from 0 to 2000 ppm (e.g., 0 to 1000 ppm, 1000 to 2000 ppm, 0 to 500 ppm, 500 to 1000 ppm, 1000 to 1500 ppm, 1500 to 2000 ppm, 0.001 to 2000 ppm, 0.001 to 1750 ppm, 0.001 to 1500 ppm, 0.001 to 1250 ppm, 0.001 to 1000 ppm, 0.001 to 750 ppm, 0.001 to 500 ppm, 0.001 to 475 ppm, 0.001 to 450 ppm, 0.001 to 425 ppm). pm, 0.001~400ppm, 0.001~375ppm, 0.001~350ppm, 0.001~325ppm, 0.001~300ppm, 0.001~275ppm, 0.001~250ppm, 0.001~225ppm, 0.001 ~200ppm, 0.001~175ppm, 0.001~150ppm, 0.001~125ppm, 0.001~100ppm, 0.001~75ppm, 0.001~50ppm, 0.001~45ppm, 0.001~40ppm, 0.001 ~35ppm, 0.001~30ppm, 0.001~25ppm, 0.001~20ppm, 0.001~15ppm, 0.001~10ppm, 0.001~5ppm, 0.001~1ppm, 0.001~0.1ppm, 0.001~0.01 ppm, 0~1750ppm, 0~1500ppm, 0~1250ppm, 0~1000ppm, 0~750ppm, 0~500ppm, 0~475ppm, 0~450ppm, 0~425ppm, 0~400ppm, 0~375ppm, 0~350p A silicon content can be 0-325 ppm, 0-300 ppm, 0-275 ppm, 0-250 ppm, 0-225 ppm, 0-200 ppm, 0-175 ppm, 0-150 ppm, 0-125 ppm, 0-100 ppm, 0-75 ppm, 0-50 ppm, 0-45 ppm, 0-40 ppm, 0-35 ppm, 0-30 ppm, 0-25 ppm, 0-20 ppm, 0-15 ppm, 0-10 ppm, 0-5 ppm, 0-1 ppm, 0-0.1 ppm, or 0-0.01 ppm. In some examples, the composition may be substantially silicon-free. The silicon content of a composition can be determined using any suitable method, such as methods known in the art.For example, the silicon content of a composition can be determined using ASTM D 5185.

[0252] The composition is, for example, 150 ppm or less (for example, 125 ppm or less, 100 ppm or less, 75 ppm or less, 50 ppm or less, 45 ppm or less, 40 ppm or less, 35 ppm or less, 30 ppm or less, 25 ppm or less, 20 ppm or less, 15 ppm or less, 10 ppm or less, 9 ppm or less, 8 ppm or less, 7 ppm or less, 6 ppm or less, 5 ppm or less, 4.5 ppm or less, 4 ppm or less, 3 It may have a sodium content of 0.5 ppm or less, 3 ppm or less, 2.5 ppm or less, 2 ppm or less, 1.5 ppm or less, 1 ppm or less, 0.75 ppm or less, 0.5 ppm or less, 0.25 ppm or less, 0.1 ppm or less, 0.075 ppm or less, 0.05 ppm or less, 0.025 ppm or less, 0.01 ppm or less, 0.0075 ppm or less, or 0.005 ppm or less. In some examples, the simplest is 0 ppm or more (for example, 0.001 ppm or more, 0.0025 ppm or more, 0.005 ppm or more, 0.0075 ppm or more, 0.01 ppm or more, 0.025 ppm or more, 0.05 ppm or more, 0.075 ppm or more, 0.1 ppm or more, 0.25 ppm or more, 0.5 ppm or more, 0.75 ppm or more, 1 ppm or more, 1.5 ppm or more, 2 ppm or more, 2.5 ppm or more). It has a sodium content of 3 ppm or more, 3.5 ppm or more, 4 ppm or more, 4.5 ppm or more, 5 ppm or more, 6 ppm or more, 7 ppm or more, 8 ppm or more, 9 ppm or more, 10 ppm or more, 15 ppm or more, 20 ppm or more, 25 ppm or more, 30 ppm or more, 35 ppm or more, 40 ppm or more, 45 ppm or more, 50 ppm or more, 75 ppm or more, 100 ppm or more, or 125 ppm or more. The sodium content may be within the range of any of the minimum values ​​listed above to any of the maximum values ​​listed above.For example, the composition ranges from 0 to 150 ppm (e.g., 0 to 75 ppm, 75 to 150 ppm, 0 to 50 ppm, 50 to 100 ppm, 100 to 150 ppm, 0.001 to 150 ppm, 0.001 to 125 ppm, 0.001 to 100 ppm, 0.001 to 75 ppm, 0.001 to 50 ppm, 0.001 to 45 ppm, 0.001 to 40 ppm, 0.001 to 35 ppm, 0.001 to 30 ppm, 0.001 to 25 ppm, 0.001 to 20 ppm, 0.001 to 15 ppm). The sodium content can be 0.001-10 ppm, 0.001-5 ppm, 0.001-1 ppm, 0.001-0.1 ppm, 0.001-0.01 ppm, 0-125 ppm, 0-100 ppm, 0-75 ppm, 0-50 ppm, 0-45 ppm, 0-40 ppm, 0-35 ppm, 0-30 ppm, 0-25 ppm, 0-20 ppm, 0-15 ppm, 0-10 ppm, 0-5 ppm, 0-1 ppm, 0-0.1 ppm, or 0-0.01 ppm. In some examples, the composition is substantially sodium-free. The sodium content of the composition can be determined by any suitable method, such as methods known in the art. For example, the sodium content of the composition can be determined using ASTM D 5185.

[0253] The composition may have an iron content of, for example, 10 ppm or less (for example, 9 ppm or less, 8 ppm or less, 7 ppm or less, 6 ppm or less, 5 ppm or less, 4.5 ppm or less, 4 ppm or less, 3.5 ppm or less, 3 ppm or less, 2.5 ppm or less, 2 ppm or less, 1.5 ppm or less, 1 ppm or less, 0.75 ppm or less, 0.5 ppm or less, 0.25 ppm or less, 0.1 ppm or less, 0.075 ppm or less, 0.05 ppm or less, 0.025 ppm or less, 0.01 ppm or less, 0.0075 ppm or less, or 0.005 ppm or less). In some examples, the composition may have an iron content of 0 ppm or more (e.g., 0.001 ppm or more, 0.0025 ppm or more, 0.005 ppm or more, 0.0075 ppm or more, 0.01 ppm or more, 0.025 ppm or more, 0.05 ppm or more, 0.075 ppm or more, 0.1 ppm or more, 0.25 ppm or more, 0.5 ppm or more, 0.75 ppm or more, 1 ppm or more, 1.5 ppm or more, 2 ppm or more, 2.5 ppm or more, 3 ppm or more, 3.5 ppm or more, 4 ppm or more, 4.5 ppm or more, 5 ppm or more, 6 ppm or more, 7 ppm or more, 8 ppm or more, or 9 ppm or more). The iron content of the composition may be within the range of any of the minimum values ​​listed above to any of the maximum values ​​listed above. For example, the composition is 0-10 ppm (e.g., 0-5 ppm, 5-10 ppm, 1-2 ppm, 2-4 ppm, 4-6 ppm, 6-8 ppm, 8-10 ppm, 0.001-10 ppm, 0.001-9 ppm, 0.001-8 ppm, 0.001-7 ppm, 0.001-6 ppm, 0.001-5 ppm, 0.001-4 ppm, 0 The iron content can be 0.001-3 ppm, 0.001-2 ppm, 0.001-1 ppm, 0.001-0.1 ppm, 0.001-0.01 ppm, 0-9 ppm, 0-8 ppm, 0-7 ppm, 0-6 ppm, 0-5 ppm, 0-4 ppm, 0-3 ppm, 0-1 ppm, 0-0.1 ppm, or 0-0.01 ppm. In some examples, the composition is substantially iron-free. The iron content of a composition can be determined using any suitable method, such as methods known in the art. For example, the iron content of a composition can be determined using ASTM D 5185.

[0254] The composition may have a phosphorus content of 50 ppm or less (for example, 45 ppm or less, 40 ppm or less, 35 ppm or less, 30 ppm or less, 25 ppm or less, 20 ppm or less, 15 ppm or less, 10 ppm or less, 9 ppm or less, 8 ppm or less, 7 ppm or less, 6 ppm or less, 5 ppm or less, 4.5 ppm or less, 4 ppm or less, 3.5 ppm or less, 3 ppm or less, 2.5 ppm or less, 2 ppm or less, 1.5 ppm or less, 1 ppm or less, 0.75 ppm or less, 0.5 ppm or less, 0.25 ppm or less, 0.1 ppm or less, 0.075 ppm or less, 0.05 ppm or less, 0.025 ppm or less, 0.01 ppm or less, 0.0075 ppm or less, or 0.005 ppm or less). In some examples, the composition may have a phosphorus content of 0 ppm or more (for example, 0.001 ppm or more, 0.0025 ppm or more, 0.005 ppm or more, 0.0075 ppm or more, 0.01 ppm or more, 0.025 ppm or more, 0.05 ppm or more, 0.075 ppm or more, 0.1 ppm or more, 0.25 ppm or more, 0.5 ppm or more, 0.75 ppm or more, 1 ppm or more, 1.5 ppm or more, 2 ppm or more, 2.5 ppm or more, 3 ppm or more, 3.5 ppm or more, 4 ppm or more, 4.5 ppm or more, 5 ppm or more, 6 ppm or more, 7 ppm or more, 8 ppm or more, 9 ppm or more, 10 ppm or more, 15 ppm or more, 20 ppm or more, 25 ppm or more, 30 ppm or more, 35 ppm or more, 40 ppm or more, or 45 ppm or more). The phosphorus content of the composition may be within the range of any of the minimum and maximum values ​​listed above.For example, the composition is 0-50 ppm (e.g., 0-25 ppm, 25-50 ppm, 0-10 ppm, 10-20 ppm, 20-30 ppm, 30-40 ppm, 40-50 ppm, 0.001-50 ppm, 0.001-45 ppm, 0.001-40 ppm, 0.001-35 ppm, 0.001-30 ppm, 0.001-25 ppm, 0.001-20 ppm, 0.001-15 ppm) The phosphorus content can be 0.001-10 ppm, 0.001-5 ppm, 0.001-1 ppm, 0.001-0.1 ppm, 0.001-0.01 ppm, 0-45 ppm, 0-40 ppm, 0-35 ppm, 0-30 ppm, 0-25 ppm, 0-20 ppm, 0-15 ppm, 0-10 ppm, 0-5 ppm, 0-1 ppm, 0-0.1 ppm, or 0-0.01 ppm. In some examples, the composition may be substantially phosphorus-free. The phosphorus content of the composition can be determined using any suitable method, such as methods known in the art. In some examples, the phosphorus content of the composition is determined using ASTM D 5185.

[0255] The composition is, for example, 500 ppm or less (for example, 475 ppm or less, 450 ppm or less, 425 ppm or less, 400 ppm or less, 375 ppm or less, 350 ppm or less, 325 ppm or less, 300 ppm or less, 275 ppm or less, 250 ppm or less, 225 ppm or less, 200 ppm or less, 175 ppm or less, 150 ppm or less, 125 ppm or less, 100 ppm or less, 75 ppm or less, 50 ppm or less, 45 ppm or less, 40 ppm or less, 35 ppm or less, 30 ppm or less, 25 ppm or less, 20 ppm or less, 15 ppm or less). It may have a sulfur content of 0.005 ppm or less, 10 ppm or less, 9 ppm or less, 8 ppm or less, 7 ppm or less, 6 ppm or less, 5 ppm or less, 4.5 ppm or less, 4 ppm or less, 3.5 ppm or less, 3 ppm or less, 2.5 ppm or less, 2 ppm or less, 1.5 ppm or less, 1 ppm or less, 0.75 ppm or less, 0.5 ppm or less, 0.25 ppm or less, 0.1 ppm or less, 0.075 ppm or less, 0.05 ppm or less, 0.025 ppm or less, 0.01 ppm or less, 0.0075 ppm or less, or 0.005 ppm or less. In some examples, the composition is 0 ppm or higher (for example, 0.001 ppm or higher, 0.0025 ppm or higher, 0.005 ppm or higher, 0.0075 ppm or higher, 0.01 ppm or higher, 0.025 ppm or higher, 0.05 ppm or higher, 0.075 ppm or higher, 0.1 ppm or higher, 0.25 ppm or higher, 0.5 ppm or higher, 0.75 ppm or higher, 1 ppm or higher, 1.5 ppm or higher, 2 ppm or higher, 2.5 ppm or higher, 3 ppm or higher, 3.5 ppm or higher, 4 ppm or higher, 4.5 ppm or higher, 5 ppm or higher, 6 ppm or higher, 7 ppm or higher, 8 ppm or higher). It may have a sulfur content of 9 ppm or more, 10 ppm or more, 15 ppm or more, 20 ppm or more, 25 ppm or more, 30 ppm or more, 35 ppm or more, 40 ppm or more, 45 ppm or more, 50 ppm or more, 75 ppm or more, 100 ppm or more, 125 ppm or more, 150 ppm or more, 175 ppm or more, 200 ppm or more, 225 ppm or more, 250 ppm or more, 275 ppm or more, 300 ppm or more, 325 ppm or more, 350 ppm or more, 375 ppm or more, 400 ppm or more, 425 ppm or more, or 450 ppm or more.The sulfur content of the composition may be within the range of any of the minimum and maximum values ​​listed above. For example, the composition may contain 0-500 ppm (e.g., 0-250 ppm, 250-500 ppm, 0-100 ppm, 100-200 ppm, 200-300 ppm, 300-400 ppm, 400-500 ppm, 0.001-500 ppm, 0.001-475 ppm, 0.001-450 ppm, 0.001-425 ppm, 0.001-400 ppm, 0.001-375 ppm, 0.001-350 ppm, 0.00 1~325ppm, 0.001~300ppm, 0.001~275ppm, 0.001~250ppm, 0.001~225ppm, 0.001~200ppm, 0.001~175ppm, 0.001~15 0ppm, 0.001~125ppm, 0.001~100ppm, 0.001~75ppm, 0.001~50ppm, 0.001~45ppm, 0.001~40ppm, 0.001~35ppm, 0.00 1~30ppm, 0.001~25ppm, 0.001~20ppm, 0.001~15ppm, 0.001~10ppm, 0.001~5ppm, 0.001~1ppm, 0.001~0.1ppm, 0.00 1~0.01ppm, 0~475ppm, 0~450ppm, 0~425ppm, 0~400ppm, 0~375ppm, 0~350ppm, 0~325ppm, 0~300ppm, 0~275ppm, 0~25 A sulfur content can be 0 ppm, 0-225 ppm, 0-200 ppm, 0-175 ppm, 0-150 ppm, 0-125 ppm, 0-100 ppm, 0-75 ppm, 0-50 ppm, 0-45 ppm, 0-40 ppm, 0-35 ppm, 0-30 ppm, 0-25 ppm, 0-20 ppm, 0-15 ppm, 0-10 ppm, 0-5 ppm, 0-1 ppm, 0-0.1 ppm, or 0-0.01 ppm. In some examples, the composition may be substantially sulfur-free. The sulfur content of a composition can be determined by any suitable method, such as methods known in the art. In some examples, the sulfur content of a composition is determined using ASTM D 4294.

[0256] The composition may have a calcium content of, for example, 50 ppm or less (for example, 45 ppm or less, 40 ppm or less, 35 ppm or less, 30 ppm or less, 25 ppm or less, 20 ppm or less, 15 ppm or less, 10 ppm or less, 9 ppm or less, 8 ppm or less, 7 ppm or less, 6 ppm or less, 5 ppm or less, 4.5 ppm or less, 4 ppm or less, 3.5 ppm or less, 3 ppm or less, 2.5 ppm or less, 2 ppm or less, 1.5 ppm or less, 1 ppm or less, 0.75 ppm or less, 0.5 ppm or less, 0.25 ppm or less, 0.1 ppm or less, 0.075 ppm or less, 0.05 ppm or less, 0.025 ppm or less, 0.01 ppm or less, 0.0075 ppm or less, or 0.005 ppm or less). In some examples, the composition may have a calcium content of 0 ppm or more (for example, 0.001 ppm or more, 0.0025 ppm or more, 0.005 ppm or more, 0.0075 ppm or more, 0.01 ppm or more, 0.025 ppm or more, 0.05 ppm or more, 0.075 ppm or more, 0.1 ppm or more, 0.25 ppm or more, 0.5 ppm or more, 0.75 ppm or more, 1 ppm or more, 1.5 ppm or more, 2 ppm or more, 2.5 ppm or more, 3 ppm or more, 3.5 ppm or more, 4 ppm or more, 4.5 ppm or more, 5 ppm or more, 6 ppm or more, 7 ppm or more, 8 ppm or more, 9 ppm or more, 10 ppm or more, 15 ppm or more, 20 ppm or more, 25 ppm or more, 30 ppm or more, 35 ppm or more, or 40 ppm or more). The calcium content of the composition may be within the range of any of the minimum and maximum values ​​listed above.For example, the composition is 0-50 ppm (e.g., 0-25 ppm, 25-50 ppm, 0-10 ppm, 10-20 ppm, 20-30 ppm, 30-40 ppm, 40-50 ppm, 0.001-50 ppm, 0.001-45 ppm, 0.001-40 ppm, 0.001-35 ppm, 0.001-30 ppm, 0.001-25 ppm, 0.001-20 ppm, 0.001-15 ppm, 0 The calcium content can be 0.001-10 ppm, 0.001-5 ppm, 0.001-1 ppm, 0.001-0.1 ppm, 0.001-0.01 ppm, 0-45 ppm, 0-40 ppm, 0-35 ppm, 0-30 ppm, 0-25 ppm, 0-20 ppm, 0-15 ppm, 0-10 ppm, 0-5 ppm, 0-1 ppm, 0-0.1 ppm, or 0-0.01 ppm. In some examples, the composition may be substantially calcium-free. The calcium content of the composition can be determined using any suitable method, such as methods known in the art. In some examples, the calcium content of the composition can be determined using ASTM D 5185.

[0257] The composition may have a copper content of, for example, 10 ppm or less (for example, 9 ppm or less, 8 ppm or less, 7 ppm or less, 6 ppm or less, 5 ppm or less, 4.5 ppm or less, 4 ppm or less, 3.5 ppm or less, 3 ppm or less, 2.5 ppm or less, 2 ppm or less, 1.5 ppm or less, 1 ppm or less, 0.75 ppm or less, 0.5 ppm or less, 0.25 ppm or less, 0.1 ppm or less, 0.075 ppm or less, 0.05 ppm or less, 0.025 ppm or less, 0.01 ppm or less, 0.0075 ppm or less, or 0.005 ppm or less). In some examples, the composition may have a copper content of 0 ppm or more (for example, 0.001 ppm or more, 0.0025 ppm or more, 0.005 ppm or more, 0.0075 ppm or more, 0.01 ppm or more, 0.025 ppm or more, 0.05 ppm or more, 0.075 ppm or more, 0.1 ppm or more, 0.25 ppm or more, 0.5 ppm or more, 0.75 ppm or more, 1 ppm or more, 1.5 ppm or more, 2 ppm or more, 2.5 ppm or more, 3 ppm or more, 3.5 ppm or more, 4 ppm or more, 4.5 ppm or more, 5 ppm or more, 6 ppm or more, 7 ppm or more, or 8 ppm or more). The copper content of the composition may be in the range from any of the minimum values ​​listed above to any of the maximum values ​​listed above. For example, the composition is 0 ppm to 10 ppm (e.g., 0 to 5 ppm, 5 to 10 ppm, 1 to 2 ppm, 2 to 4 ppm, 4 to 6 ppm, 6 to 8 ppm, 8 to 10 ppm, 0.001 to 10 ppm, 0.001 to 9 ppm, 0.001 to 8 ppm, 0.001 to 7 ppm, 0.001 to 6 ppm, 0.001 to 5 ppm, 0.001 to 4 ppm, The copper content can be 0.001-3 ppm, 0.001-2 ppm, 0.001-1 ppm, 0.001-0.1 ppm, 0.001-0.01 ppm, 0-9 ppm, 0-8 ppm, 0-7 ppm, 0-6 ppm, 0-5 ppm, 0-4 ppm, 0-3 ppm, 0-1 ppm, 0-0.1 ppm, or 0-0.01 ppm. In some examples, the composition may be substantially copper-free. The copper content of the composition can be determined using any suitable method, such as methods known in the art. For example, the copper content of the composition can be determined using ASTM D 5185.

[0258] The composition may contain, for example, 250 ppm or less (e.g., 225 ppm or less, 200 ppm or less, 175 ppm or less, 150 ppm or less, 125 ppm or less, 100 ppm or less, 75 ppm or less, 50 ppm or less, 45 ppm or less, 40ppm or less, 35ppm or less, 30ppm or less, 25ppm or less, 20ppm or less, 15ppm or less, 10ppm or less, 9ppm or less, 8ppm or less, 7ppm or less, 6ppm or less, 5ppm or less The nickel content may be 4.5 ppm or less, 4 ppm or less, 3.5 ppm or less, 3 ppm or less, 2.5 ppm or less, 2 ppm or less, 1.5 ppm or less, 1 ppm or less, 0.75 ppm or less, 0.5 ppm or less, 0.25 ppm or less, 0.1 ppm or less, 0.075 ppm or less, 0.05 ppm or less, 0.025 ppm or less, 0.01 ppm or less, 0.0075 ppm or less, or 0.005 ppm or less. In some examples, the simplest is 0 ppm or more (for example, 0.001 ppm or more, 0.0025 ppm or more, 0.005 ppm or more, 0.0075 ppm or more, 0.01 ppm or more, 0.025 ppm or more, 0.05 ppm or more, 0.075 ppm or more, 0.1 ppm or more, 0.25 ppm or more, 0.5 ppm or more, 0.75 ppm or more, 1 ppm or more, 1.5 ppm or more, 2 ppm or more, 2.5 ppm or more, 3 ppm or more, 3.5 ppm or more). The nickel content may be 4 ppm or more, 4.5 ppm or more, 5 ppm or more, 6 ppm or more, 7 ppm or more, 8 ppm or more, 9 ppm or more, 10 ppm or more, 15 ppm or more, 20 ppm or more, 25 ppm or more, 30 ppm or more, 35 ppm or more, 40 ppm or more, 45 ppm or more, 50 ppm or more, 75 ppm or more, 100 ppm or more, 125 ppm or more, 150 ppm or more, 175 ppm or more, or 200 ppm or more. The nickel content of the composition may be within the range of any of the minimum values ​​listed above to any of the maximum values ​​listed above.For example, the composition ranges from 0 ppm to 250 ppm (e.g., 0-125 ppm, 125-250 ppm, 0-50 ppm, 50-100 ppm, 100-150 ppm, 150-200 ppm, 200-250 ppm, 0.001-250 ppm, 0.001-225 ppm, 0.001-200 ppm, 0.001-175 ppm, 0.001-150 ppm, 0.001-125 ppm, 0.001-100 ppm, 0.001-75 ppm, 0.001-50 ppm, 0.001-45 ppm, 0.001-40 ppm, 0.001-35 ppm, 0.001-30 ppm, 0.001-25 ppm, 0 It may have a nickel content of 0.001-20 ppm, 0.001-15 ppm, 0.001-10 ppm, 0.001-5 ppm, 0.001-1 ppm, 0.001-0.1 ppm, 0.001-0.01 ppm, 0-225 ppm, 0-200 ppm, 0-175 ppm, 0-150 ppm, 0-125 ppm, 0-100 ppm, 0-75 ppm, 0-50 ppm, 0-45 ppm, 0-40 ppm, 0-35 ppm, 0-30 ppm, 0-25 ppm, 0-20 ppm, 0-15 ppm, 0-10 ppm, 0-5 ppm, 0-1 ppm, 0-0.1 ppm, or 0-0.01 ppm. In some examples, the composition may be substantially a nickel fee. The nickel content of the composition can be determined using any suitable method, such as methods known in the art. For example, the nickel content of the composition can be determined using ASTM D 5185.

[0259] The composition may have a vanadium content of, for example, 25 ppm or less (e.g., 20 ppm or less, 15 ppm or less, 10 ppm or less, 9 ppm or less, 8 ppm or less, 7 ppm or less, 6 ppm or less, 5 ppm or less, 4.5 ppm or less, 4 ppm or less, 3.5 ppm or less, 3 ppm or less, 2.5 ppm or less, 2 ppm or less, 1.5 ppm or less, 1 ppm or less, 0.75 ppm or less, 0.5 ppm or less, 0.25 ppm or less, 0.1 ppm or less, 0.075 ppm or less, 0.05 ppm or less, 0.025 ppm or less, 0.01 ppm or less, 0.0075 ppm or less, or 0.005 ppm or less). In some examples, a composition may have a vanadium content of 0 ppm or more (e.g., 0.001 ppm or more, 0.0025 ppm or more, 0.005 ppm or more, 0.0075 ppm or more, 0.01 ppm or more, 0.025 ppm or more, 0.05 ppm or more, 0.075 ppm or more, 0.1 ppm or more, 0.25 ppm or more, 0.5 ppm or more, 0.75 ppm or more, 1 ppm or more, 1.5 ppm or more, 2 ppm or more, 2.5 ppm or more, 3 ppm or more, 3.5 ppm or more, 4 ppm or more, 4.5 ppm or more, 5 ppm or more, 6 ppm or more, 7 ppm or more, 8 ppm or more, 9 ppm or more, 10 ppm or more, 15 ppm or more, or 20 ppm or more). The vanadium content of a composition may be in the range from any of the minimum values ​​listed above to any of the maximum values ​​listed above. For example, a composition may have a vanadium content of 0 to 25 ppm (e.g., 0 to 12.5 ppm, 12.5 to 25 ppm, 0 to 5 ppm, 5 to 10 ppm, 10 to 15 ppm, 15 to 20 ppm, 20 to 25 ppm, 0.001 to 25 ppm, 0.001 to 20 ppm, 0.001 to 15 ppm, 0.001 to 10 ppm, 0.001 to 5 ppm, 0.001 to 1 ppm, 0.001 to 0.1 ppm, 0.001 to 0.01 ppm, 0 to 20 ppm, 0 to 15 ppm, 0 to 10 ppm, 0 to 5 ppm, 0 to 1 ppm, 0 to 0.1 ppm, or 0 to 0.01 ppm). In some examples, a composition may be substantially vanadium-free. The vanadium content of the composition can be determined using any suitable method, such as methods known in the art.For example, the vanadium content of a composition can be determined using ASTM D 5185.

[0260] In some examples, the composition has a total chloride content of 500 ppm or less, a nitrogen content of 600 ppm or less, and a silicon content of 2000 ppm or less. In some examples, the composition has a total chloride content of 500 ppm or less, a nitrogen content of 600 ppm or less, a silicon content of 2000 ppm or less, and a sodium content of 150 ppm or less. In some examples, the composition has a total chloride content of 500 ppm or less, a nitrogen content of 600 ppm or less, a silicon content of 2000 ppm or less, a sodium content of 150 ppm or less, an iron content of 10 ppm or less, a sulfur content of ...

Claims

1. A composition derived from the thermal decomposition of raw materials including post-consumer and / or post-industrial plastics, The composition comprises a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can be optionally substituted, and 70% or more (w / w) of the mixture is C ４ -C ４６ Contains hydrocarbons, The composition is Reed vapor pressure of 12.5 psig or less, Total chloride content of 500 ppm or less, Nitrogen content of 600 ppm or less, Silicon content of 2000 ppm or less, Sodium content of 150 ppm or less, Iron content of 10 ppm or less, Phosphorus content of 50 ppm or less, Sulfur content of 500 ppm or less, Calcium content of 50 ppm or less, A composition having either of these or a combination thereof.

2. The composition according to claim 1, wherein the composition has a number-average molecular weight and / or weight-average molecular weight of 50 to 450 daltons.

3. The composition according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the composition has a number-average molecular weight and / or weight-average molecular weight of 100 to 400 daltons.

4. 70% to 100% (w / w) of the above mixture is C ４ -C ４６ A composition according to any one of claims 1 to 3, comprising a hydrocarbon.

5. 70% or more (w / w) of the above mixture is C ４ -C ３３ A composition according to any one of claims 1 to 4, comprising a hydrocarbon.

6. 70% to 100% (w / w) of the above mixture is C ４ -C ３３ A composition according to any one of claims 1 to 5, comprising a hydrocarbon.

7. The aforementioned mixture 7.5 to 25% (e.g., 10 to 20%) of C ４ -C ８ hydrocarbons, and 30-55% (for example, 35-55%) C ９ -C ２０ hydrocarbons and 15-40% (for example, 20-40%) C ２１ -C ２９ hydrocarbons and 0-15% (for example, 5-15%) C ３０ -C ４６ A composition according to any one of claims 1 to 6, comprising a hydrocarbon.

8. The mixture is C １ -C ４ A composition according to any one of claims 1 to 7, which is substantially free of hydrocarbons.

9. The aforementioned mixture 80-100% by weight of saturated hydrocarbons, 0-5% by weight of unsaturated (non-aromatic) hydrocarbons, A composition according to any one of claims 1 to 8, comprising 0 to 15% by weight of an aromatic compound.

10. The composition according to any one of claims 1 to 9, wherein the composition has a total chloride content of 500 ppm or less (for example, 100 ppm or less, 50 ppm or less, 25 ppm or less, 10 ppm or less, 5 ppm or less, 1 ppm or less, 0.1 ppm or less, or 0.01 ppm or less) as determined, for example, according to ASTM D 7359.

11. The composition according to any one of claims 1 to 10, wherein the composition has a nitrogen content of 600 ppm or less (for example, 250 ppm or less, 200 ppm or less, 150 ppm or less, 100 ppm or less, 50 ppm or less, 10 ppm or less, or 1 ppm or less) as determined, for example, according to ASTM D 4629.

12. The composition according to any one of claims 1 to 11, wherein the composition has a silicon content of 2000 ppm or less (for example, 1000 ppm or less, 500 ppm or less, 250 ppm or less, 100 ppm or less, 50 ppm or less, 25 ppm or less, 10 ppm or less, 5 ppm or less, or 1 ppm or less) as determined, for example, according to ASTM D 5185.

13. The composition according to any one of claims 1 to 12, wherein the composition has a sodium content of 150 ppm or less (for example, 100 ppm or less, 50 ppm or less, 25 ppm or less, 10 ppm or less, 5 ppm or less, or 1 ppm or less) as determined, for example, according to ASTM D 5185.

14. The composition according to any one of claims 1 to 13, wherein the composition has an iron content of 10 ppm or less (for example, 5 ppm or less, 1 ppm or less, 0.1 ppm or less, or 0.01 ppm or less) as determined, for example, according to ASTM D 5185.

15. The composition according to any one of claims 1 to 14, wherein the composition has a phosphorus content of 50 ppm or less (for example, 30 ppm or less, 10 ppm or less, 5 ppm or less, or 1 ppm or less) as determined, for example, according to ASTM D 5185.

16. The composition according to any one of claims 1 to 15, wherein the composition has a sulfur content of 500 ppm or less (for example, 250 ppm or less, 100 ppm or less, 10 ppm or less, or 1 ppm or less) as determined, for example, according to ASTM D 4294.

17. The composition according to any one of claims 1 to 16, wherein the composition has a calcium content of 50 ppm or less (for example, 25 ppm or less, 10 ppm or less, 5 ppm or less, 1 ppm or less, 0.1 ppm or less, or 0.01 ppm or less) as determined, for example, according to ASTM D 5185.

18. The composition according to any one of claims 1 to 17, wherein the composition has a copper content of 10 ppm or less (for example, 5 ppm or less, 1 ppm or less, 0.1 ppm or less, or 0.01 ppm or less) as determined, for example, according to ASTM D 5185.

19. The composition according to any one of claims 1 to 18, wherein the composition has a nickel content of 250 ppm or less (for example, 100 ppm or less, 50 ppm or less, 25 ppm or less, 10 ppm or less, 5 ppm or less, or 1 ppm or less) as determined, for example, according to ASTM D 5185.

20. The composition according to any one of claims 1 to 19, wherein the composition has a vanadium content of 25 ppm or less (for example, 10 ppm or less, 5 ppm or less, or 1 ppm or less) as determined, for example, according to ASTM D 5185.

21. The composition is Total chloride content of 500 ppm or less, Nitrogen content of 600 ppm or less, A composition according to any one of claims 1 to 20, having a silicon content of 2000 ppm or less.

22. The composition is Total chloride content of 500 ppm or less, Nitrogen content of 600 ppm or less, Silicon content of 2000 ppm or less, The composition according to any one of claims 1 to 21, having a sodium content of 150 ppm or less.

23. The composition is Total chloride content of 500 ppm or less, Nitrogen content of 600 ppm or less, Silicon content of 2000 ppm or less, Sodium content of 150 ppm or less, Iron content of 10 ppm or less, Sulfur content of 500 ppm or less, A composition according to any one of claims 1 to 22, having a calcium content of 50 ppm or less.

24. The composition is Total chloride content of 500 ppm or less, Nitrogen content of 600 ppm or less, Silicon content of 2000 ppm or less, Sodium content of 150 ppm or less, Iron content of 10 ppm or less, Phosphorus content of 50 ppm or less, Sulfur content of 500 ppm or less, A composition according to any one of claims 1 to 23, having a calcium content of 50 ppm or less.

25. The composition is Total chloride content of 500 ppm or less, Nitrogen content of 600 ppm or less, Silicon content of 2000 ppm or less, Sodium content of 150 ppm or less, Iron content of 10 ppm or less, Phosphorus content of 50 ppm or less, Sulfur content of 500 ppm or less, Calcium content of 50 ppm or less, Copper content of 10 ppm or less, Nickel content of 250 ppm or less, A composition according to any one of claims 1 to 24, having a vanadium content of 25 ppm or less.

26. The composition according to any one of claims 1 to 25, wherein the composition has a Reed vapor pressure of 12.5 psig or less (e.g., 10 psig or less, or 7 to 10 psig) as determined, for example, using ASTM D 5191.

27. The composition according to any one of claims 1 to 26, wherein the composition has a distilled water content of 0.5% by volume or less (for example, 0.1% by volume or less or 0.01% by volume or less) as determined, for example, by ASTM D 95.

28. The composition according to any one of claims 1 to 27, wherein the composition has a total sediment content of 0.5% by volume or less (for example, 0.1% by volume or less or 0.01% by volume or less) as determined, for example, by ASTM D 4870.

29. The composition according to any one of claims 1 to 28, wherein the composition has an n-heptane insoluble content of 0.5% by weight or less (for example, 0.1% by weight or less, 0.05% by weight or less, or 0.01% by weight or less) as determined, for example, by ASTM D 3279.

30. The composition according to any one of claims 1 to 29, wherein the composition has a total acid value of 1 mg KOH / g or less (for example, 0.5 mg KOH / g or less, or 0.2 mg KOH / g or less) as determined, for example, according to ASTM D 664.

31. The composition according to any one of claims 1 to 30, wherein the composition is manufactured on an industrial scale.

32. The composition according to any one of claims 1 to 31, wherein the composition is produced by thermal decomposition at a volume of 10,000 to 1,000,000 gallons per 5 to 90 days.

33. A wax derived from the thermal decomposition of raw materials including post-consumer and / or post-industrial plastics, The wax comprises a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can be optionally substituted, and 60% or more (w / w) of the mixture is C ２０ -C ４５ Contains hydrocarbons, The aforementioned wax, Reed vapor pressure of 12.5 psig or less, Total chloride content of 50 ppm or less, Nitrogen content of 300 ppm or less, Silicon content of 125 ppm or less, Sodium content of 150 ppm or less, Iron content of 10 ppm or less, Phosphorus content of 50 ppm or less, Sulfur content of 500 ppm or less, Calcium content of 50 ppm or less, Waxes having either of these properties or a combination thereof.

34. The wax according to claim 33, wherein the wax has a number-average molecular weight and / or weight-average molecular weight of 250 to 450 Daltons.

35. The wax according to claim 33 or 34, wherein the wax has a number-average molecular weight and / or weight-average molecular weight of 300 to 400 Daltons.

36. 60% to 80%, or 70% to 75% (w / w) of the above mixture is C ２０ -C ４５ A wax according to any one of claims 33 to 35, comprising a hydrocarbon.

37. 80-90% (w / w) of the above mixture is C ９ -C ３３ A wax according to any one of claims 33 to 36, comprising a hydrocarbon.

38. 75% or more, 85% or more, or 95% or more (w / w) of the above mixture is C ９ -C ４６ A wax according to any one of claims 33 to 37, comprising a hydrocarbon.

39. 75% to 100%, 85% to 100%, or 95% to 100% (w / w) of the above mixture is C ９ -C ４６ A wax according to any one of claims 33 to 38, comprising a hydrocarbon.

40. 95-99% (w / w) of the above mixture is C ９ -C ４６ A wax according to any one of claims 33 to 39, comprising a hydrocarbon.

41. The aforementioned mixture 20-30% (for example, 25-30%) C ９ -C ２０ hydrocarbons and 20-30% (for example, 20-25%) C ２０ -C ２４ hydrocarbons and 20-30% (for example, 20-25%) C ２４ -C ２８ hydrocarbons and 10-20% (for example, 10-15%) C ２８ -C ３２ A wax according to any one of claims 33 to 40, comprising a hydrocarbon.

42. The mixture is C １ -C ４ A wax according to any one of claims 33 to 41, which is substantially free of hydrocarbons.

43. The mixture is C １ -C ８ A wax according to any one of claims 33 to 42, which is substantially free of hydrocarbons.

44. The aforementioned mixture 80-100% by weight of saturated hydrocarbons (e.g., 85-90% by weight or 95-99% by weight), 0-5% by weight of unsaturated (non-aromatic) hydrocarbons (e.g., 0-2.5% by weight or 0-1.5% by weight), A wax according to any one of claims 33 to 43, comprising 0 to 15% by weight of an aromatic compound (for example, 0 to 2.5% by weight or 12 to 14% by weight).

45. The wax according to any one of claims 33 to 44, wherein the wax has a melting point of 30°C to 70°C, as determined, for example, by ASTM D 127.

46. The wax according to any one of claims 33 to 45, wherein the wax has a melting point of 40°C to 55°C (e.g., 40°C to 50°C or 43°C to 48°C) as determined, for example, by ASTM D 127.

47. The wax according to any one of claims 33 to 46, wherein the wax has a solidification point of 30°C to 55°C, as determined, for example, using ASTM D 938.

48. The wax according to any one of claims 33 to 46, wherein the wax has a solidification point of 40°C to 55°C (e.g., 45°C to 51°C) as determined, for example, using ASTM D 938.

49. The wax according to any one of claims 33 to 48, wherein the wax has a final boiling point of 300°F to 1300°F (e.g., 650°F to 1300°F, 750°F to 1300°F, or 950°F to 1300°F) as determined, for example, using ASTM D 7169.

50. The wax according to any one of claims 33 to 49, wherein the wax has a final boiling point of 950°F to 1300°F (e.g., 950°F to 1250°F, 1100°F to 1250°F, or 995°F to 1235°F) as determined, for example, using ASTM D 7169.

51. The wax according to any one of claims 33 to 50, wherein the wax has a pour point of 30°F to 150°F (e.g., 50°F to 130°F, 30°F to 100°F, 30°F to 80°F, or 30°F to 60°F) as determined, for example, using ASTM D 97.

52. The wax according to any one of claims 33 to 51, wherein the wax has a pour point of 30°F to 60°F (e.g., 30°F to 55°F, 33°F to 52°F, or 45°F to 60°F) as determined, for example, using ASTM D 97.

53. The wax according to any one of claims 33 to 52, wherein the wax has a total chloride content of 50 ppm or less (for example, 25 ppm or less, 10 ppm or less, 5 ppm or less, 1 ppm or less, 0.1 ppm or less, or 0.01 ppm or less) as determined, for example, according to ASTM D 7359.

54. The wax according to any one of claims 33 to 53, wherein the wax has a nitrogen content of 300 ppm or less (for example, 250 ppm or less, 200 ppm or less, 150 ppm or less, 100 ppm or less, 50 ppm or less, 10 ppm or less, or 1 ppm or less) as determined, for example, according to ASTM D 4629.

55. The wax according to any one of claims 33 to 54, wherein the wax has a silicon content of 125 ppm or less (for example, 100 ppm or less, 50 ppm or less, 25 ppm or less, 10 ppm or less, 5 ppm or less, or 1 ppm or less) as determined, for example, according to ASTM D 5185.

56. The wax according to any one of claims 33 to 55, wherein the wax has a sodium content of 150 ppm or less (for example, 100 ppm or less, 50 ppm or less, 25 ppm or less, 10 ppm or less, 5 ppm or less, or 1 ppm or less) as determined, for example, according to ASTM D 5185.

57. The wax according to any one of claims 33 to 56, wherein the wax has an iron content of 10 ppm or less (for example, 5 ppm or less, 1 ppm or less, 0.1 ppm or less, or 0.01 ppm or less) as determined, for example, according to ASTM D 5185.

58. The wax according to any one of claims 33 to 57, wherein the wax has a phosphorus content of 50 ppm or less (for example, 30 ppm or less, 10 ppm or less, 5 ppm or less, or 1 ppm or less) as determined, for example, according to ASTM D 5185.

59. The wax according to any one of claims 33 to 58, wherein the wax has a sulfur content of 500 ppm or less (for example, 250 ppm or less, 100 ppm or less, 10 ppm or less, or 1 ppm or less) as determined, for example, according to ASTM D 4294.

60. The wax according to any one of claims 33 to 59, wherein the wax has a calcium content of 50 ppm or less (for example, 25 ppm or less, 10 ppm or less, 5 ppm or less, 1 ppm or less, 0.1 ppm or less, or 0.01 ppm or less) as determined, for example, according to ASTM D 5185.

61. The wax according to any one of claims 33 to 60, wherein the wax has a copper content of 10 ppm or less (for example, 5 ppm or less, 1 ppm or less, 0.1 ppm or less, or 0.01 ppm or less) as determined, for example, according to ASTM D 5185.

62. The wax according to any one of claims 33 to 61, wherein the wax has a nickel content of 100 ppm or less (for example, 50 ppm or less, 25 ppm or less, 10 ppm or less, 5 ppm or less, or 1 ppm or less) as determined, for example, according to ASTM D 5185.

63. The wax according to any one of claims 33 to 62, wherein the wax has a vanadium content of 25 ppm or less (for example, 10 ppm or less, 5 ppm or less, or 1 ppm or less) as determined, for example, according to ASTM D 5185.

64. The aforementioned wax, Total chloride content of 50 ppm or less, Nitrogen content of 300 ppm or less, A wax according to any one of claims 33 to 63, having a silicon content of 125 ppm or less.

65. The aforementioned wax, Total chloride content of 50 ppm or less, Nitrogen content of 300 ppm or less, Silicon content of 125 ppm or less, The wax according to any one of claims 33 to 64, having a sodium content of 150 ppm or less.

66. The aforementioned wax, Total chloride content of 50 ppm or less, Nitrogen content of 300 ppm or less, Silicon content of 125 ppm or less, Sodium content of 150 ppm or less, Iron content of 10 ppm or less, Sulfur content of 500 ppm or less, The wax according to any one of claims 33 to 65, having a calcium content of 50 ppm or less.

67. The aforementioned wax, Total chloride content of 50 ppm or less, Nitrogen content of 300 ppm or less, Silicon content of 125 ppm or less, Sodium content of 150 ppm or less, Iron content of 10 ppm or less, Phosphorus content of 50 ppm or less, Sulfur content of 500 ppm or less, The wax according to any one of claims 33 to 66, having a calcium content of 50 ppm or less.

68. The aforementioned wax, Total chloride content of 50 ppm or less, Nitrogen content of 300 ppm or less, Silicon content of 125 ppm or less, Sodium content of 150 ppm or less, Iron content of 10 ppm or less, Phosphorus content of 50 ppm or less, Sulfur content of 500 ppm or less, Calcium content of 50 ppm or less, Copper content of 10 ppm or less, Nickel content of 100 ppm or less, A wax according to any one of claims 33 to 67, having a vanadium content of 25 ppm or less.

69. The aforementioned wax, Total chloride content of 25 ppm or less, Nitrogen content of 300 ppm or less, A wax according to any one of claims 33 to 68, having a silicon content of 100 ppm or less.

70. The aforementioned wax, Total chloride content of 25 ppm or less, Nitrogen content of 300 ppm or less, Silicon content of 100 ppm or less, The wax according to any one of claims 33 to 69, having a sodium content of 10 ppm or less.

71. The aforementioned wax, Total chloride content of 25 ppm or less, Nitrogen content of 300 ppm or less, Silicon content of 100 ppm or less, Sodium content of 10 ppm or less, Iron content of 10 ppm or less, Sulfur content of 10 ppm or less, The wax according to any one of claims 33 to 70, having a calcium content of 5 ppm or less.

72. The aforementioned wax, Total chloride content of 25 ppm or less, Nitrogen content of 300 ppm or less, Silicon content of 100 ppm or less, Sodium content of 10 ppm or less, Iron content of 10 ppm or less, Phosphorus content of 50 ppm or less, Sulfur content of 10 ppm or less, The wax according to any one of claims 33 to 71, having a calcium content of 5 ppm or less.

73. The aforementioned wax, Total chloride content of 25 ppm or less, Nitrogen content of 300 ppm or less, Silicon content of 100 ppm or less, Sodium content of 10 ppm or less, Iron content of 10 ppm or less, Phosphorus content of 50 ppm or less, Sulfur content of 10 ppm or less, Calcium content of 5 ppm or less, Copper content of 10 ppm or less, Nickel content of 100 ppm or less, A wax according to any one of claims 33 to 72, having a vanadium content of 25 ppm or less.

74. The wax according to any one of claims 33 to 73, wherein the wax has a Gardner color number of 2 to 8 (e.g., 2.5 to 8 or 6.5 to 8) as determined, for example, according to ASTM D 1500.

75. The wax according to any one of claims 33 to 74, wherein the wax has an oil content of 5 to 50% by weight (e.g., 25 to 45% by weight or 40 to 45% by weight) as determined, for example, according to ASTM D 721.

76. The wax according to any one of claims 33 to 75, wherein the wax has a reed vapor pressure of 12.5 psig or less (e.g., 10 psig or less or 7 to 10 psig) as determined, for example, using ASTM D 5191.

77. The wax according to any one of claims 33 to 76, wherein the wax has a distilled water content of 0.5% by volume or less (for example, 0.1% by volume or less or 0.01% by volume or less) as determined, for example, by ASTM D 95.

78. The wax according to any one of claims 33 to 77, wherein the wax has a total sediment content of 0.5 volume% or less (for example, 0.1 volume% or less or 0.01 volume% or less) as determined, for example, by ASTM D 4870.

79. The wax according to any one of claims 33 to 78, wherein the wax has an n-heptane insoluble content of 0.5% by weight or less (e.g., 0.1% by weight or less, 0.05% by weight or less, 0.01% by weight or less) as determined, for example, by ASTM D 3279.

80. The wax according to any one of claims 33 to 79, wherein the wax has a total acid value of 1 mg KOH / g or less (for example, 0.5 mg KOH / g or less, or 0.2 mg KOH / g or less) as determined, for example, according to ASTM D 664.

81. The aforementioned wax, A Reed vapor pressure of 12.5 psig or less, The final boiling point is 950°F to 1300°F, A wax according to any one of claims 33 to 80, having a pour point of 30°F to 60°F.

82. The aforementioned wax, Reed vapor pressure of 7-10 psig, The final boiling point is 995°F to 1235°F, A wax according to any one of claims 33 to 81, having a pour point of 33°F to 52°F.

83. The aforementioned wax, A Reed vapor pressure of 12.5 psig or less, The final boiling point is 950°F to 1300°F, The pour point is between 30°F and 60°F, Total chloride content of 50 ppm or less, Nitrogen content of 300 ppm or less, Silicon content of 125 ppm or less, Sodium content of 150 ppm or less, Iron content of 10 ppm or less, Phosphorus content of 50 ppm or less, Sulfur content of 500 ppm or less, The wax according to any one of claims 33 to 82, having a calcium content of 50 ppm or less.

84. The aforementioned wax, Reed vapor pressure of 7-10 psig, The final boiling point is 995°F to 1235°F, The pour point is between 33°F and 52°F, Total chloride content of 25 ppm or less, Nitrogen content of 300 ppm or less, Silicon content of 100 ppm or less, Sodium content of 10 ppm or less, Iron content of 10 ppm or less, Phosphorus content of 50 ppm or less, Sulfur content of 10 ppm or less, The wax according to any one of claims 33 to 83, having a calcium content of 5 ppm or less.

85. The wax according to any one of claims 33 to 84, wherein the wax is manufactured on an industrial scale.

86. The wax according to any one of claims 33 to 85, wherein the wax is produced by thermal decomposition in a volume of 10,000 to 1,000,000 gallons per 5 to 90 days.

87. An oil derived from the thermal decomposition of raw materials including post-consumer and / or post-industrial plastics, The oil contains a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can be optionally substituted, and 55% or more (w / w) of the mixture is C ９ -C ２０ Contains hydrocarbons, The oil mentioned above Reed vapor pressure of 12.5 psig or less, Total chloride content of 500 ppm or less, Nitrogen content of 600 ppm or less, Silicon content of 2000 ppm or less, Sodium content of 100 ppm or less, Iron content of 10 ppm or less, Phosphorus content of 25 ppm or less, Sulfur content of 250 ppm or less, Calcium content of 50 ppm or less, Or oils having a combination thereof.

88. The oil according to claim 87, wherein the oil has a number-average molecular weight and / or weight-average molecular weight of 50 to 300 daltons or 50 to 250 daltons.

89. 70% to 100% (w / w) of the above mixture is C １ -C ２０ It contains hydrocarbons, or 70% to 100% (w / w) of the mixture is C ４ -C ２０ The oil according to claim 87 or 88, comprising a hydrocarbon.

90. 90% to 100% (w / w) of the above mixture is C １ -C ２０ It contains hydrocarbons, or 90% to 100% (w / w) of the mixture is C ４ -C ２０ An oil according to any one of claims 87 to 89, comprising a hydrocarbon.

91. 92% to 96% (w / w) of the above mixture is C １ -C ２０ It contains hydrocarbons, or 92% to 96% (w / w) of the mixture is C ４ -C ２０ An oil according to any one of claims 87 to 90, comprising a hydrocarbon.

92. 70% or more, 80% or more, or 90% or more (w / w) of the aforementioned mixture is C ４ -C ２９ An oil according to any one of claims 87 to 91, comprising a hydrocarbon.

93. 70% to 100%, 80% to 100%, or 90% to 100% (w / w) of the above mixture is C ４ -C ２９ An oil according to any one of claims 87 to 92, comprising a hydrocarbon.

94. 0-10% (w / w) of the above mixture is C ２１ -C ２９ An oil according to any one of claims 87 to 93, comprising a hydrocarbon.

95. The aforementioned mixture 25-35% (for example, 30-35%) C １ -C ８ hydrocarbons and 50-75% (for example, 55-65% or 60-65%) C ９ -C ２０ hydrocarbons and 1-10% (for example, 3-8%) C ２１ -C ２９ An oil according to any one of claims 87 to 94, comprising a hydrocarbon.

96. The aforementioned mixture 25-35% (for example, 30-35%) C １ -C ８ hydrocarbons and 55-65% (for example, 60-65%) C ９ -C ２０ hydrocarbons and 1-10% (for example, 3-8%) C ２１ -C ２９ An oil according to any one of claims 87 to 95, comprising a hydrocarbon.

97. The aforementioned mixture 25-35% (for example, 30-35%) C ４ -C ８ hydrocarbons and 50-75% (for example, 55-65% or 60-65%) C ９ -C ２０ hydrocarbons and 1-10% (for example, 3-8%) C ２１ -C ２９ An oil according to any one of claims 87 to 96, comprising a hydrocarbon.

98. The aforementioned mixture 25-35% (for example, 30-35%) C ４ -C ８ hydrocarbons and 55-65% (for example, 60-65%) C ９ -C ２０ hydrocarbons and 1-10% (for example, 3-8%) C ２１ -C ２９ An oil according to any one of claims 87 to 97, comprising a hydrocarbon.

99. The oil according to any one of claims 87 to 98, wherein the mixture substantially does not contain hydrocarbons containing 30 or more carbon atoms.

100. The mixture is C １ -C ４ The oil according to any one of claims 87 to 99, which is substantially free of hydrocarbons.

101. The aforementioned mixture 80-100% by weight of saturated hydrocarbons (e.g., 90-100% by weight or 94-96% by weight), 0-5% by weight of unsaturated (non-aromatic) hydrocarbons (e.g., 3.5-4.5% by weight), An oil according to any one of claims 87 to 100, comprising 0 to 15% by weight of aromatic hydrocarbons (for example, 0 to 2.5% by weight or 1 to 2% by weight).

102. The aforementioned mixture 90-10% by weight of saturated hydrocarbons (e.g., 94-96% by weight), 0-5% by weight of unsaturated (non-aromatic) hydrocarbons (e.g., 3.5-4.5% by weight), An oil according to any one of claims 87 to 101, comprising 0 to 2.5% by weight of aromatic hydrocarbons (for example, 1 to 2% by weight).

103. The oil according to any one of claims 87 to 102, wherein the oil has a final boiling point of 400°F to 1000°F (e.g., 400°F to 850°F) as determined, for example, using ASTM D 7169.

104. The oil according to any one of claims 87 to 103, wherein the oil has a final boiling point of 750°F to 1000°F (e.g., 900°F to 950°F, 920°F to 950°F, or 935°F to 950°F) as determined, for example, using ASTM D 7169.

105. The oil according to any one of claims 87 to 104, wherein the oil has a pour point of -200°F to 100°F, as determined, for example, using ASTM D 97.

106. The oil according to any one of claims 87 to 105, wherein the oil has a pour point of 0°F to 20°F (e.g., 5°F to 15°F, 8°F to 15°F, or 10°F to 15°F) as determined, for example, using ASTM D 97.

107. The oil according to any one of claims 87 to 106, wherein the oil has a total chloride content of 500 ppm or less (for example, 100 ppm or less, 50 ppm or less, 25 ppm or less, 10 ppm or less, 5 ppm or less, 1 ppm or less, 0.1 ppm or less, or 0.01 ppm or less) as determined, for example, according to ASTM D 7359.

108. The oil according to any one of claims 87 to 107, wherein the oil has a nitrogen content of 600 ppm or less (for example, 250 ppm or less, 200 ppm or less, 150 ppm or less, 100 ppm or less, 50 ppm or less, 10 ppm or less, or 1 ppm or less) as determined, for example, according to ASTM D 4629.

109. The oil according to any one of claims 87 to 108, wherein the oil has a silicon content of 2000 ppm or less (for example, 1000 ppm or less, 500 ppm or less, 250 ppm or less, 100 ppm or less, 50 ppm or less, 25 ppm or less, 10 ppm or less, 5 ppm or less, or 1 ppm or less) as determined, for example, according to ASTM D 5185.

110. The oil according to any one of claims 87 to 109, wherein the oil has a sodium content of 100 ppm or less, 50 ppm or less, 25 ppm or less, 10 ppm or less, 5 ppm or less, or 1 ppm or less, as determined, for example, according to ASTM D 5185.

111. The oil according to any one of claims 87 to 110, wherein the oil has an iron content of 10 ppm or less (for example, 5 ppm or less, 1 ppm or less, 0.1 ppm or less, or 0.01 ppm or less) as determined, for example, according to ASTM D 5185.

112. The oil according to any one of claims 87 to 111, wherein the oil has a phosphorus content of 25 ppm or less (for example, 10 ppm or less, 5 ppm or less, or 1 ppm or less) as determined, for example, according to ASTM D 5185.

113. The oil according to any one of claims 87 to 112, wherein the oil has a sulfur content of 250 ppm or less (for example, 100 ppm or less, 10 ppm or less, or 1 ppm or less) as determined, for example, according to ASTM D 4294.

114. The oil according to any one of claims 87 to 113, wherein the oil has a calcium content of 50 ppm or less, 25 ppm or less, 10 ppm or less, 5 ppm or less, 1 ppm or less, 0.1 ppm or less, or 0.01 ppm or less, as determined, for example, according to ASTM D 5185.

115. The oil according to any one of claims 87 to 114, wherein the oil has a copper content of 10 ppm or less (for example, 5 ppm or less, 1 ppm or less, 0.1 ppm or less, or 0.01 ppm or less) as determined, for example, according to ASTM D 5185.

116. The oil according to any one of claims 87 to 115, wherein the oil has a nickel content of 250 ppm or less (for example, 100 ppm or less, 50 ppm or less, 25 ppm or less, 10 ppm or less, 5 ppm or less, or 1 ppm or less) as determined, for example, according to ASTM D 5185.

117. The oil according to any one of claims 87 to 116, wherein the oil has a vanadium content of 25 ppm or less (for example, 10 ppm or less, 5 ppm or less, or 1 ppm or less) as determined, for example, according to ASTM D 5185.

118. The oil mentioned above Total chloride content of 500 ppm or less, Nitrogen content of 600 ppm or less, The oil according to any one of claims 87 to 117, having a silicon content of 2000 ppm or less.

119. The oil mentioned above Total chloride content of 500 ppm or less, Nitrogen content of 600 ppm or less, Silicon content of 2000 ppm or less, The oil according to any one of claims 87 to 118, having a sodium content of 100 ppm or less.

120. The oil mentioned above Total chloride content of 500 ppm or less, Nitrogen content of 600 ppm or less, Silicon content of 2000 ppm or less, Sodium content of 100 ppm or less, Iron content of 10 ppm or less, Sulfur content of 250 ppm or less, The oil according to any one of claims 87 to 119, having a calcium content of 50 ppm or less.

121. The oil mentioned above Total chloride content of 500 ppm or less, Nitrogen content of 600 ppm or less, Silicon content of 2000 ppm or less, Sodium content of 100 ppm or less, Iron content of 10 ppm or less, Phosphorus content of 25 ppm or less, Sulfur content of 250 ppm or less, The oil according to any one of claims 87 to 120, having a calcium content of 50 ppm or less.

122. The oil mentioned above Total chloride content of 500 ppm or less, Nitrogen content of 600 ppm or less, Silicon content of 2000 ppm or less, Sodium content of 100 ppm or less, Iron content of 10 ppm or less, Phosphorus content of 25 ppm or less, Sulfur content of 250 ppm or less, Calcium content of 50 ppm or less, Copper content of 10 ppm or less, Nickel content of 250 ppm or less, The oil according to any one of claims 87 to 121, having a vanadium content of 25 ppm or less.

123. The oil mentioned above Total chloride content of 100 ppm or less, Nitrogen content of 600 ppm or less, The oil according to any one of claims 87 to 122, having a silicon content of 250 ppm or less.

124. The oil mentioned above Total chloride content of 100 ppm or less, Nitrogen content of 600 ppm or less, Silicon content of 250 ppm or less, The oil according to any one of claims 87 to 123, having a sodium content of 25 ppm or less.

125. The oil mentioned above Total chloride content of 100 ppm or less, Nitrogen content of 600 ppm or less, Silicon content of 250 ppm or less, Sodium content of 25 ppm or less, Iron content of 10 ppm or less, Sulfur content of 10 ppm or less, The oil according to any one of claims 87 to 124, having a calcium content of 5 ppm or less.

126. The oil mentioned above Total chloride content of 100 ppm or less, Nitrogen content of 600 ppm or less, Silicon content of 250 ppm or less, Sodium content of 25 ppm or less, Iron content of 10 ppm or less, Phosphorus content of 10 ppm or less, Sulfur content of 10 ppm or less, The oil according to any one of claims 87 to 125, having a calcium content of 5 ppm or less.

127. The oil mentioned above Total chloride content of 100 ppm or less, Nitrogen content of 600 ppm or less, Silicon content of 250 ppm or less, Sodium content of 25 ppm or less, Iron content of 10 ppm or less, Phosphorus content of 10 ppm or less, Sulfur content of 10 ppm or less, Calcium content of 5 ppm or less, Copper content of 1 ppm or less, Nickel content of 50 ppm or less, The oil according to any one of claims 87 to 126, having a vanadium content of 1 ppm or less.

128. The oil according to any one of claims 87 to 127, wherein the oil has a Reed vapor pressure of 12.5 psig or less (e.g., 10 psig or less or 7 to 10 psig) as determined, for example, using ASTM D 5191.

129. The oil according to any one of claims 87 to 128, wherein the oil has a distilled water content of 0.5% by volume or less (for example, 0.1% by volume or less or 0.01% by volume or less) as determined by ASTM D 95, for example.

130. The oil according to any one of claims 87 to 129, wherein the oil has a total sediment content of 0.5% by volume or less (for example, 0.1% by volume or less or 0.01% by volume or less) as determined, for example, by ASTM D 4870.

131. The oil according to any one of claims 87 to 130, wherein the oil has an n-heptane insoluble content of 0.1% by weight or less (e.g., 0.05% by weight or less, 0.01% by weight or less) as determined, for example, by ASTM D 3279.

132. The oil according to any one of claims 87 to 131, wherein the oil has a total acid value of 1 mg KOH / g or less, 0.5 mg KOH / g or less, or 0.2 mg KOH / g or less, as determined, for example, according to ASTM D 664.

133. The oil mentioned above A Reed vapor pressure of 12.5 psig or less, The final boiling point is 750°F to 1000°F, An oil according to any one of claims 87 to 132, having a pour point of 0°F to 20°F.

134. The oil mentioned above Reed vapor pressure of 7-10 psig, The final boiling point is 935°F to 950°F, An oil according to any one of claims 87 to 133, having a pour point of 10°F to 15°F.

135. The oil mentioned above A Reed vapor pressure of 12.5 psig or less, The final boiling point is 750°F to 1000°F, The pour point ranges from 0°F to 20°F, Total chloride content of 500 ppm or less, Nitrogen content of 600 ppm or less, Silicon content of 2000 ppm or less, Sodium content of 100 ppm or less, Iron content of 10 ppm or less, Phosphorus content of 25 ppm or less, Sulfur content of 250 ppm or less, The oil according to any one of claims 87 to 134, having a calcium content of 50 ppm or less.

136. The oil mentioned above Reed vapor pressure of 7-10 psig, The final boiling point is 935°F to 950°F, The pour point is between 10°F and 15°F, Total chloride content of 100 ppm or less, Nitrogen content of 600 ppm or less, Silicon content of 250 ppm or less, Sodium content of 25 ppm or less, Iron content of 10 ppm or less, Phosphorus content of 10 ppm or less, Sulfur content of 10 ppm or less, The oil according to any one of claims 87 to 135, having a calcium content of 5 ppm or less.

137. The oil according to any one of claims 87 to 136, wherein the oil is manufactured on an industrial scale.

138. The oil according to any one of claims 87 to 137, wherein the oil is produced by thermal decomposition in a volume of 10,000 to 1,000,000 gallons per 5 to 90 days.

139. A composition comprising the wax described in any one of claims 33 to 86 and the oil described in any one of claims 87 to 138.

140. The composition according to claim 139, wherein the composition comprises the composition according to any one of claims 1 to 32.

141. The composition according to claim 139 or 140, wherein the composition comprises 50 to 70 volume percent of the oil and 30 to 50 volume percent of the wax.

142. The composition according to any one of claims 139 to 141, wherein the composition comprises a blend of the wax and the oil.

143. The composition according to any one of claims 139 to 142, wherein the composition comprises 65% by volume of oil and 35% by volume of wax.

144. The composition according to any one of claims 139 to 142, wherein the composition comprises 50% by volume of oil and 50% by volume of wax.

145. A method for producing the composition according to any one of claims 1 to 32 and / or the composition according to any one of claims 139 to 144, wherein the method comprises the thermal decomposition of raw materials including post-consumer and / or post-industrial plastics.

146. The method according to claim 145, wherein the method includes thermal depolymerization of the raw materials.

147. The method according to claim 145 or 146, wherein the thermal decomposition substantially does not involve any added catalyst.

148. The method according to claim 145 or 146, wherein the thermal decomposition includes a catalyst.

149. The method according to any one of claims 145 to 148, wherein the method is used to produce the composition on an industrial scale.

150. The method according to any one of claims 145 to 149, wherein the method produces the composition in a volume of 10,000 to 1,000,000 gallons per 5 to 90 days.

151. The method according to any one of claims 145 to 150, wherein the method produces the composition in a yield of 60% or more, 75% or more, 80% or more, or 83% or more.

152. The method according to any one of claims 145 to 151, wherein the composition produced by the method is a raw pyrolysis product, and the method substantially eliminates any hydrogenation treatment or further purification step after the pyrolysis.

153. The method according to any one of claims 145 to 152, wherein the raw material comprises 50% or more by weight, 60% or more by weight, or 70% or more by weight of post-consumer and / or post-industrial plastics.

154. The method according to any one of claims 145 to 153, wherein the raw material contains 50% or more by weight, 60% or more by weight, or 70% or more by weight of post-consumer plastic.

155. The method according to any one of claims 145 to 154, wherein the post-consumer and / or post-industrial plastic includes polyethylene (e.g., LDPE, LLDPE, HDPE), polypropylene, polystyrene, or a combination thereof.

156. The method according to any one of claims 145 to 155, wherein the raw material comprises 90% by weight or more (for example, 93% by weight or more) of polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, or a combination thereof.

157. The method according to any one of claims 145 to 156, wherein the raw material contains water in an amount of 20% by weight or less (for example, 10% by weight or less, 15% by weight or less, 5% by weight or less, or 3% by weight or less).

158. The method according to any one of claims 145 to 157, wherein the raw materials include 5% by weight or less (for example, 2.5% by weight or less or 1% by weight or less) of polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), nylon, ethylene vinyl alcohol (EVOH), polycarbonate (PC), acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), rubber, thermosetting material, or a combination thereof.

159. The method according to any one of claims 145 to 158, wherein the raw materials include 15% by weight or less (for example, 10% by weight or less, 5% by weight or less, or 3% by weight or less) of non-plastic materials such as metal, glass, wood, cotton, paper, cardboard, soil, or inorganic materials.

160. The method according to any one of claims 145 to 159, wherein the raw material includes a film such as a single-layer film and / or a multi-layer film.

161. The method according to any one of claims 145 to 160, wherein the raw material includes a plastic having plastic type classification numbers 2, 4, 5, 6, or a combination thereof.

162. A method for producing a wax according to any one of claims 33 to 86 and / or an oil according to any one of claims 87 to 138, wherein the method comprises the thermal decomposition of raw materials including post-consumer and / or post-industrial plastics.

163. The method according to claim 162, wherein the method includes thermal depolymerization of the raw materials.

164. The method according to claim 162 or 163, wherein the thermal decomposition substantially does not involve any added catalyst.

165. The method according to claim 162 or 163, wherein the thermal decomposition includes a catalyst.

166. The method according to any one of claims 162 to 165, wherein the method is used to produce the oil and / or wax on an industrial scale.

167. The method according to any one of claims 162 to 166, wherein the method produces the oil and / or wax in a volume of 10,000 to 1,000,000 gallons per 5 to 90 days.

168. The method according to any one of claims 162 to 167, wherein the method produces the oil and / or wax in a yield of 60% or more, 75% or more, 80% or more, or 83% or more.

169. The method according to any one of claims 162 to 168, wherein the oil and / or wax produced by the method is a raw pyrolysis product, and the method substantially eliminates any hydrogenation treatment or further purification step after the pyrolysis.

170. The method according to any one of claims 162 to 169, wherein the raw material comprises 50% or more by weight, 60% or more by weight, or 70% or more by weight of post-consumer and / or post-industrial plastics.

171. The method according to any one of claims 162 to 170, wherein the raw material contains 50% or more by weight, 60% or more by weight, or 70% or more by weight of post-consumer plastic.

172. The method according to any one of claims 162 to 171, wherein the post-consumer and / or post-industrial plastic includes polyethylene (e.g., LDPE, LLDPE, HDPE), polypropylene, polystyrene, or a combination thereof.

173. The method according to any one of claims 162 to 172, wherein the raw material comprises 90% by weight or more (for example, 93% by weight or more) of polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, or a combination thereof.

174. The method according to any one of claims 162 to 173, wherein the raw material contains water in an amount of 20% by weight or less (for example, 10% by weight or less, 15% by weight or less, 5% by weight or less, or 3% by weight or less).

175. The method according to any one of claims 162 to 174, wherein the raw materials include 5% by weight or less (for example, 2.5% by weight or less, or 1% by weight or less) of polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), nylon, ethylene vinyl alcohol (EVOH), polycarbonate (PC), acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), rubber, thermosetting material, or a combination thereof.

176. The method according to any one of claims 162 to 175, wherein the raw materials include 15% by weight or less (for example, 10% by weight or less, 5% by weight or less, or 3% by weight or less) of non-plastic materials such as metal, glass, wood, cotton, paper, cardboard, soil, or inorganic materials.

177. The method according to any one of claims 162 to 176, wherein the raw material includes a film such as a single-layer film and / or a multi-layer film.

178. The method according to any one of claims 162 to 177, wherein the raw material includes a plastic having plastic type classification numbers 2, 4, 5, 6, or a combination thereof.

179. A composition comprising the composition according to any one of claims 1 to 32, the wax according to any one of claims 33 to 86, the oil according to any one of claims 87 to 138, the composition according to any one of claims 139 to 144, a product of the method according to any one of claims 145 to 178, or a combination thereof.

180. A method of using the composition according to any one of claims 1 to 32, the wax according to any one of claims 33 to 86, the oil according to any one of claims 87 to 138, the composition according to any one of claims 139 to 144, the product of the method according to any one of claims 145 to 178, or a combination thereof.

181. A manufactured article comprising a composition according to any one of claims 1 to 32, a wax according to any one of claims 33 to 86, an oil according to any one of claims 87 to 138, a composition according to any one of claims 139 to 144, a product of the method according to any one of claims 145 to 178, or a combination thereof.

182. A composition derived from any one of the compositions according to claims 1 to 32, any one of the waxes according to claims 33 to 86, any one of the oils according to claims 87 to 138, any one of the compositions according to claims 139 to 144, any product of the method according to any one of claims 145 to 178, or a combination thereof.

183. A method for preparing the composition described in claim 182.

184. The method according to claim 183, wherein the method includes, for example, additional processing of the composition in the production of a chemical substance and / or polymer, such as purification, filtration, decomposition, or hydrogenation.

185. The composition according to claim 179 or 182, wherein the composition comprises a lubricating oil, a mineral oil, a group III base oil, a fully refined paraffin wax, or a combination thereof.

186. The composition according to claim 179 or 182, wherein the composition comprises a binder, a processing aid, or a combination thereof.

187. The composition according to claim 179 or 182, wherein the composition comprises kerosene including cosmetic kerosene, white oil, expensive paraffin and refined liquid fuel, or a combination thereof.

188. The composition according to claim 179 or 182, wherein the composition comprises naphtha.

189. The composition according to claim 179 or 182, wherein the composition comprises fuel.

190. The composition according to claim 179 or 182, wherein the composition comprises liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), naphtha, kerosene, diesel and gas oil, or a combination thereof.

191. The composition according to claim 179 or 182, wherein the composition comprises a lubricating oil, gasoline, jet fuel, diesel fuel, or a combination thereof.

192. A manufactured article comprising the composition according to claim 179 or 182.

193. The article according to claim 181 or 192, wherein the article includes carpets and clothing, molded articles, and packaging, films, and / or fibers for extruded pipes or combinations thereof.

194. The article according to claim 181 or 192, wherein the article includes a medical device.

195. The article according to claim 181 or 192, wherein the article comprises a lubricant, candle, adhesive, packaging, rubber, cosmetics, firelog, bituminous mixture, surface abrasion coating, asphalt, sealing coating, or a combination thereof.

196. The composition or article according to claim 179 or 182, or the article according to claim 181 or 192, wherein the composition or article comprises asphalt, automobile fuel, aviation fuel, base oil, bitumen, cadalene, cutting fluid, diesel fuel, fuel oil, gasoline, heating oil, heavy oil, hydrocarbon solvent, jet fuel, kerosene, ligroin, lubricant, mazut, microcrystalline wax, mineral oil, motor fuel, motor oil, naphtha, naphthenic acid, paraffin wax, petroleum benzine, petroleum ether, petroleum jelly, petroleum naphtha, petroleum resin, letene, or a combination thereof.

197. The composition or article according to claim 179 or 182, or the article according to claim 181 or 192, wherein the composition or article comprises gasoline, jet fuel, diesel and other fuels, asphalt, heavy oil, lubricants, paraffin wax, tar, asphalt, fertilizer, flooring, fragrance, insecticide, petrolatum, soap, vitamins, amino acids, or a combination thereof.

198. The composition or article according to claim 179 or 182, wherein the composition or article comprises a wood-based composite material such as oriented strand board (OSB), particle board, hardboard, medium-density fiberboard, gypsum board, or a combination thereof.

199. The composition or article according to claim 179 or 182, or the article according to claim 181 or 192, wherein the composition or article comprises fully purified paraffin used to manufacture candles, cosmetics, crayons, food packaging, paper and carton coatings, or combinations thereof.

200. The composition or article according to claim 179 or 182, or the article according to claim 181 or 192, wherein the composition or article comprises hydrocarbon raw materials for use in, for example, a petroleum refinery, a catalytic decomposition system, a pyrolysis system, a polymerization system, or a combination thereof, used in the production of chemical substances and / or polymers.

201. A method of using the composition according to claim 179 or 182, wherein the method comprises using the composition as a hydrocarbon raw material for, for example, a petroleum refinery, a catalytic decomposition system, a pyrolysis system, a polymerization system, or a combination thereof in the production of chemicals and / or polymers.

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