vehicle

Abstract

This vehicle has an imaging device mounted in the vehicle, and a laminated glass through which a light beam radiated from the imaging device is transmitted toward the outside of the vehicle, wherein the laminated glass has a vehicle-inside glass sheet, a vehicle-outside glass sheet, an intermediate film for joining the vehicle-inside glass sheet and the vehicle-outside glass sheet, and a scattering layer which is disposed adjacent to the intermediate film between the vehicle-outside glass sheet and the vehicle-inside glass sheet and which is irradiated by the light beam, and the relationship between the visible-light transmittance Tv (%) of the laminated glass and the incidence angle θ (deg), on the scattering layer, of light rays included in the light beam incident on the scattering layer satisfies formula (1) defined in the specification.

Description

[Technical field]

[0001] The present invention relates to a vehicle. [Background technology]

[0002] 2. Description of the Related Art Laminated glass containing a scattering layer such as a transparent screen film is sometimes used as a window glass for a vehicle.

[0003] There are two types of transparent screen films: reflective transparent screen films that display the light beam projected from a projection device as an image that is visible to an observer on the same side as the projection device, and transmissive transparent screen films that display the light beam projected from a projection device as an image that is visible to an observer on the opposite side of the projection device.

[0004] An example of a transmission type transparent screen film is a transmission type transparent screen film having a scattering layer containing a transparent resin and a light scattering material between a first transparent substrate and a second transparent substrate. In this transmission type transparent screen film, a light beam projected from a projection device and incident on the surface on the first transparent substrate side is scattered in the scattering layer to form an image, which is displayed as a visually recognizable image to an observer on the opposite side to the projection device (for example, see Patent Document 1). [Prior art documents] [Patent documents]

[0005] [Patent Document 1] Patent No. 5752834 Summary of the Invention [Problem to be solved by the invention]

[0006] However, when laminated glass containing a scattering layer such as a transparent screen film is used as a vehicle window glass and a light beam projected from a projection device mounted inside the vehicle onto the laminated glass is viewed as an image from outside the vehicle, means for improving visibility have not been sufficiently considered.

[0007] The present invention has been made in consideration of the above-mentioned points, and aims to improve image visibility from outside the vehicle in a vehicle having laminated glass that allows a light beam emitted from a projection device installed inside the vehicle to pass to the outside of the vehicle. [Means for solving the problem]

[0008] The vehicle has a projection device mounted inside the vehicle, and laminated glass through which a light beam irradiated from the projection device passes to the outside of the vehicle, the laminated glass having an interior glass sheet, an exterior glass sheet, an intermediate film bonding the interior glass sheet and the exterior glass sheet together, and a scattering layer disposed between the exterior glass sheet and the interior glass sheet in contact with the intermediate film and onto which the light beam is irradiated, and the relationship between a visible light transmittance Tv (%) of the laminated glass and an incidence angle θ (deg) of each light ray contained in the light beam incident on the scattering layer satisfies formula (1) defined in the specification (provided that the visible light transmittance Tv is 20 (Except for cases where the percentage is 100 or more). Effect of the Invention

[0009] According to one embodiment of the disclosure, in a vehicle having laminated glass through which a light beam emitted from a projection device mounted inside the vehicle passes to the outside of the vehicle, image visibility from outside the vehicle can be improved. [Brief description of the drawings]

[0010] [Figure 1] 1 is a front view illustrating an example of an automobile according to a first embodiment. [Diagram 2] FIG. 1 is a top view illustrating a vehicle according to a first embodiment. [Diagram 3] 1 is a partial side view illustrating an automobile according to a first embodiment. [Figure 4] FIG. 1 is a plan view illustrating a laminated glass according to a first embodiment. [Diagram 5] 1 is a cross-sectional view illustrating an example of laminated glass according to a first embodiment. [Figure 6] FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view showing a first example of a scattering layer. [Figure 7] FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view showing a second example of the scattering layer. [Figure 8] FIG. 1 is a diagram showing the relationship between the visible light transmittance of a laminated glass, the angle of incidence of light incident on a scattering layer, and image visibility from outside the vehicle. [Figure 9] FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view illustrating a laminated glass according to a modified example of the first embodiment. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0011] Hereinafter, the embodiment of the present invention will be described with reference to the drawings. In each drawing, the same components are given the same reference numerals, and duplicated explanations may be omitted. In addition, in the drawings, the size and shape may be partially exaggerated to make the contents of the present invention easier to understand.

[0012] In the following description, a planar view refers to a specified area of ​​the laminated glass viewed from the normal direction of the main surface of the laminated glass, and a planar shape refers to the shape of a specified area of ​​the laminated glass viewed from the normal direction of the main surface of the laminated glass.

[0013] In the following, an automobile will be described as an example, but the vehicle according to the present invention is not limited to an automobile, and may be any moving body equipped with a projection system including a projection device and a window glass onto which the projection device projects an image. Examples of such moving bodies include trains, ships, and airplanes.

[0014] First embodiment [car] Fig. 1 is a front view illustrating an automobile according to the first embodiment. Fig. 2 is a top view illustrating an automobile according to the first embodiment. Fig. 3 is a partial side view illustrating an automobile according to the first embodiment, showing the vicinity of the rear seat on the passenger side of a right-hand drive vehicle.

[0015] 1 to 3, an automobile 10 has a windshield 12, front side windows 13R and 13L, rear side windows 14R and 14L, and a rear window 15, which are provided at an opening 110 of a vehicle body 11. The automobile 10 may have window glass other than these, such as a roof glass, a front bench glass, a rear quarter glass, etc.

[0016] The automobile 10 also has a projection device 16 inside the automobile 10. The projection device 16 can be mounted in any position inside the automobile 10 that does not interfere with the passengers getting in, but for example, it is attached to the inside of the roof of the vehicle body 11. The projection device 16 can project a predetermined image that can be seen from outside the automobile 10 onto any of the window panes of the automobile 10 by operation of the passengers of the automobile 10.

[0017] Thus, the automobile 10 is equipped with a projection system including the projection device 16 and a window glass onto which the projection device 16 projects a predetermined image that is visible from outside the automobile 10 .

[0018] The projection device 16 is not particularly limited, but examples thereof include a liquid crystal projector, a DLP (Digital Light Processing) projector, etc. The predetermined image is not particularly limited, but examples thereof include advertisements to be displayed outside the vehicle, and letters or characters showing information to be displayed outside the vehicle (indication of intention to turn right or left, destination display, etc.).

[0019] In this embodiment, an example in which the projection device 16 projects a predetermined image P onto the rear side window 14L is shown, but the present invention is not limited to this. For example, the projection device 16 may project an image onto the rear side window 14R or the rear window 15, or onto any area of ​​the windshield 12 or the front side windows 13R and 13L that does not obstruct the driver's view.

[0020] Moreover, the projection device 16 may be movable so that an image can be selectively projected onto a required location, such as the rear side window 14R or the rear side window 14L, as necessary.

[0021] In addition to the above, the automobile 10 has various well-known devices and equipment, such as a power source such as an engine or a motor, a transmission, a suspension, an ECU (Electronic Control Unit), etc., but here only the components necessary for explaining the embodiments of the present invention are shown.

[0022] [Window glass] In this embodiment, the window glass that displays an image to be viewed outside the vehicle is laminated glass. Fig. 4 is a plan view illustrating the laminated glass according to the first embodiment. Fig. 5 is a cross-sectional view illustrating the laminated glass according to the first embodiment, showing a cross-section along line AA in Fig. 4. For convenience of explanation, in Figs. 4 and 5, the actual curved shape of the laminated glass 140 is omitted, and the outer shape is simplified and illustrated as a rectangle.

[0023] In this embodiment, as an example, the laminated glass 140 is applied to the rear side window 14L. In this case, a light beam emitted from a projection device 16 mounted inside the vehicle to the laminated glass 140, which is the rear side window 14L, is transmitted to the outside of the vehicle and becomes visible as an image from outside the vehicle.

[0024] As shown in FIGS. 4 and 5, the laminated glass 140 includes a glass plate 141, a glass plate 142, an interlayer film 143, and a scattering layer 150.

[0025] The glass plate 141 is an interior glass plate that faces the interior side of the vehicle when the laminated glass 140 is attached to the vehicle 10 as the rear side glass 14L. The glass plate 142 is an exterior glass plate that faces the exterior side of the vehicle when the laminated glass 140 is attached to the vehicle 10 as the rear side glass 14L. The glass plates 141 and 142 may have a predetermined curvature.

[0026] The glass plate 141 and the glass plate 142 are a pair of glass plates facing each other, and the intermediate film 143 and the scattering layer 150 are located between the pair of glass plates. The glass plate 141 and the glass plate 142 are fixed together with the intermediate film 143 and the scattering layer 150 sandwiched between them. The surface of the glass plate 141 facing the vehicle interior and the surface of the glass plate 142 facing the vehicle exterior are main surfaces of the laminated glass 140.

[0027] The intermediate film 143 bonds the glass plate 141 and the glass plate 142. The intermediate film 143 may have a plurality of intermediate films. The intermediate film 143 may have, for example, an intermediate film bonded to the glass plate 141, an intermediate film bonded to the glass plate 142, and a frame-shaped intermediate film located between these intermediate films and surrounding the outer periphery of the scattering layer 150. The glass plate 141, the glass plate 142, and the intermediate film 143 will be described in detail later.

[0028] The scattering layer 150 is a layer provided to make the light beam emitted from the projection device 16 visible as an image from outside the vehicle, and is disposed in contact with the intermediate film 143. The scattering layer 150 may be disposed in contact with the intermediate film 143 and the glass plate 141 and / or the glass plate 142. The thickness of the scattering layer 150 is, for example, 3 μm or more and 800 μm or less. If the thickness of the scattering layer 150 is within this range, sufficient scattering can be obtained. The thickness of the scattering layer 150 is more preferably 10 μm or more and 800 μm or less, and even more preferably 25 μm or more and 800 μm or less.

[0029] The outer peripheral edge of the scattering layer 150 may coincide with at least a part of the outer peripheral edge of the laminated glass 140. That is, the distance L shown in Fig. 4 may be 0 mm in a part of the scattering layer 150, or may be 0 mm over the entire circumference. When the distance L shown in Fig. 4 is 0 mm, the outer peripheral edge of the scattering layer 150 is not visible in that part, which is preferable in terms of appearance.

[0030] The outer peripheral edge of the scattering layer 150 may be located closer to the inner surface of the laminated glass 140 than the outer peripheral edge of the laminated glass 140. For example, it is preferable that the scattering layer 150 is located 5 mm or more away from the outer peripheral edge of the laminated glass 140, closer to the inner surface of the laminated glass 140. That is, it is preferable that the distance L shown in FIG. 4 is 5 mm or more in at least a part of the scattering layer 150. This provides sufficient protection for the scattering layer 150, and improves the durability of the scattering layer 150. Note that the durability of the scattering layer 150 is improved if the distance L is greater than 0 mm.

[0031] On the other hand, when the entire periphery of the laminated glass 140 is supported by the frame of the vehicle, it is preferable that the outer peripheral edge of the scattering layer 150 is not visible when viewed from the inside of the vehicle. For example, it is preferable that the distance L shown in FIG. 4 is 50 mm or less around the entire periphery of the scattering layer 150. When the laminated glass 140 is used in a slidable window, it is preferable that the distance L shown in FIG. 4 is 10 mm or less in the part of the periphery of the laminated glass 140 that changes between visible and invisible due to sliding. This is because the width of the vehicle frame supporting the slidable window is about 10 mm.

[0032] The scattering layer 150 has an irradiation surface 150a onto which the light flux from the projection device 16 is irradiated, and an image display surface 150b, which is the surface opposite to the irradiation surface 150a and displays the light flux from the projection device 16 toward the outside of the vehicle. In this specification, the light flux means a collection of light rays (light ray bundle). FIG. 5 shows a representative light ray R contained in the light flux irradiated from the projection device 16. The light ray R may be an optical axis of the light flux with the strongest light intensity.

[0033] The light beam irradiated from the projection device 16 to the irradiation surface 150a of the scattering layer 150 is scattered in the scattering layer 150 to form an image, which is displayed on the image display surface 150b located on the opposite side of the projection device 16 with respect to the irradiation surface 150a as an image that can be viewed by the observer 500. The observer 500 may be a passenger in another vehicle, a pedestrian, or the like.

[0034] Furthermore, part of the light of the scene on the projector 16 side of the laminated glass 140 is scattered by the scattering layer 150, and the rest is transmitted. As a result, when no light beam is irradiated from the projector 16 to the irradiation surface 150a, the observer 500 can see the scene on the projector 16 side through the laminated glass 140.

[0035] The scattering layer 150 is, for example, a transparent screen film, a light control film, a scattering coat, a fluorescent film, or a fluorescent coat. The scattering layer 150 may include two or more of these. Examples of light control films include SPD (Suspended Particle Device), PDLC (Polymer Dispersed Liquid Crystal), GHLC (Guest-Host Liquid Crystal), electrochromic, photochromic, thermochromic, and the like. When the scattering layer 150 is a scattering coat or a fluorescent coat, the scattering layer 150 is provided on one or both of the surface of the glass plate 141 facing the intermediate film 143 and the surface of the glass plate 142 facing the intermediate film 143.

[0036] The scattering layer 150 preferably has excellent isotropic scattering properties. From this viewpoint, it is preferable to use a transparent screen film or PDLC having excellent isotropic scattering properties as the scattering layer 150. The following transparent screen film, which will be described with reference to Figs. 6 and 7, has better isotropic scattering properties than PDLC and is therefore particularly preferable as the scattering layer 150. Note that isotropic scattering properties refer to the property of scattering incident light uniformly in all directions.

[0037] Hereinafter, a transparent screen film will be described as an example of the scattering layer 150 with reference to FIGS.

[0038] Fig. 6 is a cross-sectional view showing a first example of the scattering layer. As shown in Fig. 6, the scattering layer 150 is a transparent screen film, and includes a transparent resin film 151, a transparent layer 152 provided on the transparent resin film 151, and a transparent substrate 153 provided on the transparent layer 152. Inside the transparent layer 152, a plurality of stripe-shaped light scattering portions 154 extending in one-dimensional direction are formed substantially parallel to the main surface of the transparent layer 152. The scattering layer 150 is arranged such that the transparent resin film 151 faces the vehicle inner side, and the transparent substrate 153 side faces the vehicle outer side.

[0039] The cross section perpendicular to the extension direction of light scattering section 154 is preferably in the shape of a triangle, a trapezoid, a bell, or the like. A structure in which a plurality of light scattering sections 154 extending in a one-dimensional direction are formed in a striped pattern like this is sometimes referred to as a louver structure. Therefore, in this embodiment, a plurality of light scattering sections 154 are formed linearly inside transparent layer 152, and each light scattering section 154 is arranged at a predetermined interval.

[0040] Light scattering sections 154 are preferably disposed at intervals such that the shape of transparent layer 152 formed between adjacent light scattering sections 154 is vertically elongated in the thickness direction of transparent layer 152. In other words, the pitch between adjacent light scattering sections 154 is preferably smaller than the thickness of transparent layer 152.

[0041] The transparent layer 152 can be formed of, for example, a resin having a visible light transmittance of 50 to 100%. Examples of such resins include photocurable resins, thermosetting resins, and thermoplastic resins, such as acrylic resins, epoxy resins, and urethane acrylate resins. In order to maintain transparency so as not to impair the function as a window when the scattering layer 150 is sealed in the intermediate film 143 of the laminated glass 140, the yellow index of the resin constituting the transparent layer 152 is preferably 10 or less, and more preferably 5 or less.

[0042] The thickness of transparent layer 152 is preferably 10 μm or more and 200 μm or less. When light scattering portion 154 has a louver structure as shown in Fig. 6, if the thickness of transparent layer 152 is 10 μm or more, the pitch is also 10 μm or more, and the effect of the louver structure can be fully exhibited. Furthermore, if the thickness of transparent layer 152 is 200 μm or less, the thickness can be easily controlled, and roll-to-roll production is facilitated.

[0043] Furthermore, when the thickness of the transparent layer 152 is 10 μm or more and 200 μm or less, it is easy to control the intensity of backscattered light to be lower than the intensity of forward scattered light when light is incident at an angle of 45° on the vehicle interior surface of the glass plate 141. As a result, the scattering layer 150 is enclosed in the intermediate film 143 of the laminated glass 140, and visibility can be improved when the light beam irradiated from the projection device 16 to the laminated glass 140 is viewed as an image from outside the vehicle.

[0044] Light scattering section 154 can be formed of a transparent resin containing a light scattering material, or a transparent resin containing a light scattering material and a light absorbing material. Examples of the transparent resin used in light scattering section 154 include photocurable resins such as acrylic resins and epoxy resins, thermosetting resins, and thermoplastic resins. The transparent resin used in light scattering section 154 may be the same as or different from the transparent resin used in transparent layer 152.

[0045] Examples of the light scattering material contained in the light scattering portion 154 include fine particles of high refractive index materials such as titanium oxide (refractive index: 2.5 to 2.7), zirconium oxide (refractive index: 2.4), and aluminum oxide (refractive index: 1.76); fine particles of low refractive index materials such as porous silica (refractive index: 1.25 or less) and hollow silica (refractive index: 1.25 or less); resin materials with different refractive indexes that are poorly compatible with the above transparent resins; and crystallized resin materials of 1 μm or less. When such a light scattering material is used, the front haze and rear haze when the scattering layer 150 is sealed in the intermediate film 143 of the laminated glass 140 are easily set to suitable values, for example, a front haze of 4 to 40 and a rear haze of 0 to 60.

[0046] Carbon black, titanium black, or the like can be used as the light absorbing material contained in light scattering portion 154. The concentration of the light absorbing material contained in light scattering portion 154 is preferably 0.01 vol% or more and 10 vol% or less, and more preferably 0.1 vol% or more and 3 vol% or less.

[0047] Furthermore, the optical density (OD value) at the maximum height of light scattering portion 154 is preferably in the range of 0.05 to 2, and more preferably in the range of 0.1 to 1. Furthermore, with regard to visibility particularly in the presence of external light, the absorption in light scattering portion 154 is preferably 5% or more, and more preferably 10% or more.

[0048] In addition, since the light scattering portion 154 contains a light absorbing material, it is possible to absorb a part of the light that propagates as unnecessary stray light within the laminated glass 140 when the scattering layer 150 is enclosed in the interlayer 143 of the laminated glass 140. This makes it possible to suppress the phenomenon in which the laminated glass 140 appears cloudy, and improve the contrast of the projected image. In particular, the effect of improving contrast is easily obtained when an environment with an external light of 100 lux or more is present within the viewer's line of sight.

[0049] The transparent substrate 153 may be glass or a transparent resin, and is preferably a transparent resin. As the glass constituting the transparent substrate 153, soda lime glass or non-alkali glass is preferable. These glasses may be chemically strengthened or hard-coated to improve durability. As the transparent resin constituting the transparent substrate 153, a photocurable resin such as an acrylic resin or an epoxy resin, a thermosetting resin, a thermoplastic resin, or the like may be used. The transparent resin constituting the transparent substrate 153 is preferably the same as the transparent resin constituting the transparent layer 152.

[0050] The thickness of the transparent substrate 153 is preferably 0.05 mm to 10 mm, more preferably 0.05 mm to 5 mm, even more preferably 0.05 mm to 1 mm, particularly preferably 0.05 mm to 0.3 mm, and most preferably 0.1 mm to 0.2 mm. If the thickness of the transparent substrate 153 is less than 0.05 mm, it is difficult to handle during encapsulation, and if it exceeds 10 mm, the bending rigidity increases, making it difficult to encapsulate the substrate in laminated glass.

[0051] Fig. 7 is a cross-sectional view showing a second example of the scattering layer. As in the scattering layer 150A shown in Fig. 7, a structure in which light-scattering fine particles 155 are dispersed inside the transparent layer 152 may be used. Note that the scattering layer 150A is arranged so that the transparent resin film 151 faces the inside of the vehicle and the transparent substrate 153 faces the outside of the vehicle when the laminated glass 140 is attached to the automobile 10.

[0052] The light scattering particles 155 may be particles of a high refractive index material such as titanium oxide, zirconium oxide, or aluminum oxide, or particles of a low refractive index material such as porous silica or hollow silica. In this case, if the center value of the distribution of the size of the particles is approximately the same as or slightly smaller than the wavelength of the scattered light, the probability that the incident light is scattered forward increases, and the function of scattering the incident light without refracting it becomes stronger, which is preferable in that distortion of the background image can be suppressed. In addition, since the amount of light does not change suddenly, there is an effect of improving the transparency of the scattering layer 150A.

[0053] The average particle size of the light scattering particles 155 is preferably 25 nm to 1000 nm, more preferably 50 nm to 1000 nm, and even more preferably 100 nm to 800 nm. When the average particle size of the light scattering particles 155 is in the above range, the intensity of the backscattered light can be adjusted to be lower than the intensity of the forward scattered light.

[0054] The scattering layer 150A may be made of a light scattering material that does not include the light scattering microparticles 155. When the scattering layer 150A is made of a light scattering material that does not include the light scattering microparticles 155, the intensity of the back scattered light can be adjusted to be lower than the intensity of the forward scattered light by configuring two types of materials having different refractive indices to be in contact with each other at similar uneven interfaces in the cross section of the scattering layer 150A.

[0055] When external light is incident on laminated glass 140 having scattering layer 150A, the external light propagates through scattering layer 150A and is scattered, and is emitted from laminated glass 140, which may reduce the contrast of the projected image and background.

[0056] 7, it is preferable to include a light absorbing material in the scattering layer 150A. By including a light absorbing material in the scattering layer 150A, it is possible to suppress the phenomenon in which external light is emitted from unnecessary areas and reduces the contrast of the image and background, thereby maintaining good visibility.

[0057] Examples of light absorbing materials that can be used include carbon black and titanium black. The concentration of the light absorbing material contained in the scattering layer 150A is preferably 0.01 vol% to 5 vol%, and more preferably 0.1 vol% to 3 vol%. The amount of light absorbed by the light absorbing material is preferably 0.5% or more, more preferably 5% or more, and even more preferably 10% or more, relative to light perpendicularly incident on the scattering layer 150A.

[0058] Furthermore, it is preferable to set the light absorption amount of the light absorbing material to 90% or less, since this allows the light amount of the projected image to be appropriately utilized, and 75% or less is more preferable, and 50% or less is even more preferable.

[0059] The scattering layer shown in FIG. 6 and FIG. 7 is described in detail in, for example, Japanese Patent No. 6350656, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.

[0060] Here, the glass plate 141, the glass plate 142, and the intermediate film 143 will be described in detail.

[0061] [Glass plate] The glass plates 141 and 142 may be inorganic glass or organic glass. As the inorganic glass, for example, soda-lime glass, aluminosilicate glass, borosilicate glass, alkali-free glass, quartz glass, etc. can be used without any particular limitation. The glass plate 142 located on the outer side of the laminated glass 140 is preferably inorganic glass from the viewpoint of scratch resistance, and is preferably soda-lime glass from the viewpoint of formability. When the glass plates 141 and 142 are soda-lime glass, clear glass, green glass containing a predetermined amount or more of iron components, and UV-cut green glass can be suitably used.

[0062] The inorganic glass may be either unstrengthened glass or tempered glass. Unstrengthened glass is obtained by forming molten glass into a plate shape and slowly cooling it. Tempered glass is obtained by forming a compressive stress layer on the surface of unstrengthened glass.

[0063] The tempered glass may be either physically tempered glass such as air-cooled tempered glass or chemically tempered glass. In the case of physically tempered glass, the glass surface can be tempered by generating a compressive stress layer on the glass surface due to the temperature difference between the glass surface and the inside of the glass by an operation other than slow cooling, such as rapidly cooling a glass sheet uniformly heated in bending from a temperature near the softening point.

[0064] In the case of chemically strengthened glass, for example, after bending, the glass surface can be strengthened by generating a compressive stress on the glass surface by an ion exchange method or the like. Glass that absorbs ultraviolet or infrared rays may be used, and further, although it is preferable that the glass is transparent, a glass plate that is colored to the extent that the transparency is not impaired may be used.

[0065] On the other hand, examples of materials for organic glass include transparent resins such as polycarbonate, acrylic resins such as polymethyl methacrylate, polyvinyl chloride, and polystyrene.

[0066] The shape of the glass plates 141 and 142 is not particularly limited to a rectangular shape, and may be processed to have various shapes and curvatures. Gravity forming, press forming, roller forming, etc. are used for bending the glass plates 141 and 142. There is also no particular limitation on the forming method of the glass plates 141 and 142, but for example, in the case of inorganic glass, glass plates formed by a float method or the like are preferable.

[0067] The thickness of the glass plate 142 at its thinnest part is preferably 1.1 mm or more and 3 mm or less. When the thickness of the glass plate 142 is 1.1 mm or more, the strength such as resistance to flying stones is sufficient, and when the thickness is 3 mm or less, the mass of the laminated glass 140 does not become too large, which is preferable in terms of fuel efficiency of the vehicle. The thickness of the glass plate 142 at its thinnest part is more preferably 1.8 mm or more and 2.8 mm or less, further preferably 1.8 mm or more and 2.6 mm or less, further preferably 1.8 mm or more and 2.2 mm or less, and further preferably 1.8 mm or more and 2.0 mm or less.

[0068] The thickness of the glass plate 141 is preferably 0.3 mm or more and 2.3 mm or less. If the thickness of the glass plate 141 is 0.3 mm or more, the glass plate 141 is easy to handle, and if the thickness is 2.3 mm or less, the weight does not become too large.

[0069] In addition, the glass plates 141 and 142 may be flat or curved. If the glass plates 141 and 142 are curved and the thickness of the glass plate 141 is not appropriate, when two pieces of glass having particularly deep curves are formed as the glass plates 141 and 142, a mismatch occurs between the shapes of the two pieces, which significantly affects the glass quality such as residual stress after compression bonding.

[0070] However, by setting the thickness of the glass plate 141 to 0.3 mm or more and 2.3 mm or less, the glass quality such as residual stress can be maintained. Setting the thickness of the glass plate 141 to 0.3 mm or more and 2.3 mm or less is particularly effective in maintaining the glass quality of deeply curved glass. The thickness of the glass plate 141 is more preferably 0.5 mm or more and 2.1 mm or less, and even more preferably 0.7 mm or more and 1.9 mm or less. Within this range, the above-mentioned effects become more pronounced.

[0071] When the laminated glass 140 is used in, for example, a head-up display, the glass plates 141 and / or 142 may not have a constant thickness, but may have a thickness that varies from place to place as necessary. For example, when the laminated glass 140 is a windshield, one or both of the glass plates 141 and 142 may have a wedge-shaped cross section whose thickness increases from the lower edge to the upper edge of the windshield when the windshield is attached to a vehicle. In this case, as long as the thickness of the intermediate film 143 is constant, the total wedge angle of the glass plates 141 and 142 may be changed, for example, in a range of more than 0 mrad to 1.0 mrad or less.

[0072] A coating having water repellency and ultraviolet and infrared ray blocking properties, or a coating having low reflection properties and low radiation properties may be provided on the outside of the glass plates 141 and / or 142. In addition, a coating having ultraviolet and infrared ray blocking properties, low radiation properties, visible light absorption properties, coloring properties, etc. may be provided on the side of the glass plates 141 and / or 142 that contacts the intermediate film 143.

[0073] When the glass sheets 141 and 142 are curved inorganic glass, the glass sheets 141 and 142 are bent after being formed by a float method and before being bonded with the intermediate film 143. The bending is performed by softening the glass by heating. The heating temperature of the glass during bending is preferably controlled in the range of about 550°C to 700°C.

[0074] [Interlayer] Thermoplastic resins are often used for the intermediate film 143, and examples of such thermoplastic resins include those conventionally used for this type of application, such as plasticized polyvinyl acetal resins, plasticized polyvinyl chloride resins, saturated polyester resins, plasticized saturated polyester resins, polyurethane resins, plasticized polyurethane resins, ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer resins, ethylene-ethyl acrylate copolymer resins, cycloolefin polymer resins, ionomer resins, etc. Also suitable for use is a resin composition containing a modified hydrogenated block copolymer described in Japanese Patent No. 6065221.

[0075] Among these, plasticized polyvinyl acetal resins are preferably used because they have an excellent balance of various properties such as transparency, weather resistance, strength, adhesive strength, penetration resistance, impact energy absorption, moisture resistance, heat insulation, and sound insulation. These thermoplastic resins may be used alone or in combination of two or more. The term "plasticized" in the plasticized polyvinyl acetal resin means that it is plasticized by adding a plasticizer. The same applies to other plasticized resins.

[0076] However, when a film or the like is enclosed in the intermediate film 143, the film or the like may be deteriorated by a specific plasticizer depending on the type of the enclosed object, and in that case, it is preferable to use a resin that does not substantially contain the plasticizer. In other words, it may be preferable that the intermediate film 143 does not contain a plasticizer. Examples of resins that do not contain a plasticizer include ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer resins.

[0077] Examples of the polyvinyl acetal resin include polyvinyl formal resin obtained by reacting polyvinyl alcohol (hereinafter, also referred to as "PVA" as necessary) with formaldehyde, polyvinyl acetal resin in the narrow sense obtained by reacting PVA with acetaldehyde, and polyvinyl butyral resin (hereinafter, also referred to as "PVB" as necessary) obtained by reacting PVA with n-butylaldehyde, and the like. In particular, PVB is preferred because it has an excellent balance of various properties such as transparency, weather resistance, strength, adhesive strength, penetration resistance, impact energy absorption, moisture resistance, heat insulation, and sound insulation. These polyvinyl acetal resins may be used alone or in combination of two or more kinds.

[0078] However, the material forming the intermediate film 143 is not limited to thermoplastic resin. The intermediate film 143 may also contain functional particles such as an infrared absorbing agent, an ultraviolet absorbing agent, a luminescent agent, or a colorant (pigment or dye). The intermediate film 143 may also have a colored portion called a shade band.

[0079] The thickness of the interlayer film 143 is preferably 0.5 mm or more at its thinnest part. When the thickness of the interlayer film 143 is 0.5 mm or more, the impact resistance required for laminated glass is sufficient. Furthermore, the thickness of the interlayer film 143 is preferably 3 mm or less at its thickest part. When the maximum thickness of the interlayer film 143 is 3 mm or less, the weight of the laminated glass does not become too large. The maximum thickness of the interlayer film 143 is more preferably 2.8 mm or less, and even more preferably 2.6 mm or less.

[0080] When the laminated glass 140 is used in, for example, a head-up display, the interlayer film 143 does not have to have a constant thickness, and the thickness may vary from place to place as necessary. For example, when the laminated glass 140 is a windshield, the interlayer film 143 may have a wedge-shaped cross section whose thickness increases from the lower edge to the upper edge of the windshield when the windshield is attached to a vehicle. In this case, if the thicknesses of the glass plates 141 and 142 are constant, the wedge angle of the interlayer film 143 varies, for example, in the range of more than 0 mrad to 1.0 mrad or less.

[0081] The interlayer film 143 may be formed of multiple layers. For example, the sound insulation of the laminated glass can be improved by forming the interlayer film 143 from three layers and making the Shore hardness of the middle layer lower than the Shore hardness of both outer layers by adjusting the plasticizer or the like. In this case, the Shore hardness of both outer layers may be the same or different.

[0082] Furthermore, when intermediate film 143 is formed from multiple layers, it is preferable that all layers are formed from the same material, but some layers may be formed from different materials. However, from the viewpoint of adhesion to glass plates 141 and 142, or functional materials to be inserted into laminated glass 140, it is preferable that the above-mentioned materials account for 50% or more of the thickness of intermediate film 143.

[0083] To produce the interlayer film 143, for example, the above-mentioned resin material that will become the interlayer film is appropriately selected and extruded in a heated and molten state using an extruder. The extrusion conditions, such as the extrusion speed of the extruder, are set to be uniform. Thereafter, the extruded resin film is stretched as necessary to give curvature to the upper and lower sides according to the design of the laminated glass, and the interlayer film 143 is completed.

[0084] [Laminated Glass] The total thickness of the laminated glass 140 is preferably 2.8 mm or more and 10 mm or less. If the total thickness of the laminated glass 140 is 2.8 mm or more, sufficient rigidity can be ensured. If the total thickness of the laminated glass 140 is 10 mm or less, sufficient transmittance can be obtained and haze can be reduced.

[0085] When the laminated glass 140 is attached to the automobile 10, the horizontal curvature and / or the vertical curvature preferably has a radius of 500 mm or more and 100,000 mm or less. The horizontal curvature and / or the vertical curvature preferably has a radius of 500 mm or more and 50,000 mm or less.

[0086] That is, the laminated glass 140 may have a single curved shape curved only in the horizontal or vertical direction, or may have a compound curved shape curved in both the horizontal and vertical directions. That is, when the laminated glass has a single curved shape, the horizontal curvature or vertical curvature when attached to the automobile 10 preferably has a radius of 500 mm or more and 100,000 mm or less, and more preferably has a radius of 500 mm or more and 50,000 mm or less.

[0087] When the laminated glass 140 has a complex curved shape, the horizontal curvature and the vertical curvature may have the same radius or different radii. In other words, when the laminated glass has a complex curved shape, the horizontal curvature and the vertical curvature when attached to the automobile 10 preferably have a radius of 500 mm or more and 100,000 mm or less, and more preferably a radius of 500 mm or more and 50,000 mm or less.

[0088] If the horizontal and vertical curvatures of the laminated glass 140 have a radius of 500 mm or more, it is easy to focus the light beam irradiated from the projection device 16 onto the laminated glass 140 on the scattering layer 150. The horizontal and vertical curvatures of the laminated glass 140 preferably have a radius of 1000 mm or more, and more preferably a radius of 2000 mm or more.

[0089] Furthermore, when the laminated glass 140 has a convex shape with a radius of 100,000 mm or less in the horizontal and vertical directions and is convex toward the outside of the vehicle, sunlight incident from the outside of the vehicle is reflected and dissipated by the laminated glass 140, thereby reducing the amount of reflected light in a specific direction. In this case, the laminated glass 140 has a concave shape toward the inside of the vehicle, making it easier to collect light incident from the projection device 16. The horizontal and vertical curvatures of the laminated glass 140 are preferably a radius of 50,000 mm or less, more preferably 40,000 mm or less.

[0090] The plate misalignment between glass plates 141 and 142 is preferably 1.5 mm or less, and more preferably 1 mm or less, on at least one side of laminated glass 140. Here, the plate misalignment between glass plates 141 and 142 refers to the amount of misalignment between an end of glass plate 141 and an end of glass plate 142 in a plan view.

[0091] On at least one side of laminated glass 140, the plate misalignment between glass plates 141 and 142 is preferably 1.5 mm or less in order to avoid impairing the appearance, and more preferably 1.0 mm or less.

[0092] In addition to the intermediate film 143 and the scattering layer 150, films or devices having functions such as heating, infrared reflection, light emission, power generation, light control, touch panel, visible light reflection, scattering, decoration, and absorption may be provided between the glass plates 141 and 142, as long as the effects of the present application are not impaired.

[0093] Furthermore, the interior surface of the glass plate 141 and / or the exterior surface of the glass plate 142 may have a film having functions such as anti-fogging, water repellency, heat insulation, low reflection, etc. Furthermore, the interior surface of the glass plate 141 and / or the exterior surface of the glass plate 142 may have a film having functions such as heat insulation, heat generation, etc.

[0094] Furthermore, an anti-reflection coating may be applied to the interior surface of glass plate 141 and / or the exterior surface of glass plate 142. This can further improve the contrast between the image and the background (image brightness / background brightness).

[0095] When the laminated glass 140 is applied to a windshield, a shielding layer may be provided in, for example, a strip-like shape in the peripheral region of the laminated glass 140 in a plan view of the windshield. The shielding layer is, for example, an opaque (for example, black) colored ceramic layer. The presence of an opaque shielding layer in the windshield can suppress deterioration due to ultraviolet rays of resins such as urethane that hold the peripheral portion of the windshield to the vehicle body, adhesive materials that attach brackets that hold devices such as cameras to the windshield, and the like.

[0096] The shielding layer can be formed, for example, by applying a ceramic color paste containing a fusible glass frit containing a black pigment onto a glass plate by screen printing or the like, and then firing the paste, but is not limited thereto. The shielding layer may also be formed, for example, by applying an organic ink containing a black or dark color pigment onto a glass plate by screen printing or the like, and then drying the ink.

[0097] The shielding layer may be a colored intermediate film or film having light-shielding properties, or a combination of a colored intermediate film and a colored ceramic layer. The colored film may be integrated with an infrared reflective film or the like.

[0098] The shielding layer is provided, for example, on the vehicle interior surface of the glass plate 141. However, the shielding layer may be provided on the vehicle interior surface of the glass plate 142, or on both the vehicle interior surfaces of the glass plate 141 and the glass plate 142, as necessary.

[0099] To manufacture the laminated glass 140, the intermediate film 143 and the scattering layer 150 are sandwiched between glass plates 141 and 142 to form a laminate. Then, for example, this laminate is placed in a rubber bag and bonded at a temperature controlled in the range of about 70 to 110°C in a vacuum controlled in the range of -65 to -100 kPa. The heating conditions, temperature conditions, and lamination method are appropriately selected in consideration of the properties of the scattering layer 150, for example, so that it does not deteriorate during lamination.

[0100] Furthermore, by carrying out a pressure bonding treatment in which heating and pressing are carried out under controlled conditions, for example, within the range of 100 to 150° C. and a pressure of 0.6 to 1.3 MPa, a more durable laminated glass 140 can be obtained. However, in some cases, this heating and pressing step may not be used in consideration of simplification of the process and the properties of the material to be filled in the laminated glass 140.

[0101] [Image visibility from outside the vehicle] Next, the range in which the light beam projected from the projection device onto the laminated glass can be viewed as an image from outside the vehicle will be described.

[0102] FIG. 8 is a diagram showing the relationship between the visible light transmittance of a laminated glass, the angle of incidence of light incident on the scattering layer, and the image visibility from outside the vehicle.

[0103] The incidence angle θ in Fig. 8 is the angle between the light ray incident on the irradiation surface 150a of the scattering layer 150 and the normal to the irradiation surface 150a. The incidence angle θ has a different value for each light ray contained in the light beam from the projection device 16. The incidence angle θ can be obtained, for example, by measuring the angle between a straight line connecting the light source of the projection device 16 and the image reflection position on the glass, and the normal to the glass. The normal to the glass may be the thickness direction of the glass at a predetermined position (point) on the glass surface.

[0104] 8 is the ratio of the total amount of light that is incident on the irradiation surface 150a of the scattering layer 150 at an incident angle θ=0 deg and that has passed through the laminated glass 140 to the amount of light before it enters the laminated glass 140. The visible light transmittance Tv can be measured by a method in accordance with JIS R 3106:1998.

[0105] The relationship in Fig. 8 was derived by the inventors through repeated experiments, and will be described below.

[0106] In order to make the light beam irradiated from the projection device 16 onto the laminated glass 140 visible as an image from outside the vehicle and to further improve visibility, it is advisable to increase the brightness of the image or decrease the brightness of the background, or to do both, thereby increasing the contrast C. Here, contrast C is the brightness of the image divided by the brightness of the background, and this also applies in the following explanations.

[0107] However, to reduce the luminance of the background, the visible light transmittance Tv of the laminated glass 140 must be reduced, and to increase the luminance of the image, the visible light transmittance Tv of the laminated glass 140 must be increased, so these are not compatible.

[0108] However, when a projection device 16 is disposed inside a vehicle and a light beam is projected onto the laminated glass 140, it is difficult to dispose the projection device 16 so that the light beam is perpendicularly incident on the laminated glass 140, because the installation position of the projection device 16 is limited. Therefore, the light beam from the projection device 16 is obliquely incident on the laminated glass 140 at an incident angle θ (θ≠0). Therefore, even if the visible light transmittance Tv is the same, the larger the incident angle θ, the lower the brightness of the image. This is because the larger the incident angle θ, the longer the optical path length that the light incident on the laminated glass 140 passes through the laminated glass 140, and the less light passes through the laminated glass 140. In contrast, the brightness of the background does not change if the visible light transmittance Tv of the laminated glass 140 is the same.

[0109] Therefore, the inventors focused on the fact that while the brightness of the background depends only on the visible light transmittance Tv of the laminated glass 140, the brightness of the image depends on the visible light transmittance Tv and the incident angle θ of the laminated glass 140. The inventors then considered that in order to make the light beam irradiated from the projection device 16 to the laminated glass 140 visible as an image from outside the vehicle and to further improve visibility, the visible light transmittance Tv and the incident angle θ must satisfy a predetermined relationship, and conducted repeated experiments.

[0110] Specifically, the inventors changed the visible light transmittance Tv and the incidence angle θ to various values, irradiated a light beam from a projection device 16 of a predetermined brightness (lumens) mounted inside the vehicle onto the laminated glass 140, and tested the extent to which an image corresponding to the irradiated light beam could be seen at a position at a predetermined distance outside the laminated glass 140.

[0111] As a result, the inventors have concluded that a predetermined visibility can be obtained within the three-stage range indicated by the solid line, the dashed line, and the dashed dotted line in FIG.

[0112] The solid line in Fig. 8 indicates the limit at which the light flux irradiated from the projection device 16 mounted inside the vehicle to the laminated glass 140 can be seen as an image from outside the vehicle. In Fig. 8, the side of the solid arrow from the solid line is the range at which the light flux irradiated from the projection device 16 mounted inside the vehicle to the laminated glass 140 can be seen as an image from outside the vehicle, and this range is expressed by the following formula (1).

[0113]

number

[0114]

number

[0115]

number

[0116] In order to achieve the above effects, the visible light transmittance Tv and all the angles of incidence θ must satisfy the respective formulas. In other words, in order to achieve the above effects, it is sufficient that the visible light transmittance Tv and the maximum angle of incidence θ satisfy the respective formulas.

[0117] The effect of the present invention is remarkable when the normal to the center of gravity of the exterior surface of the glass plate 142 located on the exterior side of the vehicle in the laminated glass 140 is inclined toward the sky with respect to the ground by (+)1 degree or more.

[0118] The "normal to the center of gravity of the exterior surface of the glass plate 142" referred to here can also be said to be the thickness direction of the glass plate passing through the center of gravity of the exterior surface of the glass plate 142. The direction of the normal corresponds to the vector direction extending from the interior side of the vehicle to the exterior side of the vehicle in the thickness direction passing through the center of gravity of the exterior surface of the glass plate 142. Furthermore, the "direction facing the sky with respect to the ground" corresponds to the direction in which the elevation angle of the above vector is positive when the ground (horizontal plane) is used as a reference. On the other hand, the direction in which the elevation angle of the above vector is negative when the ground (horizontal plane) is used as a reference corresponds to the direction in which the above vector reaches the ground.

[0119] That is, in such a case (tilted +1 deg or more in the direction facing the sky relative to the ground), reflection of the sky increases on the laminated glass 140, making it difficult to see the image from outside the vehicle. Even in such a case, by satisfying formula (1), the light beam irradiated from the projection device 16 mounted inside the vehicle to the laminated glass 140 can be seen as an image from outside the vehicle. Furthermore, by satisfying formula (2), the visibility of the image from outside the vehicle is improved, and by satisfying formula (3), the visibility of the image from outside the vehicle is further improved.

[0120] Hereinafter, in the laminated glass 140, the inclination of the normal to the center of gravity of the exterior surface of the glass sheet 142 located on the exterior side of the vehicle in a direction toward the sky with respect to the ground is defined as angle φ. When the angle φ of the laminated glass 140 is (+)45 degrees or less, the visibility of images from outside the vehicle is good. That is, in such a case, the angle of incidence of external light such as sunlight on the laminated glass 140 is small, so that reflection of the sky is reduced and the visible light reflectance is reduced. Therefore, the visibility of images from outside the vehicle is improved.

[0121] In order to further improve the visibility of images from outside the vehicle, the angle φ of the laminated glass 140 is preferably 30 degrees or less, more preferably 15 degrees or less, and particularly preferably 5 degrees or less.

[0122] In this specification, the visible light reflectance Rv is the ratio of the total amount of light reflected by the laminated glass 140 to the amount of light before entering the laminated glass 140, the amount of light incident on the irradiation surface 150a of the scattering layer 150 at an incidence angle θ=2 deg. The visible light reflectance Rv can be measured by a method conforming to JIS R 3106:1998. The visible light reflectance Rv of the laminated glass 140 may be 15% or less, preferably 10% or less, more preferably 5% or less, even more preferably 3% or less, and most preferably 1% or less.

[0123] Modification of the First Embodiment In the modified example of the first embodiment, an example is shown in which the laminated glass includes a visible light transmittance reducing means. Note that in the modified example of the first embodiment, the description of the same components as those in the already described embodiment may be omitted.

[0124] There are cases where it is desired to reduce the visible light transmittance Tv of laminated glass for the purposes of indoor comfort, reducing the load on air conditioning, selecting a color tone that gives a luxurious feel, providing excellent design, protecting privacy inside the vehicle, etc. In such cases, the laminated glass may have a means for reducing the visible light transmittance.

[0125] Since there is no legal regulation regarding visible light transmittance for rear side glass, rear window glass, roof glass, etc., any visible light transmittance can be set. Therefore, when the laminated glass 140 is applied to the rear side window 14L, the visible light transmittance Tv of the laminated glass 140 may be lowered. The visible light transmittance Tv of the laminated glass 140 can be set, for example, to 0.1% or more and 35% or less, more preferably 10% or more and 35% or less.

[0126] In order to reduce the visible light transmittance Tv of the laminated glass 140, for example, so-called privacy glass (also called dark gray glass) with reduced visible light transmittance may be used for one or both of the glass plates 141 and 142. In this case, one or both of the glass plates 141 and 142 also serve as a visible light transmittance reducing means.

[0127] The reduction in the visible light transmittance Tv can be achieved, for example, by adjusting the total iron content calculated as Fe2O3 in one or both of the glass sheets 141 and 142. Privacy glass is described in detail, for example, in WO 2015 / 088026, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.

[0128] In addition, when either one of the glass plates 141 and 142 is used as privacy glass, it is preferable that the glass plate 141 on the vehicle interior side is used as privacy glass. When the visible light transmittance reducing means is disposed on the vehicle interior side relative to the scattering layer 150, the luminance of the background decreases and the contrast C increases, thereby improving the visibility of the image from outside the vehicle.

[0129] In order to reduce the visible light transmittance Tv of the laminated glass 140, instead of using privacy glass, a visible light transmittance reducing means may be enclosed in the interlayer 143 in addition to the scattering layer 150.

[0130] Fig. 9 is a cross-sectional view illustrating a laminated glass according to a modified example of Embodiment 1. For convenience of explanation, Fig. 9 illustrates a laminated glass 240 with its actual curved shape omitted.

[0131] Instead of the laminated glass 140 according to the first embodiment, the laminated glass 240 may be applied to the rear side glass 14L. In this case, a light beam emitted from a projection device 16 installed inside the vehicle to the laminated glass 240, which is the rear side glass 14L, is transmitted to the outside of the vehicle and becomes visible as an image from outside the vehicle.

[0132] 9, laminated glass 240 differs from laminated glass 140 (see FIGS. 4 and 5) in that visible light transmittance reducing means 160 is enclosed in interlayer 143 in addition to scattering layer 150. Examples of visible light transmittance reducing means 160 include a resin film such as a smoke film.

[0133] The visible light transmittance reducing means 160 may be placed on the inside or outside of the vehicle relative to the scattering layer 150, but placing it on the inside of the vehicle relative to the scattering layer 150 is preferable in that the brightness of the background is reduced and the contrast C is increased, thereby improving the visibility of the image from outside the vehicle.

[0134] Alternatively, the intermediate film 143 may be a dark gray color or the like that reduces the visible light transmittance of the intermediate film 143 itself. In this case, the intermediate film 143 also serves as the visible light transmittance reducing means. Alternatively, the visible light transmittance of the scattering layer 150 may be reduced, so that the scattering layer 150 also serves as the visible light transmittance reducing means.

[0135] In this way, there are cases where it is desired to reduce the visible light transmittance Tv in the window glass of the automobile 10. As can be seen from Fig. 8, when the visible light transmittance Tv is low, the image visibility from outside the vehicle deteriorates depending on the incident angle θ, so there is great technical significance in satisfying formulas (1), (2), and (3).

[0136] Example Examples will be described below, but the present invention is not limited to these examples in any way.

[0137] [Example 1] A first glass plate that would become the outer plate (the glass plate on the outside of the vehicle) when laminated with glass, and a second glass plate that would become the inner plate (the glass plate on the inside of the vehicle) were prepared (manufactured by AGC, commonly known as FL). The dimensions of both the first and second glass plates were 300 mm × 300 mm × 2 mm thickness.

[0138] Next, an interlayer film (PVB manufactured by Sekisui Chemical Co., Ltd., thickness 0.76 mm) was prepared. Then, a laminate was prepared by sandwiching the interlayer film and a transparent screen film as a scattering layer between a first glass plate and a second glass plate, and the laminate was placed in a rubber bag and bonded at a temperature controlled to about 70 to 110°C in a vacuum controlled to a range of -65 to -100 kPa. Then, pressure and heat were applied under conditions controlled to a pressure of 0.6 to 1.3 MPa and a temperature of about 100 to 150°C to prepare a laminated glass A for evaluation having a cross-sectional structure shown in Fig. 5.

[0139] Then, a Landolt ring with a specified gap was projected from the second glass plate side onto the evaluation laminated glass A with a maximum incident angle θ of 50[deg] from a projection device, and it was judged whether or not the gap of the Landolt ring was visible from 1 m away from the evaluation laminated glass A on the first glass plate side. The judgment was made by a tester with a visual acuity of 1.5 or more. The judgment criteria are as follows.

[0140] If the Landolt ring corresponding to a visual acuity of 1.0 (prescribed gap = 0.29 mm) could not be seen, it was marked as × (fail). If the Landolt ring corresponding to a visual acuity of 1.0 (prescribed gap = 0.29 mm) could be seen but the Landolt ring corresponding to a visual acuity of 1.2 (prescribed gap = 0.24 mm) could not be seen, it was marked as ☆ (pass: acceptable).

[0141] Also, when the Landolt ring (prescribed gap = 0.24 mm) corresponding to a visual acuity of 1.2 was visible but the Landolt ring (prescribed gap = 0.19 mm) corresponding to a visual acuity of 1.5 was not visible, it was rated as ☆☆ (pass: good). Also, when the Landolt ring (prescribed gap = 0.19 mm) corresponding to a visual acuity of 1.5 was visible, it was rated as ☆☆☆ (pass: excellent).

[0142] The laminated glass A for evaluation had a visible light transmittance Tv of 1% and a contrast C of 0.21.

[0143] [Example 2] Except for changing the properties of the transparent screen film, evaluation laminated glass B having the cross-sectional structure shown in Fig. 5 was produced in the same manner as in Example 1. Then, a Landolt ring with a specified gap was projected from a projection device onto evaluation laminated glass B from the second glass plate side so that the maximum incident angle θ was 70 [deg], and it was judged whether the gap of the Landolt ring was visible from 1 m ahead of evaluation laminated glass B on the first glass plate side. The judgment criteria were the same as in Example 1.

[0144] The evaluation laminated glass B had a visible light transmittance Tv of 5% and a contrast C of 0.20.

[0145] [Example 3] A laminated glass C for evaluation having a cross-sectional structure shown in Fig. 5 was produced in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the properties of the transparent screen film were changed. A Landolt ring with a specified gap was projected from a projection device onto the laminated glass C for evaluation from the second glass plate side so that the maximum incident angle θ was 50 [deg], and it was judged whether the gap of the Landolt ring was visible from 1 m ahead of the laminated glass C for evaluation on the first glass plate side. The judgment criteria were the same as in Example 1.

[0146] The evaluation laminated glass C had a visible light transmittance Tv of 5% and a contrast C of 0.28.

[0147] [Example 4] A laminated glass D for evaluation having a cross-sectional structure shown in Fig. 5 was produced in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the properties of the transparent screen film were changed. A Landolt ring with a specified gap was projected from a projection device onto the laminated glass D for evaluation from the second glass plate side so that the maximum incident angle θ was 60 [deg], and it was judged whether the gap of the Landolt ring was visible from 1 m ahead of the laminated glass D for evaluation on the first glass plate side. The judgment criteria were the same as in Example 1.

[0148] The evaluation laminated glass D had a visible light transmittance Tv of 10% and a contrast C of 0.27.

[0149] [Example 5] A laminated glass E for evaluation having a cross-sectional structure shown in Fig. 5 was produced in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the properties of the transparent screen film were changed. A Landolt ring with a specified gap was projected from a projection device onto the laminated glass E for evaluation from the second glass plate side so that the maximum incident angle θ was 50 [deg], and it was judged whether the gap of the Landolt ring was visible from 1 m ahead of the laminated glass E for evaluation on the first glass plate side. The judgment criteria were the same as in Example 1.

[0150] The evaluation laminated glass E had a visible light transmittance Tv of 15% and a contrast C of 0.33.

[0151] [Example 6] A laminated glass F for evaluation having a cross-sectional structure shown in Fig. 5 was produced in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the properties of the transparent screen film were changed. A Landolt ring with a specified gap was projected from a projection device onto the laminated glass F for evaluation from the second glass plate side so that the maximum incident angle θ was 40 [deg], and it was judged whether the gap of the Landolt ring was visible from 1 m ahead of the laminated glass F for evaluation on the first glass plate side. The judgment criteria were the same as in Example 1.

[0152] The evaluation laminated glass F had a visible light transmittance Tv of 10% and a contrast C of 0.36.

[0153] [Example 7] A laminated glass G for evaluation having a cross-sectional structure shown in Fig. 5 was produced in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the properties of the transparent screen film were changed. A Landolt ring with a specified gap was projected from a projection device onto the laminated glass G for evaluation from the second glass plate side so that the maximum incident angle θ was 30 [deg], and it was judged whether the gap of the Landolt ring was visible from 1 m ahead of the laminated glass G for evaluation on the first glass plate side. The judgment criteria were the same as in Example 1.

[0154] The evaluation laminated glass G had a visible light transmittance Tv of 30% and a contrast C of 0.42.

[0155] [Example 8] A laminated glass H for evaluation having a cross-sectional structure shown in Fig. 5 was produced in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the properties of the transparent screen film were changed. A Landolt ring with a specified gap was projected from a projection device onto the laminated glass H for evaluation from the second glass plate side so that the maximum incident angle θ was 50 [deg], and it was judged whether the gap of the Landolt ring was visible from 1 m ahead of the laminated glass H for evaluation on the first glass plate side. The judgment criteria were the same as in Example 1.

[0156] The evaluation laminated glass H had a visible light transmittance Tv of 60% and a contrast C of 0.42.

[0157] [Example 9]~[Example 13] Except for changing the properties of the transparent screen film, evaluation laminated glasses I to M having the cross-sectional structure shown in Fig. 5 were prepared in the same manner as in Example 1. Then, a Landolt ring with a predetermined gap was projected from a projection device onto the evaluation laminated glasses I to M from the second glass plate side so that the maximum incident angle θ was 30 [deg], and it was judged whether or not the gap of the Landolt ring was visible from 1 m ahead of the evaluation laminated glasses I to M on the first glass plate side. The judgment criteria were the same as in Example 1. In [Example 9] to [Example 13], the visible light reflectance Rv of the evaluation laminated glasses I to M was also measured.

[0158] [Example 14]~[Example 18] Except for changing the properties of the transparent screen film, the laminated glasses N to R for evaluation were prepared in the same manner as in Example 1, each having a cross-sectional structure as shown in FIG. 5. The laminated glasses N to R for evaluation were then attached to a vehicle body so that the angle φ was 0 to 60 deg. A Landolt ring with a predetermined gap was projected from a projection device onto the laminated glasses N to R for evaluation from the second glass plate side so that the maximum incident angle θ was 30 deg, and it was judged whether the gap of the Landolt ring was visible from 1 m ahead of the laminated glasses N to R for evaluation on the first glass plate side. The judgment criteria were the same as in Example 1. In [Example 14] to [Example 18], the visible light reflectance Rv of the laminated glasses N to R for evaluation was also measured.

[0159] [Example 19]~[Example 24] Except for changing the properties of the transparent screen film and the vertical curvature of the laminated glass in the range of 300 mm to 60,000 mm, evaluation laminated glasses S to X with the cross-sectional structure shown in FIG. 5 were prepared in the same manner as in Example 1. A Landolt ring with a predetermined gap was projected from a projection device onto the evaluation laminated glasses S to X from the second glass plate side so that the maximum incident angle θ was 30 [deg], and it was judged whether or not the gap of the Landolt ring was visible from 1 m ahead of the evaluation laminated glasses S to X on the first glass plate side. The judgment criteria were the same as in Example 1. The visible light transmittance Tv of the evaluation laminated glasses S to X was all 20%, and the visible light reflectance Rv was all 3%.

[0160] [Test Results] For Examples 1 to 8, the visible light transmittance Tv, the incident angle θ, the contrast C, and the visibility evaluation results are summarized in Table 1. Furthermore, for Examples 1 to 8, whether or not the visible light transmittance Tv and the incident angle θ satisfied the above-mentioned formulas (1) to (3) was determined and summarized in Table 1. In Table 1, cases where each formula was satisfied are marked with ◯, and cases where each formula was not satisfied are marked with -.

[0161] [Table 1] As shown in Table 1, it was confirmed that the visibility outside the vehicle of an image projected from inside the vehicle changes depending on the visible light transmittance Tv and the incidence angle θ, and that if formula (1) is satisfied, the image is visible, if formula (2) is satisfied, the visibility is improved, and if formula (3) is satisfied, the visibility is further improved. It was also confirmed that if contrast C is equal to or greater than a predetermined value, the image is visible, and the higher the contrast C, the better the visibility.

[0162] For Examples 9 to 12, the visible light transmittance Tv, visible light reflectance Rv, incident angle θ, contrast C, and visibility evaluation results are summarized in Table 2. Furthermore, for Examples 9 to 12, whether or not the visible light transmittance Tv and incident angle θ satisfied the above-mentioned formulas (1) to (3) was determined and summarized in Table 2. In Table 2, cases where each formula was satisfied are marked with ◯, and cases where each formula was not satisfied are marked with -.

[0163] [Table 2] As shown in Table 2, it was confirmed that the visible light reflectance Rv was a predetermined value or less so that the visibility was improved as the visible light reflectance Rv became smaller.

[0164] For Examples 13 to 16, the visible light transmittance Tv, visible light reflectance Rv, incident angle θ, contrast C, and visibility evaluation results are summarized in Table 3. Furthermore, for Examples 13 to 16, whether or not the visible light transmittance Tv and incident angle θ satisfied the above-mentioned formulas (1) to (3) was determined, and the results are summarized in Table 2. In Table 2, cases where each formula was satisfied are indicated by ◯, and cases where each formula was not satisfied are indicated by -.

[0165] [Table 3] As shown in Table 3, it was confirmed that visibility was possible when the angle φ of the laminated glass was a predetermined value or less, and that the smaller the angle φ, the more improved the visibility.

[0166] For Examples 17 to 22, the visible light transmittance Tv, visible light reflectance Rv, incident angle θ, curvature in the vertical direction of the laminated glass, and visibility evaluation results are summarized in Table 4. Furthermore, for Examples 17 to 22, whether or not the visible light transmittance Tv and incident angle θ satisfied the above-mentioned formulas (1) to (3) was determined and summarized in Table 4. In Table 4, cases where each formula was satisfied are marked with ◯, and cases where each formula was not satisfied are marked with -.

[0167] [Table 4] As shown in Table 4, the visibility of an image projected from inside the vehicle outside the vehicle varies depending on the vertical radius of curvature of the laminated glass, and it was confirmed that the image was visible when the radius of curvature was above or below a specified value.

[0168] Although preferred embodiments have been described above in detail, the present invention is not limited to the above-described embodiments, and various modifications and substitutions can be made to the above-described embodiments without departing from the scope of the claims.

[0169] This international application claims priority based on Japanese Patent Application No. 2019-087853, filed on May 7, 2019, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. [Explanation of symbols]

[0170] 10. Automobiles 11 Body 12 Windshield 13R, 13L front side glass 14R, 14L rear side glass 15 Rear glass 16 Projection device 110 Opening 140, 240 Laminated Glass 141, 142 Glass plate 143 Interlayer 150, 150A scattering layer 150a irradiation surface 150b Image display surface 151 Transparent resin film 152 Transparent layer 153 Transparent Substrate 154 Light scattering section 155 Light scattering particles 160 Visible light transmittance reduction means

Claims

1. A vehicle having a projection device mounted inside the vehicle and a laminated glass through which a light beam emitted from the projection device passes to an outside of the vehicle, The laminated glass is The glass panel on the inside of the car, An exterior glass panel; an interlayer film that bonds the interior glass sheet and the exterior glass sheet; a scattering layer disposed between the vehicle exterior glass sheet and the vehicle interior glass sheet in contact with the intermediate film and onto which the light flux is irradiated, A vehicle in which a relationship between a visible light transmittance Tv (%) of the laminated glass and an incidence angle θ (deg) of each light ray contained in the light flux incident on the scattering layer on the scattering layer satisfies the following formula (1) (excluding the case where the visible light transmittance Tv is 20(%) or more): [0010]

2. 2. The vehicle according to claim 1, wherein a relationship between a visible light transmittance Tv (%) of the laminated glass and an incidence angle θ (deg) of each light ray contained in the light flux incident on the scattering layer satisfies the following formula (2): [0025]

3. 3. The vehicle according to claim 1, wherein a relationship between a visible light transmittance Tv (%) of the laminated glass and an incidence angle θ (deg) of each light ray contained in the light flux incident on the scattering layer satisfies the following formula (3): [0030]

4. The vehicle according to claim 1 , wherein the scattering layer includes at least one of a transparent screen film, a light control film, a scattering coating, a fluorescent film, and a fluorescent coating.

5. The vehicle according to claim 1 , wherein the scattering layer has a thickness of 3 μm or more and 800 μm or less.

6. The vehicle according to claim 1 , wherein the laminated glass has a visible light transmittance reducing means.

7. The vehicle according to claim 6, wherein the visible light transmittance reducing means is disposed on an inner side of the vehicle than the scattering layer.

8. 8. The vehicle according to claim 1, wherein a normal to a center of gravity of an exterior surface of the exterior glass plate of the laminated glass is inclined by 1 degree or more toward the sky with respect to the ground.

9. 9. The vehicle according to claim 8, wherein a normal to a center of gravity of the exterior surface of the exterior glass plate of the laminated glass is inclined at an angle of 1 degree to 45 degrees toward the sky with respect to the ground.

10. 10. The vehicle according to claim 1, wherein the laminated glass has a single curved shape and a radius of curvature in the horizontal direction or the vertical direction is 500 mm or more and 100,000 mm or less.

11. 10. The vehicle according to claim 1, wherein the laminated glass has a complex curved shape, a horizontal curvature radius of 500 mm or more and 100,000 mm or less, and a vertical curvature radius of 500 mm or more and 100,000 mm or less.

12. 12. The vehicle according to claim 11, wherein the laminated glass has a complex curved shape, a horizontal curvature radius of 500 mm or more and 50,000 mm or less, and a vertical curvature radius of 500 mm or more and 50,000 mm or less.

13. The vehicle according to claim 1 , wherein an outer peripheral edge of the scattering layer is located 5 mm or more away from an outer peripheral edge of the laminated glass on an inner surface side of the laminated glass.

14. The vehicle according to claim 1 , further comprising an anti-reflection coating on an interior side surface of the interior glass plate and / or an exterior side surface of the exterior glass plate.

15. The vehicle according to claim 1 , wherein the laminated glass has a visible light reflectance Rv of 15% or less.

Images