Method and system for determining a series of temperature values ​​of a molten metal bath - Patents.com

Abstract

The present invention relates to a method and system for determining a series of at least two temperature values ​​of a molten metal bath using an apparatus comprising an optical core wire and a detector. The method according to the invention has proven particularly suitable for multiple repeated measurements where the temperature of the molten metal bath varies between measurements.

Description

[Technical field]

[0001] The present invention relates to a method and system for determining a sequence of at least two temperature values ​​of a molten metal bath. [Background technology]

[0002] The temperature of the molten metal bath in a metallurgical vessel is a critical parameter during the metal manufacturing process and determines the quality of the resulting product. A possible means for measuring the temperature of a molten metal bath, especially iron or steel in the melting environment of an electric arc furnace (EAF), involves immersing an optical fiber surrounded by a metal tube into the molten metal. The optical fiber surrounded by a metal tube is often also referred to as an optical core wire.

[0003] To measure the temperature of the molten metal bath, the optical core wire can be sent into the metallurgical vessel. The front end of the optical core wire is immersed in the molten metal bath, and on the way there first encounters a high temperature atmosphere, then a slag layer, and then the molten metal bath. When a portion of the optical core wire is immersed below the surface of the molten metal bath, the optical fiber can transmit the thermal radiation received from the molten metal to a detector, for example a pyrometer. A suitable instrument can be associated with the detector to determine the temperature of the molten metal bath. During this measurement, the immersed portion of the optical core wire can be partially or completely consumed by the molten metal bath. Once the temperature measurement is finished, the tip of the optical core wire can be retracted from the molten metal bath. The retracted tip of the optical core wire becomes the new front end for the next temperature measurement.

[0004] Such devices are suitable for on-demand and semi-continuous temperature measurements in the form of a series of immersion cycles, allowing an operator to obtain temperature measurements without directly intervening in the hostile environment proximate to the metallurgical vessel.

[0005] To provide accurate measurements, blackbody conditions must be ensured near the immersed front end of the optical fiber while measurements are being taken. - The fiber must be immersed to a sufficient depth below the metal bath surface and at a position within the vessel that is representative of the temperature of the liquid metal bath. On the other hand, deep immersion increases the buoyant forces on the optical core wire, increasing wear and tear on the optical core wire during the measurement sequence.

[0006] Several prior art documents disclose methods of routing metal-coated optical fibers to improve the data quality of temperature measurements.

[0007] For example, US Patent Application Publication No. 2007-268477 discloses a feeding method in which the feed rate is adjusted during the measurement cycle. The thermal response is recorded during the first feeding step and compared with the change in the detected temperature in the following second step. This method has been proven to be beneficial. On the other hand, it has been found that this method consumes a significant amount of the optical core wire and the measurement accuracy can still be further improved. This may be due to the initial step in which the optical core wire is barely immersed in the molten metal bath and encounters the melting furnace environment or the slag layer. Especially when it is desired to measure a series of temperatures, these factors become more prominent.

[0008] US Patent Application Publication No. 2018-180484 discloses a method for measuring the temperature of a molten metal bath, suitable for multiple measurement cycles and without the need for additional equipment. The proposed feed scheme includes two feed rates followed by a rest period, after which a temperature measurement is performed. On the one hand, this method solves some of the previously known problems. On the other hand, however, this method does not address the constantly changing conditions during the metal production process, in particular the temperature rise of the molten metal, which affects the selection of the optimal temperature measurement protocol.

[0009] In view of the prior art, there is a need for a measurement method and system that provides high accuracy over multiple measurement cycles and minimizes wear on the optical core wire.

[0010] It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide an improved method for determining a sequence of at least two temperature values ​​of a molten metal bath. In particular, one of the objects is to provide a method with improved measurement accuracy. It is also an object to provide a device which makes it possible to minimize wear and tear on the optical core wire during the sequence of measurements.

[0011] It is a further object of the present invention to provide an improved system for carrying out the method of the present invention.

[0012] These objects are achieved by the subject matter defined in the independent claims.

[0013] The present invention relates to a method for measuring a series of at least two temperature values ​​T of a molten metal bath using an apparatus comprising an optical core wire and a detector. mes (n) and T mes (n+1), comprising the steps of: (a) Predicted temperature value of the molten metal bath, T pred providing a data set relating the measured values ​​to corresponding measurement profiles MP; (b) providing a model F(t) describing the temperature profile of the molten metal bath over time; (c) defining a time step Δt; (d) Select a time t(n) in the future and determine the temperature value T of the molten metal bath at time t(n). pred (n); and (e) Predicted temperature value T pred to the corresponding measurement profile MP. From the provided data set, the predicted temperature value T pred selecting a measurement profile MP(n) corresponding to (n); (f) Measurement profile MP(n) is applied at time t(n) to obtain the measured temperature value T mes (n) obtaining (g) Measured temperature value T mes (n), the predicted temperature value T of the molten metal bath based on the model F(t) and the time step Δt. pred (n+1); (h) Predicted temperature value T predto the corresponding measurement profile MP. From the provided data set, the predicted temperature value T pred selecting a measurement profile MP(n+1) corresponding to (n+1); (i) Applying the measurement profile MP(n+1) at time t(n+1) to obtain the measured temperature value T mes (n+1), where t(n+1) is a process defined by t(n+1)=t(n)+Δt; The present invention provides a method comprising:

[0014] Furthermore, the present invention provides a method for determining a temperature of a molten metal bath by a series of at least two temperature values ​​T mes (n) and T mes A system for determining (n+1), the system comprising an apparatus and a module, the module adapted to interact with the apparatus, the apparatus comprising an optical core wire and a detector, the module comprising a storage unit, a processing unit, and a control unit; The storage unit is (a1) Predicted temperature value of the molten metal bath T pred a storage element for providing a data set relating the measured values ​​to a corresponding measurement profile MP; (a2) a memory element for providing a model F(t) describing the temperature profile of the molten metal bath over time; (a3) a storage element for defining a time step Δt; Including, The processing unit is (b1) Select a time in the future and measure the temperature T of the molten metal bath at that time. pred A processing element for predicting (b2) Predicted temperature value T pred to the corresponding measurement profile MP from the provided data set. pred a processing element for selecting a measurement profile MP corresponding to (b3) Measured temperature value T mes Based on the model F(t) and the time step Δt, the predicted temperature T pred a processing element for computing Including, The control unit (c1) At a certain point in time, the measurement profile MP is applied to measure the temperature T mes A control element for obtaining The present invention provides a system including:

[0015] Further preferred embodiments are defined in the dependent claims. The preferred embodiments may be realized both individually and in any possible combination.

[0016] The method according to the invention has proven to be particularly suitable for multiple repeated measurements where the temperature of the molten metal bath changes between measurements. In particular, the temperature usually increases due to continuous heating. Surprisingly, it has been found that the data quality of the measurement depends on the measurement profile applied to obtain the measurements. In particular, it has been confirmed that the feeding of the optical core wire into the molten metal bath affects the quality. The method according to the invention allows the temperature values ​​to be determined with a measurement protocol that is compatible for a wide range of temperatures of the molten metal bath. In addition, the method according to the invention allows a reliable positioning of the optical core wire and its front end, which further allows obtaining accurate temperature values ​​with a minimum of consumption of the optical core wire. The term "consumption" as used herein refers to damage to the optical core wire, such as, for example, melting and dissolving of the optical core wire by and into the molten metal bath, decomposition or burning of the entire optical core wire or different parts thereof.

[0017] The present invention relates to a series of at least two temperature values ​​T mes (n) and T mes (n+1). A sequence of temperature values ​​is used herein to describe a determination that is repeated at least once. The sequence of temperature values ​​includes at least a temperature value T mes (n) and T mes Includes (n+1). mes (n) and T mes Further temperature values ​​besides (n+1) may be determined.

[0018] Throughout this application, variables that refer to temperatures or temperature values ​​are referred to with a capital T, while variables that refer to general points in time, lengths of time or duration are referred to with a lower case t.

[0019] When defining a general variable, the variable without the specified subscript is used, i.e. (n) or (n+1), etc. When referring to this variable in a specific context, the variable with the specified subscript is used. For example, T mes is the measured temperature value T mes This refers to the general definition of T mes (n) refers to a specific measured temperature value.

[0020] According to the invention, the temperature value may be determined by measuring the temperature, which may for example be a single point measurement or a multi-point measurement and possible associated data processing.

[0021] Measured temperature value T mes (n) is understood as the temperature value obtained by measurement at a particular time t(n). Thus, the measured temperature value T mes (n+1) is the temperature value taken at a particular time instant t(n+1).

[0022] As used herein, the term "molten metal bath" describes a melt in a vessel. An alternative term to "molten metal bath" known to those skilled in the art is "metal melt". The molten metal of the molten metal bath is not particularly limited. According to a preferred embodiment, the molten metal is molten steel. The term molten metal bath does not exclude the presence of any solid or gaseous parts, including, for example, non-molten parts of the respective metal. The molten metal bath may be covered with a slag layer.

[0023] The temperature of the metal melt varies and usually depends on the composition of the metal and the stage of the melting process. According to a preferred embodiment, the temperature of the molten metal bath is in the range of 1500-1800 °C, more preferably in the range of 1500-1700 °C.

[0024] The molten metal bath may be contained within a vessel that includes an inlet suitable for feeding the optical core wire, which may be located in a sidewall panel or roof covering the vessel.

[0025] According to the invention, at least two temperature values ​​T mes (n) and T mes (n+1) is determined using a device comprising an optical core wire. Preferably, the optical core wire is an optical fiber surrounded laterally by a metal tube. Preferably, the optical fiber is a flexible, transparent fiber. Optical fibers are most often used as a means of transmitting light, especially in the IR wavelength range, between two ends of the fiber. Preferably, the optical fiber is made of glass or plastic, more preferably quartz glass. Preferably, the optical fiber is selected from the group consisting of graded index fiber and single mode step index fiber.

[0026] The metal tube surrounding the optical fiber may completely surround the optical fiber, or may be at least partially open so that the casing does not completely surround the optical fiber.

[0027] Preferably, the metal of the metal tube surrounding the optical fiber is iron or steel, preferably stainless steel.

[0028] In a preferred embodiment, the linear density of the optical core wire is in the range of 25 to 80 g / m, more preferably in the range of 35 to 70 g / m. Linear density is defined by mass per unit length.

[0029] Preferably, the optical core wire is laterally surrounded by at least one additional metal tube, i.e. at least two metal tubes laterally surround the optical fiber. Preferably, the optical core wire is located in the center of the at least one additional metal tube.

[0030] Preferably, the at least one additional metal tube is not in contact with the optical core wire. More preferably, the gap between these at least two metal tubes is at least partially filled with a material selected from the group consisting of a gaseous material or a solid material or a combination thereof. The solid material is preferably selected from the group consisting of an inorganic material, a natural polymer, a synthetic polymer and a combination thereof. The gaseous material is preferably a gas or a mixture of gases. More preferably, the gas is air or an inert gas.

[0031] According to a preferred embodiment, the optical core wire comprises a plurality of separating elements arranged in at least one metal tube, said separating elements forming at least one compartment between said separating elements. Here, the term "compartment" relates to the volume between different separating elements in the tube. The term "separating element" relates to a portion arranged in the tube that subdivides the volume in the tube. Preferably, the separating element is a disc-shaped element arranged inside the tube, said disc-shaped element comprising an opening through which the optical core wire extends and which is capable of at least partially supporting the optical core wire. The material of the separating element is preferably selected from the group consisting of silicone, preferably two-component silicone, rubber, leather, cork, metal and combinations thereof.

[0032] The optical core wire is optionally surrounded by at least one additional layer, which may or may not replace the at least one additional metal tube described above. In a preferred embodiment, the at least one additional layer includes a plurality of portions, and more preferably, the layer includes a fiber.

[0033] In a further preferred embodiment, the material of the at least one additional layer has the form of a woven, net, woven or knitted structure.

[0034] Preferably, at least one of the additional layers comprises a non-metallic material, most preferably an organic material.

[0035] It should be appreciated that the optical core wire may include any combination of the above configurations. For example, it may be advantageous for the optical core wire to be surrounded laterally by an additional layer and a second metal tube.

[0036] The device used to apply the method according to the invention further comprises a detector coupled to one end of the optical core wire and adapted to receive the optical signal, in particular in the IR wavelength range, transmitted by the optical fiber. Preferably, the detector in the context of the present invention is a pyrometer.

[0037] The optical core wire has a immersed end and an opposite end. The front end of the optical core wire is the tip of the immersed end of the optical core wire. Preferably, when the method according to the invention is applied, the optical core wire is consumed in a direction from the immersed end to the opposite end, such that after each measurement sequence, another part of the optical core wire becomes the immersed end. That is, after each measurement sequence, the front end is newly generated. The opposite end is connected to a detector and is not consumed during the measurement.

[0038] In step (a) of the method according to the invention, a predicted temperature value T of the molten metal bath is pred A data set is provided that relates the measurements to the corresponding measurement profiles MP.

[0039] Preferably, the data set comprises data pairs, where one particular value of one type of data is assigned to a particular value of another type of data, more preferably, the data set may comprise data pairs, where one particular value of one type of data is assigned to a model, a sequence of some steps, etc.

[0040] Preferably, the predicted temperature value T pred is a temperature value that is not obtained by measurement, i.e., an estimated, predicted, or calculated temperature value. predA possible source of the predicted temperature value T is an empirically derived temperature value. Preferably, the empirically derived temperature value of the molten metal bath is based on known characteristics of the molten metal bath in combination with known process parameters of the metal manufacturing process. Such characteristics may for example be the mass of metal provided in the molten metal bath, the composition of the metal, or the shape of the vessel. A process parameter in this context may be the heating rate or the consumed energy, which are parameters that are usually known in metal manufacturing processes. Furthermore, the predicted temperature value T pred may be derived based on a calculation. Preferably, such calculation is based on a model of the temperature progression of the metal bath of interest in combination with known temperature values, for example from previous measurements.

[0041] A measurement profile MP is to be understood as a sequence of steps performed to obtain a value of interest, which in the context of the present invention is the temperature of the molten metal bath.

[0042] In a preferred embodiment, the measurement profile MP is (i) providing a front end of an optical core wire above a surface of a molten metal bath; (ii) at least one feed rate v fed feeding a front end of the optical core wire toward and below the surface of the molten metal bath for a time period from t0 to t2, the front end of the optical core wire being below the surface of the molten metal bath for a time period from t1 to t2; (iii) acquiring temperature information within a measurement time from t1 to t2; (iv) The front end of the optical core wire is moved at a velocity v ret to a position above the molten metal bath; Define at least one of the following:

[0043] In other words, the measurement profile MP preferably defines at least steps (i) and / or (ii) and / or (iii) and / or (iv). Preferably, the measurement profile MP defines steps (i), (ii), (iii) and (iv).

[0044] It should be understood that t1 and t2 are later than t0, and t2 is later than t1. t1 is the time when the leading end enters the molten metal bath, i.e., when the leading end is immersed below the surface of the molten metal bath. t2 is the time when the leading end subsequently retracts toward a position above the surface of the molten metal bath.

[0045] Preferably, steps (i), (ii) and (iv) are carried out in consecutive order.

[0046] Preferably, step (iii) is carried out at least partially during step (ii).

[0047] Those skilled in the art will understand that "providing a front end" and "advancing a front end" necessarily include providing and advancing an optical core wire, i.e., providing an optical core wire having a front end and moving the optical core wire with its front end.

[0048] Feed rate v fed It should be understood that V refers to the average velocity while feeding the front end toward and below the surface of the molten metal bath.

[0049] The surface of the molten metal bath may be the surface facing the surroundings of the vessel or, if a slag layer is present, the surface facing the slag layer.

[0050] To obtain the temperature information, radiation emitted by the molten metal bath, especially in the IR wavelength range, and conveyed by the optical core wire to the detector is recorded. The intensity and / or spectral information of the radiation may be processed by a processing unit connected to the detector. The front end of the optical core wire is preferably immersed below the surface of the molten metal bath at the time or during the measurement time when the temperature is obtained.

[0051] Preferably, the temperature information is a measured temperature value T mes Preferably, the measured temperature value T mesThe determination of may involve the measurement of a single data point or the measurement of more than one data point, i.e., the measurement of a series of data points.

[0052] Preferably, the measured temperature value T mes is the average value of a series of data points. More preferably, the measured temperature value T mes is derived based on application of an algorithm that processes a set of data points.

[0053] In a preferred embodiment, the feed in step (ii) of the measurement profile MP is performed at least two feed rates v fed 1 and v fed 2. In addition, the feed rate v fed 1 and v fed It should be understood that 2 refers to the average speed at which the front end of the optical core wire is fed.

[0054] Preferably, the feed in step (ii) of the measurement profile MP is at a feed rate v at which the front end is fed between t0 and t1. fed 1 and the second feed rate v at which the front end is fed between t1 and t2. fed Includes 2 and.

[0055] In a preferred embodiment, the second feed rate v fed 2 includes two or more feed rates.

[0056] According to a preferred embodiment, the measurement profile MP defines a further step within a quiescent time from t1 to t2, during which the feeding of the front end of the optical core wire is paused or the front end of the optical core wire is fed at a slow speed. As used herein, "pausing the feeding of the front end" means that the front end is not actively moved. In both alternatives of pausing the feeding or feeding at a slow speed, a movement of the position of the front end towards the surface of the molten metal bath is brought about due to consumption. Nevertheless, the front end is still immersed below the surface of the molten metal bath.

[0057] The low speed is preferably less than 0.2 m / s, more preferably less than 0.1 m / s.

[0058] Preferably, the predicted temperature value T of the molten metal bath pred to the corresponding measurement profile MP, further relating the measurement profile to a property of the optical core wire.

[0059] Preferably, the property of the optical core wire is its linear density.

[0060] Preferably, the length of time from t0 to t2 of the measurement profile MP is defined to be longer as the linear density of the optical core wire increases.

[0061] Preferably, the feed rate v of the measurement profile MP fed is defined as being lower as the linear density of the optical core wire increases.

[0062] In step (b) of the method according to the invention, a model F(t) is provided which describes the temperature profile of the molten metal bath over time.

[0063] The model F(t) describing the temperature evolution over time of a molten metal bath is a model that defines the relationship between time t and temperature T, i.e. is adapted to predict the temperature T(n) at a specific time instant t(n). In a typical melting process, time is directly related to the electrical energy input.

[0064] Preferably, time t is included as an input parameter in the model F(t), although F(t) may be independent of time t as an input parameter.

[0065] Preferably, the model F(t) includes a mathematical equation, characteristic curve, or other information that defines the relationship between time and the temperature of the molten metal bath, which may include relationships that describe the physical properties of the molten metal bath, the properties of the metallurgical equipment, and the corresponding model parameters.

[0066] Preferably, the physical properties of the molten metal bath are taken into account in the model F(t).

[0067] Preferably, the model F(t) is derived by a method selected from the group of mathematical methods, analytical methods, experimental methods, and combinations thereof.

[0068] Preferably, the model F(t) describing the temperature progression of the molten metal bath over time is based on recorded measurements, i.e. data obtained during previous melting processes.

[0069] In a preferred embodiment, the predicted temperature value T pred or measured temperature value T mes may be the only input parameter of the model F(t). In further examples, further input parameters, preferably operational parameters, may be utilized.

[0070] An operating parameter in this context is a parameter related to the melting process, such as the electrical energy input or the amount of chemical supplement added to the molten metal bath.

[0071] In an exemplary embodiment, the model describing the temperature progression F(t) is a linear function.

[0072] Preferably, the first derivative F'(t) of the model describing the temperature progression F(t) is a linear function.

[0073] In a preferred embodiment, the model F(t) describing the temperature profile of the molten metal bath over time is (i) providing a data set relating a property of the molten metal bath to recorded data of a model F(t) of the temperature progression of the molten metal bath over time; (ii) providing a molten metal bath characteristic; (iii) receiving a model F(t) corresponding to the properties of the molten metal bath from a provided data set relating the properties of the molten metal bath to recorded data of the model F(t) relating to the temperature progression of the molten metal bath over time; The method includes:

[0074] In step (c) of the method according to the invention a time step Δt is defined.

[0075] The time step Δt should be understood as a length of time.

[0076] The length of the time step Δt is not further limited. Preferably, the length of the time step Δt is in the range of 5 seconds to 3 minutes, more preferably in the range of 15 seconds to 2 minutes, and most preferably in the range of 30 seconds to 90 seconds.

[0077] Preferably, the selection of the length of the time step Δt is based on operating parameters.

[0078] In a preferred embodiment, the length of the time step Δt is: (i) providing a data set relating an operational parameter to a length of a time step Δt; (ii) providing operating parameters; (iii) receiving a length of the time step Δt from the provided data set relating the operational parameters to lengths of time steps Δt corresponding to the operational parameters; The method includes:

[0079] Preferably, the length of the time step Δt is selected based on the measured temperature value T determined in step (f). mes Based on (n).

[0080] In a preferred embodiment, the time step Δt is (i) Measured temperature value T mes providing a data set relating the time step length Δt to the time step length Δt; (ii) Measured temperature value T mes Measure the temperature value T mes selecting a length of the time step Δt from the provided data set that corresponds to the length of the time step Δt corresponding to (n); The method includes:

[0081] Preferably, in both of the above embodiments, step (c) is carried out after step (f).

[0082] In step (d) of the method according to the invention, a future time t(n) is selected and a temperature value T of the molten metal bath at time t(n) is calculated. pred (n) is predicted.

[0083] The term “predict” as used herein refers to predicting a future temperature value T at a future time t(n). pred (n). In other words, the predicted temperature value T pred (n) is the predicted temperature at this future time t(n).

[0084] The choice of the future time t(n) is not further restricted. Preferably, it relates to a certain time in the process of the metal melting process, for example after a certain time has elapsed since the process started, after a certain amount of chemical supplement has been added, or after a certain amount of energy has been consumed. "Energy consumption" in this context refers to the amount of energy consumed during the melting process, i.e. the amount of energy supplied to the molten metal bath.

[0085] In a preferred embodiment, multiple time points are calculated using multiple predicted temperature values ​​T pred A data set is provided that associates the predicted temperature value T pred (n) is selected in step (d). Most preferably, the predicted temperature value T pred represents an empirically derived temperature value, preferably a recorded temperature value of a previous melting process.

[0086] In step (e) of the method according to the invention, the predicted temperature value T pred to the corresponding measurement profile MP. From the provided data set, the predicted temperature value T pred A measurement profile MP(n) corresponding to (n) is selected.

[0087] According to a preferred embodiment, the selection of the temperature profile MP(n) is further related to the properties of the optical core wire.

[0088] In step (f) of the method according to the invention, the measured temperature value T mes To obtain (n), a measurement profile MP(n) is applied at a time instant t(n).

[0089] By applying the measurement profile MP(n), the measured temperature value T of the molten metal bath at the time t(n) is obtained. mes (n) is determined.

[0090] Measured temperature value T mes (n) is the predicted temperature T pred It may be higher or lower than (n).

[0091] Measured temperature value T mes (n) is the predicted temperature T pred (n), the relevant time points in the model F(t) describing the temperature progression of the molten metal bath over time may be different. In other words, the temperature value T mes The time t(n) at which (n) is obtained is the predicted temperature T pred This does not necessarily correspond to point (n).

[0092] In step (g) of the method according to the invention, the measured temperature value T mes Based on (n), the model F(t), and the time step Δt, the predicted temperature value of the molten metal bath T pred (n+1) is calculated.

[0093] In other words, in step (g), the measured temperature value T mes The predicted temperature value T after the time Δt has elapsed since the measurement of (n) pred (n+1) is obtained. The prediction is based on the measured temperature value T mes The model is based on F(t) with input parameters of temperature (n) and time step Δt. mes (n) is directly related to the time instant t(n).

[0094] In step (h) of the method according to the invention, the predicted temperature value T pred to the corresponding measurement profile MP. From the provided data set, the predicted temperature value T predA measurement profile MP(n+1) corresponding to (n+1) is selected.

[0095] According to a preferred embodiment, the selection of the temperature profile MP(n+1) is further related to the properties of the optical core wire.

[0096] In step (i) of the method according to the invention, the measured temperature value T mes To obtain (n+1), a measurement profile MP(n+1) is applied at time t(n+1), where t(n+1) is It is defined by t(n+1)=t(n)+Δt.

[0097] By applying the measurement profile MP(n+1), the measured temperature value T of the molten metal bath at the time t(n+1) is obtained. mes (n+1) is determined.

[0098] In a preferred embodiment, the feed rate v of the measurement profile MP(n+1) fed (n+1) is the feed rate v of the measurement profile MP(n) fed Greater than (n).

[0099] Preferably, at least two feed rates v fed 1 and v fed When the measurement profile MP that defines 2 is applied to the measurement profile MP(n) and the measurement profile MP(n+1), the feed rate v fed 2(n+1) is the feed rate v of the measurement profile MP(n) fed Greater than 2(n).

[0100] Preferably, the length of time from t1 to t2 is shorter in measurement profile MP(n+1) than in measurement profile MP(n).

[0101] Preferably, steps (d) to (i) are carried out in consecutive order.

[0102] Preferably, step (a) is carried out before steps (d)-(i), most preferably before steps (e)-(i).

[0103] More preferably, the method comprises the following sequence: (a)-(b)-(c)-(d)-(e)-(f)-(g)-(h)-(i), (b)-(a)-(c)-(d)-(e)-(f)-(g)-(h)-(i), (b)-(c)-(a)-(d)-(e)-(f)-(g)-(h)-(i), or (b)-(c)-(d)-(a)-(e)-(f)-(g)-(h)-(i) It is executed in one of the following ways:

[0104] According to a further preferred embodiment, step (b) is carried out after step (f).

[0105] More preferably, the method comprises the following sequence: (a)-(c)-(d)-(e)-(f)-(b)-(g)-(h)-(i), or (c)-(a)-(d)-(e)-(f)-(b)-(g)-(h)-(i) It is executed in one of the following ways:

[0106] According to a further preferred embodiment, the step of providing a model F(t) describing the temperature course over time of the molten metal bath comprises steps (b1) to (b4): (b1) Predicted temperature T pred and the measured temperature value T mes Maximum temperature difference ΔT between max Defining (b2) Maximum temperature step size ΔT step Defining (b3) Measured temperature value T mes (n) and predicted temperature T pred (n) Difference ΔT(n) Maximum difference ΔT max and comparing the (b4) providing a model F(t), F(t)=T pred(n)+ΔT step (ΔT(n) is the maximum temperature difference ΔT max if greater) and Includes.

[0107] According to a preferred embodiment, the defined maximum temperature difference ΔT max If ΔT(n) is smaller than

[0108] Preferably, step (b), which includes steps (b1) to (b4), is carried out after step (f).

[0109] According to a preferred embodiment, the method comprises the following sequence: (a)-(c)-(d)-(e)-(f)-[(b)-{(b1)-(b2)-(b3)-b4)}]-(g)-(h)-(i), or (c)-(a)-(d)-(e)-(f)-[(b)-{(b1)-(b2)-(b3)-b4)}]-(g)-(h)-(i) It is executed in one of the following ways:

[0110] By applying the method of the present invention according to a preferred embodiment comprising steps (b1) to (b4), preferably the maximum temperature step size ΔT step It is possible to predict the temperature value based on

[0111] Preferably, the temperature step size ΔT step is the desired temperature difference.

[0112] This embodiment of the method of the invention makes it possible to avoid the application of a measurement profile that is unlikely to coincide with the actual temperature of the molten metal bath, in other words to adapt to measured temperature values ​​obtained in the first measurement step that are unlikely to represent the actual temperature obtained.

[0113] Preferably, the method according to the invention is carried out two or more times.

[0114] The present invention further provides a method for determining a temperature of a molten metal bath by a series of at least two temperature values ​​T mes (n) and T mes A system for determining (n+1) is provided, comprising a device and a module, the module adapted to interact with the device.

[0115] Preferably, the system comprises a method according to the invention, comprising: (a) Predicted temperature value of the molten metal bath, T pred providing a data set relating the measured values ​​to corresponding measurement profiles MP; (b) providing a model F(t) describing the temperature profile of the molten metal bath over time; (c) defining a time step Δt; (d) Select a time t(n) in the future and determine the temperature value T of the molten metal bath at time t(n). pred (n); and (e) Predicted temperature value T pred to the corresponding measurement profile MP. From the provided data set, the predicted temperature value T pred selecting a measurement profile MP(n) corresponding to (n); (f) Measurement profile MP(n) is applied at time t(n) to obtain the measured temperature value T mes (n) obtaining (g) Measured temperature value T mes (n), the predicted temperature value T of the molten metal bath based on the model F(t) and the time step Δt. pred (n+1); (h) Predicted temperature value T pred to the corresponding measurement profile MP. From the provided data set, the predicted temperature value T pred selecting a measurement profile MP(n+1) corresponding to (n+1); (i) Applying the measurement profile MP(n+1) at time t(n+1) to obtain the measured temperature value T mes (n+1), where t(n+1) is a process defined by t(n+1)=t(n)+Δt; The device is configured to perform a method including:

[0116] For preferred embodiments of the method of the present invention, please refer to the above preferred embodiments.

[0117] The system according to the invention comprises an apparatus, which comprises an optical core wire and a detector, for preferred embodiments of which please refer to the above-mentioned preferred embodiments of the method of the invention.

[0118] The system according to the present invention includes a module, which includes a storage unit, a processing unit, and a control unit.

[0119] Preferably, the storage unit, the processing unit and the control unit are arranged to interact with each other.

[0120] According to the invention, the storage unit of the module is (a1) Predicted temperature value of the molten metal bath T pred a storage element for providing a data set relating the measured values ​​to a corresponding measurement profile MP; (a2) a memory element for providing a model F(t) describing the temperature profile of the molten metal bath over time; (a3) a storage element for defining a time step Δt; Includes.

[0121] According to the invention, the processing unit of the module (b1) Select a time in the future and measure the temperature T of the molten metal bath at that time. pred A processing element for predicting (b2) Predicted temperature value T pred to the corresponding measurement profile MP from the provided data set. pred a processing element for selecting a measurement profile MP corresponding to (b3) Measured temperature value T mes Based on the model F(t) and the time step Δt, the predicted temperature Tpred a processing element for computing Includes.

[0122] In a preferred embodiment, the processing unit is configured to process information stored in the storage unit.

[0123] According to the invention, the control unit of the module (c1) At a certain point in time, the measurement profile MP is applied to measure the temperature T mes A control element for obtaining Includes.

[0124] In a preferred embodiment, the control unit is adapted to control the device.

[0125] In a preferred embodiment, the system comprises a feeding means, which in the context of the present invention may be understood as a means allowing the feeding of the optical core wire into the molten metal bath. Such a means may be selected from the group consisting of a feeder, a feed control device, a straightener and a guide tube.

[0126] According to a preferred embodiment, the system further comprises a coil corresponding to the length of the optical core wire. [Brief description of the drawings]

[0127] The concepts underlying the invention are explained in more detail below with reference to the embodiments shown in the drawings. It should be understood, however, that the invention is not limited to the precise arrangements and instrumentalities shown.

[0128] [Figure 1] 1A-1D are schematic cross-sectional views of various designs of optical core wires. [Diagram 2] 1 is a schematic diagram of an exemplary installation having a molten metal bath whose temperature is determined; [Diagram 3] 13 is a position-time graph showing the immersion of the front end of the optical core wire during application of a representative measurement profile. [Figure 4]13 is a position-time graph showing immersion of the front end of the optical core wire during application of another exemplary measurement profile. [Diagram 5] 1 is a graph showing the relationship between optimal feed rate and measured bath temperature. [Figure 6] 1 is a graph showing the relationship between optimal immersion time and measured bath temperature. [Figure 7] 1 is a diagram illustrating a predicted temperature profile over time of a molten metal bath of an exemplary EAF process. [Figure 8] 1 is a schematic diagram of a system according to one embodiment of the present invention. [Figure 9] FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a module according to one embodiment of the present invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0129]

[0011] Figure 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view of various designs of optical core wires according to exemplary embodiments of the present invention. Figure 1A shows an optical core wire 1' that includes an optical fiber 2' surrounded by a metal tube 3'.

[0130] FIG. 1B shows an optical core wire 1'' comprising an optical fiber 2'' surrounded by a metal tube 3''. A second metal tube 4'' further surrounds the metal tube 3''. The gap 5'' between the two metal tubes is not filled with a solid material, i.e., the gap may contain a gas or a gas mixture.

[0131] FIG. 1C shows an optical core wire 1''' comprising an optical fiber 2''' surrounded by a metal tube 3''' and a second metal tube 4'''. The gap 5''' between the two metal tubes is filled with a filling material, e.g., an organic material or a fiber from E-glass.

[0132] FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of an exemplary installation 6 having a molten metal bath 7 whose temperature is to be determined.

[0133] The installation 6 comprises an optical core wire 1, which is at least partially placed on a coil 8 and at least partially unwound from the coil 8 for performing measurements. One end of the optical core wire 9 is connected to a detector 10, which can be connected to a computer system (not shown) for processing data acquired with the optical core wire 1 and the detector 10. The molten metal bath 7 is contained in a vessel 11, which can be an electric arc furnace (EAF), a ladle metal furnace (LMF) or any transducer known to a person skilled in the art of molten metal processing. The optical core wire 1 is introduced by a feeder 12 through a guide tube 13 into the vessel 11, which has an inlet 14. The illustrated configuration is used as an example, a roof with a respective inlet is not a prerequisite for the present invention.

[0134] The illustrated configuration has a front end 15 which is connected to a molten metal bath MB S 1 shows an exemplary measurement position of the optical core wire 1 immersed below the surface of the molten metal bath MB S The immersion angle of the optical core wire 1 with respect to the surface of the metallurgical equipment is 90°. However, this angle can be varied depending on the construction details of the metallurgical equipment.

[0135] The temperature of the portion of the optical core wire 1 that extends from the coil 8 to the entrance 14 of the vessel may be considered low and may range from room temperature to 100° C. As it passes through the entrance 14 towards the molten metal bath 7 it first encounters a high temperature atmosphere of up to 1700° C. or more, then a slag layer 17, and then the molten metal bath 7. The entrance 14 to the vessel may be provided with a blowing lance 18 to prevent ingress of metal and slag into the guide tube 13.

[0136] The optimum level of the molten metal bath 7 can be approximately known for each metallurgical vessel depending on its design and mode of operation.

[0137] To obtain a temperature measurement, the optical core wire 1 is fed with its front end at the immersion end 15 towards the molten metal bath 7 to the required immersion depth. To obtain a reliable temperature measurement, it may be desirable to measure at an approximately constant immersion depth in the molten metal bath. A suitable feeding system 12 precisely controls the feeding speed of the optical core wire 1.

[0138] After the measurement sequence, the portion 19 of the optical core wire immersed in the molten metal bath is melted and therefore consumed. The length of this portion is L C After the measurement has been made, the portion of the optical core wire 20 that is located in the high temperature atmosphere and extends through the slag layer may be sent back towards the coil 8 and reused for the next measurement.

[0139] FIG. 3 is a position-time graph showing the immersion of the front end of the optical core wire during application of a typical measurement profile. The x-axis shows time and the y-axis shows the position of the front end. Molten metal bath MB SThe position of the surface of is shown for orientation. Prior to the start of the measurement, i.e. before t0, the front end is placed at the starting point. This may be inside the metallurgical vessel or may be close to the entrance, i.e. near the point where the optical core wire enters the vessel. The optical core wire is fed at a feed rate towards and into the molten metal bath for a time period from t0 to t2. This length of time is typically in the range of a few seconds. The front end of the optical core wire enters the molten metal bath at time t1, i.e. t1 is the time when the front end is immersed below the surface of the molten metal bath. In the illustrated graph, a single feed rate is applied, but the feeding may include several stages with different feed rates. Phases without feeding, i.e. stationary phases, may be included during the measurement run, as shown in the graph shown in FIG. 4, which represents another preferred embodiment. Temperature measurements are taken during the measurement time period from t1 to t2. To obtain reliable measurements, the front end must be immersed below the surface of the molten metal bath. Temperature values ​​obtained during the initial stages of feeding often do not represent the bulk temperature of the molten metal bath. After t2, the optical core wire is retracted from the molten metal bath and returned to a position above the surface. Ideally, the molten metal bath L C The portion of the optical core wire that is immersed below the surface of is consumed to t2.

[0140] The time required for the immersed portion of the optical core wire to be completely consumed to the surface of the molten metal bath depends on the temperature of the molten metal and the properties of the optical core wire. The properties of the optical core wire that affect the melting or consumption behavior mentioned above include its design and the material from which it is made. For example, a metal tube with a thicker wall thickness melts slower than a metal tube of the same material with a thinner wall thickness. Since the optical core wire is expected to be consumed faster at higher temperatures of the molten metal bath, the length of time of the measurement profile may be shorter at higher temperatures of the molten metal bath. For given reasons, it is advantageous for the parameters of the feed scheme to be adjusted to the temperature to be measured.

[0141] The melting and devitrification behavior of the optical core wire depends on the amount of heat transfer from the environment, which is directly related to the speed at which the front end is fed. In particular, if previous measurements have been performed, parts of the immersed end, including the front end, may already be damaged. The longer the residence time during the previous measurement sequence in the heat demand zone, the more damage can be observed. By applying the method according to the invention, this damage is minimized.

[0142] It has been observed that different parameters applied to obtain temperature values ​​during the application of the measurement profile result in different measurement qualities. The measurement quality of the measurement profile refers to a different measurement accuracy compared to measurements obtained using fixedly installed standard thermocouples. The idea behind the invention is to adapt a specific measurement profile to the temperatures expected to be measured. Figure 5 is a graph showing the optimal feed rate applied during the measurement sequence, i.e. the relationship between the application of the measurement profile and the temperatures obtained. This dependency can be related to the melting and decomposition behavior of the optical core wire, which is known to depend on the temperature of the molten metal bath. Preferably, the average feed rate of the front end is selected faster the higher the temperatures expected to be measured.

[0143] Fig. 6 is a graph showing the optimum time length of immersion of the front end of the optical core wire in a measurement sequence, i.e. the time length between t1 and t2 in Fig. 3 and Fig. 4, versus the acquired temperature. The discernible correlation between higher bath temperatures and shorter immersion time lengths indicates that the time during which the optical core wire is immersed in the molten metal part should preferably be selected to be shorter the higher the expected temperature of the molten metal bath.

[0144] FIG. 7 is a predicted progression of the temperature of the molten metal bath over time in an exemplary EAF process, showing a constant temperature increase. This progression represents an exemplary model of the progression of the temperature of the molten metal bath. Additionally, FIG. 7 shows the relationship between parameters and variables on which the temperature prediction process is based. According to one embodiment of the present invention, a measurement is performed at a time t(n), resulting in a measured temperature value T mes(n) is obtained. The measurement profile applied is the expected temperature T pred (n) is preselected based on the temperature T pred (n) is the predicted temperature, so the measured temperature value T mes It should be emphasized that the predicted temperature value T pred The time points associated with (n) are the measured temperature values ​​T mes The first measured temperature value T mes After a predetermined time Δt has elapsed since the determination of temperature (n), a second temperature measurement point t(n+1) is defined as being later than t(n). The expected temperature value T pred (n+1) is needed as a basis for selecting the most suitable measurement profile for this second measurement. This temperature value is predicted based on the expected evolution of the temperature of the molten metal bath during the time Δt between t(n) and t(n+1).

[0145] Fig. 8 is a schematic diagram of a system 30 according to an embodiment of the present invention. The system 30 is configured to execute the method according to the present invention. In particular, it is configured to provide a data set that associates predicted temperatures with a measurement profile that provides an optimal measurement quality for each predicted temperature. The system 30 is further configured to predict such temperatures. Furthermore, the system 30 is configured to define a time step. In addition, the system 30 is configured to calculate a temperature based on a model that describes the temperature course of the molten metal bath over time. Such a calculated temperature should also be understood as a predicted temperature. The system 30 is further configured to provide a model. In addition, the system 30 is configured to select a measurement profile from the provided data set. The selected measurement profile is based on either the predicted temperature or the temperature calculated based on the model. Furthermore, the system 30 is configured to apply this measurement profile.

[0146] The system comprises an apparatus 40, which comprises an optical core wire and a detector. Furthermore, the system comprises a module 50. The apparatus 40 and the module 50 are adapted to interact with each other, i.e. the module is configured to carry out the method according to the invention with the apparatus 40, resulting in the measurement of temperature values ​​of the molten metal bath.

[0147] 9 shows in more detail a schematic diagram of the module 50. The module 50 comprises a storage unit 50, a processing unit 70 and a control unit 80.

[0148] In the following, exemplary conditions according to the invention are given. EXAMPLES

[0149] The apparatus containing the optical core wire was placed in a typical electric arc furnace (EAF) setup according to Figure 2. The optical core wire comprised a graded-index fiber with a core diameter of 50 μm and a stainless steel tube with an outer diameter of 1.3 mm. The metal-tubed fiber was embedded in a stainless steel tube with an outer diameter of 6 mm and a wall thickness of 0.3 mm.

[0150] The EAF was loaded with scrap and the melting process was started. For a typical input power of 60 MW, a temperature progression was expected based on previous measurements as shown in Figure 7.

[0151] Based on the historical data of the metallurgical installation and the accumulated power consumption of the EAF, the predicted temperature at the first measurement was 1540 ° C. A measurement profile for a predicted temperature of 1540 ° C was selected, the average feed rate was defined as 0,4 m / s and the time length of the profile as 1,0 seconds. The obtained temperature value was 1560 ° C, i.e. the measurement of the actual temperature of the molten metal bath resulted in a higher temperature value than predicted. For the specific metallurgical installation, a temperature increase of 15 ° C / min was predicted in this temperature range. The next measurement was planned 2 minutes after the first measurement, i.e. the predicted temperature was 1590 ° C. The measurement profile for a predicted temperature of 1590 ° C defined the optimal average feed rate as 0,5 m / s and the time length of the profile as 0,75 seconds. After applying the second measurement profile at the time point 1 minute after the first measurement, a measured temperature value of 1600 ° C was obtained.

[0152] A third measurement was planned 1 minute after the second measurement. According to the expected temperature course, the expected temperature to be measured was 1620°C, and the respective measurement profile was defined with an optimal average feed rate of 0,8 m / s and a profile time length of 0,54 s. The obtained measured temperature was 1625°C. [Explanation of symbols]

[0153] 1, 1', 1'', 1''' Optical Core Wire 2', 2'', 2''' optical fiber 3', 3'', 3''' metal tube 4'', 4''' 2nd metal tube 5'', 5'''' Air gap between metal tubes 6 Equipment 7 Molten metal bath 8 Coils 9 Opposite end (the end of the core wire connected to the detector) 10. Detector 11 Container; metallurgical container 12 Feeder 13 Guide tube 14 Entrance 15 Front end of optical core wire MBS Molten Metal Bath Surface 17 Slag layer 18 Blowing Lance 19 The portion of the core wire immersed in the molten metal bath LC Length of optical core wire immersed in molten metal bath 20 Part of the core wire exposed to high temperature atmosphere and slag 30 Systems 40 equipment 50 Modules 60 Storage Unit 70 Processing Unit 80 Control Unit

Claims

1. A series of at least two temperature values ​​T of the molten metal bath is obtained using an apparatus including an optical core wire and a detector. mes (n) and T mes A method for determining (n+1), comprising the steps of: (a) The predicted temperature value T of the molten metal bath pred to a corresponding measurement profile MP, where the measurement profile MP is a series of steps performed to obtain the temperature of the molten metal bath, comprising the steps of: (i) providing the optical core wire with its front end above the surface of the molten metal bath; (ii) feeding the leading end of the optical core wire towards the molten metal bath and below the surface of the molten metal bath at at least one feed rate v fed for a time from t0 to t2, the leading end of the optical core wire being below the surface of the molten metal bath for a time from t1 to t2; (iii) acquiring temperature information within a measurement time from t1 to t2; (iv) retracting the optical core wire at a speed v ret to a position above the molten metal bath; Define at least one of them, The data set includes data pairs in which one particular value of a type of data is assigned to a model or a series of steps; (b) providing a model F(t) describing the temperature progression of the molten metal bath over time, where time t can be included in the model F(t) as an input parameter or the model F(t) can be independent of time t as an input parameter; (c) defining a time step Δt, the time step Δt being a length of time; (d) selecting a time t(n) in the future and determining the temperature value T of the molten metal bath at time t(n); pred predicting (n); (e) predicted temperature value T pred From the provided data set, the predicted temperature value T pred selecting a measurement profile MP(n) corresponding to (n); (f) applying said measurement profile MP(n) at time t(n) to obtain a measured temperature value T mes Obtaining (n); (g) the measured temperature value T mes (n), a predicted temperature value T of the molten metal bath based on the model F(t) and the time step Δt. pred calculating (n+1); (h) predicted temperature value T pred From the provided data set, the predicted temperature value T pred selecting a measurement profile MP(n+1) corresponding to (n+1); (i) applying the measurement profile MP(n+1) at time t(n+1) to obtain a measured temperature value T mes (n+1), where t(n+1) is A step defined by t(n+1)=t(n)+Δt; A method comprising:

2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the molten metal bath is a molten steel bath.

3. 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the model F(t) describing the temperature profile of the molten metal bath over time is a linear function.

4. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the model describing the temperature progression F(t) is based on previous measurements.

5. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the model F(t) describing the temperature progression over time of the molten metal bath is based on operational parameters.

6. The model F(t) describing the temperature profile of the molten metal bath over time is (i) providing a data set relating a property of a molten metal bath to recorded data of a model F(t) of the temperature progression of the molten metal bath over time; (ii) providing characteristics of the molten metal bath; (iii) receiving a model F(t) corresponding to said characteristic of the molten metal bath from said provided data set relating said characteristic of the molten metal bath to recorded data of said model F(t) relating to said temperature progression of the molten metal bath over time; The method according to any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein the method comprises:

7. The length of the time step Δt is (i) providing a data set relating an operational parameter to a length of a time step Δt; (ii) providing operating parameters; (iii) receiving a length of the time step Δt from the provided data set related to the operational parameters; The method according to any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein the method comprises:

8. The selection of the length of the time step Δt is performed based on the measured temperature value T mes The method according to any one of claims 1 to 7, based on (n).

9. 2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the measurement profile MP defines a further step within a quiescent time from t1 to t2, during which the feeding of the front end of the optical core wire is paused or the front end of the optical core wire is fed at a slow speed.

10. The feed in step (ii) of the measurement profile MP is performed at least at two feed rates v fed 1 and v fed 10. The method of claim 9, comprising:

11. Feed rate v of measurement profile MP(n+1) fed (n+1) is the feed rate v of the measurement profile MP(n) fed The method of claim 9 or 10, wherein (n) is greater than (n).

12. 12. The method according to claim 10 or 11, wherein the length of time from t1 to t2 is shorter in measurement profile MP(n+1) than in measurement profile MP(n).

13. The provision of the model F(t) describing the temperature profile over time of the molten metal bath in step (b) comprises the following steps (b1) to (b4): (b1) Predicted temperature T pred and the measured temperature value T mes The maximum temperature difference ΔT between max Defining (b2) Maximum temperature step size ΔT step Defining (b3) The measured temperature value T mes (n) and the predicted temperature T pred The difference ΔT(n) between the maximum temperature difference ΔT max and comparing the (b4) providing a model F(t), F(t)=T pred (n)+ΔT step (ΔT(n) is the maximum temperature difference ΔT defined above. max If greater) and The method according to any one of claims 1 to 13, comprising:

14. A series of at least two temperature values ​​T of the molten metal bath mes (n) and T mes 1. A system for determining (n+1), comprising an apparatus and a module, the module adapted to interact with the apparatus, the apparatus including an optical core wire and a detector, The module includes a storage unit, a processing unit, and a control unit, the storage unit (a1) The predicted temperature value T of the molten metal bath pred a storage element for providing a data set relating a temperature of the molten metal bath to a corresponding measurement profile MP, where the measurement profile MP is a sequence of steps performed to obtain the temperature of the molten metal bath, comprising the following steps: (i) providing the optical core wire with its front end above the surface of the molten metal bath; (ii) feeding the leading end of the optical core wire towards the molten metal bath and below the surface of the molten metal bath at at least one feed rate v fed for a time from t0 to t2, the leading end of the optical core wire being below the surface of the molten metal bath for a time from t1 to t2; (iii) acquiring temperature information within a measurement time from t1 to t2; (iv) retracting the optical core wire at a speed v ret to a position above the molten metal bath; Define at least one of them, The data set includes data pairs in which one particular value of a type of data is assigned to a model or a series of steps; (a2) a storage element for providing a model F(t) describing the temperature progression over time of said molten metal bath, whereby time t can be included in model F(t) as an input parameter or where model F(t) can be independent of time t as an input parameter; (a3) a storage element for defining a time step Δt, the time step Δt being a length of time; Including, The processing unit includes: (b1) selecting a future time point and determining the temperature T of the molten metal bath at the future time point; pred a processing element for predicting (b2) Predicted temperature value T pred From the provided data set, the predicted temperature T pred a processing element for selecting a measurement profile MP corresponding to (b3) Measured temperature value T mes , the model F(t), and the time step Δt, the predicted temperature T pred a processing element for computing Including, The control unit (c1) At a certain point in time, the measurement profile MP is applied to obtain a measured temperature value T mes A control element for obtaining Including, system.

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