Methods and compositions for recovering lithium from solution using nanoparticles - Patents.com

Abstract

The present disclosure, according to some embodiments, relates to a method for recovering lithium ions from a lithium ion-containing liquid, the method comprising the steps of coating nanoparticles with styrene monomer, polymerizing the styrene monomer to form polystyrene-coated nanoparticles, attaching dibenzo-12-crown-4-ether to the polystyrene-coated nanoparticles to form a lithium sorption medium, exposing the lithium ion-containing liquid to the lithium sorption medium to form a lithium-rich sorption medium, and extracting lithium ions from the lithium-rich sorption medium. [Selected Figure] Figure 1

Description

[Technical field]

[0001] The present disclosure, in some embodiments, relates to isolating lithium from an aqueous source. [Background technology]

[0002] Lithium and lithium salts have many applications, including medicine, ceramics, metallurgy, pyrotechnics and military applications. The recent surge in renewable energy initiatives has increased demand for lithium as a raw material for rechargeable lithium-ion batteries for portable electronic devices and electric vehicles.

[0003] Most of the world's lithium is obtained by taking brine from underground pools, placing the brine in ponds, and then evaporating the ponds using the heat of the sun to leave the salt. This method is currently the most widespread, as mining lithium ores is much more costly and uneconomical. Although solar evaporation is cheaper than direct mining of lithium ores, the product from solar evaporation is not pure and requires additional processing to separate the lithium salt from other salts in the brine.

[0004] It would be desirable to selectively recover high purity lithium salts in a stable form from the brine. Summary of the Invention

[0005] According to one aspect, the method includes coating nanoparticles with a styrene monomer, polymerizing the styrene monomer to form polystyrene-coated nanoparticles, and attaching a crown ether to the polystyrene-coated nanoparticles to form a lithium sorption medium. The method can include exposing a lithium ion-containing liquid to the lithium sorption medium to form a lithium-rich sorption medium and a lithium-depleted liquid, and extracting lithium ions from the lithium-rich sorption medium to form extracted lithium ions and a regenerated lithium sorption medium.

[0006] According to one aspect, a lithium sorption medium for recovering lithium ions from a lithium ion-containing liquid includes polystyrene-coated nanoparticles and a crown ether, the lithium sorption medium being prepared by a process including the steps of coating the nanoparticles with a styrene monomer, polymerizing the styrene monomer to form polystyrene-coated nanoparticles, attaching the crown ether to the polystyrene-coated nanoparticles to form the lithium sorption medium, exposing the lithium ion-containing liquid to the lithium sorption medium to form a lithium-rich sorption medium and a lithium-depleted liquid, and extracting lithium ions from the lithium-rich sorption medium to form extracted lithium ions and a regenerated lithium sorption medium.

[0007] In one embodiment, the nanoparticles have a surface area of ​​about 10 square meters to about 5,000 square meters per gram. The nanoparticles can include a surface area of ​​about 10 square meters to about 500 square meters per gram. The nanoparticles can include ferrous materials such as magnetic iron. The nanoparticles can include non-magnetic iron. The nanoparticles can include iron, ferrous iron, and ferric oxide. The crown ethers can include dibenzo-12-crown-4-ether, diaza-12-crown-4 ether, dibenzo-15-crown-5 ether, diaza-15-crown-5 ether, dibenzo-18-crown-6 ether, and diaza-18-crown-6 ether.

[0008] According to one aspect, the method includes separating the extracted lithium ions from the regenerated lithium sorption medium. In some embodiments, the lithium-rich sorption medium is magnetically separated from the lithium-depleted liquid. Extracting the lithium ions from the lithium-rich sorption medium may be performed by treating the lithium-rich sorption medium with a weak acid. The weak acid may include one or more of carbonic acid, acetic acid, phosphoric acid, hydrofluoric acid, oxalic acid, and combinations thereof.

[0009] According to one aspect, the method includes drying the precipitated lithium salt to form a dry lithium salt and separating the lithium-rich sorption medium from the lithium-depleted liquid by centrifugation. In some embodiments, the method includes separating the lithium-rich sorption medium from the lithium-depleted liquid by centrifugation. The polymerization can provide preferred attachment sites for the crown ether for the adsorption of lithium ions by limiting the interference of the crown ether with oxygen and the nanoparticles. The polymerization allows the nanoparticles to be used under acidic conditions to remove lithium ions from the lithium-rich sorption medium without or with limited nanoparticle degradation. The extraction includes exposing the lithium-rich sorption medium to water containing carbon dioxide. The extracted lithium ions can precipitate to form precipitated lithium salts, where the precipitated lithium salts can include lithium carbonate, lithium silicate, lithium oxalate, and combinations thereof. The coating includes adding the nanoparticles to a solution containing a styrene monomer and a free radical initiator.

[0010] In some embodiments, a method for producing a lithium adsorption medium includes coating nanoparticles with a styrene monomer, polymerizing the styrene monomer to form polystyrene-coated nanoparticles, and attaching dibenzo-12-crown-4-ether to the polystyrene-coated nanoparticles to form the lithium adsorption medium.

[0011] According to some embodiments, a lithium adsorption medium for recovering lithium ions from a lithium ion-containing liquid is provided. The lithium adsorption medium can include nanoparticles containing iron, polystyrene coating the surface of the nanoparticles, and a crown ether attached to the polystyrene. The iron can include magnetic iron, non-magnetic iron, and combinations thereof. The crown ether can include dibenzo-12-crown-4-ether, diaza-12-crown-4 ether, dibenzo-15-crown-5 ether, diaza-15-crown-5 ether, dibenzo-18-crown-6 ether, and diaza-18-crown-6 ether. In some embodiments, about 75% or more of the surface of the nanoparticles is coated with polystyrene. According to some embodiments, about 95% or more of the surface of the nanoparticles is coated with polystyrene. [Brief description of the drawings]

[0012] Certain embodiments of the present disclosure will be understood in part with reference to the disclosure and accompanying drawings. [Figure 1] FIG. 1 illustrates a flow chart of a method for recovering lithium ions from a lithium ion-containing liquid, according to certain exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0013] The present disclosure relates, in some embodiments, to methods and compositions for recovering lithium from a solution using nanoparticles. The solution may be a naturally occurring source of saline water. The methods and compositions can selectively extract lithium salts from saline water solutions. Saline water solutions include those obtained from seawater, saline lakes, shallow groundwater vines associated with saline or dry lakes, geothermal saline waters, and deep saline waters in sedimentary basins. For example, saline waters are obtained from Death Valley, California, and Argentina. Selectively extracting lithium salts has an advantage over existing extraction methods in that it does not require further separation from other salts, such as sodium and potassium salts. Additionally, the described nanoparticles can be regenerated to reduce nanoparticle production costs and waste. In some embodiments, the magnetic nanoparticles desirably allow for magnetic separation of the nanoparticles from the saline water once the lithium has been isolated from the saline water. Magnetic separation of nanoparticles from a fluid is advantageous over traditional filtration methods because it can be used at high throughput without the need for filters that become clogged and need to be replaced. The magnetic particles can include ferrous materials, whether or not they are in a magnetic state. The ferrous particles can be extracted by exposure to a magnetic field. The magnetic iron particles can be extracted by exposure to another ferrous material and / or a magnetic field.

[0014] FIG. 1 shows a flow chart of a method for recovering lithium ions from a lithium ion-containing liquid. As shown in FIG. 1, the method 100 includes a step 102 of mixing nanoparticles, styrene monomer, and a radical initiator. These elements can be mixed in a glass or metal container and can be mixed using an overhead stirrer, a magnetic stir bar, shaking, and combinations thereof. The mixing 102 can be performed in an aqueous solution. In some embodiments, the mixing 102 can be performed in other solvents including diethyl ether, hexane, dichloromethane, toluene, ethanol, methanol, ethyl acetate, acetone, and mixtures thereof. While mixing the nanoparticles, styrene monomer, and radical initiator (102), the styrene monomer coats the surface of the nanoparticles via intermolecular forces including van der Waals forces, dipole interactions, and hydrogen bonds.

[0015] In the present method 100, the nanoparticles can include any metal, including iron, magnetic iron, non-magnetic iron, and combinations thereof. For example, the nanoparticles can include any allotrope, iron (II) oxide, iron (III) oxide, and iron dioxide. The nanoparticles can have a surface area of ​​about 10 square meters to about 5,000 square meters per gram. Preferably, the nanoparticles can have a surface area of ​​about 100 square meters per gram, or about 500 square meters per gram. The inventors have found that a surface area of ​​about 100 square meters to about 500 square meters per gram advantageously provides a large number of attachment sites for lithium to facilitate efficient recovery while providing nanoparticles of a size that facilitates capture of the nanoparticles. Radical initiators can include benzoyl peroxide, tert-butyl peroxide, a methyl radical source, benzoyloxy radical, methyl ethyl ketone peroxide, acetone peroxide, peroxydisulfates, halogen peroxides, azo compounds such as azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN), and combinations thereof.

[0016] As shown in FIG. 1, in some embodiments, the method 100 includes a step 104 of polymerizing the monomer. Polymerizing the monomer 104 includes activating a radical initiator to start the polymerization process of the styrene monomer to form polystyrene coated nanoparticles. Activation includes heating the free radical initiator or inducing radical formation to induce polymerization of the styrene monomer. Polymerization can be carried out in an aqueous solution including water or in a solvent such as diethyl ether, hexane, dichloromethane, toluene, ethanol, methanol, ethyl acetate, acetone and mixtures thereof. In some embodiments, at least about 75% of the surface area of ​​the nanoparticles is coated with polystyrene. The inventors have discovered that if the coverage of the surface area of ​​the nanoparticles is too low, the styrene monomers fold and block sites where the crown ether can attach. In a preferred embodiment, at least about 75%, and more preferably all, of the surface area of ​​the nanoparticles is coated with polystyrene. Enough coverage of the surface area of ​​the nanoparticles with polystyrene advantageously provides sites for the crown ether to attach in high yield. A low polystyrene coverage results in fewer sites for crown ether binding, reducing the metal ion binding capacity of the nanoparticles, whereas a higher polystyrene coverage of the nanoparticles results in a higher binding yield of crown ether on the polystyrene, thereby forming more crown ether sites on the nanoparticles for binding metal ions.

[0017] The method 100 includes a step 106 of adding a crown ether to the polystyrene coated nanoparticles to form a metal ion adsorption medium, such as a lithium ion adsorption medium, as shown in FIG. 1. The crown ether can be attached to the polystyrene coated nanoparticles such that the crown ether can advantageously bind metal salts, including lithium, sodium, potassium, aluminum, cesium, magnesium, and combinations thereof. The crown ether, such as dibenzo-12-crown-4-ether, can be attached to the polystyrene coated nanoparticles through the dibenzo moiety of the crown ether, leaving the crown ether moiety available to bind metal salts, such as lithium. The crown ether can be attached to the polystyrene coated nanoparticles through covalent bonds, π-stacking, van der Waals forces, dipole interactions, and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the crown ether includes dibenzo-12-crown-4-ether, diaza-12-crown-4 ether, dibenzo-15-crown-5 ether, diaza-15-crown-5 ether, dibenzo-18-crown-6 ether, or diaza-18-crown-6 ether. In some embodiments, dibenzo-15-crown-5 ether and diaza-15-crown-5 ether can be used to bind sodium metal ions. Methods and compositions using dibenzo-18-crown-6 ether and diaza-18-crown-6 ether can be used to bind potassium metal ions. The addition 106 of crown ether to polystyrene coated nanoparticles can be carried out in an aqueous solution including water, or in a solvent such as diethyl ether, hexane, dichloromethane, toluene, ethanol, methanol, ethyl acetate, acetone, and mixtures thereof.

[0018] The method 100 includes a step 108 of separating the metal ion-sorbing medium from the solvent and components used to generate it, as shown in FIG. 1. Separation 108 can be performed by filtration, centrifugation, magnetization, and combinations thereof. After separation 108, the separated metal ion-sorbing medium can be washed with a solvent including water to remove unbound monomer or crown ether. The method 100 can then add an aqueous salt solution to the metal ion-sorbing medium (110) such that the metal ion-sorbing medium can adsorb one or more metal ions from the aqueous salt solution to form a metal-rich adsorption medium and a metal-depleted liquid. For example, the method 100 includes a step of exposing a lithium-ion-sorbing medium to a lithium-rich salt solution to form a lithium-rich adsorption medium and a lithium-depleted liquid.

[0019] According to some embodiments, when magnetic nanoparticles are used, the method 100 includes a step 112 of separating the metal ion depleted solution from the magnetic metal rich adsorption medium using a magnet. This selectively sequesters the desired metal ions, such as lithium, via the nanoparticles from other metal ions remaining in the salt water solution. To remove the metal ions from the magnetic metal ion rich adsorption medium, the metal ion adsorption medium can be mixed (114) with an acidic solution to form an extracted metal ion and regenerated metal ion adsorption medium. For example, the lithium ion adsorption medium can be mixed (114) with an acidic solution to form an extracted lithium ion and regenerated metal adsorption medium. The acidic solution preferably includes a weak acid, such as carbonic acid, acetic acid, phosphoric acid, hydrofluoric acid, oxalic acid, and combinations thereof. Strong acids can also be used, but they may damage the styrene coated nanoparticles, limiting their ability to regenerate the nanoparticles.

[0020] According to some embodiments, the method 100 includes a step 116 of separating the regenerated metal ion sorption medium from the extracted metal ions. Separation includes filtration, centrifugation, magnetization, and combinations thereof. The regenerated metal ion sorption medium may be regenerated multiple times in an iterative process to recover lithium from a single batch of lithium ion-containing liquid and remove more lithium from the batch (120), or may be used to remove lithium from multiple batches of lithium ion-containing liquid. In some embodiments, the lithium ion sorption medium may be used at one location to adsorb lithium from a single batch of lithium ion-containing liquid and then transported to another location to isolate lithium from the lithium-rich sorption medium formed. Additionally, all steps of the method 100 may be performed at one location.

[0021] As shown in FIG. 1, the method 100 includes a step 118 of precipitating the extracted metal ions to form a precipitated metal salt. For example, the method 100 includes a step 118 of precipitating the extracted lithium ions to form a precipitated lithium salt, where the precipitated lithium salt includes lithium carbonate, lithium silicate, lithium oxalate, and combinations thereof. A carbonate, silicate, or oxalate source can be used to precipitate the metal salt. After precipitating the metal salt (118), the metal salt can be separated from the aqueous solvent (122) via a filtration or centrifugation process. The separated aqueous solvent is discarded (124), and the separated metal salt can be dried (126). For example, the lithium salt can be dried via heat, under vacuum, and combinations thereof. The lithium salt can be dried via calcination, including a heat treatment process, in the absence or limited supply of air or oxygen. In some embodiments, calcination can be advantageous when decomposition or contamination of the salt may occur.

[0022] According to some embodiments, the method can be used to make a metal adsorption medium for recovering metal ions from a metal ion-containing liquid. For example, the present disclosure relates to a lithium ion adsorption medium for recovering lithium ions from a lithium ion-containing liquid. The lithium ion adsorption medium includes nanoparticles containing ions, nanoparticles coated with polystyrene, and a crown ether attached to the polystyrene. The iron includes magnetic iron, non-magnetic iron, iron (II) oxide, iron (III) oxide, iron dioxide, and combinations thereof. The crown ethers include dibenzo-12-crown-4-ether, diaza-12-crown-4 ether, dibenzo-15-crown-5 ether, diaza-15-crown-5 ether, dibenzo-18-crown-6 ether, and diaza-18-crown-6 ether. The metal adsorption medium can selectively bind a desired metal ion. Selectivity can be defined as: Selectivity = ((# moles of desired metal ion) / (# moles of undesired metal ion)) x 100%

[0023] Inorganic nanomaterials have unique physical properties. This application describes the combination of nanoparticles, coating procedures, and the use of crown ethers to achieve the recovery of lithium from liquids. It is difficult to separate lithium ions from a stream of cations that contain the alkali metals sodium and potassium. The selective functional ring group dibenzo-12-crown-4-ether has high selectivity for lithium. Magnetic nanoparticles are covered or coated with polystyrene by polymerizing styrene on the surface of the magnetic nanoparticles. The coating of the magnetic nanoparticles with polystyrene provides attachment of the dibenzo-12-crown-4-ether through the benzene ring of the crown ether, so that the cyclic ether can be utilized to adsorb the lithium cations.

[0024] The iron nanoparticles are capped by polymerizing styrene monomers on the surface of the iron nanoparticles, followed by attachment of a crown ether via adsorption of the benzene ring of the dibenzo-12-crown-4-ether ring.

[0025] The nanoparticles are added to a solution containing a free radical initiator and styrene monomer. The nanoparticles may be isolated using the magnetic properties of the nanoparticles or other particle separation techniques such as centrifugation or filtration. The styrene monomer is then polymerized to coat the nanoparticles. A crown ether is then added as a liquid with a freezing point above 16°C and a boiling point below 70°C. The material is stirred so that the crown ether adsorbs onto the styrene polymer coating.

[0026] The crown ether-rich magnetic nanoparticles are added to a liquid containing lithium ions, which can be either a slurry or a solid. The crown ether-coated particles preferentially adsorb the lithium from the saltwater or liquid. The nanoparticles can then be removed from the liquid stream using their magnetic properties or industrial techniques such as filtration or centrifugation.

[0027] The lithium-containing nanoparticles are then extracted to put the lithium into solution. The extractant can be one of several acids or water treated with a weak acid such as carbonic acid, acetic acid, phosphoric acid, hydrofluoric acid, oxalic acid and combinations thereof. The dissolved lithium is then precipitated using carbonate, silicate or oxalate ions.

[0028] As would be understood by one of ordinary skill in the art having the benefit of this disclosure, other equivalent or alternative compositions and methods, and systems for recovering lithium from solution using nanoparticles, can be envisioned without departing from the description contained herein, and thus the methods of carrying out the present disclosure as shown and described should be taken as exemplary.

[0029] Those skilled in the art may make various changes in the shape, size, number and / or arrangement of method steps or components without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. For example, the number of crown ethers may be varied. In some embodiments, the crown ethers may be interchangeable. Interchangeability allows for the separation of various types of salts. Each of the disclosed methods and method steps may be performed in any order according to some embodiments in conjunction with other disclosed methods or method steps. When the verb "may" is used, it is intended to convey an optional condition and / or permissive condition, but its use is not intended to imply a lack of operability unless otherwise stated. When open terms such as "having" or "including" are used, one skilled in the art having the benefit of the present disclosure will understand that the disclosed features or steps may be optionally combined with additional features or steps. Such a selection may not be exercised, and indeed in some embodiments, the disclosed systems, compositions, devices and / or methods may exclude other features or steps beyond those disclosed herein. Elements, compositions, devices, systems, methods, and method steps not described may be included or excluded as desired or required. Those skilled in the art will be able to make various modifications in the methods of preparing and using the disclosed compositions and methods.

[0030] Also, where ranges are given, the disclosed endpoints may be treated as exact values ​​and / or approximations, as appropriate or required by a particular embodiment. When the endpoints are approximations, the degree of flexibility may vary in proportion to the order of magnitude of the range. Moreover, in some embodiments, it may be desirable to juggle the endpoints of the ranges.

[0031] All or part of the method or composition for recovering lithium from a solution having nanoparticles may be constructed and arranged to be disposable, repairable, replaceable and / or substitutable. Equivalents and alternatives thereof, together with obvious variations and modifications, are intended to be included within the scope of the present disclosure. Accordingly, the above disclosure is intended to be illustrative, but not limiting, of the scope of the present disclosure as indicated by the appended claims.

[0032] The title, abstract, background and headings are provided for regulatory compliance and / or convenience of the reader. They are not intended as an admission of the scope or content of the prior art, and do not contain limitations that apply to all embodiments of the disclosure.

Claims

1. A method for recovering lithium ions from a lithium ion-containing liquid, comprising: coating the nanoparticles with a styrene monomer; polymerizing styrene monomers to form polystyrene-coated nanoparticles; attaching a crown ether to the polystyrene coated nanoparticles via the dibenzo moiety of the crown ether to form a lithium adsorption medium; exposing the lithium ion-containing liquid to a lithium sorption medium to form a lithium-rich sorption medium and a lithium-depleted liquid; extracting lithium ions from the lithium-rich sorption medium to form extracted lithium ions and a regenerated lithium sorption medium; The crown ether comprises dibenzo-12-crown-4-ether; The method according to claim 1, wherein at least 75% of the surface of the nanoparticles is coated with polystyrene.

2. 10. The method of claim 1 , The method, wherein the nanoparticles have a surface area of ​​from 10 square meters per gram to 5,000 square meters per gram.

3. 10. The method of claim 1 , The method, wherein the nanoparticles have a surface area of ​​between 100 square meters per gram and 500 square meters per gram.

4. 10. The method of claim 1 , The method, wherein the nanoparticles comprise an iron material.

5. 5. The method of claim 4, The method further comprising the step of magnetically separating the lithium-rich sorption medium from the lithium-depleted liquid.

6. 10. The method of claim 1 , The method, wherein the nanoparticles comprise non-magnetic iron.

7. 10. The method of claim 1 , 13. The method of claim 12, wherein extracting lithium ions from the lithium-rich sorption medium includes treating the lithium-rich sorption medium with at least one of carbonic acid, acetic acid, phosphoric acid, hydrofluoric acid, oxalic acid, and combinations thereof.

8. 10. The method of claim 1 , The method further comprising the step of separating the extracted lithium ions from the regenerated lithium sorption medium.

9. 9. The method of claim 8, The method further comprising precipitating the extracted lithium ions to form precipitated lithium salts, wherein the precipitated lithium salts comprise at least one of lithium carbonate, lithium silicate, lithium oxalate, and combinations thereof.

10. 10. The method of claim 9, The method further comprising drying the precipitated lithium salt to form a dry lithium salt.

11. 10. The method of claim 1 , The method further comprising the step of separating the lithium-rich adsorption medium from the lithium-depleted liquid by centrifugation.

12. 10. The method of claim 1 , A method for producing polystyrene-coated nanoparticles, characterized in that the polystyrene-coated nanoparticles have such stability that the polystyrene-coated nanoparticles are not decomposed even when exposed to an acidic condition.

13. 10. The method of claim 1 , The method wherein the extraction comprises exposing the lithium-rich sorption medium to water containing carbon dioxide.

14. 10. The method of claim 1 , The method, wherein the coating comprises adding the nanoparticles to a solution comprising a styrene monomer.

15. 10. The method of claim 1 , The polymerization involves adding a free radical initiator to styrene monomer; The method of claim 1, wherein the free radical initiator comprises at least one of benzoyl peroxide, tert-butyl peroxide, a methyl radical source, benzoyloxy radical, methyl ethyl ketone peroxide, acetone peroxide, peroxydisulfates, halogen peroxides, azo compounds, and combinations thereof.

16. A method for producing the lithium adsorption medium of claim 1, comprising the steps of: coating the nanoparticles with a styrene monomer; polymerizing styrene monomers to form polystyrene-coated nanoparticles; attaching dibenzo-12-crown-4-ether to the polystyrene-coated nanoparticles via the dibenzo moiety of the crown ether to form a lithium adsorption medium; The method according to claim 1, wherein at least 75% of the surface of the nanoparticles is coated with polystyrene.

17. A lithium adsorption medium for recovering lithium ions from a lithium ion-containing liquid, comprising: Nanoparticles including an iron material; Polystyrene coating the surface of the nanoparticles; a crown ether attached to the polystyrene via the dibenzo portion of the crown ether; The crown ether comprises dibenzo-12-crown-4-ether; A lithium adsorption medium, characterized in that 75% or more of the surface of the nanoparticles is covered with polystyrene.

18. 18. The lithium adsorption medium according to claim 17, A lithium adsorption media, wherein the ferrous material comprises at least one of magnetic iron, non-magnetic iron, and combinations thereof.

19. 18. The lithium adsorption medium according to claim 17, A lithium adsorption medium further comprising a lithium ion attached to the dibenzo-12-crown-4-ether.

20. 18. The lithium adsorption medium according to claim 17, A lithium adsorption medium, characterized in that 95% or more of the surface of nanoparticles is covered with polystyrene.

21. 1. A method for preparing a lithium adsorption medium for recovering lithium ions from a lithium ion-containing liquid, comprising: the lithium adsorption medium comprises polystyrene-coated nanoparticles and a crown ether; The lithium adsorption medium is coating the nanoparticles with a styrene monomer; polymerizing styrene monomers to form polystyrene-coated nanoparticles; attaching a crown ether to the polystyrene coated nanoparticles via the dibenzo moiety of the crown ether to form a lithium adsorption medium; exposing the lithium ion-containing liquid to a lithium sorption medium to form a lithium-rich sorption medium and a lithium-depleted liquid; extracting lithium ions from the lithium-rich sorption medium to form extracted lithium ions and a regenerated lithium sorption medium; and is prepared by a process comprising: The crown ether comprises dibenzo-12-crown-4-ether; The method according to claim 1, wherein at least 75% of the surface of the nanoparticles is covered with polystyrene.

22. 22. The method of claim 21, The method, wherein the nanoparticles comprise at least one of magnetic iron, non-magnetic iron, and combinations thereof.

23. 22. The method of claim 21, A method characterized in that 95% or more of the surface of the nanoparticles is covered with polystyrene.

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