Thin-film LED array with low-refractive-index patterned structures

Abstract

A light emitting diode (LED) device having a patterned dielectric layer on a substrate and a method for effectively growing an epitaxial III-nitride layer thereon is described. A nucleation layer including III-nitride material is grown on the substrate before any patterning is performed. The patterned dielectric layer includes a first plurality of features and a second plurality of features, the second plurality of features having a height greater than the height of the first plurality of features. The second plurality of features is aligned with the cathode layer of the trench.

Description

[Technical Field]

[0001] FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE Embodiments of the present disclosure relate generally to light emitting diode (LED) devices and methods for fabricating the same. More particularly, embodiments are directed to light emitting diode devices that include patterned low refractive index structures on a planar sapphire substrate. [Background technology]

[0002] A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor light source that emits visible light when an electric current passes through it. LEDs are made up of a combination of P-type and N-type semiconductors. LEDs generally use group III compound semiconductors, which can operate more stably at high temperatures than devices using other semiconductors. Group III compounds are typically formed on substrates made of sapphire or silicon carbide (SiC).

[0003] Inorganic light-emitting diodes (i-LEDs) are widely used to create various types of displays, LED matrices, and light engines, including adaptive automotive headlights, augmented reality, virtual reality, and mixed reality (AR / VR / MR) headsets, smart glasses, and displays for mobile phones, smartwatches, monitors, and televisions. Individual LED pixels in these architectures can have areas ranging from a few square millimeters to several square micrometers, depending on the size of the matrix or display and the pixels-per-inch requirements. One common approach is to create monolithic arrays of LED pixels on an EPI wafer and then later transfer and hybridize these LED arrays to a backplane to control the individual pixels.

[0004] Monolithic arrays may require metal (e.g., Al-based) side contacts, which act as the electrical cathode for each pixel and also provide reflective sidewalls between pixels to reduce lateral light scattering and propagation. This geometry forms a metal grid between the pixels of an LED display or matrix. Such contacts typically extend deep into the bottom of the trench, reaching the surface of the substrate. The deep side contacts are required to ensure low sheet and contact resistance for the cathode contacts and to optically isolate each LED pixel so that there is no optical crosstalk, thereby maximizing optical contrast.

[0005] In these architectures, the substrate (e.g., sapphire, silicon) should be removed after the LED array is integrated with the backplane controller to improve light extraction and beam profiling. The standard technique for removing the sapphire substrate is via a laser lift-off process, which uses a laser beam to separate the substrate from the epitaxial layers. As Al-based cathodes are recessed to the surface of the substrate, they interact with the laser beam from the laser lift-off process, generating Al-rich droplets or other Al-containing byproducts, which are generally absorbing and therefore will reduce light output. Damage to the sidewall contacts can also affect the electrical performance of the pixel, resulting in unstable Vf or current leakage. Such effects can also raise long-term reliability concerns.

[0006] Therefore, there is a need for light emitting diode (LED) devices with high brightness levels and high light extraction efficiency. Summary of the Invention

[0007]

[0003] Embodiments of the present disclosure are directed to a light emitting diode (LED) device. In one embodiment, the light emitting diode (LED) device includes: a nucleation layer on a substrate, the nucleation layer including a first III-nitride material; a patterned dielectric layer on an upper surface of the nucleation layer, the patterned dielectric layer including a first plurality of features, a second plurality of features adjacent to the first plurality of features, and a plurality of spaces between the first plurality of features and the second plurality of features, the first plurality of features and the second plurality of features protruding from an upper surface of the nucleation layer, the second plurality of features having a second height greater than the first height of the first plurality of features, and the plurality of spaces exposing an upper surface of the nucleation layer; a III-nitride layer on the first plurality of features and the plurality of spaces, the III-nitride layer including the second III-nitride material; and a metal contact aligned with and in direct contact with the second plurality of features.

[0008] SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION Embodiments of the present disclosure are directed to a method of manufacturing a light emitting diode (LED) device. In one or more embodiments, a method for fabricating a light emitting diode (LED) device includes depositing a nucleation layer on a substrate, the nucleation layer comprising a first III-nitride material; depositing a dielectric layer on a top surface of the nucleation layer, the dielectric layer comprising a low refractive index dielectric material; patterning the dielectric layer to form a patterned surface having a first plurality of features, a second plurality of features adjacent to the first plurality of features, and a plurality of spaces between the first and second plurality of features, wherein the first and second plurality of features protrude from a top surface of the nucleation layer, the second plurality of features having a second height and a second width that are greater than the first height and the first width of the first plurality of features, and the plurality of spaces exposing a top surface of the nucleation layer; epitaxially growing a III-nitride layer on the patterned surface, the III-nitride layer comprising a second III-nitride material; and forming metal contacts aligned with and in direct contact with the second plurality of features.

[0009] One or more embodiments of the present disclosure relate to a light emitting diode (LED) device. In one embodiment, the light emitting diode (LED) device includes: a nucleation layer on a substrate, the nucleation layer including a first III-nitride material; a patterned dielectric layer on an upper surface of the nucleation layer, the patterned dielectric layer including a first plurality of features, a second plurality of features adjacent to the first plurality of features, and a plurality of spaces between the first plurality of features and the second plurality of features, the first plurality of features and the second plurality of features protruding from an upper surface of the nucleation layer, the second plurality of features having a second height greater than a first height of the first plurality of features, and the plurality of spaces exposing an upper surface of the nucleation layer; a reflector layer on a surface of the second plurality of features distal from the nucleation layer; a III-nitride layer on the first plurality of features and the plurality of spaces, the III-nitride layer including a second III-nitride material; and metal contacts aligned with and in direct contact with the second plurality of features.

[0010]

[0003] Embodiments of the present disclosure are directed to a method of fabricating a light emitting diode (LED) device. In one or more embodiments, the method of fabricating a light emitting diode (LED) device includes the steps of: depositing a nucleation layer on a substrate, the nucleation layer comprising a first III-nitride material; depositing a dielectric layer on a top surface of the nucleation layer, the dielectric layer comprising a low refractive index dielectric material; and patterning the dielectric layer to form a patterned surface having a first plurality of features, a second plurality of features adjacent to the first plurality of features, and a plurality of spaces between the first plurality of features and the second plurality of features. a second plurality of features protruding from an upper surface of the nucleation layer, the second plurality of features having a second height and a second width greater than the first height and the first width of the first plurality of features, the plurality of spaces exposing an upper surface of the nucleation layer; depositing a reflector layer on a surface of the second plurality of features distal from the nucleation layer; epitaxially growing a III-nitride layer on the patterned surface, the III-nitride layer comprising a second III-nitride material; and forming metal contacts aligned with and in direct contact with the second plurality of features. [Brief explanation of the drawings]

[0011] So that the above-mentioned features of the present disclosure can be understood in detail, a more particular description of the present disclosure, briefly summarized above, can be had by reference to embodiments, some of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings. It should be noted, however, that the accompanying drawings illustrate only typical embodiments of the present disclosure and therefore should not be considered as limiting the scope of the present disclosure, as the present disclosure may admit of other equally effective embodiments. The embodiments described herein are shown by way of example and not limited to the figures of the accompanying drawings, in which like reference numerals indicate like elements.

[0012] [Figure 1] FIG. 1 is a process flow diagram of a method according to one or more embodiments. [Figure 2A] 1 is a cross-sectional view of a light emitting diode (LED) device according to one or more embodiments. [Figure 2B] 1 is a cross-sectional view of a light emitting diode (LED) device according to one or more embodiments. [Figure 2C] 1 is a cross-sectional view of a light emitting diode (LED) device according to one or more embodiments. [Figure 2D] FIG. 2D is a plan view of the light emitting diode (LED) device of FIG. 2C. [Figure 2E] 1 is a cross-sectional view of a light emitting diode (LED) device according to one or more embodiments. [Figure 2F] 1 is a cross-sectional view of a light emitting diode (LED) device according to one or more embodiments. [Figure 2G] 1 is a cross-sectional view of a light emitting diode (LED) device according to one or more embodiments. [Figure 2H] 1 is a cross-sectional view of a light emitting diode (LED) device according to one or more embodiments. [Figure 2I] 1 is a cross-sectional view of a light emitting diode (LED) device according to one or more alternative embodiments. [Figure 2J] 1 is a cross-sectional view of a light emitting diode (LED) device according to one or more alternative embodiments. [Figure 2K] 1 is a cross-sectional view of a light emitting diode (LED) device according to one or more alternative embodiments. [Figure 3] FIG. 1 is a process flow diagram of a method according to one or more embodiments. [Figure 4A] 1 is a cross-sectional view of a light emitting diode (LED) device according to one or more embodiments. [Figure 4B] 1 is a cross-sectional view of a light emitting diode (LED) device according to one or more embodiments. [Figure 4C] 1 is a cross-sectional view of a light emitting diode (LED) device according to one or more embodiments. [Figure 4D] 1 is a cross-sectional view of a light emitting diode (LED) device according to one or more embodiments. [Figure 4E]1 is a cross-sectional view of a light emitting diode (LED) device according to one or more embodiments. [Figure 4F] 1 is a cross-sectional view of a light emitting diode (LED) device according to one or more embodiments. [Figure 4G] 1 is a cross-sectional view of a light emitting diode (LED) device according to one or more embodiments. [Figure 4H] 1 is a cross-sectional view of a light emitting diode (LED) device according to one or more embodiments. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0013] Before describing several example embodiments of the present disclosure, it is to be understood that the present disclosure is not limited to the details of construction or process steps set forth in the following description. The present disclosure is capable of other embodiments and of being practiced or carried out in various ways.

[0014] The term "substrate," as used herein in accordance with one or more embodiments, refers to an intermediate or final structure having a surface or portion of a surface on which a process acts. Additionally, references to a substrate in some embodiments refer to only a portion of the substrate unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. Furthermore, references to deposition on a substrate in accordance with some embodiments include deposition on a bare substrate or deposition on a substrate having one or more films, features, or materials deposited or formed thereon.

[0015] In one or more embodiments, "substrate" refers to any substrate or material surface formed on a substrate on which film processing is performed during a manufacturing process. In exemplary embodiments, the substrate surface on which processing is performed includes materials such as silicon, silicon oxide, silicon-on-insulator (SOI), strained silicon, amorphous silicon, doped silicon, carbon-doped silicon oxide, germanium, gallium arsenide, glass, sapphire, and any other suitable material, such as metals, metal nitrides, Group III nitrides (e.g., GaN, AlN, InN, and other alloys), metal alloys, and other conductive materials, depending on the application. Substrates include, but are not limited to, light-emitting diode (LED) devices. In some embodiments, the substrate is exposed to a pretreatment process to polish, etch, reduce, oxidize, hydroxylate, anneal, UV cure, electron beam cure, and / or bake the substrate surface. In addition to film processing directly on the surface of the substrate itself, in some embodiments, any of the disclosed film processing steps also occur on underlying layers formed on the substrate, and the term "substrate surface" is intended to include such underlying layers as the context indicates. Thus, for example, if a film / layer or partial film / layer is deposited on a substrate surface, the exposed surface of the newly deposited film / layer becomes the substrate surface.

[0016] The terms "wafer" and "substrate" are used interchangeably in this disclosure. Thus, as used herein, a wafer serves as a substrate for the formation of the LED devices described herein.

[0017] The embodiments described herein describe different types of patterned substrates and methods for effectively growing epitaxial III-nitride layers thereon. In one or more embodiments, a nucleation layer is advantageously grown on the substrate before any patterning is performed. Without intending to be bound by theory, it is believed that this nucleation layer can bond with the sapphire substrate on which it is deposited and with the dielectric layer deposited on the nucleation layer. In one or more embodiments, a thin nucleation layer is deposited on the substrate before forming the dielectric layer and forming the dielectric pattern features. The dielectric layer can advantageously comprise a low refractive index material. The dielectric layer is patterned to form two types of structures: periodic structures that form a specific lattice suitable for maximizing scattering, and periodic structures with a period equal to the period of the LED pixel array, with shapes optimized to refract light within each pixel.

[0018] FIG. 1 shows a flow diagram of a method 100 of fabricating a light-emitting diode (LED) device according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure. Referring to FIG. 1, in one or more embodiments, the method begins in operation 102 by depositing a nucleation layer on a substrate. In operation 104, a dielectric layer is deposited on the nucleation layer. In operation 106, a patterned surface is formed. In operation 110, a III-nitride layer is grown, for example epitaxially, on areas of the nucleation layer not covered by the dielectric material. In operation 112, metal contacts are formed. In operation 114, the substrate (e.g., sapphire) is removed by laser lift-off. In operation 116, a phosphor layer can be deposited.

[0019] 2A is a cross-sectional view of an LED device according to one or more embodiments. Referring to FIG. 2A, a nucleation layer 204 is deposited on a substrate 202.

[0020] The substrate may be any substrate known to those skilled in the art. In one or more embodiments, the substrate comprises one or more of sapphire, silicon carbide, silicon (Si), quartz, magnesium oxide (MgO), zinc oxide (ZnO), spinel, etc. In one or more embodiments, the substrate is not patterned prior to deposition of the nucleation layer. Thus, in some embodiments, the substrate can be considered unpatterned and flat or substantially flat or planar. Thus, in one or more embodiments, the methods of the present disclosure differ significantly from conventional patterned substrate, e.g., patterned sapphire substrate (PSS), fabrication approaches in which pattern features are etched directly into the substrate prior to deposition of the nucleation layer.

[0021] Without intending to be bound by theory, it is believed that depositing a nucleation layer 204 onto the substrate 202 before patterning provides important advantages. In one or more embodiments, depositing a nucleation layer 204 onto the substrate 202 before patterning has been found to provide performance improvements for directional emitters with growth substrates as attached to finished devices. In one or more embodiments, the performance improvements include increased light extraction efficiency (ExE) in lens-free (dome-free) emitters, increased brightness, and increased angular directivity (forward gain, effective increased lumen output within a narrow angular emission cone (e.g., 45 degrees)).

[0022] In one or more embodiments, the nucleation layer 204 comprises a III-nitride material. In some embodiments, the III-nitride material comprises one or more of gallium (Ga), aluminum (Al), and indium (In). Thus, in some embodiments, the nucleation layer 204 comprises one or more of gallium nitride (GaN), aluminum nitride (AlN), indium nitride (InN), gallium aluminum nitride (GaAlN), gallium indium nitride (GaInN), aluminum gallium nitride (AlGaN), aluminum indium nitride (AlInN), indium gallium nitride (InGaN), indium aluminum nitride (InAlN), etc. In one or more specific embodiments, the nucleation layer 204 comprises aluminum nitride (AlN).

[0023] In one or more embodiments, the nucleation layer 204 has a thickness in the range of about 5 nm to about 100 nm, including in the range of about 10 nm to about 75 nm, in the range of about 5 nm to about 90 nm, in the range of about 10 nm to about 60 nm, in the range of about 5 nm to about 50 nm, in the range of about 10 nm to about 50 nm, and in the range of about 10 nm to about 90 nm.

[0024] In one or more embodiments, the nucleation layer 204 is deposited by one or more of sputter deposition, atomic layer deposition (ALD), chemical vapor deposition (CVD), physical vapor deposition (PVD), plasma-enhanced atomic layer deposition (PEALD), and plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD).

[0025] As used herein, "sputter deposition" refers to the physical vapor deposition (PVD) method of thin film deposition by sputtering. In sputter deposition, a material, such as a III-nitride, is ejected from a source, or target, onto a substrate. This technique is based on ion bombardment of the source material, or target. Ion bombardment results in vapor by a purely physical process: sputtering of the target material.

[0026] As used in accordance with some embodiments herein, "atomic layer deposition" (ALD) or "cyclic deposition" refers to a gas-phase technique used to deposit thin films on a substrate surface. The ALD process involves exposing a substrate surface or a portion of a substrate to alternating precursors, i.e., two or more reactive compounds, to deposit layers of material on the substrate surface. When a substrate is exposed to alternating precursors, the precursors are introduced sequentially or simultaneously. The precursors are introduced into a reaction zone of a processing chamber, and the substrate or a portion of the substrate is separately exposed to the precursors.

[0027] As used herein, according to some embodiments, "chemical vapor deposition" refers to a process in which a film of material is deposited from the gas phase by decomposition of chemicals on a substrate surface. In CVD, the substrate surface is exposed to precursors and / or co-reagents simultaneously or substantially simultaneously. As used herein, "substantially simultaneously" refers to either co-flow or where there is overlap for the majority of the precursor exposure.

[0028] As used herein, according to some embodiments, "plasma-enhanced atomic layer deposition (PEALD)" refers to a technique for depositing thin films on a substrate. In some instances of PEALD processes, compared to thermal ALD processes, materials may be formed from the same chemical precursors but at higher deposition rates and lower temperatures. In PEALD processes, generally, reactant gases and reactant plasmas are sequentially introduced into a process chamber with a substrate in the chamber. A first reactant gas is pulsed into the processing chamber and adsorbed onto the substrate surface. A reactant plasma is then pulsed into the processing chamber and reacts with the first reactant gas to form a deposition material, e.g., a thin film, on the substrate. As with thermal ALD processes, a purge step may be performed between each supply of reactants.

[0029] As used herein in accordance with one or more embodiments, "plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD)" refers to a technique for depositing thin films on a substrate. In a PECVD process, a source material in a gas or liquid phase, such as a vapor of a gas-phase III-nitride material or a liquid-phase III-nitride material entrained in a carrier gas, is introduced into a PECVD chamber. A plasma-initiating gas is also introduced into the chamber. The generation of a plasma in the chamber generates excited radicals. The excited radicals chemically bond to the surface of a substrate placed in the chamber to form a desired film thereon.

[0030] 2B is a cross-sectional view of an LED device according to one or more embodiments. Referring to FIG. 2B, a dielectric layer 206 is deposited on the nucleation layer 204.

[0031] As used herein, the term "dielectric" refers to an electrical insulator material that can be polarized by an applied electric field. Dielectric materials can include any suitable material known to those skilled in the art. In one or more embodiments, the dielectric material includes a low refractive index material. In some embodiments, the dielectric material includes a material having a refractive index ranging from about 1.2 to about 1. In one or more embodiments, the dielectric layer includes, but is not limited to, an oxide, such as silicon oxide (SiO), aluminum oxide (AlO), or a nitride, such as silicon nitride (SiN). In one or more embodiments, the dielectric layer includes silicon nitride (SiN). In one or more embodiments, the dielectric layer includes silicon oxide (SiO). In some embodiments, the dielectric layer composition is non-stoichiometric with respect to an ideal molecular formula. For example, in some embodiments, the dielectric layer includes, but is not limited to, oxides (e.g., silicon oxide, aluminum oxide), nitrides (e.g., silicon nitride (SiN)), oxycarbides (e.g., silicon oxycarbide (SiOC)), and oxynitrocarbides (e.g., silicon oxycarbonitride (SiNCO)).

[0032] In one or more embodiments, the dielectric layer 206 is deposited by one or more of sputter deposition, atomic layer deposition (ALD), chemical vapor deposition (CVD), physical vapor deposition (PVD), plasma-enhanced atomic layer deposition (PEALD), and plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD).

[0033] In one or more embodiments, the dielectric layer 206 has a thickness in the range of about 10 nm to about 5 μm, including about 100 nm to about 4 μm, about 50 nm to about 4 μm, and about 200 nm to about 3 μm.

[0034] FIG. 2C is a cross-sectional view of an LED device according to one or more embodiments. FIG. 2D is a plan view of the LED device of FIG. 2C. Referring to FIGS. 2C-2D, a patterned surface is formed. Accordingly, in one or more embodiments, a patterned dielectric layer is formed. In one or more embodiments, the dielectric layer 206 is patterned according to any suitable patterning technique known to those skilled in the art. In some embodiments, the patterned dielectric layer comprises a first plurality of features 208 and a second plurality of features 210 adjacent to the first plurality of features 208. In one or more embodiments, the first plurality of features 208 and the second plurality of features 210 protrude from the top surface of the nucleation layer 204, with a plurality of spaces 212, 214 between the first plurality of features 208 and the second plurality of features 210.

[0035] In one or more embodiments, the first plurality of spaces 212 are between the first plurality of features 208 and adjacent features 208. In one or more embodiments, the second plurality of spaces 214 are between the first plurality of features 208 and adjacent second plurality of features 210. In one or more embodiments, the plurality of spaces 212, 214 exposes the top surface of the nucleation layer 204.

[0036] In one or more embodiments, the second plurality of features 210 has a height that is greater than the height of the first plurality of features 208 .

[0037] In one or more embodiments, the first plurality of features 208 protruding from the surface of the nucleation layer 204 can have any shape known to those of skill in the art. In one or more embodiments, the second plurality of features 210 protruding from the surface of the nucleation layer 204 can have any shape known to those of skill in the art.

[0038] In one or more embodiments, the shapes of the plurality of raised features 208 and the plurality of raised features 210 include, but are not limited to, hemispherical, triangular pyramidal, square pyramidal, hexagonal pyramidal, conical, hemispherical, or cut sphere shapes. In one or more embodiments, the shapes of the plurality of raised features 208 and the plurality of raised features 210 are the same. In other embodiments, the shapes of the plurality of raised features 208 and the plurality of raised features 210 are different.

[0039] In one or more embodiments, the first plurality of features 208 protruding from the surface of the nucleation layer 204 have a height in the range of about 10 nm to about 3 μm, including in the range of about 500 nm to about 2 μm, in the range of about 100 nm to about 1 μm, in the range of about 250 nm to about 2.5 μm, and in the range of about 100 nm to about 2 μm.

[0040] In one or more embodiments, the second plurality of features 210 has a width that is greater than the width of the first plurality of features 208. In other embodiments, the first plurality of features 208 has a width that is greater than the width of the second plurality of features 210.

[0041] In one or more embodiments, the first plurality of features 208 protruding from the surface of the nucleation layer 204 have a width in the range of about 5 nm to about 3 μm, including in the range of about 10 nm to about 2 μm, and in the range of about 100 nm to about 1 μm.

[0042] In one or more embodiments, the first plurality of features 208 protruding from the surface of the nucleation layer 204 have a pitch in the range of about 50 nm to about 5000 nm, including in the range of about 500 nm to about 2000 nm, and in the range of about 500 nm to about 1000 nm.

[0043] In one or more embodiments, the second plurality of features 210 protruding from the surface of the nucleation layer 204 have a height in the range of about 10 nm to about 5 μm, including in the range of about 500 nm to about 4 μm, in the range of about 100 nm to about 5 μm, in the range of about 250 nm to about 4 μm, and in the range of about 100 nm to about 5 μm.

[0044] In other embodiments, the second plurality of features 210 has a height that is between 10% and 90% of the height of the III-nitride layer 216 .

[0045] In one or more embodiments, the second plurality of features 210 protruding from the surface of the nucleation layer 204 have a width in the range of about 100 nm to about 10 μm, including the range of about 100 nm to about 5 μm, and the range of about 500 nm to about 10 μm.

[0046] In one or more embodiments, the second plurality of features 210 protruding from the surface of the nucleation layer 204 have a pitch in the range of about 5 μm to about 80 μm, including in the range of about 5 μm to about 50 μm and in the range of about 5 μm to about 25 μm.

[0047] In one or more specific embodiments, a hexagonal pattern of first and second plurality of features 208 and 210 protruding from the surface of the nucleation layer 204 is transferred into a photoresist coating (not shown) on the dielectric layer 206 using nanoimprint lithography. In one or more embodiments, the substrate 202 is etched in a reactive ion etching (RIE) tool using conditions that efficiently etch the dielectric layer 206 but very slowly or not at all etch the nucleation layer 204. In other words, the etch is selective for the dielectric layer 206 over the nucleation layer 204. In one or more embodiments, the photoresist is removed and the wafer is cleaned, resulting in a hexagonal array of cones in the dielectric layer 204. In one or more embodiments, the half angle of the plurality of features 208 is controlled by adjusting parameters such as the thickness of the starting dielectric layer 206, the thickness of the photoresist layer (not shown), and surface angle and / or material-dependent differences in RIE etch rate.

[0048] 2E is a cross-sectional view of an LED device according to one or more embodiments. Referring to FIG. 2E, a III-nitride layer 216 is grown, e.g., epitaxially, on the patterned dielectric layer over the first plurality of features 208 and the second plurality of features 210. In one or more embodiments, the III-nitride layer 216 is grown on the nucleation layer 204 and in or on the plurality of spaces 212, 214 between the first plurality of features 208 and the second plurality of features 210. In one or more embodiments, the first plurality of features 208 and the second plurality of features 210 have at least one sidewall (not shown), and the III-nitride layer is grown on at least one sidewall of the first plurality of features 208 and at least one sidewall of the second plurality of features 210.

[0049] In one or more embodiments, III-nitride layer 216 comprises a III-nitride material. In some embodiments, the III-nitride material comprises one or more of gallium (Ga), aluminum (Al), and indium (In). Thus, in some embodiments, III-nitride layer 216 comprises one or more of gallium nitride (GaN), aluminum nitride (AlN), indium nitride (InN), gallium aluminum nitride (GaAlN), gallium indium nitride (GaInN), aluminum gallium nitride (AlGaN), aluminum indium nitride (AlInN), indium gallium nitride (InGaN), indium aluminum nitride (InAlN), etc. In one or more specific embodiments, III-nitride layer 216 comprises gallium nitride. In some embodiments, III-nitride layer 216 and nucleation layer 204 comprise the same III-nitride material. In other embodiments, III-nitride layer 216 and nucleation layer 204 comprise different III-nitride materials. In a particular embodiment, the nucleation layer 204 comprises aluminum nitride (AlN) and the III-nitride layer 216 comprises gallium nitride (GaN).

[0050] In one or more embodiments, the III-nitride layer 216 is placed in a metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy (MOVPE) reactor for epitaxy of the LED device layers. Unlike typical MOVPE growth runs that start with a low-temperature nucleation layer, in one or more embodiments, the MOVPE process starts with high-temperature III-nitride growth, taking advantage of the large difference in III-nitride nucleation rate on the pre-deposited nucleation layer 204 relative to the surface of the patterned dielectric layer having the first plurality of features 208 and the second plurality of features 210. In one or more embodiments, after the epitaxy, e.g., MOVPE, growth step, the device 200 is processed as typical for conventional PSS-based LEDs.

[0051] 2F , in one or more embodiments, a transparent conductive layer 222 (e.g., indium tin oxide (ITO)) is grown on the III-nitride layer 216 and the active region 218 before the p-type layer 220. An eVia contact 250 forms contact with the transparent conductive layer 222. The eVia contact 250 is on a metal reflector 252. The metal reflector 252 is on a metal layer 254 covering the dielectric via opening. An underbump metallization 256 contacts the metal layer 254. The semiconductor layer can then be etched to form multiple mesas. In one or more embodiments, a metal cathode layer 224, i.e., an n-type contact, is deposited in the trench. In one or more embodiments, the cathode layer 224 can include any suitable material known to those skilled in the art. In one or more embodiments, the cathode layer 224 includes an n-contact material selected from one or more of silver (Ag) and aluminum (Al).

[0052] In one or more embodiments, the cathode layer 224 is aligned with the second plurality of features 210. In one or more embodiments, alignment marks are defined in the same step as the second plurality of features 210. These marks are used to align the layers of the device 200 with the second plurality of features 210. The alignment is performed through the semiconductor layer 216, although alternatively, portions of the semiconductor layer 216 can be etched over the alignment marks to obtain better mark fidelity. Alignment of these etch windows can be performed relative to a notch or flat in the wafer.

[0053] 2G is a cross-sectional view of LED device 200 according to one or more embodiments. Figure 2G shows the device after laser lift-off with substrate 202 and nucleation layer 204 removed. In one or more embodiments, first plurality of features 208 and second plurality of features 210 remain attached to III-nitride layer 216.

[0054] In one or more embodiments, the architecture relies on an appropriate recipe for laser lift-off to target the interface of the nucleation layer 204 and ensure the integrity of the first and second plurality of features 208 and 210. This requires different laser powers and wavelengths. It is important that the nucleation layer 204 beneath the first and second plurality of features 208 and 210 be thick enough so that all of the laser lift-off light is absorbed within the nucleation layer 204. Otherwise, any laser lift-off light that passes through the nucleation layer 204 will also pass through the first and second plurality of features 208 and 210 and will be absorbed within the III-nitride layer 216 of the first and second plurality of features 208, causing separation at this interface, or will be absorbed by the metal trench material 224 of the second plurality of features 210, causing high extraction efficiency and high packaging efficiency.

[0055] Because the nucleation layer 204 thickness required to absorb all of the laser lift-off light may be much thicker than the optimal nucleation layer 204 thickness for subsequent growth of the III-nitride layer 216 between the pattern features, some embodiments may include etching the nucleation layer in the regions between the pattern features, as shown in operation 108 of Figure 1. This approach allows for both an optimal nucleation layer 204 thickness for subsequent epi growth between the pattern features and a sufficient nucleation layer thickness for laser lift-off below the pattern features. The regions between the pattern features are also safely separated from the sapphire because the laser lift-off light is absorbed by the III-nitride layer 216 in these regions.

[0056] 2H is a cross-sectional view of an LED device 200 according to one or more embodiments. Referring to FIG. 2H, a phosphor layer 228 is deposited. There may be crosstalk through the second plurality of features 210 and the metal cathode layer 224. In one or more embodiments, both extraction efficiency and packaging efficiency are significantly increased.

[0057] 2I is a cross-sectional view of an LED device 200 according to one or more alternative embodiments. Referring to FIG. 2I, in one or more embodiments, the second plurality of features 210 has a width that is smaller than the width of the first plurality of features 208. In one or more embodiments, the second plurality of features 210 has a width that is smaller than the width of the metal cathode layer 224.

[0058] In one or more embodiments, the second plurality of features 210 have a width in the range of about 100 nm to about 10 μm, including the range of about 100 nm to about 5 μm and the range of about 500 nm to about 10 μm. In one or more embodiments, the first plurality of features 208 have a width in the range of about 5 nm to about 3 μm, including the range of about 10 nm to about 2 μm and the range of about 100 nm to about 1 μm. Crosstalk may exist through the second plurality of features 210. In one or more embodiments, both extraction efficiency and packaging efficiency are significantly increased.

[0059] FIG. 2J is a cross-sectional view of an LED device 200 according to one or more alternative embodiments. Referring to FIG. 2J, in one or more embodiments, the structure 200 has a partial metal trench 226. In one or more embodiments, there is crosstalk through the second plurality of features 210 and the converter layer 228. In one or more embodiments, both extraction efficiency and packaging efficiency are significantly increased. In one or more embodiments, the bottom of the metal trench 226 may be wider than the second plurality of features 210, thereby enabling metal-semiconductor contact in the n++ region 240 of the semiconductor. If the latter is possible, the spacer layer 230 may be extended down to the bottom of the metal trench 226 to mitigate optical losses.

[0060] 2K is a cross-sectional view of an LED device 200 according to one or more alternative embodiments. Referring to FIG. 2K, in one or more embodiments, the structure 200 has metal trenches 226 that extend into the second plurality of features 210. In one or more embodiments, crosstalk present through the second plurality of features 210 is reduced by having the metal trenches 226 extend into the features 210.

[0061] FIG. 3 shows a flow diagram of a method 300 of fabricating a light-emitting diode (LED) device according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure. Referring to FIG. 3 , in one or more embodiments, the method begins at operation 302 by depositing a nucleation layer on a substrate. In operation 304, a dielectric layer is deposited on the nucleation layer. In operation 306, a patterned surface is formed. In operation 308, a distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) is formed on a portion of the patterned surface. In operation 312, a III-nitride layer is grown, e.g., epitaxially, on areas of the nucleation layer not covered by the dielectric material. In operation 314, metal contacts are formed. In operation 316, the substrate (e.g., sapphire) is removed by laser lift-off. In operation 318, a phosphor layer can be deposited.

[0062] 4A is a cross-sectional view of an LED device according to one or more embodiments. Referring to FIG. 4A, a nucleation layer 404 is deposited on a substrate 402.

[0063] The substrate may be any substrate known to those skilled in the art. In one or more embodiments, the substrate 402 comprises one or more of sapphire, silicon carbide, silicon (Si), quartz, magnesium oxide (MgO), zinc oxide (ZnO), spinel, etc. In one or more embodiments, the substrate is not patterned prior to deposition of the nucleation layer. Thus, in some embodiments, the substrate can be considered unpatterned and flat or substantially flat or planar. Thus, in one or more embodiments, the methods of the present disclosure differ significantly from conventional patterned substrate, e.g., patterned sapphire substrate (PSS), fabrication approaches in which pattern features are etched directly into the substrate prior to deposition of the nucleation layer.

[0064] Without intending to be bound by theory, it is believed that depositing a nucleation layer 404 onto the substrate 402 before patterning provides important advantages. In one or more embodiments, depositing a nucleation layer 404 onto the substrate 402 before patterning has been found to provide performance improvements for directional emitters with the growth substrate as attached to the finished device. In one or more embodiments, the performance improvements include increased light extraction efficiency (ExE) in lens-free (dome-free) emitters, increased brightness, and increased angular directivity (forward gain, effective increased lumen output within a narrow angular emission cone (e.g., 45 degrees)).

[0065] In one or more embodiments, the nucleation layer 404 comprises a III-nitride material. In some embodiments, the III-nitride material comprises one or more of gallium (Ga), aluminum (Al), and indium (In). Thus, in some embodiments, the nucleation layer 404 comprises one or more of gallium nitride (GaN), aluminum nitride (AlN), indium nitride (InN), gallium aluminum nitride (GaAlN), gallium indium nitride (GaInN), aluminum gallium nitride (AlGaN), aluminum indium nitride (AlInN), indium gallium nitride (InGaN), indium aluminum nitride (InAlN), etc. In one or more specific embodiments, the nucleation layer 404 comprises aluminum nitride (AlN).

[0066] In one or more embodiments, the nucleation layer 404 has a thickness in the range of about 5 nm to about 100 nm, including in the range of about 10 nm to about 75 nm, in the range of about 5 nm to about 90 nm, in the range of about 10 nm to about 60 nm, in the range of about 5 nm to about 50 nm, in the range of about 10 nm to about 50 nm, and in the range of about 10 nm to about 90 nm.

[0067] In one or more embodiments, the nucleation layer 404 is deposited by one or more of sputter deposition, atomic layer deposition (ALD), chemical vapor deposition (CVD), physical vapor deposition (PVD), plasma-enhanced atomic layer deposition (PEALD), and plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD).

[0068] 4B is a cross-sectional view of an LED device according to one or more embodiments. Referring to FIG. 4B, a dielectric layer 406 is deposited on the nucleation layer 404.

[0069] The dielectric material may include any suitable material known to those skilled in the art. In one or more embodiments, the dielectric material 406 includes a low refractive index material. In some embodiments, the dielectric material includes a material having a refractive index ranging from about 1.2 to about 1. In one or more embodiments, the dielectric layer 406 includes, but is not limited to, an oxide, such as silicon oxide (SiO), aluminum oxide (AlO), or a nitride, such as silicon nitride (SiN). In one or more embodiments, the dielectric layer 406 includes silicon nitride (SiN). In one or more embodiments, the dielectric layer 406 includes silicon oxide (SiO). In some embodiments, the composition of the dielectric layer 406 is non-stoichiometric with respect to an ideal molecular formula. For example, in some embodiments, the dielectric layer 406 includes, but is not limited to, oxides (e.g., silicon oxide, aluminum oxide), nitrides (e.g., silicon nitride (SiN)), oxycarbides (e.g., silicon oxycarbide (SiOC)), and oxynitrocarbides (e.g., silicon oxycarbonitride (SiNCO)).

[0070] In one or more embodiments, the dielectric layer 406 is deposited by one or more of sputter deposition, atomic layer deposition (ALD), chemical vapor deposition (CVD), physical vapor deposition (PVD), plasma-enhanced atomic layer deposition (PEALD), and plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD).

[0071] In one or more embodiments, the dielectric layer 406 has a thickness in the range of about 10 nm to about 5 μm, including about 100 nm to about 4 μm, about 50 nm to about 4 μm, and about 200 nm to about 3 μm.

[0072] FIG. 4C is a cross-sectional view of an LED device according to one or more embodiments. Referring to FIG. 4C, a patterned surface is formed. Accordingly, in one or more embodiments, a patterned dielectric layer is formed. In one or more embodiments, the dielectric layer 406 is patterned according to any suitable patterning technique known to those skilled in the art. In some embodiments, the patterned dielectric layer comprises a first plurality of features 408 and a second plurality of features 410 adjacent to the first plurality of features 408. In one or more embodiments, the first plurality of features 408 and the second plurality of features 410 protrude from the top surface of the nucleation layer 404, with a plurality of spaces 412, 414 between the first plurality of features 408 and the second plurality of features 410.

[0073] In one or more embodiments, the first plurality of spaces 412 are between the first plurality of features 408 and adjacent features 408. In one or more embodiments, the second plurality of spaces 414 are between the first plurality of features 408 and adjacent second plurality of features 410. In one or more embodiments, the plurality of spaces 412, 414 exposes the top surface of the nucleation layer 404.

[0074] In one or more embodiments, the second plurality of features 410 has a height that is greater than the height of the first plurality of features 408 .

[0075] In one or more embodiments, the first plurality of features 408 protruding from the surface of the nucleation layer 404 can have any shape known to those of skill in the art. In one or more embodiments, the second plurality of features 410 protruding from the surface of the nucleation layer 404 can have any shape known to those of skill in the art.

[0076] In one or more embodiments, the shapes of the plurality of raised features 408 and the plurality of raised features 410 include, but are not limited to, hemispherical, triangular pyramidal, square pyramidal, hexagonal pyramidal, conical, hemispherical, or cut sphere shapes. In one or more embodiments, the shapes of the plurality of raised features 408 and the plurality of raised features 410 are the same. In other embodiments, the shapes of the plurality of raised features 408 and the plurality of raised features 410 are different.

[0077] In one or more embodiments, the first plurality of features 408 protruding from the surface of the nucleation layer 404 have a height in the range of about 10 nm to about 3 μm, including in the range of about 500 nm to about 2 μm, in the range of about 100 nm to about 1 μm, in the range of about 250 nm to about 2.5 μm, and in the range of about 100 nm to about 2 μm.

[0078] In one or more embodiments, the second plurality of features 410 has a width that is greater than the width of the first plurality of features 408. In other embodiments, the first plurality of features 408 has a width that is greater than the width of the second plurality of features 410.

[0079] In one or more embodiments, the first plurality of features 408 protruding from the surface of the nucleation layer 404 have widths in the range of about 5 nm to about 3 μm, including ranges of about 10 nm to about 2 μm, and ranges of about 100 nm to about 1 μm.

[0080] In one or more embodiments, the first plurality of features 408 protruding from the surface of the nucleation layer 404 have a pitch in the range of about 50 nm to about 5000 nm, including in the range of about 500 nm to about 2000 nm, and in the range of about 500 nm to about 1000 nm.

[0081] In one or more embodiments, the second plurality of features 410 protruding from the surface of the nucleation layer 404 have a height in the range of about 10 nm to about 5 μm, including in the range of about 500 nm to about 4 μm, in the range of about 100 nm to about 5 μm, in the range of about 250 nm to about 4 μm, and in the range of about 100 nm to about 5 μm.

[0082] In other embodiments, the second plurality of features 410 has a height that is between 10% and 90% of the height of the III-nitride layer 416 .

[0083] In one or more embodiments, the second plurality of features 410 protruding from the surface of the nucleation layer 404 have a width in the range of about 100 nm to about 10 μm, including the range of about 100 nm to about 5 μm, and the range of about 500 nm to about 10 μm.

[0084] In one or more embodiments, the second plurality of features 410 protruding from the surface of the nucleation layer 404 have a pitch in the range of about 5 μm to about 80 μm, including in the range of about 5 μm to about 50 μm and in the range of about 10 μm to about 50 μm.

[0085] 4D is a cross-sectional view of an LED device according to one or more embodiments. Referring to FIG. 4D, a distributed Bragg reflector 415 is formed on the opposite end, i.e., distal, of the second plurality of features 410 from where the second plurality of features 410 contacts the nucleation layer 404. In one or more embodiments, the distributed Bragg reflector 415 is deposited on top of the second plurality of features 410 and acts as a reflector for the light before it reaches the trench material of the cathode layer 424.

[0086] Distributed Bragg reflectors are typically made of multiple layers of alternating thin-film materials of different refractive indices, with high reflectivity being one of their key attributes. A distributed Bragg reflector or mirror is a structure formed from a multilayer stack of thin-film materials with varying refractive indices, e.g., alternating high and low refractive index films. Bragg reflectors must have high reflectivity. In some embodiments, the distributed Bragg reflector 415 has a thickness of at least 0.2 microns.

[0087] 4E is a cross-sectional view of an LED device according to one or more embodiments. Referring to FIG. 4E, a III-nitride layer 416 is grown, e.g., epitaxially, on the patterned dielectric layer over the first plurality of features 408 and the second plurality of features 410. In one or more embodiments, the III-nitride layer 416 is grown on the nucleation layer 404 and in or on a plurality of spaces 412, 414 between the first plurality of features 408 and the second plurality of features 410. In one or more embodiments, the first plurality of features 408 and the second plurality of features 410 have at least one sidewall (not shown), and the III-nitride layer is grown on at least one sidewall of the first plurality of features 408 and at least one sidewall of the second plurality of features 410.

[0088] In one or more embodiments, III-nitride layer 416 comprises a III-nitride material. In some embodiments, the III-nitride material comprises one or more of gallium (Ga), aluminum (Al), and indium (In). Thus, in some embodiments, III-nitride layer 416 comprises one or more of gallium nitride (GaN), aluminum nitride (AlN), indium nitride (InN), gallium aluminum nitride (GaAlN), gallium indium nitride (GaInN), aluminum gallium nitride (AlGaN), aluminum indium nitride (AlInN), indium gallium nitride (InGaN), indium aluminum nitride (InAlN), etc. In one or more specific embodiments, III-nitride layer 416 comprises gallium nitride. In some embodiments, III-nitride layer 416 and nucleation layer 404 comprise the same III-nitride material. In other embodiments, III-nitride layer 416 and nucleation layer 404 comprise different III-nitride materials. In a particular embodiment, the nucleation layer 404 comprises aluminum nitride (AlN) and the III-nitride layer 416 comprises gallium nitride (GaN).

[0089] In one or more embodiments, the III-nitride layer 416 is placed in a metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy (MOVPE) reactor for epitaxy of the LED device layers. Unlike typical MOVPE growth runs that start with a low-temperature nucleation layer, in one or more embodiments, the MOVPE process starts with high-temperature III-nitride growth, taking advantage of the large difference in III-nitride nucleation rates on the pre-deposited nucleation layer 404 relative to the surface of the patterned dielectric layer having the first plurality of features 408 and the second plurality of features 410. In one or more embodiments, after the epitaxy, e.g., MOVPE, growth step, the device 400 is processed as typical for conventional PSS-based LEDs.

[0090] Referring to FIG. 4F , in one or more embodiments, a transparent conductive layer 422 (e.g., indium tin oxide (ITO)) is grown on the III-nitride layer 416 and active region 418 before the p-type layer 420. An eVia surface 450 forms contact with the transparent conductive layer 422. The eVia contact 450 is on a metallic reflector 452. The metallic reflector 452 is on a metal layer 454 covering the dielectric via opening. An underbump metallization 456 contacts the metal layer 454. The semiconductor layer 416 can then be etched to form multiple mesas. In one or more embodiments, a metal cathode layer 424, i.e., an n-type contact, is deposited in the trench. In one or more embodiments, the cathode layer 424 can include any suitable material known to those skilled in the art. In one or more embodiments, the cathode layer 424 includes an n-contact material selected from one or more of silver (Ag) and aluminum (Al).

[0091] Referring to FIG. 4F , in one or more embodiments, a transparent conductive layer 422 (e.g., indium tin oxide (ITO)) is grown on the III-nitride layer 416 and active region 418 before the p-type layer 420. An eVia surface 450 forms contact with the transparent conductive layer 422. The eVia contact 450 is on a metallic reflector 452. The metallic reflector 452 is on a metal layer 454 covering the dielectric via opening. An underbump metallization 456 contacts the metal layer 454. The semiconductor layer 416 can then be etched to form multiple mesas. In one or more embodiments, a metal cathode layer 424, i.e., an n-type contact, is deposited in the trench. In one or more embodiments, the cathode layer 424 can include any suitable material known to those skilled in the art. In one or more embodiments, the cathode layer 424 includes an n-contact material selected from one or more of silver (Ag) and aluminum (Al).

[0092] In one or more embodiments, the cathode layer 424 is aligned with the second plurality of features 410. In one or more embodiments, alignment marks are defined in the same step as the second plurality of features 410. These marks are used to align the layers of the device 400 with the second plurality of features 410. Alignment is performed through the semiconductor layer 416, although alternatively, portions of the semiconductor layer 416 can be etched over the alignment marks to obtain better mark fidelity. Alignment of these etch windows can be performed relative to a notch or flat in the wafer.

[0093] 4G is a cross-sectional view of an LED device 400 according to one or more embodiments. FIG. 4G shows the device after laser lift-off with the substrate 402 and nucleation layer 404 removed. In one or more embodiments, the first plurality of features 408 and the second plurality of features 410 remain attached to the III-nitride layer 416.

[0094] In one or more embodiments, the architecture relies on an appropriate recipe for laser lift-off to target the interface of the nucleation layer 404 and ensure the integrity of the first and second plurality of features 408 and 410. This requires different laser powers and wavelengths. It is important that the nucleation layer 404 beneath the first and second plurality of features 408 and 410 be thick enough so that all of the laser lift-off light is absorbed within the nucleation layer 404. Otherwise, any laser lift-off light that passes through the nucleation layer 404 will also pass through the first and second plurality of features 408 and 410 and will be absorbed within the III-nitride layer 416 of the first and second plurality of features 408, causing separation at this interface, or will be absorbed by the metal trench material 424 of the second plurality of features 410, causing high extraction efficiency and high packaging efficiency.

[0095] Because the nucleation layer 404 thickness required to absorb all of the laser lift-off light may be much thicker than the optimal nucleation layer 404 thickness for subsequent III-nitride layer 416 growth between the pattern features, some embodiments may include etching the nucleation layer in the regions between the pattern features. This approach allows for both an optimal nucleation layer 404 thickness for subsequent epi growth between the pattern features and a sufficient nucleation layer thickness for laser lift-off below the pattern features. The regions between the pattern features are also safely separated from the sapphire because the laser lift-off light is absorbed by the III-nitride layer 416 in these regions.

[0096] 4H is a cross-sectional view of an LED device 400 according to one or more embodiments. Referring to FIG. 4H, a phosphor layer 428 is deposited. There may be crosstalk through the second plurality of features 410 and the metal cathode layer 424. In one or more embodiments, both extraction efficiency and packaging efficiency are significantly increased.

[0097] Embodiment

[0098] Various embodiments are listed below, and it is understood that the embodiments listed below can be combined with all aspects and other embodiments in accordance with the scope of the present invention.

[0099] Embodiment (a): A light emitting diode (LED) device comprising: a nucleation layer on a substrate, the nucleation layer comprising a first III-nitride material; a patterned dielectric layer on a top surface of the nucleation layer, the patterned dielectric layer comprising a first plurality of features, a second plurality of features adjacent to the first plurality of features, and a plurality of spaces between the first plurality of features and the second plurality of features, the first plurality of features and the second plurality of features protruding from a top surface of the nucleation layer, the second plurality of features having a second height greater than a first height of the first plurality of features, and the plurality of spaces exposing a top surface of the nucleation layer; a III-nitride layer on the first plurality of features and on the plurality of spaces, the III-nitride layer comprising a second III-nitride material; and metal contacts aligned with and in direct contact with the second plurality of features.

[0100] Embodiment (b): The light-emitting diode device of embodiment (a), wherein the first plurality of features and the second plurality of features independently have a shape selected from a hemispherical shape, a triangular pyramidal shape, a square pyramidal shape, a hexagonal pyramidal shape, a conical shape, a hemispherical shape, or a cut sphere shape.

[0101] Embodiment (c): The light-emitting diode device of embodiments (a)-(b), wherein the first height is in the range of 10 nm to 3 μm.

[0102] Embodiment (d): The light emitting diode device of any of Embodiments (a)-(c), wherein the second height is between about 10% and 90% of the thickness of the III-nitride layer.

[0103] Embodiment (e): The light-emitting diode device of embodiments (a)-(d), wherein the second plurality of features has a second width that is greater than the first width of the first plurality of features.

[0104] Embodiment (f): The light-emitting diode device of any of embodiments (a) to (e), wherein the first width is in the range of 5 nm to 3 μm, and the second width is in the range of 100 nm to 10 μm.

[0105] Embodiment (g): The light-emitting diode device of Embodiments (a)-(f), wherein the first plurality of features has a first width that is greater than the second width of the second plurality of features.

[0106] Embodiment (h): The light-emitting diode device of Embodiments (a)-(g), wherein the first and second III-nitride materials independently comprise one or more of aluminum, gallium, and indium.

[0107] Embodiment (i): The light emitting diode device of any of Embodiments (a)-(h), wherein the first III-nitride material comprises aluminum nitride (AlN).

[0108] Embodiment (j): The light emitting diode device of any of Embodiments (a)-(i), wherein the first and second III-nitride materials are the same.

[0109] Embodiment (k): The light-emitting diode device of any of Embodiments (a) through (j), wherein the dielectric layer comprises a low refractive index material having a refractive index in the range of about 1.2 to about 2.

[0110] Embodiment (l): The light-emitting diode device of embodiments (a) through (k), wherein the dielectric layer comprises one or more of silicon oxide (SiO2) and silicon nitride (Si3N4).

[0111] Embodiment (m): The light-emitting diode device of any of Embodiments (a)-(l), wherein the second III-nitride material comprises gallium nitride (GaN).

[0112] Embodiment (n): The light-emitting diode device of any of Embodiments (a) through (m), wherein the nucleation layer has a thickness in the range of about 5 nm to about 100 nm.

[0113] Embodiment (o): A manufacturing method comprising: depositing a nucleation layer comprising a first III-nitride material on a substrate; depositing a dielectric layer comprising a low refractive index dielectric material on an upper surface of the nucleation layer; patterning the dielectric layer to form a patterned surface having a first plurality of features, a second plurality of features adjacent to the first plurality of features, and a plurality of spaces between the first plurality of features and the second plurality of features, wherein the first plurality of features and the second plurality of features protrude from an upper surface of the nucleation layer, the second plurality of features having a second height and a second width that are greater than a first height and a first width of the first plurality of features, and the plurality of spaces exposing an upper surface of the nucleation layer; epitaxially growing a III-nitride layer comprising a second III-nitride material on the patterned surface; and forming metal contacts aligned with and in direct contact with the second plurality of features.

[0114] Embodiment (p): The method of embodiment (o), wherein the first plurality of features and the second plurality of features independently have a shape selected from a hemispherical shape, a triangular pyramidal shape, a square pyramidal shape, a hexagonal pyramidal shape, a conical shape, a hemispherical shape, or a cut sphere shape.

[0115] Embodiment (q): The method of any of embodiments (o) to (p), wherein the first height is in the range of 10 nm to 3 μm and the first width is in the range of 5 nm to 3 μm.

[0116] Embodiment (r): The method of any one of claims (o) to (q), wherein the second height is about 10% to 90% of the thickness of the III-nitride layer.

[0117] Embodiment(s): The method of embodiment (o) through (r), wherein the nucleation layer is deposited by one or more of sputter deposition, atomic layer deposition (ALD), chemical vapor deposition (CVD), physical vapor deposition (PVD), plasma-enhanced atomic layer deposition (PEALD), and plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD).

[0118] Embodiment (t): The method of Embodiments (o) through (s), wherein the dielectric layer comprises a low refractive index material having a refractive index in the range of about 1.2 to about 2.

[0119] Embodiment (u): A light emitting diode (LED) device comprising: a nucleation layer on a substrate, the nucleation layer comprising a first III-nitride material; a patterned dielectric layer on a top surface of the nucleation layer, the patterned dielectric layer comprising a first plurality of features, a second plurality of features adjacent to the first plurality of features, and a plurality of spaces between the first plurality of features and the second plurality of features, the first plurality of features and the second plurality of features protruding from a top surface of the nucleation layer, the second plurality of features having a second height that is greater than a first height of the first plurality of features, and the plurality of spaces exposing a top surface of the nucleation layer; a reflector layer on a surface of the second plurality of features distal from the nucleation layer; a III-nitride layer on the first plurality of features and on the plurality of spaces, the III-nitride layer comprising a second III-nitride material; and metal contacts aligned with and in direct contact with the second plurality of features.

[0120] Embodiment (v): The light-emitting diode device of embodiment (u), wherein the first plurality of features and the second plurality of features independently have a shape selected from a hemispherical shape, a triangular pyramidal shape, a square pyramidal shape, a hexagonal pyramidal shape, a conical shape, a hemispherical shape, or a cut sphere shape.

[0121] Embodiment (w): The light-emitting diode device according to (u), characterized in that the first height is in the range of 10 nm to 3 μm.

[0122] Embodiment (x): The light emitting diode device of any of Embodiments (u) through (w), wherein the second height is between about 10% and 90% of the thickness of the III-nitride layer.

[0123] Embodiment (y): The light-emitting diode device of embodiments (u)-(x), wherein the second plurality of features has a second width that is greater than the first width of the first plurality of features.

[0124] Embodiment (z): The light-emitting diode device of any of embodiments (u) to (y), wherein the first width is in the range of 5 nm to 3 μm and the second width is in the range of 100 nm to 5 μm.

[0125] Embodiment (aa): The light-emitting diode device of Embodiments (u)-(z), wherein the first plurality of features has a first width that is greater than the second width of the second plurality of features.

[0126] Embodiment (bb): The light-emitting diode device of Embodiments (u)-(aa), wherein the reflector layer comprises a distributed Bragg reflector (DBR).

[0127] Embodiment (cc): The light-emitting diode device of Embodiments (u)-(bb), wherein the first and second III-nitride materials independently comprise one or more of aluminum, gallium, and indium.

[0128] Embodiment (dd): The light emitting diode device of any of embodiments (u)-(cc), wherein the first and second III-nitride materials are the same.

[0129] Embodiment (ee): The light-emitting diode device of any of embodiments (u) through (dd), wherein the dielectric layer comprises a low refractive index material having a refractive index in the range of about 1.2 to about 2.

[0130] Embodiment (ff): The light-emitting diode device of embodiments (u) through (ee), wherein the dielectric layer comprises one or more of silicon oxide (SiO2) and silicon nitride (Si3N4).

[0131] Embodiment (gg): The light emitting diode device of Embodiments (u) through (ff), wherein the second III-nitride material comprises gallium nitride (GaN).

[0132] Embodiment (hh): The light-emitting diode device of any of Embodiments (u) through (gg), wherein the nucleation layer has a thickness in the range of about 5 nm to about 100 nm.

[0133] Embodiment (ii): A manufacturing method comprising: depositing a nucleation layer comprising a first III-nitride material on a substrate; depositing a dielectric layer comprising a low refractive index dielectric material on a top surface of the nucleation layer; patterning the dielectric layer to form a patterned surface having a first plurality of features, a second plurality of features adjacent to the first plurality of features, and a plurality of spaces between the first plurality of features and the second plurality of features, wherein the first plurality of features and the second plurality of features protrude from a top surface of the nucleation layer, the second plurality of features having second heights and second widths that are greater than first heights and first widths of the first plurality of features, and the plurality of spaces exposing a top surface of the nucleation layer; depositing a reflector layer on a surface of the second plurality of features distal from the nucleation layer; epitaxially growing a III-nitride layer comprising a second III-nitride material on the patterned surface; and forming metal contacts aligned with and in direct contact with the second plurality of features.

[0134] Embodiment (jj): The method of embodiment (ii), wherein the first plurality of features and the second plurality of features independently have a shape selected from a hemispherical shape, a triangular pyramidal shape, a square pyramidal shape, a hexagonal pyramidal shape, a conical shape, a hemispherical shape, or a cut sphere shape.

[0135] Embodiment (kk): The method of any one of embodiments (ii) to (jj), wherein the first height is in the range of 10 nm to 3 μm and the first width is in the range of 5 nm to 3 μm.

[0136] Embodiment (ll): The method of any one of Embodiments (ii) through (kk), wherein the second height is between about 10% and 90% of the thickness of the III-nitride layer.

[0137] Embodiment (mm): The method of embodiment (ii) through (ll), wherein the nucleation layer is deposited by one or more of sputter deposition, atomic layer deposition (ALD), chemical vapor deposition (CVD), physical vapor deposition (PVD), plasma-enhanced atomic layer deposition (PEALD), and plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD).

[0138] Embodiment (nn): The method of any one of embodiments (ii) through (mm), wherein the dielectric layer comprises a low refractive index material having a refractive index in the range of about 1.2 to about 2.

[0139] The use of the terms "a," "an," and "the" and similar referents in the context of describing the materials and methods discussed herein (particularly in the context of the claims below) should be construed to encompass both the singular and the plural, unless otherwise indicated herein or clearly contradicted by context. The recitation of ranges of values herein is merely intended to serve as a shorthand method for referring individually to each separate value falling within the range, unless otherwise indicated herein, and each separate value is incorporated herein as if it were individually listed herein. All methods described herein can be performed in any suitable order, unless otherwise indicated herein or clearly contradicted by context. The use of any and all examples, or exemplary language (e.g., "etc.") provided herein, is intended merely to better clarify the materials and methods and does not impose a limitation on the scope unless otherwise asserted. No language in the specification should be construed as indicating any non-claimed element as essential to the practice of the disclosed materials and methods.

[0140] Throughout this specification, references to "one embodiment," "an embodiment," "one or more embodiments," or "an embodiment" mean that a particular feature, structure, material, or characteristic described in connection with an embodiment is included in at least one embodiment of the present disclosure. Thus, the appearances of phrases such as "in one or more embodiments," "in a particular embodiment," "in one embodiment," or "in an embodiment" in various places throughout this specification are not necessarily all referring to the same embodiment of the present disclosure. In one or more embodiments, the particular features, structures, materials, or characteristics may be combined in any suitable manner.

[0141] Although the disclosure herein has been described with reference to particular embodiments, it is to be understood that these embodiments are merely illustrative of the principles and applications of the disclosure. It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications and variations can be made to the disclosed method and apparatus without departing from the spirit and scope of the disclosure. Therefore, the present disclosure is intended to cover modifications and variations that come within the scope of the appended claims and their equivalents.

Claims

1. 1. A light emitting diode (LED) device comprising: a nucleation layer on a substrate, the nucleation layer comprising a first Group III nitride material; a patterned dielectric layer on the top surface of the nucleation layer, the patterned dielectric layer comprising a first plurality of features, a second plurality of features adjacent to the first plurality of features, and a plurality of spaces between the first plurality of features and the second plurality of features, the first plurality of features and the second plurality of features protruding from the top surface of the nucleation layer, the second plurality of features having a second height greater than a first height of the first plurality of features, and the plurality of spaces exposing the top surface of the nucleation layer; a III-nitride layer on the first plurality of features and on the plurality of spaces, the III-nitride layer comprising a second III-nitride material; and metal contacts aligned with and in direct contact with the second plurality of features; 1. A light emitting diode device comprising:

2. The light emitting diode device of claim 1 , further comprising a reflector layer on a surface of the second plurality of features distal from the nucleation layer.

3. 10. The light emitting diode device of claim 1, wherein the first plurality of features have a shape selected from a triangular pyramid shape, a square pyramid shape, a hexagonal pyramid shape, a cone shape, a hemisphere shape, or a cut sphere shape.

4. 10. The light emitting diode device of claim 1, wherein the first height is in a range of 10 nm to 3 μm, and the second height is about 10% to 90% of a thickness of the III-nitride layer.

5. 10. The light emitting diode device of claim 1, wherein the second plurality of features has a second width that is greater than the first width of the first plurality of features.

6. 6. The light-emitting diode device of claim 5, wherein the first width is between 5 nm and 3 μm, and the second width is between 100 nm and 10 μm.

7. 10. The light emitting diode device of claim 1, wherein the first plurality of features have a first width that is greater than a second width of the second plurality of features.

8. 3. The light-emitting diode device of claim 2, wherein the reflector layer comprises a distributed Bragg reflector (DBR).

9. 10. The light emitting diode device of claim 1, wherein the patterned dielectric layer comprises a low refractive index material having a refractive index in the range of about 1.2 to about 2.

10. The patterned dielectric layer is silicon oxide (SiO 2 ) and silicon nitride (Si 3 N 4 10. The light-emitting diode device of claim 9, comprising one or more of:

11. 10. The light emitting diode device of claim 1, wherein the nucleation layer has a thickness in the range of about 5 nm to about 100 nm.

12. A manufacturing method comprising: depositing a nucleation layer on a substrate, the nucleation layer comprising a first Group III nitride material; depositing a dielectric layer on top of the nucleation layer, the dielectric layer comprising a low refractive index dielectric material; patterning the dielectric layer to form a patterned surface having a first plurality of features, a second plurality of features adjacent to the first plurality of features, and a plurality of spaces between the first plurality of features and the second plurality of features, wherein the first plurality of features and the second plurality of features protrude from a top surface of the nucleation layer, the second plurality of features having a second height and a second width that are greater than a first height and a first width of the first plurality of features, and the plurality of spaces exposing the top surface of the nucleation layer; epitaxially growing a III-nitride layer on the patterned surface, the III-nitride layer comprising a second III-nitride material; forming metal contacts aligned with and in direct contact with the second plurality of features; A method comprising:

13. The method of claim 12 , further comprising depositing a reflector layer on a surface of the second plurality of features distal from the nucleation layer.

14. The method of claim 12 , wherein the first plurality of features have a shape selected from a triangular pyramid shape, a square pyramid shape, a hexagonal pyramid shape, a cone shape, a hemisphere shape, or a cut sphere shape.

15. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the nucleation layer is deposited by one or more of sputter deposition, atomic layer deposition (ALD), chemical vapor deposition (CVD), physical vapor deposition (PVD), plasma-enhanced atomic layer deposition (PEALD), and plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD).

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