Satellite monitoring system and monitoring center

Abstract

To enable high-speed, large-capacity communication of data obtained through space infrastructure.SOLUTION: Each infrastructure satellite 111 includes a two-way communication terminal that realizes reception and transmission by switching between a reception function and a transmission function. The two-way communication terminal of each infrastructure satellite 111 switches between a reception function and a transmission function such that the ratio of the reception operation time during which the reception function operates and the transmission operation time during which the transmission function operates matches the ratio between the amount of mission command data transmitted from a service center 130 and the amount of mission report data sent to the service center 130.SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 10

Description

[Technical Field]

[0001] This disclosure relates to space infrastructure monitoring. [Background technology]

[0002] Social infrastructure using artificial satellites has become a part of our daily lives, such as sending and receiving information via communication satellites, weather forecasting using images obtained by meteorological satellites, and utilizing geospatial information obtained by quasi-zenith positioning satellites. These practical satellite constellations have become critical infrastructures that are indispensable for our daily lives. On the other hand, the increasing number of objects in the space environment is increasing the risk of dangerous events, such as debris collisions, that pose a risk of failure and loss to critical infrastructure. Therefore, a system is needed to monitor critical infrastructure and take action to avoid danger if necessary.

[0003] Patent Document 1 discloses a method for observing space debris. However, no method is disclosed for communicating the data obtained by observation at high speed and in large volume. [Prior art documents] [Patent documents]

[0004] [Patent Document 1] Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2011-218834 [Patent Document 2] Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2001-233298 [Patent Document 3] Special Publication No. 2012-507211 Summary of the Invention [Problem to be solved by the invention]

[0005] The present disclosure aims to enable high-speed, large-volume communication of data obtained through space infrastructure. [Means for solving the problem]

[0006] The satellite information transmission system of the present disclosure comprises: one or more infrastructure satellites comprising a space infrastructure; a ground-based service center in communication with each of said one or more infrastructure satellites; Equipped with Each infrastructure satellite is provided with a two-way communication terminal that realizes reception and transmission by switching between a reception function and a transmission function; The two-way communication terminal of each infrastructure satellite switches between the receiving function and the transmitting function so that the ratio of the receiving operation time during which the receiving function operates to the transmitting operation time during which the transmitting function operates matches the ratio of the data volume of the mission command transmitted from the service center to the data volume of the mission report data transmitted to the service center. [Effects of the Invention]

[0007] According to the present disclosure, it becomes possible to communicate data obtained through space infrastructure at high speed and with large capacity. [Brief explanation of the drawings]

[0008] [Figure 1] FIG. 1 is a configuration diagram of a satellite monitoring system 101 according to a first embodiment. [Figure 2] FIG. 1 is a configuration diagram of an infrastructure satellite 111 according to the first embodiment. [Figure 3] FIG. 2 is a diagram showing the configuration of a monitoring satellite 121 according to the first embodiment. [Figure 4] FIG. 2 is a diagram showing a monitoring state of an infrastructure satellite 111 according to the first embodiment. [Figure 5] FIG. 3 is a diagram showing how monitoring data is transmitted in the first embodiment. [Figure 6]FIG. 3 is a diagram showing how monitoring data is transmitted in the first embodiment. [Figure 7] FIG. 3 is a diagram showing how monitoring data is transmitted in the first embodiment. [Figure 8] FIG. 3 is a diagram showing how monitoring data is transmitted in the first embodiment. [Figure 9] FIG. 2 is a diagram showing a mechanism for switching between transmission and reception in the first embodiment. [Figure 10] FIG. 10 is a configuration diagram of a satellite information transmission system 102 according to a second embodiment. [Figure 11] FIG. 10 is a diagram showing the state of transmission of observation data in the second embodiment. [Figure 12] FIG. 10 is a diagram showing the state of transmission of observation data in the second embodiment. [Figure 13] FIG. 10 is a diagram showing the state of transmission of observation data in the second embodiment. [Figure 14] FIG. 10 is a diagram showing a mechanism for switching between transmission and reception in the second embodiment. [Figure 15] FIG. 10 is a diagram showing the state of transmission of observation data in the second embodiment. [Figure 16] FIG. 10 is a diagram showing an example of a satellite information transmission system 102 according to a second embodiment. [Figure 17] FIG. 11 is a configuration diagram of a satellite monitoring system 103 according to a third embodiment. [Figure 18] FIG. 11 is a configuration diagram of an infrastructure satellite 111 according to a third embodiment. [Figure 19] FIG. 11 is a diagram showing the configuration of a monitoring satellite 121 according to a third embodiment. [Figure 20] FIG. 11 is a diagram showing the state of communication between a monitoring satellite 121 and an infrastructure satellite 111 in the third embodiment. [Figure 21] FIG. 10 is a configuration diagram of a satellite monitoring system 104 according to a fourth embodiment. [Figure 22] FIG. 10 is a diagram showing the state of communication between a monitoring satellite 121 and a monitoring center 140 in the fourth embodiment. [Figure 23] FIG. 13 is a diagram showing how monitoring data is transmitted in the fourth embodiment. [Figure 24]FIG. 13 is a diagram showing how monitoring data is transmitted in the fourth embodiment. [Figure 25] FIG. 10 is a diagram showing the state of communication between a monitoring satellite 121 and a monitoring center 140 in the fourth embodiment. [Figure 26] FIG. 13 is a diagram showing how monitoring data is transmitted in the fourth embodiment. [Figure 27] FIG. 13 is a diagram showing how monitoring data is transmitted in the fourth embodiment. [Figure 28] FIG. 13 is a diagram showing how search data is transmitted in the fourth embodiment. [Figure 29] FIG. 13 is a diagram showing how monitoring data is transmitted in the fourth embodiment. [Figure 30] FIG. 13 is a diagram showing how monitoring data is transmitted in the fourth embodiment. [Figure 31] FIG. 10 is a diagram showing a mechanism for switching between transmission and reception in the fourth embodiment. [Figure 32] FIG. 13 is a configuration diagram of a satellite information transmission system 105 according to a fifth embodiment. [Figure 33] FIG. 13 is a diagram showing a mechanism for switching between transmission and reception in the fifth embodiment. [Figure 34] FIG. 13 is a diagram showing an example of a satellite information transmission system 105 according to a fifth embodiment. [Figure 35] FIG. 20 is a configuration diagram of a satellite monitoring system 106 according to a sixth embodiment. [Figure 36] FIG. 20 is a diagram showing the state of communication between a monitoring satellite 121 and an infrastructure satellite 111 in the sixth embodiment. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0009] In the embodiments and drawings, the same or corresponding elements are denoted by the same reference numerals, and the description of elements denoted by the same reference numerals as elements already described will be omitted or simplified as appropriate.

[0010] Embodiment 1 The satellite monitoring system 101 will be described with reference to FIGS.

[0011] ***Configuration Description*** The configuration of the satellite monitoring system 101 will be described with reference to FIG. The satellite monitoring system 101 is a system for managing one or more infrastructure satellites 111 that make up a space infrastructure 110.

[0012] The satellite monitoring system 101 includes a space infrastructure 110, a group of monitoring satellites 120, a service center 130, and a monitoring center 140.

[0013] The space infrastructure 110 is infrastructure built in space. The space infrastructure 110 functions as social infrastructure and critical infrastructure and is used to operate various services. The space infrastructure 110 is made up of one or more infrastructure satellites 111. The one or more infrastructure satellites 111 are referred to as an infrastructure satellite constellation. Infrastructure satellites 111 are satellites used in space infrastructure 110 . The infrastructure satellite 111 flies along a geostationary orbit or a quasi-zenith orbit. That is, the infrastructure satellite 111 flies in a geostationary orbit, near a geostationary orbit, a quasi-zenith orbit, or near a quasi-zenith orbit.

[0014] For example, the infrastructure satellite 111 may be a communication satellite, a data relay satellite, a weather satellite, an observation satellite, an observation and monitoring satellite, or a positioning satellite. A communications satellite is an artificial satellite for a satellite communications system. A data relay satellite is a satellite that relays data between satellites or between satellites and ground facilities. A meteorological satellite is an artificial satellite used for weather observation. An observation satellite is an artificial satellite used for Earth observation. An observation and monitoring satellite is an artificial satellite deployed in a high orbit such as a geostationary orbit or a Molniya orbit, and performs wide-area observation or monitoring of the Earth's surface. Positioning satellites are artificial satellites used in a satellite positioning system called the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS).

[0015] The configuration of the infrastructure satellite 111 will be described with reference to FIG. The infrastructure satellite 111 includes a two-way communication terminal 112 , a satellite communication terminal 113 , mission equipment 114 , and a satellite control device 119 . The two-way communication terminal 112 is a communication terminal that realizes reception and transmission by switching between a reception function and a transmission function. The two-way communication terminal 112 is equipped with a transmission / reception switching device. The transmission / reception switching device switches between the reception function and the transmission function. The two-way communication terminal 112 is used for communication with other infrastructure satellites 111 or monitoring satellites 121. The satellite communication terminal 113 is a communication terminal used for communication with the service center 130 . The mission equipment 114 is equipment for realizing the execution of a mission assigned to the infrastructure satellite 111. Specific examples of the mission include meteorological observation and positioning. The satellite controller 119 is a computer for controlling the infrastructure satellite 111. The satellite controller 119 includes a processing circuit.

[0016] The processing circuitry may be dedicated hardware or may be a processor that executes a program stored in a memory. When the processing circuitry is dedicated hardware, the processing circuitry may be, for example, a single circuit, a multiple circuit, a programmed processor, a parallel programmed processor, an ASIC, an FPGA, or a combination thereof. In the processing circuit, some functions may be realized by dedicated hardware and the remaining functions may be realized by software or firmware. ASIC is an abbreviation for Application Specific Integrated Circuit. FPGA is an abbreviation for Field Programmable Gate Array.

[0017] Returning to Figure 1, the explanation will continue. The monitoring satellite group 120 is made up of one or more monitoring satellites 121 . The monitoring satellites 121 are artificial satellites used to manage the space infrastructure 110. The monitoring satellites 121 are used to monitor each infrastructure satellite 111 or to provide on-orbit servicing to each infrastructure satellite 111. For example, on-orbit servicing may include capture, inspection, repair, refueling, or transfer. The monitoring satellite group 120 flies along a geostationary orbit or a quasi-zenith orbit. That is, the monitoring satellite group 120 flies in a geostationary orbit, near a geostationary orbit, a quasi-zenith orbit, or near a quasi-zenith orbit.

[0018] For example, the monitoring satellite 121 is a communication satellite, a data relay satellite, a meteorological satellite, a positioning satellite, an observation satellite, a monitoring satellite, a service satellite, a debris removal satellite, or a laser ranging satellite. A surveillance satellite is an artificial satellite that monitors (photographs) space objects using optical, infrared, radio waves, etc. A specific example of a space object is an infrastructure satellite 111. A servicing satellite is an in-orbit servicing satellite. A debris removal satellite is an artificial satellite that removes space debris. A laser ranging satellite is an artificial satellite that measures the distance to an object using a laser.

[0019] Some of the satellites are used as infrastructure satellites 111 and also as monitoring satellites 121. For example, communication satellites, data relay satellites, weather satellites, observation satellites, and positioning satellites are used as infrastructure satellites 111 and also as monitoring satellites 121.

[0020] The configuration of the monitoring satellite 121 will be described with reference to FIG. The monitoring satellite 121 includes a two-way communication terminal 122 and a satellite control device 129 . The two-way communication terminal 122 is a communication terminal of the same type as the two-way communication terminal 112, and realizes reception and transmission by switching between a reception function and a transmission function. The two-way communication terminal 122 is equipped with a transmission / reception switching device. The transmission / reception switching device switches between the reception function and the transmission function. The satellite control device 129 is a computer for controlling the monitoring satellite 121. The satellite control device 129 includes a processing circuit.

[0021] Returning to Figure 1, the explanation will continue. The service center 130 is a ground facility that is installed on the ground and communicates with each of the one or more infrastructure satellites 111. For example, a service center 130 is installed for each type of mission. The service center 130 includes a satellite communication device 131 and a satellite control device 132 . The satellite communication device 131 is a device for communicating with an artificial satellite. Satellite control unit 132 is a computer for managing one or more infrastructure satellites 111. Satellite control unit 132 includes processing circuitry.

[0022] For example, the satellite control device 132 generates various commands for the infrastructure satellite 111 and transmits the various commands to the infrastructure satellite 111 using the satellite communication equipment 131 . Various commands to the infrastructure satellite 111 are called "mission commands."

[0023] For example, the satellite control device 132 receives data transmitted from the infrastructure satellite 111 using the satellite communication equipment 131 and processes the received data. The data transmitted from infrastructure satellite 111 to service center 130 is referred to as "mission report data." The mission report data is at least one of mission data and telemetry data. Mission data is data related to a mission.

[0024] Returning to Figure 1, the explanation will continue. The monitoring center 140 is a ground facility that is installed on the ground and communicates with each of the one or more monitoring satellites 121. The monitoring center 140 includes a satellite communication device 141 and a satellite control device 142 . The satellite communication device 141 is a device for communicating with an artificial satellite. The satellite control device 142 is a computer for managing one or more monitoring satellites 121. The satellite control device 142 includes a processing circuit.

[0025] For example, the satellite control device 142 generates various commands for the monitoring satellite 121 and transmits the various commands to the monitoring satellite 121 using the satellite communication device 141 . Various commands to the monitoring satellite 121 are called "monitoring commands."

[0026] For example, the satellite control device 142 receives data transmitted from the monitoring satellite 121 using the satellite communication device 141 and processes the received data. The data transmitted from the monitoring satellite 121 to the monitoring center 140 is called "monitoring report data." The monitoring report data is at least one of monitoring data and telemetry data. The monitoring data is data obtained by monitoring the infrastructure satellite 111 or data related to on-orbit services.

[0027] ***Explanation of Operation*** The operation procedure of the satellite monitoring system 101 corresponds to a satellite monitoring method, which will be described below.

[0028] The two-way communication terminal 122 of each monitoring satellite 121 switches between the receiving function and the transmitting function so that the ratio of the receiving operation time to the transmitting operation time matches the ratio of the data amount α of the monitoring command to the data amount β of the monitoring direction data. That is, the two-way communication terminal 122 switches between the receiving function and the transmitting function so that the ratio of the receiving operation time to the transmitting operation time becomes α to β. The reception operation time is the time during which the reception function operates. The transmit operating time is the time during which the transmit function operates.

[0029] The procedure for switching between the receiving function and the transmitting function in each monitoring satellite 121 will be described. In the monitoring center 140, the satellite control device 142 calculates the ratio between the receiving operation time and the transmitting operation time based on the data amount of the monitoring command and the data amount of the monitoring report data for each monitoring satellite 121. Specifically, the satellite control device 142 estimates the data amount of the monitoring command and the data amount of the monitoring report data, and calculates the ratio between the data amount of the monitoring command and the data amount of the monitoring report data as the ratio between the receiving operation time and the transmitting operation time. Then, the satellite control device 142 transmits a switching command specifying the calculated ratio for each monitoring satellite 121 using the satellite communication device 141. The switching command is one type of monitoring command. In each monitoring satellite 121, the two-way communication terminal 122 receives the switching command and switches between the receiving function and the transmitting function in accordance with the switching command.

[0030] The monitoring center 140 communicates with each monitoring satellite 121 directly or via at least one of the infrastructure satellites 111 . In each infrastructure satellite 111, the two-way communication terminal 112 operates as follows: The two-way communication terminal 112 switches between the receiving function and the transmitting function in the infrastructure satellite 111 so that the ratio of the receiving operation time to the transmitting operation time in each monitoring satellite 121 matches the ratio of the data amount of the monitoring command to the data amount of the monitoring report data.

[0031] The procedure for switching between the receiving function and the transmitting function in each infrastructure satellite 111 will now be described. In the monitoring center 140, the satellite control device 142 calculates the ratio of the receiving operation time to the transmitting operation time for each infrastructure satellite 111 based on the data amount of the monitoring command and the data amount of the monitoring report data. Then, the satellite control device 142 transmits a switching command specifying the calculated ratio using the satellite communication equipment 141. The switching command is a type of mission command. In each infrastructure satellite 111, the satellite communication terminal 113 receives a switching command for each monitoring satellite 121, and the two-way communication terminal 112 switches between the receiving function and the transmitting function in the inverse ratio of the receiving operation time to the transmitting operation time.

[0032] ***Detailed Description*** Monitoring services for space infrastructure 110 can be best understood by analogy with the roles of eyes, ears, hands, and mouth.

[0033] The role of the "eyes" will now be explained. To achieve the purpose of visual surveillance with a surveillance satellite 121, it is effective to visually monitor suspicious objects such as debris using optical telescopes or radar images, or to monitor abnormal temperature environments using infrared detection. Optical, infrared, or radio wave surveillance satellites can fulfill the role of "eyes." The role of the "ears" will now be explained. Sound waves do not propagate in outer space. Therefore, in order to achieve auditory monitoring with the monitoring satellite 121, it is effective to receive radio waves flying around the area and monitor the radio wave conditions that may cause malfunctions. Radio wave monitoring satellites fulfill the role of "ears." The role of "hands" is explained below. The role of "hands" is effective as additional services (on-orbit services). For example, it is expected that they will capture, inspect, and repair malfunctioning infrastructure satellites 111. They are also expected to provide refueling or mobility services for infrastructure satellites 111 that are running low on fuel. Furthermore, it is expected that they will provide active orbital deorbit (ADR) for infrastructure satellites 111 that are unable to deorbit on their own after the end of their life or after completing their mission. Another effective method is to emit a laser and monitor the distance to suspicious objects such as debris. Debris removal satellites and laser ranging satellites will realize the role of "hands." In this way, the monitoring satellite 121 is expected to fulfill the roles of eyes, ears, and hands.

[0034] We will explain the role of "mouths." The role of "mouths" is to effectively serve as a means of communication to transmit information (monitoring information) obtained through monitoring services. Communications satellites and data relay satellites fulfill the role of "mouths" for long distances. Weather satellites, positioning satellites, and observation satellites fulfill the role of "mouths" for short distances. However, there are limitations to the communication means for transmitting monitoring information. Therefore, some ingenuity is required for the monitoring satellite 121 to fulfill the role of "mouth." The limitations and ingenuity are explained below.

[0035] In order to monitor a plurality of infrastructure satellites 111 located at a plurality of longitudes in a geostationary orbit above the equator, the monitoring satellite 121 needs to move in the vicinity of the geostationary orbit.

[0036] 4 shows how a monitoring satellite 121A monitors an infrastructure satellite 111. The monitoring satellite 121A is a watching satellite 121 that fulfills the role of "eyes." The shaded stars represent surveillance satellites 121A. The open stars represent infrastructure satellites 111. The dashed line represents the geostationary orbit. The time indicated on the geostationary orbit indicates the standard time in a particular region. The dashed line represents the orbit of the monitoring satellite 121A.

[0037] The monitoring satellite 121A includes a monitoring device and a propulsion device. The monitoring device is a device for monitoring (taking pictures of) the infrastructure satellite 111 that flies at an altitude different from the orbital altitude of the monitoring satellite 121 A. For example, the monitoring device is an optical sensor. The propulsion device is a device that provides thrust to the monitoring satellite 121A and changes the speed of the monitoring satellite 121A. Specifically, the propulsion device is an electric propulsion device. For example, the propulsion device is an ion engine or a Hall thruster. As the speed of the monitoring satellite 121A increases, the altitude of the monitoring satellite 121A increases. As the altitude of the monitoring satellite 121A increases, the ground speed of the monitoring satellite 121A decreases. As the ground speed decreases, the monitoring satellite 121A moves westward relative to the infrastructure satellite 111 in geostationary orbit. When the speed of the monitoring satellite 121A decreases, the altitude of the monitoring satellite 121A decreases. When the altitude of the monitoring satellite 121A decreases, the ground speed of the monitoring satellite 121A increases. When the ground speed increases, the monitoring satellite 121A moves eastward relative to the infrastructure satellite 111 in geostationary orbit.

[0038] During the daytime (06:00 to 18:00), the monitoring satellite 121A monitors the infrastructure satellite 111 from an altitude higher than the geostationary orbit while being overtaken by the infrastructure satellite 111. During the nighttime hours (18:00 to 06:00), the monitoring satellite 121A monitors the infrastructure satellite 111 while overtaking the infrastructure satellite 111 from an altitude lower than the geostationary orbit.

[0039] However, in a geostationary orbit, the orbital position where communication with the ground is permitted, the frequency band available for communication with the ground, and the transmission capacity with the ground are limited. In other words, the locations where the monitoring satellite 121 can directly communicate with the ground are limited. Furthermore, the communication performance when the monitoring satellite 121 directly communicates with the ground is limited. Therefore, unless some ingenuity is taken, it may not be possible to respond to an emergency.

[0040] FIG. 5 shows how the watching satellite 121 transmits watching data to the watching center 140 via the infrastructure satellite 111 (data relay device). "Infra" refers to infrastructure satellite 111. "Monitoring" represents the monitoring satellite 121. "First" refers to the satellite communication terminal 113 or the satellite communication equipment (131, 141). "Second" refers to the two-way communication terminals (112, 122). "Instrument" represents mission equipment 114.

[0041] The infrastructure satellite 111 (observation satellite) can transmit observation data to the service center 130 in real time via a data relay satellite. Furthermore, when the monitoring satellite group 120 passes near the infrastructure satellite group, the monitoring data can be transmitted to the monitoring center 140 in real time via a data relay satellite through communication between the infrastructure satellites 111.

[0042] FIG. 6 shows how each monitoring satellite 121 transmits monitoring data to the monitoring center 140 via an infrastructure satellite 111 that is permitted to communicate with the ground. “Monitoring / Infrastructure” represents an artificial satellite that is both a monitoring satellite 121 and an infrastructure satellite 111. The monitoring satellite 121 that is permitted to communicate with the ground can directly transmit monitoring data to the monitoring center 140 . Other monitoring satellites 121 can transmit monitoring data to the monitoring center 140 via infrastructure satellites 111 that are permitted to communicate with the ground.

[0043] Note that the number of artificial satellites with which a data relay satellite can simultaneously communicate is limited. Therefore, it is difficult for a large number of monitoring satellites 121 to simultaneously access a data relay satellite. Therefore, main communication lines are established between the infrastructure satellites 111. Then, the large number of infrastructure satellites 111 communicate with the large number of monitoring satellites 121 and transmit monitoring data to the data relay satellite. This makes it possible for the large number of infrastructure satellites 111 and the large number of monitoring satellites 121 to transmit data to the ground via the data relay satellites, similar to a power branch outlet. Standard communication terminals can be used for the two-way communication terminals (112, 122), which reduces the satellite manufacturing cost and makes operation easier.

[0044] 7 and 8 show how the group of monitoring satellites 120 transmits monitoring data to the monitoring center 140 via a data relay satellite while moving in the longitude direction relative to the group of infrastructure satellites. Each monitoring satellite 121 can transmit monitoring data to the monitoring center 140 via a data relay satellite by directly communicating with a nearby infrastructure satellite 111 .

[0045] Furthermore, when the monitoring satellite 121 is an optical monitoring satellite that acts as the "eyes," the amount of monitoring data becomes enormous. Therefore, the ratio of the receiving operation time to the transmitting operation time is set to α:β, where α is the data amount of monitoring commands received by the monitoring satellite 121 and β is the data amount of monitoring report data (monitoring data and telemetry) transmitted by the monitoring satellite 121. This allows the performance of the two-way communication terminal 122 to be fully utilized, enabling high-speed, large-capacity communication. As a result, the resources of the data relay satellite that communicates with a large number of artificial satellites can be used efficiently.

[0046] FIG. 9 shows a mechanism for sending commands for switching between transmission and reception and the transmission and reception time ratio of the two-way communication terminal (second). The "ground facility" is the service center 130 or the monitoring center 140. (Reception) refers to the reception operation time of the two-way communication terminal. (Transmission) means the transmission operation time of the two-way communication terminal.

[0047] The ground equipment transmits commands to the infrastructure satellite 111 and commands to the monitoring satellite 121. Each command specifies a transmission / reception switching timing and a transmission / reception time ratio. The transmission / reception time ratio is the ratio between the reception operation time and the transmission operation time. The transmission / reception switching timing is, for example, information that specifies the communication time period of the monitoring satellite 121. The two-way communication terminal 112 of the infrastructure satellite 111 switches between the receiving function and the transmitting function at a time ratio of β to α. The two-way communication terminal 122 of the monitoring satellite 121 switches between the receiving function and the transmitting function at a time ratio of α to β.

[0048] Optical communication terminals have been developed that enable communication between a data relay satellite in geostationary orbit and a satellite in low earth orbit. When the satellite in low earth orbit that transmits observation data acts as the user (client) and the data relay satellite acts as the host, the aperture diameter differs between the host and user sides, and there is no standardization of optical communication terminals. In the satellite monitoring system 101, the roles of the host and user may change depending on the information transmission path. Therefore, it is reasonable to use standard terminals with common specifications as the two-way communication terminals (112, 122) without distinguishing between the host and user sides. In this case, two-way communication terminals with the same specifications must be used to switch the roles of the transmitter and receiver in a time-division manner. Therefore, the two-way communication terminals have a transmit / receive switching function. Specifically, the two-way communication terminals are equipped with a transmit / receive switching device. Furthermore, when the amount of transmitted data differs from the amount of received data, it is reasonable to optimize the ratio of the transmission and reception time according to the amount of data. In this case, the monitoring center 140 keeps track of the amount of command data, the amount of monitoring data, and the amount of telemetry data. Therefore, it is reasonable to transmit the ratio of the transmission and reception time as a command from the monitoring center 140. However, each monitoring satellite 121 and each infrastructure satellite 111 can also autonomously monitor the amount of transmitted data and the amount of received data in orbit and optimize the ratio of the transmission and reception time. To avoid interference between transmitted and received signals and to prevent malfunctions, it is also effective to use a means for changing the polarization of the signals between transmission and reception.

[0049] Embodiment 2 The satellite information transmission system 102 will be described with reference to FIGS. 10 to 16, focusing mainly on the differences from the first embodiment.

[0050] ***Configuration Description*** The configuration of the satellite information transmission system 102 will be described with reference to FIG. The satellite information transmission system 102 is a system for transmitting information from each infrastructure satellite 111 to the service center 130 . The satellite information transmission system 102 comprises a space infrastructure 110 and a service center 130 .

[0051] ***Explanation of Operation*** The operation procedure of the satellite information transmission system 102 corresponds to a satellite information transmission method, which will be described below.

[0052] The two-way communication terminal 112 of each infrastructure satellite 111 switches between the receiving function and the transmitting function so that the ratio of the receiving operation time to the transmitting operation time matches the ratio of the data amount α of the mission command to the data amount β of the mission report data.

[0053] The procedure for switching between the receiving function and the transmitting function in each infrastructure satellite 111 will now be described. In the service center 130, the satellite control device 132 calculates the ratio between the receiving operation time and the transmitting operation time based on the data amount of the mission command and the data amount of the mission report data for each infrastructure satellite 111. Specifically, the satellite control device 132 estimates the data amount of the mission command and the data amount of the mission report data, and calculates the ratio between the data amount of the mission command and the data amount of the mission report data as the ratio between the receiving operation time and the transmitting operation time. Then, the satellite control device 132 transmits a switching command specifying the calculated ratio for each infrastructure satellite 111 using the satellite communication equipment 131. The switching command is a type of mission command. In each infrastructure satellite 111, the two-way communication terminal 112 receives the switching command and switches between the receiving function and the transmitting function in accordance with the switching command.

[0054] The service center 130 communicates with each infrastructure satellite 111 directly or through at least one of the infrastructure satellites 111 . In each infrastructure satellite 111, the two-way communication terminal 112 operates as follows: The two-way communication terminal 112 switches between the receiving function and the transmitting function in its own infrastructure satellite 111 so that the ratio of the receiving operation time to the transmitting operation time in the other infrastructure satellites 111 matches the ratio of the data amount of the mission command to the data amount of the mission report data.

[0055] The procedure for switching between the receiving function and the transmitting function for each infrastructure satellite 111 for other infrastructure satellites 111 will now be described. In the service center 130, the satellite control device 132 calculates the ratio of the receiving operation time to the transmitting operation time for each infrastructure satellite 111 based on the data amount of the mission command and the data amount of the mission report data. Then, the satellite control device 132 transmits a switching command specifying the calculated ratio using the satellite communication device 131. In each infrastructure satellite 111, the satellite communication terminal 113 receives a switching command from the other infrastructure satellites 111, and the two-way communication terminal 112 switches between the receiving function and the transmitting function in an inverse ratio of the receiving operation time to the transmitting operation time.

[0056] ***Detailed Description*** If an observation satellite, which is an infrastructure satellite 111, moves in the longitude direction from its fixed position in geostationary orbit, it can obtain high-resolution observation data from above. For example, if a major disaster occurs in Asia, an observation satellite can move westward from above Japan, thereby obtaining high-resolution observation data from above the disaster site. However, even if observation data is to be transmitted immediately to ground facilities, the observation satellite cannot transmit the data from a longitude position for which it has not received prior permission to communicate. Therefore, even if an observation satellite moves to acquire data for emergency photography in the event of a major disaster in the Asian region, the data cannot be transmitted immediately, making it impossible to respond to the emergency.

[0057] In the satellite information transmission system 102, multiple infrastructure satellites 111 are scattered in the longitude direction. When an observation satellite passes near an infrastructure satellite 111, the observation satellite uses the communication environment between the infrastructure satellites 111. In other words, the observation satellite can transmit observation data to the service center 130 anytime and anywhere via an infrastructure satellite 111 that already has orbital rights and communication permission. Therefore, the satellite information transmission system 102 can contribute to providing information and emergency response in the event of a disaster over a wide area such as the entire Asia region.

[0058] FIG. 11 shows how an observation satellite 111A observes the Earth from a high altitude and transmits the observation data to a service center 130 via a communication satellite 111B. The observation satellite 111A includes an observation device and a propulsion device. The propulsion device increases the speed of the observation satellite 111A, thereby raising the altitude of the observation satellite 111A from the altitude of the geostationary orbit. As the altitude increases, the ground speed decreases. The propulsion device decelerates the observation satellite 111A, causing the observation satellite 111A to descend to the altitude of geostationary orbit. As the altitude decreases, the ground speed increases. Note that the observation satellite 111A does not need to return to geostationary orbit once a week.

[0059] Each infrastructure satellite 111 is equipped with a standardized two-way communication terminal 112. Therefore, even if the relative movement in the longitude direction is large, each infrastructure satellite 111 can transmit mission report data from anywhere via an infrastructure satellite 111 flying nearby.

[0060] FIG. 12 shows how an observation satellite communicates directly with an observation service center 130 while moving in the longitude direction. 13 shows a situation in which an observation satellite switches communication with the observation service center 130 to communication via a data relay satellite when the observation satellite moves to a longitude where direct communication with the observation service center 130 is not possible. The observation service center 130 receives, from the communication service center 130, observation data transmitted from the observation satellite via the data relay satellite.

[0061] When the infrastructure satellite 111 is an observation satellite, the amount of mission data becomes enormous. Therefore, the ratio of the reception operation time to the transmission operation time in the observation satellite is set to α:β, where α is the amount of command data received by the observation satellite and β is the amount of mission report data (observation data and telemetry) transmitted by the observation satellite. This allows the performance of the two-way communication terminal 112 to be fully utilized, enabling high-speed, large-capacity communication. As a result, the resources of the data relay satellite that communicates with a large number of artificial satellites can be used efficiently.

[0062] FIG. 14 shows a mechanism for sending commands for switching between transmission and reception and the transmission and reception time ratio of the two-way communication terminal (second). The "ground facility" is the service center 130.

[0063] The ground equipment transmits commands to the data relay satellite and the observation satellite. Each command specifies the timing for switching between transmission and reception and the ratio of transmission and reception time. For example, the timing for switching between transmission and reception is information that specifies the communication time period of the observation satellite. The two-way communication terminal of the data relay satellite switches between the receiving function and the transmitting function at a time ratio of β to α. The two-way communication terminal of the observation satellite switches between the receiving function and the transmitting function at a time ratio of α to β.

[0064] Conventional weather observation services use two weather satellites in orbit, creating a system with a primary operating system and a secondary standby system to prepare for unexpected situations such as malfunctions. In the satellite information transmission system 102, two meteorological satellites are equipped with two-way communication terminals 112. This allows weather data to be transmitted by combining the sound functions of both meteorological satellites, thereby improving resilience. Furthermore, the two meteorological satellites are also compatible in terms of communication with an observation satellite equipped with a two-way communication terminal 112. Therefore, observation data from the observation satellites can be transmitted via the meteorological satellite.

[0065] FIG. 15 shows how observation satellites transmit observation data to the service center 130 via meteorological satellites and data relay satellites.

[0066] FIG. 16 shows a satellite information transmission system 102 that includes a monitoring satellite group 120 . The satellite information transmission system 102 may include a group of monitoring satellites 120, similar to the satellite monitoring system 101. Furthermore, each infrastructure satellite 111 may be provided with a two-way communication terminal 112 for communication with each monitoring satellite 121 and a two-way communication terminal 112 for communication with other infrastructure satellites 111 .

[0067] Embodiment 3 The satellite monitoring system 103 will be described with reference to Figs. 17 to 20, mainly focusing on the differences from the first and second embodiments.

[0068] ***Configuration Description*** The configuration of the satellite monitoring system 103 will be described with reference to FIG. Like the satellite monitoring system 101, the satellite monitoring system 103 comprises a space infrastructure 110, a group of monitoring satellites 120, a service center 130, and a monitoring center 140.

[0069] The configuration of the infrastructure satellite 111 will be described with reference to FIG. The infrastructure satellite 111 includes a two-way communication terminal 112, a satellite communication terminal 113, and a monitoring communication terminal 115. The monitoring communication terminal 115 is a communication terminal for communicating with each monitoring satellite 121 .

[0070] The configuration of the monitoring satellite 121 will be described with reference to FIG. The monitoring satellite 121 includes a monitoring communication terminal 123 . The monitoring communication terminal 123 is a communication terminal for communicating with each infrastructure satellite 111 .

[0071] In the satellite monitoring system 103 (see FIG. 17), the monitoring center 140 communicates with each monitoring satellite 121 via at least one of the infrastructure satellites 111 and the service center .

[0072] ***Detailed Description*** Each infrastructure satellite 111 is equipped with a two-way communication terminal 112. The two-way communication terminal 112 has a pointing control function that enables large-capacity communication over long distances. Each monitoring satellite 121 flies near a geostationary orbit. Therefore, when a monitoring satellite 121 passes near an infrastructure satellite 111, the monitoring satellite 121 and the infrastructure satellite 111 can exchange data. Furthermore, communication terminals for short-distance communication are cheaper, smaller, and lighter than communication terminals capable of long-distance communication, and communication terminals for short-distance communication are easier to mount on artificial satellites. Therefore, each monitoring satellite 121 and each infrastructure satellite 111 is provided with a monitoring communication terminal (123, 115) which is a communication terminal for nearby communication.

[0073] 20 shows how each monitoring satellite 121 communicates with each infrastructure satellite 111. "Third" represents the monitoring communication terminals (123, 115). The monitoring satellite 121 transmits the monitoring data to the monitoring center 140 via the infrastructure satellite 111. Monitoring communication terminals (123, 115) are used for communication between the monitoring satellite 121 and the infrastructure satellite 111. A two-way communication terminal 112 is used for communication between the infrastructure satellites 111. The monitoring center 140 receives the monitoring data from the service center 130 via the infrastructure satellite 111.

[0074] Embodiment 4 The satellite monitoring system 104 will be described with reference to Figs. 21 to 31, focusing mainly on the differences from the first embodiment.

[0075] ***Configuration Description*** The configuration of the satellite monitoring system 104 will be described with reference to FIG. Like the satellite monitoring system 101, the satellite monitoring system 104 comprises a space infrastructure 110, a group of monitoring satellites 120, a service center 130, and a monitoring center 140. Space infrastructure 110 consists of one or more infrastructure satellites 111 . The one or more infrastructure satellites 111 include a lunar and planetary exploration satellite 111C. The lunar and planetary exploration satellite 111C is an artificial satellite for exploring the moon or planets, and is equipped with a satellite communication terminal 113 capable of long-distance communication. The lunar and planetary exploration satellite 111C also serves as a monitoring satellite 121, which fulfills the role of the "mouth."

[0076] The Lunar Planetary Exploration Satellite 111C will fly in cislunar space or beyond the Moon. Each monitoring satellite 121 flies in cislunar space. Cislunar space is the space between the Moon and Earth.

[0077] The monitoring center 140 communicates with each monitoring satellite 121 via the lunar and planetary exploration satellite 111C.

[0078] The communications environment between the lunar and planetary exploration satellite 111C and ground facilities has been established. When each monitoring satellite 121 passes near the lunar and planetary exploration satellite 111C, it transmits monitoring data to the service center 130 via the lunar and planetary exploration satellite 111C.

[0079] The space infrastructure 110 may include satellites for various explorations such as resource exploration, etc. The space infrastructure 110 may also include transport vehicles.

[0080] The space infrastructure 110 may include gateway satellites. A gateway satellite is an artificial satellite that functions as a gateway. The gateway satellite also serves as a monitoring satellite 121, fulfilling the role of the "mouth."

[0081] ***Explanation of Operation*** The two-way communication terminal 122 of each monitoring satellite 121 switches between the receiving function and the transmitting function so that the ratio of the receiving operation time to the transmitting operation time matches the ratio of the data amount α of the monitoring command to the data amount β of the monitoring report data. That is, the two-way communication terminal 122 switches between the receiving function and the transmitting function so that the ratio of the receiving operation time to the transmitting operation time becomes α to β.

[0082] The procedure for switching between the receiving function and the transmitting function in each monitoring satellite 121 will be described. In the monitoring center 140, the satellite control device 142 calculates the ratio between the receiving operation time and the transmitting operation time based on the data amount of the monitoring command and the data amount of the monitoring report data for each monitoring satellite 121. Specifically, the satellite control device 142 estimates the data amount of the monitoring command and the data amount of the monitoring report data, and calculates the ratio between the data amount of the monitoring command and the data amount of the monitoring report data as the ratio between the receiving operation time and the transmitting operation time. Then, the satellite control device 142 transmits a switching command specifying the calculated ratio to each monitoring satellite 121 using the satellite communication device 141. In each monitoring satellite 121, the two-way communication terminal 122 receives the switching command and switches between the receiving function and the transmitting function in accordance with the switching command.

[0083] In the lunar and planetary exploration satellite 111C, the two-way communication terminal 112 operates as follows: The two-way communication terminal 112 switches between the receiving function and the transmitting function in the lunar and planetary exploration satellite 111C so that the ratio of the receiving operation time to the transmitting operation time in each monitoring satellite 121 matches the ratio of the data amount of the monitoring command to the data amount of the monitoring report data.

[0084] The procedure for switching between the receiving function and the transmitting function in the lunar and planetary exploration satellite 111C will be described. In the monitoring center 140, the satellite control device 142 calculates the ratio of the receiving operation time to the transmitting operation time for each infrastructure satellite 111 based on the data amount of the monitoring command and the data amount of the monitoring report data. Then, the satellite control device 142 transmits a switching command specifying the calculated ratio using the satellite communication device 141. In the lunar and planetary exploration satellite 111C, for each infrastructure satellite 111, the satellite communication terminal 113 receives a switching command, and the two-way communication terminal 112 switches between the receiving function and the transmitting function in the inverse ratio of the receiving operation time to the transmitting operation time.

[0085] ***Detailed Description*** The monitoring satellite group 120 flying in cislunar space or beyond the moon is a long distance from the monitoring center 140. Therefore, it is rational for the monitoring satellite group 120 and the monitoring center 140 to exchange monitoring data via the lunar and planetary exploration satellite 111C, which is already equipped with a long-distance communication environment. This allows monitoring to be carried out at low cost. However, if only one lunar and planetary exploration satellite 111C is in operation and there is only one communication line, there remains a risk that the lunar and planetary exploration satellite 111C will malfunction or experience an emergency, causing communication to be cut off. Therefore, it is reasonable for the monitoring satellite group 120 to borrow the communication line connecting the gateway satellite and ground facilities and transmit monitoring data related to the lunar and planetary exploration satellite 111C. Currently, there are plans to build a communication line connecting the gateway satellite and ground facilities through international cooperation.

[0086] 22 shows how the monitoring satellite 121 and the monitoring center 140 communicate via the lunar and planetary exploration satellite 111C. "Lunar and planetary exploration" represents the lunar and planetary exploration satellite 111C. FIG. 23 shows how the group of monitoring satellites 120 transmits monitoring data via the lunar and planetary exploration satellite 111C, and how the monitoring center 140 receives the monitoring data from the service center 130. FIG. 24 shows how the group of monitoring satellites 120 transmits monitoring data via a gateway satellite when the lunar and planetary exploration satellite 111C is unavailable, and how the monitoring center 140 receives the monitoring data from the service center 130. 25 shows how the watching satellite 121 and the watching center 140 communicate via the lunar and planetary exploration satellite 111C or the gateway satellite. "Gateway" represents the gateway satellite.

[0087] This study focuses on communication terminals. As mentioned above, in cislunar space, it is necessary to build a satellite monitoring system 104 that takes into consideration compatibility with gateway satellites for communications. If the gateway satellite is not taken into consideration, the communication configuration can be made by regarding the lunar and planetary exploration satellite 111C as a data relay satellite and the monitoring satellite 121 as a user satellite of the data relay satellite.

[0088] FIG. 26 shows how the watching satellite 121 transmits watching data via the lunar and planetary exploration satellite 111C, and how the watching center 140 receives watching data from the service center 130 for the lunar and planetary exploration satellite 111C.

[0089] In the unlikely event that the lunar and planetary exploration satellite 111C malfunctions or an emergency occurs and the gateway satellite is used as a backup data relay satellite, it is appropriate for the monitoring satellite 121 to employ a standard communication device capable of communicating with the gateway satellite. In order for the lunar and planetary exploration satellite 111C to relay data using the monitoring satellite 121 as a user satellite, it is appropriate for the lunar and planetary exploration satellite 111C to be equipped with a communication terminal similar to the communication terminal of the gateway satellite.

[0090] 27 shows how the monitoring satellite 121 transmits monitoring data via the lunar and planetary exploration satellite 111C or the gateway satellite, and how the monitoring center 140 receives monitoring data from the service center 130 for the lunar and planetary exploration satellite 111C or the service center 130 for the gateway satellite.

[0091] It is assumed that the lunar and planetary exploration satellite 111C is originally equipped with a communication terminal for establishing a communication environment with the gateway satellite. It is also assumed that the communication terminal will be set up by regarding the lunar and planetary exploration satellite 111C as a user satellite and the gateway satellite as a data relay satellite.

[0092] 28 shows how the lunar and planetary exploration satellite 111C transmits exploration data via the gateway satellite, and how the service center 130 for the lunar and planetary exploration satellite 111C receives the exploration data from the service center 130 for the gateway satellite.

[0093] If the communication terminal intended for communication between the gateway satellite and the lunar and planetary exploration satellite 111C is also capable of communication between the monitoring satellite 121 and the lunar and planetary exploration satellite 111C, then all problems can be solved by adopting that communication terminal. However, if the specifications of the communication terminals of the user satellite and the data relay satellite are different, the lunar and planetary exploration satellite 111C must be equipped with both communication terminals.

[0094] 29 and 30 show how the monitoring satellite 121 transmits monitoring data via the lunar and planetary exploration satellite 111C or the gateway satellite, and how the monitoring center 140 receives monitoring data from the service center 130 for the lunar and planetary exploration satellite 111C or the service center 130 for the gateway satellite. 29 further shows how the lunar and planetary exploration satellite 111C transmits exploration data via the gateway satellite, and how the service center 130 for the lunar and planetary exploration satellite 111C receives the exploration data from the service center 130 for the gateway satellite.

[0095] When the monitoring satellite 121 is an optical monitoring satellite that acts as the "eyes," the amount of monitoring data becomes enormous. Therefore, the ratio of the receiving operation time to the transmitting operation time is set to α:β, where α is the data amount of commands received by the monitoring satellite 121 and β is the data amount of monitoring report data (monitoring data and telemetry) transmitted by the monitoring satellite 121. This allows the performance of the two-way communication terminal 122 to be fully utilized, enabling high-speed, large-capacity communication. As a result, the resources of the data relay satellite that communicates with a large number of artificial satellites can be used efficiently.

[0096] FIG. 31 shows a mechanism for sending commands for switching between transmission and reception and the transmission and reception time ratio of the two-way communication terminal (second). The "ground facility" is the service center 130 or the monitoring center 140.

[0097] The ground equipment transmits commands to the lunar and planetary exploration satellite 111C and commands to the monitoring satellite 121. Each command specifies a transmission / reception switching timing and a transmission / reception time ratio. For example, the transmission / reception switching timing is information that specifies the communication time period of the monitoring satellite 121. The two-way communication terminal 112 of the lunar and planetary exploration satellite 111C switches between the receiving function and the transmitting function at a time ratio of β to α. The two-way communication terminal 122 of the monitoring satellite 121 switches between the receiving function and the transmitting function at a time ratio of α to β.

[0098] Embodiment 5 The satellite information transmission system 105 will be described with reference to Figs. 32 to 34, mainly focusing on the differences from the second and fourth embodiments.

[0099] The configuration of the satellite information transmission system 105 will be described with reference to FIG. The satellite information transmission system 105 is a system for transmitting information from each infrastructure satellite 111 to the service center 130 . The satellite information transmission system 105 comprises a space infrastructure 110 and a service center 130 . The space infrastructure 110 is made up of multiple infrastructure satellites 111 . The multiple infrastructure satellites 111 include a gateway satellite 111D. The gateway satellite 111D is an artificial satellite that functions as a gateway. The two-way communication terminal 112 of the gateway satellite 111D and the two-way communication terminals 112 of the other infrastructure satellites 111 have communication compatibility. Each infrastructure satellite 111 flies in cislunar space or beyond the moon. Service center 130 communicates with each infrastructure satellite 111 other than gateway satellite 111D via gateway satellite 111D.

[0100] ***Explanation of Operation*** The operation procedure of the satellite information transmission system 105 corresponds to a satellite information transmission method, which will be described below.

[0101] The two-way communication terminal 112 of each infrastructure satellite 111 switches between the receiving function and the transmitting function so that the ratio of the receiving operation time to the transmitting operation time matches the ratio of the data amount α of the mission command to the data amount β of the mission report data.

[0102] The procedure for switching between the receiving function and the transmitting function in each infrastructure satellite 111 will now be described. In the service center 130, the satellite control device 132 calculates the ratio of the receiving operation time to the transmitting operation time for each infrastructure satellite 111 based on the data amount of the mission command and the data amount of the mission report data. Then, the satellite control device 132 transmits a switching command specifying the calculated ratio for each infrastructure satellite 111 using the satellite communication equipment 131 . In each infrastructure satellite 111, the two-way communication terminal 112 receives the switching command and switches between the receiving function and the transmitting function in accordance with the switching command.

[0103] In the gateway satellite 111D, the two-way communication terminal 112 operates as follows: The two-way communication terminal 112 switches between the receiving function and the transmitting function in the gateway satellite 111D so that the ratio of the receiving operation time to the transmitting operation time in the other infrastructure satellites 111 matches the ratio of the data amount of the mission command to the data amount of the mission report data.

[0104] The procedure for switching between the receiving function and the transmitting function for other infrastructure satellites 111 in the gateway satellite 111D will now be described. In the service center 130, the satellite control device 132 calculates the ratio of the receiving operation time to the transmitting operation time for each infrastructure satellite 111 based on the data amount of the mission command and the data amount of the mission report data. Then, the satellite control device 132 transmits a switching command specifying the calculated ratio using the satellite communication device 131. In the gateway satellite 111D, the satellite communication terminal 113 receives a switching command for each of the other infrastructure satellites 111, and the two-way communication terminal 112 switches between the receiving function and the transmitting function in an inverse ratio of the receiving operation time to the transmitting operation time.

[0105] FIG. 33 shows a mechanism for sending commands for switching between transmission and reception and the transmission and reception time ratio of the two-way communication terminal 112 (second). The "ground facility" is the service center 130.

[0106] The ground equipment transmits commands to the gateway satellite 111D and commands to the lunar and planetary exploration satellite. Each command specifies the timing for switching between transmission and reception and the ratio of transmission and reception time. For example, the timing for switching between transmission and reception is information that specifies the communication time period for the lunar and planetary exploration satellite. The two-way communication terminal 112 of the gateway satellite 111D switches between the receiving function and the transmitting function at a time ratio of β to α. The two-way communication terminal 112 of the lunar and planetary exploration satellite switches between the receiving function and the transmitting function at a time ratio of α to β.

[0107] FIG. 34 shows a satellite information transmission system 105 that includes a monitoring satellite group 120 . The satellite information transmission system 105 may include a group of monitoring satellites 120, similar to the satellite monitoring system 104. Furthermore, each infrastructure satellite 111 may be provided with a two-way communication terminal 112 for communication with each monitoring satellite 121 and a two-way communication terminal 112 for communication with other infrastructure satellites 111 .

[0108] Embodiment 6 The satellite monitoring system 106 will be described with reference to FIGS. 35 and 36, focusing mainly on the differences from the third to fifth embodiments.

[0109] ***Configuration Description*** The configuration of the satellite monitoring system 106 will be described with reference to FIG. Like the satellite monitoring system 104 , the satellite monitoring system 106 comprises a space infrastructure 110 , a group of monitoring satellites 120 , a service center 130 , and a monitoring center 140 . The space infrastructure 110 is made up of multiple infrastructure satellites 111 . The plurality of infrastructure satellites 111 includes a gateway satellite 111D. The two-way communication terminal 112 of the gateway satellite 111D and the two-way communication terminals 112 of the other infrastructure satellites 111 have communication compatibility.

[0110] Each infrastructure satellite 111 flies in cislunar space or beyond the moon. Each monitoring satellite 121 flies in cislunar space.

[0111] The infrastructure satellite 111 includes a two-way communication terminal 112, a satellite communication terminal 113, and a monitoring communication terminal 115 (see FIG. 18). The monitoring satellite 121 includes a monitoring communication terminal 123 (see FIG. 19).

[0112] The monitoring center 140 communicates with each monitoring satellite 121 via the gateway satellite 111D and the service center 130.

[0113] ***Detailed Description*** If the two-way communication terminal 112 of each infrastructure satellite 111 has communication compatibility with the two-way communication terminal 112 of the gateway satellite 111D and can be used without distinction between the user side and the host side of the inter-satellite data relay, then embodiment 4 can be realized. In embodiment 6, taking into consideration the case where the specifications differ between the user side and the host side, the infrastructure satellite 111 is equipped with both a two-way communication terminal 112 which serves as the host side communication terminal for inter-satellite data relay, and a monitoring communication terminal 115 which serves as the user side communication terminal. In the sixth embodiment, each monitoring satellite 121 and each infrastructure satellite 111 is equipped with a monitoring communication terminal (115, 123), so that the most suitable onboard equipment can be adopted in consideration of communication performance, satellite mountability, cost, and the like.

[0114] 36 shows how the monitoring satellite 121 communicates with the infrastructure satellite 111. "Third" represents the monitoring communication terminals (123, 115). The monitoring satellite 121 transmits the monitoring data to the monitoring center 140 via the infrastructure satellite 111. Monitoring communication terminals (123, 115) are used for communication between the monitoring satellite 121 and the infrastructure satellite 111. A two-way communication terminal 112 is used for communication between the infrastructure satellites 111. The monitoring center 140 receives the monitoring data from the service center 130 via the infrastructure satellite 111.

[0115] ***Supplementary explanation of implementation form*** Each embodiment is an example of a preferred embodiment and is not intended to limit the technical scope of the present disclosure. Each embodiment may be implemented in part or in combination with other embodiments. [Explanation of symbols]

[0116] 101 satellite monitoring system, 102 satellite information transmission system, 103 satellite monitoring system, 104 satellite monitoring system, 105 satellite information transmission system, 110 space infrastructure, 111 infrastructure satellite, 111A observation satellite, 111B communication satellite, 111C lunar planetary exploration satellite, 111D gateway satellite, 112 two-way communication terminal, 113 satellite communication terminal, 114 mission equipment, 115 monitoring communication terminal, 119 satellite control device, 120 monitoring satellite group, 121 monitoring satellite, 121A monitoring satellite, 122 two-way communication terminal, 123 monitoring communication terminal, 129 satellite control device, 130 service center, 131 satellite communication equipment, 132 satellite control device, 140 monitoring center, 141 satellite communication equipment, 142 satellite control device.

Claims

1. one or more infrastructure satellites constituting a space infrastructure; a monitoring satellite group consisting of one or more monitoring satellites, which are one or more artificial satellites for managing the one or more infrastructure satellites; a ground-based service center in communication with each of said one or more infrastructure satellites; a monitoring center installed on the ground and communicating with each of the one or more monitoring satellites; Equipped with Each infrastructure satellite is provided with a two-way communication terminal that realizes reception and transmission by switching between a reception function and a transmission function, and a monitoring communication terminal for communicating with each monitoring satellite, Each monitoring satellite is equipped with a monitoring communication terminal for communicating with each infrastructure satellite, The monitoring center communicates with each monitoring satellite via at least one of the infrastructure satellites and the service center. Satellite monitoring system.

2. Each infrastructure satellite and each monitoring satellite will fly along a geostationary orbit or a quasi-zenith satellite. The satellite monitoring system according to claim 1 .

3. A monitoring center used in the satellite monitoring system according to claim 1 or 2.

4. one or more infrastructure satellites constituting a space infrastructure; a monitoring satellite group consisting of one or more monitoring satellites, which are one or more artificial satellites for managing the one or more infrastructure satellites; a ground-based service center in communication with each of said one or more infrastructure satellites; a monitoring center installed on the ground and communicating with each of the one or more monitoring satellites; Equipped with the one or more infrastructure satellites include a gateway satellite; Each infrastructure satellite is provided with a two-way communication terminal that realizes reception and transmission by switching between a reception function and a transmission function, and a monitoring communication terminal for communicating with each monitoring satellite, Each monitoring satellite is equipped with a monitoring communication terminal for communicating with each infrastructure satellite, The monitoring center communicates with each monitoring satellite via the gateway satellite and the service center. Satellite monitoring system.

5. Each infrastructure satellite will fly in cislunar space or beyond, Each monitoring satellite flies through cislunar space. The satellite monitoring system according to claim 4.

6. A monitoring center used in the satellite monitoring system according to claim 4 or 5.

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