Methods and systems for analyte detection and analysis - Patent Application 20070122997

Abstract

Systems and methods for analyte detection and analysis are provided. The system can include an open substrate configured to rotate. The open substrate can include an array of immobilized analytes. A solution including a plurality of probes can be moved across the array by centrifugal force as the substrate rotates, causing at least one of the plurality of probes to bind to at least one of the analytes to form a bound probe. A detector can be configured to detect signals from the bound probes via continuous rotational scanning of the substrate. [Selected figure] Figure 3

Description

[Technical Field]

[0001] cross reference This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62 / 588,139, filed November 17, 2017, U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62 / 623,743, filed January 30, 2018, U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62 / 664,049, filed April 27, 2018, U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 15 / 974,364, filed May 8, 2018, U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 15 / 974,441, filed May 8, 2018, and U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 15 / 974,543, filed May 8, 2018, each of which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. [Background technology]

[0002] Biological sample processing has a variety of applications in the fields of molecular biology and medicine (e.g., diagnostics). For example, nucleic acid sequencing can provide information that can be used to diagnose certain conditions in a subject and, in some cases, develop treatment plans. Sequencing is widely used in molecular biology applications, such as vector design, gene therapy, vaccine design, industrial strain design, and verification. Biological sample processing can involve fluidics and / or detection systems. Summary of the Invention [Problem to be solved by the invention]

[0003] Despite the prevalence of biological sample processing systems and methods, such systems and methods can be inefficient, time intensive, and / or consume valuable resources such as reagents. Thus, it can be seen that there is a need for highly efficient methods and systems for processing and / or analyzing samples. [Means for solving the problem]

[0004] The present disclosure provides methods and systems for processing and / or analyzing samples.

[0005] In one aspect, a method for detecting or analyzing an analyte is provided, comprising: (a) rotating an open substrate about a central axis, the open substrate having an array of immobilized analytes thereon; (b) directing a solution having a plurality of probes to a region near the central axis and introducing the solution to the open substrate; (c) dispersing the solution across the open substrate by at least centrifugal force, such that at least one of the plurality of probes binds to at least one of the immobilized analytes to form a bound probe; and (d) using a detector to detect at least one signal from the bound probe via continuous rotational scanning of the open substrate.

[0006] In some embodiments, the continuous rotational range scanning compensates for velocity differences at different radial positions of the array relative to a central axis within a scan range. In some embodiments, the continuous rotational range scanning includes using an optical imaging system having an anamorphic magnification gradient substantially transverse to a scan direction along the open substrate, the anamorphic magnification gradient at least partially compensating for tangential velocity differences substantially perpendicular to the scan direction. In some embodiments, the continuous rotational range scanning includes reading two or more regions on the open substrate at two or more scan rates, respectively, to at least partially compensate for tangential velocity differences in the two or more regions.

[0007] In some embodiments, (d) further comprises detecting at least one signal using an immersion objective in optical communication with the detector and the open substrate, the immersion objective in contact with a fluid in contact with the open substrate. In some embodiments, the fluid is in a container, and an electric field is used to control the hydrophobicity of one or more surfaces of the container to retain at least a portion of the fluid in contact with the immersion objective and the open substrate.

[0008] In some embodiments, the continuous rotational range scanning occurs in a first environment having first operating conditions, and the solution delivery occurs in a second environment having second operating conditions different from the first operating conditions.

[0009] In some embodiments, the immobilized analytes comprise nucleic acid molecules, and the plurality of probes comprise fluorescently labeled nucleotides, at least one of the fluorescently labeled nucleotides being bound to at least one of the nucleic acid molecules via a nucleotide complementary bond.

[0010] In some embodiments, the open substrate is substantially planar.

[0011] In another aspect, an apparatus for detecting or analyzing analytes is provided, comprising: a housing configured to receive an open substrate having an array of immobilized analytes thereon; one or more dispensers configured to deliver a solution having a plurality of probes to a region proximate a central axis of the open substrate; a rotation unit configured to rotate the open substrate about the central axis, whereby at least centrifugal force distributes the solution across the open substrate such that at least one of the plurality of probes binds to at least one of the analytes to form a bound probe; and a detector configured to detect at least one signal from the bound probe via continuous rotational scanning of the open substrate.

[0012] In some embodiments, the detector is configured to compensate for velocity differences at different radial positions of the array relative to the central axis within a scan field. In some embodiments, the one or more optics are configured to generate an anamorphic magnification gradient substantially transverse to a scan direction along the open substrate, the anamorphic magnification gradient at least partially compensating for tangential velocity differences substantially perpendicular to the scan direction. In some embodiments, the apparatus further includes a processor configured to adjust the anamorphic magnification gradient to compensate for different imaging radial positions relative to the central axis.

[0013] In some embodiments, the detector is configured to scan two or more regions on the open substrate at two or more scan speeds, respectively, to at least partially compensate for tangential velocity differences in the two or more regions.

[0014] In some embodiments, the detector includes one or more optics in optical communication with a sensor and the open substrate.

[0015] In some embodiments, the apparatus further includes an immersion objective in optical communication with the detector and the open substrate, the immersion objective configured to contact a fluid in contact with the open substrate. In some embodiments, the apparatus further includes a container configured to hold a fluid and an electric field application unit configured to control the hydrophobicity of one or more surfaces of the container to retain at least a portion of the fluid in contact with the immersion objective and the open substrate. In some embodiments, the immersion objective is configured to separate a first environment from a second environment, the first environment and the second environment having different operating conditions. In some embodiments, the immersion objective forms a seal between the first environment and the second environment.

[0016] In some embodiments, the detector is configured to detect the at least one signal from the bound probe in a nonlinear scan path across the open substrate, hi some embodiments, the nonlinear scan path is a substantially helical scan path or a substantially circular scan path.

[0017] In another aspect, a computer-readable medium is provided that includes stored non-transitory instructions that, when executed, cause one or more computer processing devices to perform a method for analyte detection or analysis, the method including: rotating an open substrate about a central axis, the open substrate having an array of immobilized analytes thereon; directing a solution having a plurality of probes to a region near the central axis and introducing the solution to the open substrate; dispersing the solution across the open substrate by at least centrifugal force, such that at least one of the plurality of probes binds to at least one of the immobilized analytes to form a bound probe; and detecting at least one signal from the bound probe via continuous rotational scanning of the open substrate using a detector.

[0018] In some embodiments, the method further includes detecting the at least one signal using an immersion objective in optical communication with the detector and the open substrate, the immersion objective in contact with a fluid in contact with the open substrate, and in some embodiments, the method further includes retaining at least a portion of the fluid in contact with the immersion objective and the open substrate by controlling the hydrophobicity of one or more surfaces of a container using an electric field.

[0019] In some embodiments, the immobilized analytes comprise nucleic acid molecules, the plurality of probes comprise fluorescently labeled nucleotides, and at least one of the fluorescently labeled nucleotides binds to at least one of the nucleic acid molecules via a primer extension reaction.

[0020] In some embodiments, the continuous rotational field scanning compensates for velocity differences at different radial positions of the array relative to the central axis within a scan field. In some embodiments, the continuous rotational field scanning includes using an optical imaging system having an anamorphic magnification gradient substantially transverse to a scan direction along the open substrate, the anamorphic magnification gradient at least partially compensating for tangential velocity differences substantially perpendicular to the scan direction. In some embodiments, the method further includes adjusting the anamorphic magnification gradient to compensate for different imaging radial positions relative to the central axis. In some embodiments, the detector is configured to scan two or more regions on the open substrate at two or more scan rates, respectively, to at least partially compensate for tangential velocity differences in the two or more imaging regions.

[0021] In some embodiments, the continuous rotational range scanning includes using algorithmic compensation for velocity differences substantially perpendicular to a scanning direction along the open substrate.

[0022] In some embodiments, the detector is configured to detect the at least one signal from the bound probe in a non-linear scan path across the open substrate.

[0023] In another aspect, a method for processing a bioanalyte is provided, comprising: (a) providing a substrate comprising an array of immobilized bioanalytes, the substrate being rotatable about a central axis; (b) moving a solution comprising a plurality of probes across the substrate to contact the bioanalytes while the substrate is rotating, the solution moving centrifugally away from the central axis; (c) binding the at least one probe to the bioanalyte under conditions sufficient to effect a reaction between the bioanalyte and at least one probe of the plurality of probes; and (d) analyzing the bioanalyte by detecting one or more signals from the at least one probe bound to the bioanalyte.

[0024] In some embodiments, the bioanalyte is a nucleic acid molecule, and analyzing the bioanalyte comprises determining the sequence of the nucleic acid molecule. In some embodiments, the plurality of probes is a plurality of nucleotides. In some embodiments, (c) comprises performing a primer extension reaction on the nucleic acid molecule under conditions sufficient to incorporate at least one nucleotide from the plurality of nucleotides into an extended strand complementary to the nucleic acid molecule. In some embodiments, in (d), the one or more signals indicate incorporation of the at least one nucleotide. In some embodiments, the plurality of nucleotides comprises a nucleotide analog. In some embodiments, the plurality of nucleotides is of a first canonical base type. In some embodiments, the method further comprises repeating (b) and (c) with an additional plurality of nucleotides of a second canonical base type, wherein the second canonical base type is different from the first canonical base type. In some embodiments, the plurality of probes is a plurality of oligonucleotide molecules.

[0025] In some embodiments, the bioanalyte is a nucleic acid molecule, and (c) comprises performing a complementary binding reaction between at least one probe and the nucleic acid molecule, and (d) confirming the presence of homology between the at least one probe and the bioanalyte.

[0026] In some embodiments, the detecting in (d) is performed using a sensor that continuously scans the array along a non-linear path as the substrate rotates.

[0027] In some embodiments, the method further includes, prior to (b), (i) dispensing the solution onto the substrate while the substrate is stationary, and (ii) rotating the substrate to move the solution across the array.

[0028] In some embodiments, the method further includes (i) rotating the substrate before (b), and (ii) dispensing the solution onto the substrate while the substrate is rotating.

[0029] In some embodiments, the method further comprises repeating (b)-(d) with an additional plurality of probes different from the plurality of probes.

[0030] In some embodiments, the liquid viscosity of the solution or the rotation speed of the substrate is selected to produce a predetermined thickness of a layer of the solution adjacent to the array.

[0031] In some embodiments, the bioanalyte is immobilized on the array via a linker.

[0032] In some embodiments, the bioanalytes are bound to beads, which are immobilized on the array.

[0033] In some embodiments, the solution is transferred to the array using one or more dispensing nozzles directed at or near the central axis of the substrate.

[0034] In some embodiments, the array comprises a plurality of individually addressable locations, and the bioanalyte is located at a given individually addressable location of the plurality of individually addressable locations.

[0035] In some embodiments, the array has one or more additional bioanalytes immobilized thereon.

[0036] In some embodiments, the substrate is textured or patterned.

[0037] In some embodiments, the one or more signals include one or more optical signals.

[0038] In some embodiments, the method further comprises terminating rotation of the substrate before detecting the one or more signals in (d).

[0039] In some embodiments, (b) and / or (c) are performed while rotating the substrate at a first angular velocity, and (d) is performed while rotating the substrate at a second angular velocity that is different from the first angular velocity.

[0040] In some embodiments, the substrate is movable relative to the central axis, and (b) and / or (c) are performed when the substrate is at a first position about the central axis, and (d) is performed when the substrate is at a second position about the central axis, the second position being different from the first position. In some embodiments, at the first position, the substrate rotates at a first angular velocity, and at the second position, the substrate rotates at a second angular velocity different from the first angular velocity.

[0041] In some embodiments, the array is a substantially planar array.

[0042] In another aspect, a method for processing a bioanalyte is provided, comprising: (a) providing a substrate comprising a substantially planar array having immobilized bioanalytes, the substrate being rotatable about a central axis; (b) moving a solution comprising a plurality of probes across the substantially planar array and into contact with the bioanalytes upon rotation of the substrate; (c) binding the at least one probe to the bioanalyte under conditions sufficient to effect a reaction between the bioanalyte and at least one probe of the plurality of probes; and (d) analyzing the bioanalyte by detecting one or more signals from the at least one probe bound to the bioanalyte.

[0043] In some embodiments, the bioanalyte is a nucleic acid molecule, and analyzing the bioanalyte comprises ascertaining the sequence of the nucleic acid molecule.

[0044] In some embodiments, the detecting in (d) is performed using a sensor that continuously scans the substantially planar array along a non-linear path as the substrate is rotated.

[0045] In some embodiments, the substantially planar array comprises a plurality of individually addressable locations, and the bioanalyte is disposed at a given individually addressable location of the plurality of individually addressable locations.

[0046] In another embodiment, a system for analyzing a bioanalyte includes a substrate having an array configured to immobilize the bioanalyte, the substrate configured to rotate about a central axis; a fluid flow unit including a fluid channel configured to dispense a solution comprising a plurality of probes onto the array, the solution moving centrifugally away from the central axis upon rotation of the substrate and coming into contact with the bioanalyte under conditions sufficient to bind at least one probe of the plurality of probes to the bioanalyte; and a detector in optical communication with the array, the detector configured to detect one or more signals from the at least one probe bound to the bioanalyte. and one or more computer processing devices operably coupled to the fluid flow unit and the detector, the one or more computer processing devices being individually or collectively programmed to (i) direct the fluid flow unit to dispense the solution through the fluid channel onto the array (the solution containing the plurality of probes moves centrifugally away from the central axis upon rotation of the substrate and comes into contact with the bioanalyte), and (ii) use the detector to detect the one or more signals from the at least one probe bound to the bioanalyte.

[0047] In some embodiments, the substrate is movable along the central axis. In some embodiments, the fluid channel is configured to dispense the solution when the substrate is at a first position along the central axis, and the detector is configured to detect the one or more signals when the substrate is at a second position along the central axis, the second position being different from the first position. In some embodiments, at the first position, the substrate is rotatable at a first angular velocity, and at the second position, the substrate is rotatable at a second angular velocity different from the first angular velocity.

[0048] In some embodiments, the system further includes another fluid channel configured to dispense another solution onto the array, the fluid channel and the another fluid channel being fluidically separated from each other upstream of the outlets of the fluid channel and the another fluid channel.

[0049] In some embodiments, the system further includes an optical imaging objective configured to be at least partially immersed in a fluid in contact with the substrate, the optical imaging objective in optical communication with the detector.

[0050] In some embodiments, the system further includes a reservoir surrounding the optical imaging objective, the reservoir configured to hold at least a portion of the fluid. In some embodiments, the fluid channel does not contact the substrate.

[0051] In some embodiments, the array is a substantially planar array.

[0052] In some embodiments, the one or more computer processing devices are individually or collectively programmed to instruct the fluid flow units to dispense the solutions through the fluid channels onto the array prior to rotation of the substrate.

[0053] In some embodiments, the one or more computer processing devices are individually or collectively programmed to instruct the fluid flow units to dispense the solutions through the fluid channels onto the array as the substrate is rotated.

[0054] In some embodiments, the detector is configured to detect the one or more signals as the substrate rotates, hi some embodiments, the detector is configured to continuously scan the array along a non-linear path as the substrate rotates.

[0055] In some embodiments, the detector is configured to detect the one or more signals when the substrate is not rotating.

[0056] In some embodiments, the detector is an optical detector and the one or more signals are one or more optical signals.

[0057] In some embodiments, the array comprises a plurality of individually addressable locations, hi some embodiments, the plurality of individually addressable locations are individually physically accessible.

[0058] In some embodiments, the substrate is textured or patterned.

[0059] In some embodiments, the system further includes a container containing the substrate. In some embodiments, the system further includes an environmental unit configured to control the temperature or humidity of an environment of the container. In some embodiments, the detector includes a time delay integration (TDI) sensor or a pseudo-TDI rapid frame rate sensor. In some embodiments, the system further includes another detector in optical communication with the array, the detector and the another detector configured to scan the array along different paths. In some embodiments, the different paths are nonlinear.

[0060] In some embodiments, the system further includes one or more optics between and in optical communication with the array and the detector, the one or more optics configured to provide an optical magnification gradient across the array, hi some embodiments, the optical magnification gradient is anamorphic.

[0061] In another embodiment, the present invention includes a substrate including a substantially planar array configured to immobilize a bioanalyte, the substrate configured to rotate about a central axis; a fluid flow unit including a fluid channel configured to dispense a solution including a plurality of probes onto the substantially planar array, the solution moving across the substantially planar array and coming into contact with the bioanalyte under conditions sufficient to bind at least one probe of the plurality of probes to the bioanalyte; and a detector in optical communication with the substantially planar array, the detector configured to detect one or more signals from the at least one probe bound to the bioanalyte. and one or more computer processing devices operably coupled to the fluid flow unit and the detector, the one or more computer processing devices being individually or collectively programmed to (i) direct the fluid flow unit to dispense the solution through the fluid channel onto the array, whereby the solution containing the plurality of probes moves across the substantially planar array upon rotation of the substrate and comes into contact with the bioanalyte, and (ii) use the detector to detect the one or more signals from the at least one probe bound to the bioanalyte.

[0062] In some embodiments, the system further includes an optical imaging objective configured to be at least partially immersed in a fluid in contact with the substrate, the optical imaging objective in optical communication with the detector. The fluid can be confined or controlled, for example, by using an electric field to control the hydrophobicity of one or more regions of the substrate and a fluid enclosure.

[0063] In some embodiments, the detector comprises a time delay integration (TDI) sensor or a pseudo-TDI rapid frame rate sensor.

[0064] In some embodiments, the detector is configured to detect the one or more signals as the substrate rotates. In some embodiments, the detector is configured to continuously scan the array along a non-linear path as the substrate rotates.

[0065] In another aspect, a method for sequencing a nucleic acid molecule is provided, comprising: (a) providing a substrate comprising a planar array having the nucleic acid molecule immobilized thereon, the substrate configured to rotate about an axis; (b) moving a solution comprising a plurality of nucleotides across the planar array as the substrate rotates; (c) performing a primer extension reaction on the nucleic acid molecule under conditions sufficient to incorporate at least one nucleotide from the plurality of nucleotides into an extended strand complementary to the nucleic acid molecule; and (d) detecting a signal indicative of incorporation of the at least one nucleotide, thereby sequencing the nucleic acid molecule.

[0066] The method can further include, prior to (b), (i) dispensing the solution onto the substrate while the substrate is stationary, and (ii) rotating the substrate to move the solution across the planar array. The method can further include (i) rotating the substrate before (b), and (ii) dispensing the solution onto the substrate while the substrate is rotating. The method can further include repeating (b) through (d) one or more times to sequence the nucleic acid molecule by identifying one or more additional signals indicative of incorporation of one or more additional nucleotides.

[0067] Different solutions can be transferred to the planar array for successive cycles as the substrate rotates. The rotation can generate centrifugal force, causing the solutions to flow through the planar array. The layer thickness of the planar array can be manipulated based on adjusting the fluid viscosity. A first fluid having a first viscosity can be used to create a layer with the nucleic acid molecules on the planar array, and a second fluid having a second viscosity can be used to wash the planar array. The first viscosity can be different from the second viscosity. The first viscosity can be controlled by controlling the temperature of the first fluid. The second viscosity can be controlled by controlling the temperature of the second fluid.

[0068] The planar array can include a linker attached to the nucleic acid sample. The nucleic acid sample can be attached to beads, which are immobilized on the planar array.

[0069] The planar array can be in fluid communication with at least one sample inlet and at least one sample outlet. The solutions can be transferred to the planar array using one or more dispensing nozzles. The one or more nozzles can be directed at or near the center of the substrate.

[0070] The method can further include recycling a portion of the solution in contact with the substrate. Recycling can include recovering, filtering, and reusing the portion of the solution. The filtering can be molecular filtering.

[0071] The planar array can include a plurality of individually addressable locations. The planar array can be textured. The planar array can be a patterned array.

[0072] The signal can be an optical signal. The signal can be a fluorescent signal.

[0073] The method may further include terminating rotation of the substrate before detecting the signal in (d). The signal in (d) may be detected while rotating the substrate.

[0074] The operations (b) and / or (c) can be performed at a first location, and (d) can be performed at a second location different from the first location. The first location can include a first processing bay, and the second location can include a second processing bay different from the second location. The first location can include a first rotating spindle that is inner relative to a second rotating spindle, and the second location can include the second rotating spindle. The first location can include a first rotating spindle that is outer relative to a second rotating spindle, and the second location can include the second rotating spindle. The first rotating spindle and the second rotating spindle can be configured to rotate at different angular velocities. The operation (b) can be performed at the first location. The operation (c) can be performed at the second location. The operation (c) can be performed at the first location.

[0075] The method may further include moving the substrate between the first position and the second position. The operations (b) and / or (c) may be performed while the substrate is rotating at a first angular velocity, and (d) may be performed while the substrate is rotating at a second angular velocity different from the first angular velocity. The first angular velocity may be less than the second angular velocity. The first angular velocity may be between 0 revolutions per minute (rpm) and 100 rpm. The second angular velocity may be between 100 rpm and 5,000 rpm. The operation (b) may be performed while the substrate is rotating at the first angular velocity. The operation (c) may be performed while the substrate is rotating at the second angular velocity. The operation (c) may be performed while the substrate is rotating at the first angular velocity.

[0076] In one embodiment, a method for sequencing a nucleic acid molecule includes: (a) providing a substrate including an array having the nucleic acid molecule immobilized thereon, the substrate configured to rotate about an axis; (b) moving a solution including a plurality of natural and / or unnatural nucleotides across the array upon rotation of the substrate; (c) performing a primer extension reaction on the nucleic acid molecule under conditions sufficient to incorporate at least one nucleotide from the plurality of natural and unnatural nucleotides into an extended strand complementary to the nucleic acid molecule; and (d) detecting a signal indicative of incorporation of the at least one nucleotide, thereby sequencing the nucleic acid molecule.

[0077] The method can further include, prior to (b), (i) dispensing the solution onto the substrate while the substrate is stationary, and (ii) rotating the substrate to move the solution to the array. The method can further include (i) rotating the substrate before (b), and (ii) dispensing the solution onto the substrate while the substrate is rotating. The method can further include, after (c), modifying the at least one nucleotide. The modification can include labeling the at least one nucleotide. The at least one nucleotide can be cleavably labeled. The method can further include, after (d), cleaving or modifying the label of the at least one nucleotide. The method can further include sequencing the nucleic acid molecule by repeating (b) through (d) one or more times and identifying one or more additional signals indicating incorporation of one or more additional nucleotides.

[0078] For successive cycles, different solutions can be transferred to the array as the substrate rotates. After (d) and before the next repetition of (b), the at least one nucleotide can be modified. The rotation can generate centrifugal force, causing the solution to flow through the array. The layer thickness of the array can be manipulated based on adjusting the viscosity of the fluid. A first fluid having a first viscosity can be used to create a layer containing the nucleic acid molecules on the array, and a second fluid having a second viscosity can be used to wash the array. The first viscosity can be different from the second viscosity. The first viscosity can be controlled by controlling the temperature of the first fluid. The second viscosity can be controlled by controlling the temperature of the second fluid.

[0079] The array can include a linker attached to the nucleic acid sample. The nucleic acid sample can be attached to beads, which are immobilized on the array.

[0080] The array can be in fluid communication with at least one sample inlet and at least one sample outlet. The solutions can be transferred to the array using one or more dispensing nozzles. The one or more nozzles can be aimed at or near the center of the substrate.

[0081] The method can further include recycling a portion of the solution in contact with the substrate. Recycling can include recovering, filtering, and reusing the portion of the solution. The filtering can be molecular filtering.

[0082] The array can include a plurality of individually addressable locations. The array can be planar. The array can be textured. The array can be a patterned array.

[0083] The signal can be an optical signal. The signal can be a fluorescent signal.

[0084] The method may further include rotating the substrate about the axis before (b). The method may further include terminating rotation of the substrate before detecting the signal in (d). The signal in (d) may be detected while the substrate is rotating.

[0085] The operations (b) and / or (c) can be performed at a first location, and (d) can be performed at a second location different from the first location. The first location can include a first processing bay, and the second location can include a second processing bay different from the first processing bay. The first location can include a first rotating spindle inside a second rotating spindle, and the second location can include the second rotating spindle. The first location can include a first rotating spindle outside a second rotating spindle, and the second location can include the second rotating spindle. The first rotating spindle and the second rotating spindle can be configured to rotate at different angular velocities. The operation (b) can be performed at the first location. The operation (c) can be performed at the second location. The operation (c) can be performed at the first location.

[0086] The method may further include moving the substrate between the first position and the second position. The operations (b) and / or (c) may be performed while the substrate is rotating at a first angular velocity, and operation (d) may be performed while the substrate is rotating at a second angular velocity different from the first angular velocity. The first angular velocity may be less than the second angular velocity. The first angular velocity may be between 0 rpm and 100 rpm. The second angular velocity may be between 100 rpm and 5,000 rpm. The operation (b) may be performed while the substrate is rotating at the first angular velocity. The operation (c) may be performed while the substrate is rotating at the second angular velocity. The operation (c) may be performed while the substrate is rotating at the first angular velocity.

[0087] In one embodiment, a system for sequencing nucleic acid molecules can include a substrate including an array configured to immobilize the nucleic acid molecules, the substrate configured to (i) rotate about an axis and (ii) change position relative to a longitudinal axis; a first fluid channel including a first fluid outlet configured to dispense a first fluid to the array; a second fluid channel including a second fluid outlet configured to dispense a second fluid to the array, the first fluid channel and the second fluid channel being fluidically separated upstream of the first fluid outlet; and a detector configured to detect a signal from the array.

[0088] The first fluid outlet and the second fluid outlet can be external to the substrate. The first fluid outlet and the second fluid outlet can contact the substrate. The first fluid outlet and the second fluid outlet can be nozzles.

[0089] The axis can be substantially parallel to the long axis. The long axis can be coincident with the axis. The long axis can be substantially perpendicular to a surface of the substrate. The relative position of the substrate can be configured to alternate between at least a first position and a second position with respect to the long axis.

[0090] The system can further include (i) a third fluid channel including a first fluid injection port at a first elevation level along the longitudinal axis, the first fluid injection port being downstream of and in fluid communication with the substrate when the substrate is in the first relative position, and (ii) a fourth fluid channel including a second fluid injection port at a second elevation level along the longitudinal axis, the second fluid injection port being downstream of and in fluid communication with the substrate when the substrate is in the second relative position. The third fluid channel can be in fluid communication with the first fluid channel, and the fourth fluid channel can be in fluid communication with the second fluid channel. The substrate can be configured to (i) have the first relative position before, during, or after receiving the first fluid from the first fluid outlet, and (ii) have the second relative position before, during, or after receiving the second fluid from the second fluid outlet. The third fluid channel and the first fluid channel can define a first annular fluid flow path and at least a portion of the fourth fluid channel, and the second fluid channel can define at least a portion of a second annular fluid flow path. At least one of the first annular fluid flow path and the second annular fluid flow path can include a filter. The filter can be a molecular filter.

[0091] The system may further include a shield that prevents fluid communication between the substrate and (i) the second fluid injection port when the substrate is in the first position, and between the substrate and (ii) the first fluid injection port when the substrate is in the second position. The substrate may be movable along the longitudinal axis. The substrate may be stationary along the longitudinal axis. At least one of a first axis of the first fluid outlet and a second axis of the second fluid outlet may be substantially coincident with the axis. At least one of a first axis of the first fluid outlet and a second axis of the second fluid outlet may be substantially parallel to the axis.

[0092] The first fluid and the second fluid may contain different types of reagents. The first fluid may contain a first type of nucleotide or a mixture of nucleotides, and the second fluid may contain a second type of nucleotide or a mixture of nucleotides. The first fluid or the second fluid may contain a wash reagent.

[0093] The detector can be configured to detect the signal from the substrate when the substrate is rotating.The detector can be configured to detect the signal from the substrate when the substrate is not rotating.

[0094] The signal can be an optical signal. The signal can be a fluorescent signal.

[0095] The first fluid outlet can be configured to dispense the first fluid to the array during a rotation of the substrate. The second fluid outlet can be configured to dispense the second fluid to the array during a rotation of the substrate. The first fluid outlet and the second fluid outlet can be configured to dispense in a non-overlapping manner. The substrate can be configured to rotate at least one of (i) a different speed and (ii) a different number of rotations when the first fluid outlet dispenses and when the second fluid outlet dispenses. During the rotation, the array can be configured to direct the first fluid in a substantially radial direction away from the axis. The first fluid outlet can be configured to dispense the first fluid to the array during multiple full rotations of the substrate.

[0096] The array can include a plurality of individually addressable locations. The array can include a plurality of individually addressable locations. The array can include a linker attached to the nucleic acid sample. The nucleic acid sample can be attached to a bead, the bead being immobilized on the array. The array can be textured. The array can be a patterned array. The array can be planar.

[0097] In one embodiment, a system for sequencing a nucleic acid molecule can include a substrate including a planar array configured to immobilize the nucleic acid molecules, the substrate configured to rotate about an axis; a fluid flow unit configured to move a solution containing a plurality of nucleotides across the planar array upon rotation of the substrate; a detector configured to sense communication with the planar array; and one or more computer processing devices operably coupled to the fluid flow unit and the detector, the one or more computer processing devices individually or collectively programmed to (i) direct the fluid flow unit to move the solution containing the plurality of nucleotides across the planar array upon rotation of the substrate; (ii) perform a primer extension reaction on the nucleic acid molecule under conditions sufficient to incorporate one or more nucleotides from the plurality of nucleotides into an extended strand complementary to the nucleic acid molecule; and (iii) sequence the nucleic acid molecule using the detector to detect one or more signals indicative of incorporation of the one or more nucleotides.

[0098] In one embodiment, a system for sequencing a nucleic acid molecule can include a substrate including an array configured to immobilize the nucleic acid molecules, the substrate configured to rotate about an axis; a fluid flow unit configured to move a solution comprising a plurality of nucleotides across the array upon rotation of the substrate, the plurality of nucleotides including natural and / or unnatural nucleotides; a detector for sensing communication with the planar array; and one or more computer processing devices operably coupled to the fluid flow unit and the detector, the one or more computer processing devices being individually or collectively programmed to (i) direct the fluid flow unit to move the solution comprising the plurality of nucleotides across the array upon rotation of the array; (ii) perform a primer extension reaction on the nucleic acid molecule under conditions sufficient to incorporate one or more nucleotides of the plurality of nucleotides into an extended strand complementary to the nucleic acid molecule; and (iii) sequence the nucleic acid molecule using the detector to detect one or more signals indicative of incorporation of the one or more nucleotides.

[0099] In one embodiment, an optical system for performing continuous area scanning of a substrate during rotational movement of the substrate, the rotational movement being about an axis of the substrate, can include a focal plane divided into a plurality of regions; one or more sensors in optical communication with the plurality of regions; and a controller operably coupled to the one or more sensors, the controller being programmed to process an optical signal from each of the plurality of regions with independent clocking during the rotational movement, the independent clocking based, at least in part, on the distance of each region from a projection of the axis and the angular velocity of the rotational movement.

[0100] The focal plane may be divided into the plurality of regions along an axis substantially perpendicular to a direction of projection of the rotational motion. The focal plane may be divided into the plurality of regions along an axis parallel to the direction of projection of the rotational motion. The focal plane may be optically divided.

[0101] A given sensor of the one or more sensors can be configured to process each region of the plurality of regions with independent clocking during the rotational motion. The one or more sensors can be a plurality of sensors, each of the plurality of sensors in optical communication with a different region of the plurality of regions, and the controller can be configured to process optical signals from each of the plurality of regions with independent clocking during the rotational motion. The one or more sensors can include one or more time delay integration (TDI), pseudo-TDI fast frame rate, charge coupled device (CCD), or complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) detectors. The independent clocking can include TDI line rate or pseudo-TDI frame rate.

[0102] One or more of the sensors may be configured to be in optical communication with at least two of the plurality of regions in the focal plane. One or more of the sensors may include a plurality of segments. Each segment of the plurality of segments may be in optical communication with one of the plurality of regions. Each segment of the plurality of segments may be independently clocked. The independent clocking of segments may correspond to a rate of an image in an associated region of the focal plane.

[0103] The optical system may further include an optical imaging objective configured to be immersed in a fluid. The optical system may further include a housing surrounding the optical imaging objective. The optical system may further include a fluid line coupled to the housing, the fluid line configured to provide a fluid to the housing. The fluid may be in contact with the substrate. The fluid may be confined or controlled, for example, by using an electric field to control the hydrophobicity of one or more regions on the substrate and / or fluid housing.

[0104] In one aspect, an optical system for imaging a substrate during rotational movement of the substrate (the rotational movement is about an axis of the support) can include a sensor; and an optical element in optical communication with the sensor, the optical element configured to direct an optical signal from the substrate to the sensor, and at least one of the sensor and the optical element configured to generate an optical magnification gradient across the detector along a direction substantially perpendicular to a projection direction of the rotational movement. The system can further include a controller operably coupled to the detector and the optical element, the controller being programmed to adjust at least one of the sensor and the optical element to generate an optical magnification gradient across the sensor along a direction substantially perpendicular to a projection direction of the rotational movement.

[0105] The optical element can be a lens. The controller can be programmed to adjust at least one of the sensor and the optical element to produce an anamorphic optical magnification gradient. (i) A ratio of a first optical magnification at a first radial position of a field dimension having a minimum distance in the field dimension from the projection of the axis to (ii) a second optical magnification at a second radial position of the field dimension having a maximum distance in the field dimension from the projection of the axis can be substantially equal to the ratio of the maximum distance to the minimum distance. The optical magnification gradient can be produced by rotation of a focal plane substantially perpendicular to the direction of projection of the optical element and the rotational motion. The controller can be programmed to rotate the optical element. The controller can be programmed to adjust the magnification gradient based at least in part on a radial extent of a field dimension compared to the projection of the axis. The controller can be programmed to perform the rotational motion relative to the substrate.

[0106] The optical system may further include an optical imaging objective configured to be immersed in a fluid. The optical system may further include a housing surrounding the optical imaging objective. The optical system may further include a fluid line coupled to the housing, the fluid line configured to provide a fluid to the housing. The fluid may be in contact with the substrate.

[0107] In one embodiment, an optical system for imaging a substrate during rotational movement of the substrate (the rotational movement is relative to an axis of the support) can include a plurality of sensors, each sensor of the plurality of sensors in optical communication with the substrate; and a controller operatively coupled to each sensor of the plurality of sensors, the controller programmed to direct each sensor of the plurality of sensors along an imaging path, the imaging path for one or more sensors of the plurality of sensors being different from the imaging path of another sensor of the plurality of sensors. The controller can be programmed to direct each sensor of the plurality of sensors along an imaging path having a spiral shape or a ring shape. Each sensor of the plurality of sensors can be configured to receive light having a wavelength within a predetermined wavelength range.

[0108] The optical system may further include an optical imaging objective configured to be immersed in a fluid. The optical system may further include a housing surrounding the optical imaging objective. The optical system may further include a fluid line coupled to the housing, the fluid line configured to provide a fluid to the housing.

[0109] In one embodiment, a method for processing an analyte can include (a) providing a substrate including a planar array having the analyte immobilized thereon, the substrate configured to rotate about an axis; (b) moving a solution including a plurality of adaptors across the planar array upon rotation of the substrate; (c) subjecting the analyte to conditions sufficient to cause a reaction between the analyte and the plurality of adaptors; and (d) analyzing the analyte by detecting a signal indicative of the reaction between the analyte and the plurality of adaptors.

[0110] The planar array can include two or more types of analytes. The two or more types of analytes can be arranged randomly. The two or more types of analytes can be arranged in a regular pattern. The analytes can be single-cell analytes. The analytes can be nucleic acid molecules. The analytes can be protein molecules. The analytes can be single cells. The analytes can be particles. The analytes can be organisms. The analytes can be part of a colony. The analytes can be immobilized at individually addressable locations on the planar array.

[0111] The plurality of adapters can include a plurality of probes. A given probe of the plurality of probes can be an oligonucleotide having a length of 1 to 10 bases. A given probe can be a two-base probe. A given probe can be 10 to 20 bases in length. The plurality of probes can be labeled.

[0112] The substrate can include a linker that binds to the analyte. The linker can include a carbohydrate molecule. The linker can include an affinity binding protein. The linker can be hydrophilic. The linker can be hydrophobic. The linker can be electrostatic. The linker can be labeled. The linker can be integral to the substrate. The linker can be a separate layer on the substrate.

[0113] The method can further include, prior to (a), moving the analyte across the substrate including the linker. The analyte can be bound to beads, which are immobilized in the planar array. The planar array can be in fluid communication with at least one sample inlet and at least one sample outlet. The solution can be directed toward the planar array using one or more dispensing nozzles. The one or more nozzles can be directed toward or near the center of the substrate.

[0114] The method can further include recycling a portion of the solution that contacted the substrate. The recycling can include recovering, filtering, and reusing the portion of the solution. The filtering can be molecular filtering.

[0115] The planar array can include a plurality of individually addressable locations. The planar array can be textured. The planar array can be a patterned array.

[0116] The signal can be an optical signal. The signal can be a fluorescent signal. The signal can be a light absorption signal. The signal can be a light scattering signal. The signal can be a luminescence signal. The signal can be a phosphorescence signal. The signal can be an electrical signal. The signal can be an acoustic signal. The signal can be a magnetic signal.

[0117] The method may further include, prior to (b), rotating the substrate about the axis. The method may further include terminating rotation of the substrate before detecting the signal in (d). The signal may be detected in (d) as the substrate is rotating.

[0118] The signal may be generated by binding of the label to the analyte. The label may be bound to a molecule, particle, cell, or organism. The label may be bound to the molecule, particle, cell, or organism before (a). The label may be bound to the molecule, particle, cell, or organism after (a). The signal may be generated by formation of a detectable product through a chemical reaction. The reaction may include an enzymatic reaction. The signal may be generated by formation of a detectable product through physical association. The signal may be generated by formation of a detectable product through proximity association. The proximity association may include Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET). The proximity association may include association with a complementary enzyme. The signal may be generated by a single reaction. The signal may be generated by multiple reactions. The multiple reactions may occur in series. The multiple reactions may occur in parallel. The multiple reactions may include one or more repeated reactions. The reaction may include a hybridization reaction or a ligation reaction. The reaction may include a hybridization reaction and a ligation reaction.

[0119] The plurality of adapters can comprise a plurality of carbohydrate molecules. The plurality of adapters can comprise a plurality of lipid molecules. The plurality of adapters can comprise a plurality of affinity binding proteins. The plurality of adapters can comprise a plurality of aptamers. The plurality of adapters can comprise a plurality of antibodies. The plurality of adapters can be hydrophilic. The plurality of adapters can be hydrophobic. The plurality of adapters can be electrostatic. The plurality of adapters can be labeled. The plurality of adapters can comprise a plurality of oligonucleotide molecules. The plurality of adapters can comprise random sequences. The plurality of adapters can comprise target sequences. The plurality of adapters can comprise repeating sequences. The repeating sequences can be homopolymer sequences.

[0120] The method can further include repeating (b) through (d) one or more times. Different solutions can be directed at the planar array as the substrate is rotated for successive cycles.

[0121] In one embodiment, a method for detecting or analyzing an analyte includes: (a) rotating an open substrate about a central axis, the open substrate having an array of immobilized analytes immobilized thereon; (b) introducing a solution having a plurality of probes to the open substrate by directing the solution to a region near the central axis; (c) dispensing the solution across the open substrate by at least centrifugal force, such that at least one of the plurality of probes binds to at least one of the immobilized analytes to form a bound probe; and (d) simultaneously, while rotating the open substrate, performing a first scan of the open substrate along a first set of one or more scan paths using a first detector and a second scan of the open substrate along a second set of one or more scan paths using a second detector. The one or more scan paths of the first set and the one or more scan paths of the second set are different, the first detector or the second detector detects at least one signal from the bound probes, the first detector is disposed at a first radial position with respect to the central axis, and the second detector is disposed at a second radial position with respect to the central axis, and the first detector and the second detector move relative to the central axis along the same linear vector to generate the one or more scan paths of the first set and the one or more scan paths of the second set, respectively. The relative movement along the same linear vector can be a common relative movement with respect to the central axis.

[0122] In some embodiments, the first detector and the second detector operate at different scan rates, hi some embodiments, the different scan rates of the first detector and the second detector are a function of the first radial position and the second radial position, respectively.

[0123] In some embodiments, the first set of one or more scan paths includes a plurality of circular scan paths having different radii, hi some embodiments, the first set of one or more scan paths includes a spiral scan path.

[0124] In some embodiments, the same linear vector is in a radial direction through the central axis. In some embodiments, the same linear vector is not in a radial direction. In some embodiments, the method further includes compensating for velocity direction differences of different sections at different radial positions relative to the central axis, wherein a given scan path of the first set of one or more scan paths includes the different sections. In some embodiments, the compensation includes using one or more prisms, using one or more mirrors, and / or rotating one or more sensors.

[0125] In some embodiments, the first detector and the second detector are substantially stationary during the relative motion. In some embodiments, the open substrate undergoes both rotational and translational motion during the relative motion. In some embodiments, the first detector and the second detector undergo a common motion during the relative motion. In some embodiments, (i) the open substrate undergoes rotational motion relative to the first detector and the second detector, and (ii) the first detector and the second detector undergo linear motion relative to the central axis. The linear motion can be perpendicular to the central axis. In some embodiments, the first detector undergoes the relative motion when the open substrate is scanned (e.g., rotationally scanned). In some embodiments, the first detector undergoes the relative motion when not scanning (e.g., rotationally scanned).

[0126] In some embodiments, a given scan path of the first set of one or more scan paths includes an area scanned during the relative movement along the same linear vector, hi some embodiments, one more scan path of the first set does not include an area scanned during the relative movement along the same linear vector.

[0127] In some embodiments, the first detector and the second detector have the same angular position relative to the central axis, in some embodiments, the first detector and the second detector have different angular positions relative to the central axis, or in some embodiments, the first detector and the second detector have opposite angular positions relative to the central axis.

[0128] In some embodiments, a given scan path of the first set of one or more scan paths includes a first area and a second area, the first area and the second area being at different radial positions of the open substrate relative to the central axis, and the first area and the second area being spatially separated by the first detector.

[0129] Another aspect of the present disclosure provides a non-transitory computer-readable medium comprising machine-executable code that, when executed by one or more computer processing devices, performs any of the methods described above or elsewhere herein.

[0130] Another aspect of the present disclosure provides a system including one or more computer processing devices and a computer memory coupled thereto, the computer memory including machine-executable code that, when executed by the one or more computer processing devices, performs any of the methods described above or elsewhere herein.

[0131] Other aspects and advantages of the present disclosure will become readily apparent to those skilled in the art from the following detailed description. Only exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure are shown and described herein. As will be seen from the following description, the present disclosure is capable of other and different embodiments, and its several details are capable of modifications in various obvious respects, all without departing from the present disclosure. Accordingly, the drawings and description are to be regarded as illustrative in nature, and not as restrictive.

[0132] Incorporation by Reference All publications, patents, and patent applications mentioned in this specification are herein incorporated by reference to the same extent as if each individual publication, patent, or patent application was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference. In the event that the publications and patents or patent applications incorporated by reference conflict with the disclosure contained herein, the present specification shall control over such conflict. [Brief explanation of the drawings]

[0133] The novel features of the invention are set forth with particularity in the appended claims. A better understanding of the features and advantages of the present invention will be obtained by reference to the following detailed description that sets forth illustrative embodiments, in which the principles of the invention are utilized, and the accompanying drawings (also referred to herein as "Figure" and "FIG."). [Figure 1] FIG. 1 illustrates a computer control system programmed or otherwise configured to carry out the methods provided herein. [Figure 2] FIG. 2 is a flowchart showing an example of a method for sequencing a nucleic acid molecule. [Figure 3] FIG. 3 is a diagram illustrating a nucleic acid molecule sequencing system. [Figure 4A] FIG. 4A is a diagram illustrating a nucleic acid molecule sequencing system at a first vertical level. [Figure 4B] FIG. 4B is a diagram illustrating a nucleic acid molecule sequencing system at a second vertical level. [Figure 5A]FIG. 5A is a diagram illustrating a first example of a nucleic acid molecule sequencing system that uses an array of fluid flow channels. [Figure 5B] FIG. 5B is a diagram illustrating a second example of a nucleic acid molecule sequencing system that uses an array of fluid flow channels. [Figure 6] FIG. 6 is a diagram illustrating a computerized nucleic acid molecular sequencing system. [Figure 7] FIG. 7 shows an optical system for continuous area scanning of a substrate during rotational movement of the substrate. [Figure 8A] FIG. 8A illustrates an optical system for imaging a substrate during rotational movement of the substrate using adjusted optical distortion. [Figure 8B] FIG. 8B shows an example of guided adjusted optical distortion using a cylindrical lens. [Figure 9A] FIG. 9A is a diagram illustrating a first example of an interleaved spiral imaging scan. [Figure 9B] FIG. 9B is a diagram showing a second example of an interleaved imaging scan. [Figure 9C] FIG. 9C shows an example of a nested imaging scan. [Figure 10] FIG. 10 is a diagram illustrating a configuration for a nested annular imaging scan. [Figure 11] FIG. 11 is a cross-sectional view of an immersion optical system. [Figure 12A] FIG. 12A shows the structure of the system including a stationary axis substrate and moving fluidics and optics. [Figure 12B] FIG. 12B shows the structure of the system including the moving axis substrate and stationary fluidics and optics. [Figure 12C] FIG. 12C shows the structure of a system including multiple stationary substrates and moving fluidics and optics. [Figure 12D] FIG. 12D shows the structure of the system, including multiple moving substrates on a rotary stage and stationary fluidics and optics. [Figure 12E]FIG. 12E shows the structure of a system including multiple stationary substrates and moving optics. [Figure 12F] FIG. 12F shows the structure of a system including multiple moving substrates and stationary fluidics and optics. [Figure 12G] FIG. 12G shows the configuration of a system that includes multiple substrates being moved between multiple processing bays. [Figure 12H] FIG. 12H shows the structure of a system including multiple imaging heads scanning with shared translation and rotation axes and independently rotating fields. [Figure 12I] FIG. 12I shows the architecture of a system including multiple spindles scanning with a shared optical detection system. [Figure 13] FIG. 13 shows the structure of a system including multiple rotating spindles. [Figure 14] FIG. 14 is a flow chart of an example method for processing an analyte. [Figure 15] FIG. 15 shows a first example of a system for isolating an analyte. [Figure 16] FIG. 16 shows a second example of a system for isolating an analyte. [Figure 17] FIG. 17 is a diagram illustrating an example of a control system for compensating for velocity gradients during scanning. [Figure 18A] FIG. 18A illustrates the motion of the substrate relative to two imaging heads on the same side of the axis of rotation of the substrate. [Figure 18B] FIG. 18B illustrates the movement of the substrate relative to two imaging heads on opposite sides of the axis of rotation of the substrate. [Figure 18C] FIG. 18C illustrates the movement of the substrate relative to the three imaging heads. [Figure 18D] FIG. 18D illustrates the movement of the substrate relative to the four imaging heads. [Figure 19A] FIG. 19A shows the continuous circular path of two imaging heads on the same side of the axis of rotation of the substrate. [Figure 19B]FIG. 19B shows the continuous circular path of two imaging heads on opposite sides of the axis of rotation of the substrate. [Figure 19C] FIG. 19C shows staggered circular paths for two imaging heads on the same side of the axis of rotation of the substrate. [Figure 19D] FIG. 19D shows the staggered circular paths of two imaging heads on opposite sides of the axis of rotation of the substrate. [Figure 20] FIG. 20 is a diagram illustrating the rotational scanning direction of the imaging head due to non-radial motion of the substrate. [Figure 21] FIG. 21 is a flow chart of an example method for detecting or analyzing an analyte. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0134] While various embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described herein, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that such embodiments are provided by way of example only. Many variations, changes, and substitutions will occur to those skilled in the art without departing from the invention. It should be understood that various alternatives to the embodiments of the present invention may be employed.

[0135] As used herein, the term "analyte processing" refers to one or more steps of interaction with another sample substance. Analyte processing can include performing a chemical reaction, a biochemical reaction, an enzymatic reaction, a hybridization reaction, a polymerization reaction, a physical reaction, any other reaction, or a combination thereof, with, in the presence of, or on the analyte. Analyte processing can include physical and / or chemical manipulation of the analyte. For example, analyte processing can include detecting a chemical or physical change, adding or subtracting materials, atoms, or molecules, molecular confirmation, detecting the presence of a fluorescent label, detecting a Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) interaction, or inferring the absence of fluorescence. The term "analyte" can refer to a molecule, a cell, a biological particle, or an organism. In some cases, a molecule can be a nucleic acid molecule, an antibody, an antigen, a peptide, a protein, or other biomolecule obtained or derived from a biological sample. An analyte can originate from and / or be derived from a biological sample, such as from a cell or organism. An analyte can be synthetic.

[0136] As used herein, the term "sequencing" refers to the process of generating or verifying the sequence of a biomolecule, e.g., a nucleic acid molecule. Such a sequence can be a nucleic acid sequence, which can include the sequence of nucleic acid bases. Sequencing can be, for example, single molecule sequencing or sequencing by synthesis. Sequencing can be performed using a template nucleic acid molecule immobilized on a support, e.g., a flow cell or one or more beads.

[0137] As used herein, the term "biological sample" refers to a sample from a subject or specimen. A biological sample can be a fluid or tissue from a subject or specimen. The fluid can be blood (e.g., whole blood), saliva, urine, or sweat. The tissue can be from an organ (e.g., liver, lung, or thyroid) or a mass of cellular material, such as a tumor. A biological sample can be a stool sample, a collection of cells (e.g., a buccal smear), or a hair sample. A biological sample can be a cell-free sample or a cell sample. Examples of biological samples include nucleic acid molecules, amino acids, polypeptides, proteins, carbohydrates, fats, or viruses. In one example, a biological sample is a nucleic acid sample, such as one or more nucleic acid molecules, e.g., deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and / or ribonucleic acid (RNA). The nucleic acid molecule can be a cell-free or cell-free nucleic acid molecule, e.g., cell-free DNA or cell-free RNA. Nucleic acid molecules can be from a variety of sources, such as humans, mammals, non-human mammals, apes, monkeys, chimpanzees, reptiles, amphibians, birds, or plant sources. Additionally, samples can be extracted from a variety of animal fluids containing cell-free sequences, including, but not limited to, blood, serum, plasma, vitreous humor, saliva, urine, tears, sweat, spit, semen, mucosal discharge, mucus, cerebrospinal fluid, amniotic fluid, lymphatic fluid, etc. Cell-free polynucleotides can be of fetal origin (via bodily fluids taken from a pregnant subject) or can be derived from the subject's own tissues.

[0138] As used herein, the term "subject" refers to an individual from whom a biological sample is obtained. A subject can be a mammal or a non-mammal. A subject can be an animal, such as a monkey, dog, cat, bird, or rodent. A subject can be a human. A subject can be a patient. A subject can exhibit symptoms of a disease. A subject can be asymptomatic. A subject can be undergoing treatment. A subject can be untreated. A subject can have or be suspected of having a disease, such as cancer (e.g., breast cancer, colorectal cancer, brain tumor, leukemia, lung cancer, skin cancer, liver cancer, pancreatic cancer, lymphoma, esophageal cancer, or cervical cancer) or an infectious disease. Subjects may have a genetic disorder, such as achondroplasia, alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency, antiphospholipid syndrome, autism, autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease, Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, cri-clack-cat syndrome, Crohn's disease, cystic fibrosis, adiposity dolorosa, Down syndrome, Duane syndrome, Duchenne muscular dystrophy, factor V Leiden thrombosis, familial hypercholesterolemia, familial Mediterranean fever, fragile X syndrome, Gaucher disease, hemochromatosis, hemophilia, holoprosencephaly, Huntington's disease, Klinefelter's disease, or a combination of these. You may have or be suspected of having: syndrome, Marfan syndrome, myotonic dystrophy, neurofibromatosis, Noonan syndrome, osteogenesis imperfecta, Parkinson's disease, phenylketonuria, Poland syndrome, porphyria, premature aging syndrome, retinitis pigmentosa, severe combined immunodeficiency, sickle cell disease, spinal muscular atrophy, Tay-Sachs disease, thalassemia, trimethylaminuria, Turner syndrome, velocardiofacial syndrome, WAGR syndrome, or Wilson's disease.

[0139] As used herein, the terms "nucleic acid," "nucleic acid molecule," "nucleic acid sequence," "nucleic acid fragment," "oligonucleotide," and "polynucleotide" refer to polynucleotides that can be of various lengths, such as deoxyribonucleotides or deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) or ribonucleotides or ribonucleic acid (RNA), or analogs thereof. Examples of nucleic acids include, but are not limited to, DNA, RNA, genomic DNA or synthetic DNA / RNA or coding or non-coding regions of a gene or gene fragment, loci defined by linkage analysis, exons, introns, messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA, ribosomal RNA, small interfering RNA (siRNA), short hairpin RNA (shRNA), microRNA (miRNA), ribozymes, cDNA, recombinant nucleic acids, branched nucleic acids, plasmids, vectors, isolated DNA of any sequence, and isolated RNA of any sequence. A nucleic acid molecule can have a length of at least about 10 nucleobases ("bases"), 20 bases, 30 bases, 40 bases, 50 bases, 100 bases, 200 bases, 300 bases, 400 bases, 500 bases, 1 kilobase (kb), 2 kb, 3 kb, 4 kb, 5 kb, 10 kb, 20 kb, 30 kb, 40 kb, 50 kb, 100 kb, 200 kb, 300 kb, 400 kb, 500 kb, 1 megabase (Mb), or more. A nucleic acid molecule (e.g., a polynucleotide) can contain a sequence of the four naturally occurring nucleotide bases: adenine (A); cytosine (C); guanine (G); and thymine (T) (though if the polynucleotide is RNA, uracil (U) is substituted for thymine (T)). A nucleic acid molecule can contain one or more non-standard nucleotides, nucleotide analogs, and / or modified nucleotides.

[0140] Non-standard nucleotides, nucleotide analogs, and / or modified analogs include diaminopurine, 5-fluorouracil, 5-bromouracil, 5-chlorouracil, 5-iodouracil, hypoxanthine, xanthine, 4-acetylcytosine, 5-(carboxyhydroxymethyl)uracil, 5-carboxymethylaminomethyl-2-thiouridine, 5-carboxymethylaminomethyluracil, dihydrouracil, β-D-galactosyl queosine, inosine, N6-isopentenyl adenine, 1-methylguanine, 1-methylinosine, 2,2-dimethylguanine, 2-methyladenine, 2-methylguanine, 3-methylcytosine, 5-methylcytosine, N6-adenine, 7-methylguanine, 5-methylaminomethyluracil, 5-methoxyaminomethyl-2-thiouridine, 5-hydroxyuracil ... Examples of suitable uracils include, but are not limited to, uracil, beta-D-mannosyl euosin, 5'-methoxycarboxymethyluracil, 5-methoxyuracil, 2-methylthio-D46-isopentenyladenine, uracil-5-oxyacetic acid (v), wybutoxosin, pseudouracil, queosin, 2-thiocytosine, 5-methyl-2-thiouracil, 2-thiouracil, 4-thiouracil, 5-methyluracil, uracil-5-oxyacetic acid methyl ester, uracil-5-oxyacetic acid (v), 5-methyl-2-thiouracil, 3-(3-amino-3-N-2-carboxypropyl)uracil, (acp3)w, 2,6-diaminopurine, ethynyl nucleotide bases, 1-propynyl nucleotide bases, azido nucleotide bases, and phosphoroselenoate nucleic acids. In some cases, a nucleotide can include a modification to its phosphate moiety, such as a modification to the triphosphate moiety. Further non-limiting examples of modifications include longer phosphate chains (e.g., phosphate chains having 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 or more phosphate moieties), modifications with thiol moieties (e.g., α- and β-thiotriphosphates), or modifications with selenium moieties (e.g., phosphoroselenoate nucleic acids).Nucleic acid molecules may be modified at the base moiety (e.g., typically with one or more atoms available to form a hydrogen bond with a complementary nucleotide, and / or typically with one or more atoms incapable of forming a hydrogen bond with a complementary nucleotide), the sugar moiety, or the phosphate backbone. Nucleic acid molecules may also contain amine-modified groups, such as aminoallyl-dUTP (aa-dUTP) and aminohexyl acrylamide-dCTP (aha-dCTP), which allow for covalent attachment of amine-reactive moieties, such as N-hydroxysuccinimide ester (NHS). Alternatives to standard DNA or RNA base pairs in the oligonucleotides of the present disclosure include nucleotide / mm. 3 Nucleotide analogs can provide higher density in nucleotides, greater safety (resistance to accidental or deliberate synthesis of natural toxins), easier discrimination in photo-programmed polymerases, or less secondary structure. Nucleotide analogs can be capable of reacting with or binding to detectable moieties in nucleotide detection.

[0141] As used herein, the term "nucleotide" refers to any nucleotide or nucleotide analog. A nucleotide can be natural or non-natural. A nucleotide analog can be a modified, synthetic, or engineered nucleotide. A nucleotide analog can be unnatural or contain a non-standard base. A natural nucleotide can contain a standard base. A nucleotide analog can contain a modified polyphosphate chain (e.g., a triphosphate attached to a fluorophore). A nucleotide analog can contain a label. A nucleotide analog can be terminated (e.g., reversibly terminated). A nucleotide analog can contain an alternative base.

[0142] The terms "amplify," "amplification," and "nucleic acid amplification" are used interchangeably and refer to generating one or more copies of a nucleic acid or template. For example, "amplification" of DNA refers to generating one or more copies of a DNA molecule. Furthermore, nucleic acid growth can be linear, exponential, or a combination thereof. Amplification can be emulsion-based or non-emulsion-based. Non-limiting examples of nucleic acid amplification methods include reverse transcription, primer extension, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), ligase chain reaction (LCR), helicase-dependent amplification, asymmetric amplification, rolling circle amplification, recombinase polymerase reaction (RPA), and multiple displacement amplification (MDA). When PCR is used, any form of PCR can be used, including, but not limited to, real-time PCR, allele-specific PCR, assembly PCR, asymmetric PCR, digital PCR, emulsion PCR, dial-out PCR, helicase-dependent PCR, nested PCR, hot-start PCR, inverse PCR, methylation-specific PCR, miniprimer PCR, multiplex PCR, nested PCR, overlap extension PCR, thermal asymmetric interlaced PCR, and touchdown PCR. Furthermore, amplification can be carried out in a reaction mixture containing various components involved in or facilitating amplification (e.g., primers, template, nucleotides, polymerase, buffer components, cofactors, etc.). Optionally, the reaction mixture contains a buffer that allows context-independent incorporation of nucleotides. Non-limiting examples include magnesium ions, manganese ions, and isocitrate buffer. Further examples of such buffers are described in Tabor, S. et al. CC PNAS, 1989, 86, 4076-4080 and U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,409,811 and 5,674,716, each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

[0143] Useful methods for amplifying clones from single molecules include rolling circle amplification (RCA) (Lizardi et al., Nat. Genet. 19:225-232 (1998), incorporated herein by reference), bridge PCR (Adams and Kron, Method for Performing Amplification of Nucleic Acid with Two Primers Bound to a Single Solid Support, Mosaic Technologies, Inc. (Winter Hill, Mass.); Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Mass., (1997); Adessi et al., Nucl. Acids Res. 28:E87 (2000); Pemov et al., Nucl. Acids Res. 33:e11 (2005); or U.S. Pat. No. 5,641,658, each of which is incorporated herein by reference), polony generation (Mitra et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 100:5926-5931), and clonal amplification (Schmidt et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 100:5926-5931). (2003); Mitra et al., Anal. Biochem. 320:55-65(2003), each of which is incorporated herein by reference), as well as clonal amplification on beads using emulsion (Dressman et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 100:8817-8822 (2003), incorporated herein by reference) or ligation to bead-based adapter libraries (Brenner et al., Nat. Biotechnol. 18:630-634 (2000); Brenner et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97:1665-1670 (2000)); Reinartz, et al., Brief Funct. Genomic Proteomic 1:95-104 (2002), incorporated herein by reference).

[0144] As used herein, the term "detector" refers to a device capable of detecting a signal, such as a signal indicating the presence or absence of one or more incorporated nucleotides or a fluorescent label. A detector can detect multiple signals. The signal or signals can be detected substantially in real time during a biological reaction, such as a sequencing reaction (e.g., sequencing during a primer extension reaction), or after the biological reaction. In some cases, a detector can include optical and / or electronic components capable of detecting a signal. The term "detector" can be used in detection methods. Non-limiting examples of detection methods include optical detection, microscopic detection, electrostatic detection, electrochemical detection, acoustic detection, and magnetic detection. Optical detection methods include, but are not limited to, light absorption, ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) light absorption, infrared light absorption, light scattering, Rayleigh scattering, Raman scattering, surface-enhanced Raman scattering, Mie scattering, fluorescence, luminescence, and phosphorescence. Spectroscopic detection methods include, but are not limited to, mass spectrometry, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, and infrared spectroscopy. Electrostatic detection methods include, but are not limited to, gel-based techniques such as gel electrophoresis, and electrochemical detection methods include, but are not limited to, electrochemical detection of amplification products after high performance liquid chromatography separation of the amplification products.

[0145] As used herein, the term "continuous area scan" refers to area scanning in a ring, spiral, or arc on a rotating substrate using an optical imaging system and a detector. A continuous area scan can scan the substrate or array along a non-linear path. Alternatively, or in addition, a continuous area scan can scan the substrate or array along a linear or substantially linear path. The detector can be a continuous area scan detector. The scan direction can be substantially θ in an (R, θ) coordinate system, where the rotational motion of the object is in the θ direction. Across the field of view on the object (substrate) imaged by the scanning system, the apparent velocity is

number

[0146] The tangential velocity blur may vary depending on the radial position (R) of the field point on the object as a tangential velocity blur. A continuous area scan detector would scan all image locations at the same velocity, and therefore cannot operate at the exact scan velocity for all imaged points in a curvilinear (or arcuate or nonlinear) scan. Therefore, the scan may contain errors due to velocity blur for imaged field points moving at a velocity different from the scan velocity. A continuous rotational area scan may include an optical detection system or method that performs algorithmic, optical, and / or electronic correction to substantially compensate for this tangential velocity blur and thereby reduce this scanning anomaly. For example, the compensation may be performed algorithmically by using an image processing algorithm that compensates for the velocity blur difference by deconvolving the velocity blur difference at various image locations corresponding to different radii on the rotating substrate.

[0147] In another example, compensation is achieved using an anamorphic magnification gradient. This can serve to magnify the substrate in one axis (anamorphic magnification) by different amounts at two or more substrate locations transverse to the scan direction. The anamorphic magnification gradient can modify the imaging velocities at two or more locations to be substantially equal, thereby compensating for tangential velocity differences between the two locations on the substrate. This compensation can be adjusted to account for different velocity gradients across the field of view at different radii on the substrate.

[0148] The imaging field of view can be divided into two or more regions, each of which can be controlled to scan at a different speed. These speeds can be adjusted to the average projection object speed within each region. The regions can be optically defined using one or more beam splitters or one or more mirrors. The two or more regions can face two or more detectors. The regions can be defined as segments of a single detector.

[0149] As used herein, the term "continuous area scan detector" refers to an imaging array sensor capable of continuous integration over a scan area, the scan being electronically synchronized to an image of an object in relative motion. Continuous area scan detectors can include time delay integration (TDI) charge coupled devices (CCDs), hybrid TDIs, or complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) pseudo-TDIs.

[0150] As used herein, the term "open substrate" refers to a substantially planar substrate in which a single active surface is physically accessible anywhere from a direction perpendicular to the substrate. Substantially planar may refer to planarity at the micrometer or nanometer level. Alternatively, substantially planar may refer to planarity at the sub-nanometer or super-micrometer (e.g., millimeter) level.

[0151] As used herein, the term "anamorphic magnification" refers to the difference in magnification between two axes of an image. An anamorphic magnification gradient can include an anamorphic magnification difference in a first axis over movement in a second axis. The magnification in the second axis can be 1 or any other value that is substantially constant across the field.

[0152] As used herein, the term "field of view" refers to the area on a sample or substrate that is optically mapped to the active area of ​​a detector.

[0153] Analyte processing using a rotating array Conventional microfluidic systems use substrates containing many long, narrow channels. Typical flow cell geometries for such substrates create a need to compromise between two conflicting requirements: 1) reducing volume to reduce reagent usage; and 2) maximizing effective hydraulic diameter to reduce flow time. This tradeoff can be particularly important for wash operations, which may require large volumes of wash fluid and therefore long times to complete. The tradeoff is inherent in microfluidic systems utilizing such flow cell geometries because it is described by the Poiseuille equation, which governs flow in a laminar regime. Such flow cell geometries can also be susceptible to contamination. Because such flow cell geometries allow for a finite, limited number of channels in a microfluidic system, these finite channels can be shared among multiple different mixtures containing different analytes, reagents, agents, and / or buffers. The fluid contents flowing through the same channel may be contaminated.

[0154] Described herein are devices, systems, and methods for processing analytes using open substrates or flow cell geometries that can address at least the above-mentioned problems. The devices, systems, and methods can be used to facilitate uses or processes involving reactions or interactions between analytes and fluids (e.g., fluids containing reagents, agents, buffers, other analytes, etc.). Such reactions or interactions can be chemical (e.g., polymerase reactions) or physical (e.g., displacement). The systems and methods described herein can benefit from higher efficiency, such as faster reagent delivery and lower reagent requirements per surface area. The systems and methods described herein can avoid contamination issues common to microfluidic channel flow cells fed by multi-port valves that can cause carryover from one reagent to the next. The devices, systems, and methods can benefit from shorter completion times, use of fewer resources (e.g., various reagents), and / or reduced system costs. The open substrates or flow cell geometries can be used to process any of the analytes described herein, including, but not limited to, nucleic acid molecules, protein molecules, antibodies, antigens, cells, and / or organisms. The open substrate or flow cell geometry can be used for any application or process described herein, including, but not limited to, sequencing-by-synthesis, sequencing-by-ligation, amplification, proteomics, single-cell processing, barcoding, and sample preparation.

[0155] The systems and methods can employ a substrate including an array (e.g., a planar array) of individually addressable locations. Each location, or a subset of such locations, can have an analyte (e.g., a nucleic acid molecule, a protein molecule, a carbohydrate molecule, etc.) immobilized thereon. For example, analytes can be immobilized to individually addressable locations via a support, such as a bead. The multiple analytes immobilized on the substrate can be copies of a template analyte. For example, the multiple analytes can have sequence homology. In other cases, the multiple analytes immobilized on the substrate can be different. The multiple analytes can be the same type of analyte (e.g., nucleic acid molecules) or a combination of different types of analytes (e.g., nucleic acid molecules, protein molecules, etc.). The substrate can be rotatable about an axis. Analytes can be immobilized on the substrate during rotation. Reagents (e.g., nucleotides, antibodies, wash reagents, enzymes, etc.) can be dispensed onto the substrate before or during rotation (e.g., spinning at high rotational speeds) to coat the array with the reagent and allow the analytes to interact with the reagent. For example, if the analyte is a nucleic acid molecule and the reagent includes nucleotides, the nucleic acid molecule can incorporate or otherwise react with (e.g., transiently bind to) one or more nucleotides. In another example, if the analyte is a protein molecule and the reagent includes antibodies, the protein molecule can bind to or otherwise react with one or more antibodies. In another example, if the reagent includes a wash reagent, the substrate (and / or analytes on the substrate) can be washed free of unreacted (and / or unbound) reagents, agents, buffers, and / or other particles.

[0156] High-speed coating across a substrate can be achieved through tangential inertia, a phenomenon commonly referred to as centrifugal force, which moves unconstrained, rotating reagents in a partially radial direction (i.e., away from the axis of rotation) as they rotate. High-speed rotation can involve rotational speeds of at least 1 revolution per minute (rpm), at least 2 rpm, at least 5 rpm, at least 10 rpm, at least 20 rpm, at least 50 rpm, at least 100 rpm, at least 200 rpm, at least 500 rpm, at least 1,000 rpm, at least 2,000 rpm, at least 5,000 rpm, at least 10,000 rpm, or greater. This mode of reagent movement across a substrate can be referred to herein as centrifugal or inertial pumping. One or more signals (e.g., optical signals) can be detected from detection zones on the substrate before, during, or after dispensing of the reagents to generate an output. For example, the output can be an intermediate or final result from processing the analyte. The signal can be detected at multiple times. The dispensing, rotating, and / or detecting operations can be repeated any number of times, in any order (independently or simultaneously), to process the analyte. In some cases, the substrate can be washed (e.g., by dispensing a wash reagent) between successive dispenses of reagents.

[0157] Provided herein is a method for processing a bioanalyte, comprising providing a substrate including an array having the immobilized bioanalytes, wherein the substrate is rotatable about a central axis. Optionally, the array can be a planar array. Optionally, the array can be an array of wells. Optionally, the substrate can be textured and / or patterned. The method can include moving a solution across the substrate and contacting the bioanalytes as the substrate rotates. The solution can be moved radially (e.g., outward) relative to the substrate to coat the substrate and contact the bioanalytes immobilized on the array. Optionally, the solution can include a plurality of probes. Optionally, the solution can be a wash solution. The method can include subjecting the bioanalyte to conditions sufficient to effect a reaction between at least one probe of the plurality of probes and the bioanalyte. The reaction can generate one or more signals from at least one probe bound to the bioanalyte. The method can include analyzing the bioanalyte by detecting one or more signals.

[0158] The substrate can be a solid substrate, such as glass, silicon, metals such as aluminum, copper, titanium, chromium or steel, ceramics such as titanium dioxide or silicon nitride, plastics such as polyethylene (PE), low density polyethylene (LDPE), high density polyethylene (HDPE), polypropylene (PP), polystyrene (PS), high impact polystyrene (HIPS), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC), acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), polyacetylene, polyamides, polycarbonates, poly The substrate may comprise, in whole or in part, one or more of the following: polyesters, polyurethanes, polyepoxides, polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), phenol formaldehyde (PF), melamine formaldehyde (MF), urea-formaldehyde (UF), polyetheretherketone (PEEK), polyetherimide (PEI), polyimides, polylactic acid (PLA), furans, silicones, polysulfones, mixtures of any of the foregoing materials, or any other suitable material. The substrate may comprise, in whole or in part, a metal, such as aluminum, copper, silver, or gold, an oxide, such as silicon oxide (Si x O y(x, y may have any possible value), photoresist, e.g., SU8, surface coatings, e.g., aminosilane or hydrogel, polyacrylic acid, polyacrylamide dextran, polyethylene glycol (PEG), or any combination of the foregoing materials, or any other suitable coating. The one or more layers may have a thickness of at least 1 nanometer (nm), at least 2 nm, at least 5 nm, at least 10 nm, at least 20 nm, at least 50 nm, at least 100 nm, at least 200 nm, at least 500 nm, at least 1 micrometer (μm), at least 2 μm, at least 5 μm, at least 10 μm, at least 20 μm, at least 50 μm, at least 100 μm, at least 200 μm, at least 500 μm, or at least 1 millimeter (mm). The one or more layers may have a thickness within a range defined by any two of the foregoing values.

[0159] The substrate can have the general shape of a cylinder, a cylindrical shell or disk, a rectangular prism, or any other geometric shape. The substrate can have a thickness (e.g., smallest dimension) of at least 100 μm, at least 200 μm, at least 500 μm, at least 1 mm, at least 2 mm, at least 5 mm, or at least 10 mm. The substrate can have a thickness within a range defined by any two of the aforementioned values. The substrate can have a first lateral dimension (e.g., the width of a substrate having the general shape of a rectangular prism, or the radius of a substrate having the general shape of a cylinder) of at least 1 mm, at least 2 mm, at least 5 mm, at least 10 mm, at least 20 mm, at least 50 mm, at least 100 mm, at least 200 mm, at least 500 mm, or at least 1,000 mm. The substrate can have a first lateral dimension within a range defined by any two of the aforementioned values. The substrate can have a second lateral dimension (e.g., the length of a substrate having the general shape of a rectangular prism) of at least 1 mm, at least 2 mm, at least 5 mm, at least 10 mm, at least 20 mm, at least 50 mm, at least 100 mm, at least 200 mm, at least 500 mm, or at least 1,000 mm. The substrate can have a second lateral dimension within a range defined by any two of the aforementioned values. The surface of the substrate can be planar. Alternatively, or in addition, the surface of the substrate can be textured or patterned. For example, the substrate can include grooves, troughs, hills, and / or pillars. The substrate can define one or more cavities (e.g., microcavities or nanocavities). The substrate can have a regular texture and / or pattern across the entire substrate surface. For example, the substrate can have regular geometric structures (e.g., wedges, cubes, cylinders, spheroids, hemispheres, etc.) above or below a reference level of the surface. Alternatively, the substrate may have an irregular texture and / or pattern across the substrate surface, for example, the substrate may have any structure above or below the reference level of the substrate.In some cases, the texture of the substrate can include structures having a largest dimension of at most about 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 20%, 10%, 9%, 8%, 7%, 6%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, 0.1%, 0.01%, 0.001%, 0.0001%, 0.00001% of the total thickness of the substrate or a layer of the substrate. In some cases, the texture and / or pattern of the substrate can define at least a portion of the individually addressable locations on the substrate. The textured and / or patterned substrate can be substantially planar.

[0160] The substrate can include an array. For example, the array can be on a side of the substrate. The array can be a planar array. The array can have a circular, ring, rectangular, or any other shaped general shape. The array can include linear and / or non-linear rows. The array can be evenly spaced or distributed. The array can be randomly spaced or distributed. The array can have regular spacing. The array can have irregular spacing. The array can be a textured array. The array can be a patterned array. The array can include a plurality of individually addressable locations. The analyte to be processed can be immobilized to the array. The array can include one or more physical or chemical linkers or adapters attached to one or more binding agents described herein, e.g., bioanalytes. For example, the array can include linkers or adapters attached to nucleic acid molecules. Alternatively or additionally, the bioanalytes can be attached to beads; the beads can be immobilized to the array.

[0161] Individually addressable locations can include locations of analytes or groups of analytes accessible for manipulation. The manipulation can include placement, extraction, reagent dispensing, seeding, heating, cooling, or agitation. Extraction can include extracting individual analytes or groups of analytes. For example, extraction can include extracting at least 2, at least 5, at least 10, at least 20, at least 50, at least 100, at least 200, at least 500, or at least 1,000 analytes or groups of analytes. Alternatively, or in addition, extraction can include extracting up to 1,000, up to 500, up to 200, up to 100, up to 50, up to 20, up to 10, up to 5, or up to 2 analytes or groups of analytes. The manipulation can be performed, for example, by localized microfluidic, pipette, optical, laser, acoustic, magnetic, and / or electromagnetic interaction with the analyte or its surroundings.

[0162] The array can be coated with a binder. For example, the array can be randomly coated with the binder. Alternatively, the array can be coated with a binder arranged in a regular pattern (e.g., a linear array, a radial array, a hexagonal array, etc.). The array can be coated with the binder on at least 10%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99% of the number of individually addressable locations or surface areas of the substrate. The array can be coated with the binder on a portion of the individually addressable locations or surface areas of the substrate that are within a range defined by any two of the aforementioned values. The binder can be integrated into the array. The binder can be added to the array. For example, the binder can be added to the array as one or more coating layers on the array.

[0163] The binding agent can immobilize the bioanalyte through one or more nonspecific interactions, such as hydrophilic interactions, hydrophobic interactions, electrostatic interactions, physical interactions (e.g., adhesion to pillars or precipitation in wells), etc. The binding agent can immobilize the bioanalyte through a specific interaction. For example, if the bioanalyte is a nucleic acid molecule, the binding agent can include an oligonucleotide adapter configured to bind to the nucleic acid molecule. Alternatively, or in addition, for example, to bind other types of analytes, the binding agent can include one or more antibodies, oligonucleotides, aptamers, affinity binding proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, etc. The binding agent can immobilize the bioanalyte through any possible combination of interactions. For example, the binding agent can immobilize nucleic acid molecules through a combination of physical and chemical interactions, a combination of protein and nucleic acid interactions, etc. The array can include at least about 10, 100, 1000, 10,000, 100,000, 1,000,000, 10,000,000, 100,000,000, or more binding agents. Alternatively or in addition, an array can include up to about 100,000,000, 10,000,000, 1,000,000, 100,000, 10,000, 1000, 10, or fewer binding agents. An array can have a number of binding agents within a range defined by any two of the preceding values. In some cases, a single binding agent can bind to a single bioanalyte (e.g., a nucleic acid molecule). In some cases, a single binding agent can bind to multiple bioanalytes (e.g., multiple nucleic acid molecules). In some cases, multiple binding agents can bind to a single bioanalyte. Although the examples herein describe binding agent interactions with nucleic acid molecules, binding agents can also immobilize other molecules (e.g., proteins), other particles, cells, viruses, other organisms, etc.

[0164] In some cases, each location, or a portion of such locations, can have an immobilized analyte (e.g., a nucleic acid molecule, a protein molecule, a carbohydrate molecule, etc.). In other cases, only a portion of the plurality of individually addressable locations can have an immobilized analyte. The plurality of analytes immobilized on the substrate can be copies of a template analyte. For example, the plurality of analytes (e.g., nucleic acid molecules) can have sequence homology. In other cases, the plurality of analytes immobilized on the substrate can be non-copies. The plurality of analytes can be the same type of analyte (e.g., nucleic acid molecules) or can be a combination of different types of analytes (e.g., nucleic acid molecules, protein molecules, etc.).

[0165] In some cases, the array can include multiple types of binding agents, e.g., for binding different types of analytes. For example, the array can include a first type of binding agent (e.g., oligonucleotides) configured to bind to a first type of analyte (e.g., nucleic acid molecules) and a second type of binding agent (e.g., antibodies) configured to bind to a second type of analyte (e.g., proteins). In another example, the array can include a first type of binding agent (e.g., a first type of oligonucleotide molecules) for binding to a first type of nucleic acid molecule and a second type of binding agent (e.g., a second type of oligonucleotide molecules) for binding to a second type of nucleic acid molecule. For example, a substrate can be configured to have different types of binding agents at certain portions or specific locations on the substrate, thereby binding different types of analytes to certain portions or specific locations on the substrate.

[0166] The bioanalytes can be immobilized on the array at a given individually addressable location among the plurality of individually addressable locations. The array can have any number of individually addressable locations. For example, the array can have at least 1, at least 2, at least 5, at least 10, at least 20, at least 50, at least 100, at least 200, at least 500, at least 1,000, at least 2,000, at least 5,000, at least 10,000, at least 20,000, at least 50,000, at least 100,000, at least 200,000, at least 500,000, at least 1,000,000, at least 2,000,000, at least 5,000,000, or at least 10,000,000. An array may have 0, at least 20,000,000, at least 50,000,000, at least 100,000,000, at least 200,000,000, at least 500,000,000, at least 1,000,000,000, at least 2,000,000,000, at least 5,000,000,000, at least 10,000,000,000, at least 20,000,000,000, at least 50,000,000,000, or at least 100,000,000,000 individually addressable locations. An array may have a number of individually addressable locations within a range defined by any two of the foregoing values. Each individually addressable location may be individually digitally and / or physically accessible (from the plurality of individually addressable locations). For example, each individually addressable location can be electronically or digitally located, identified, and / or accessed for mapping, sensing, or correlation by an instrument (e.g., a detector, processor, dispenser, etc.) or other process. Alternatively, or in addition, each individually addressable location can be physically located, identified, and / or accessed, for example, for physical manipulation or extraction of an analyte, reagent, particle, or other component at the individually addressable location.

[0167] Each individually addressable location can have the general shape or form of a circle, a pit, a bump, a rectangle, or any other shape or form. Each individually addressable location can have a first lateral dimension (e.g., a radius for an individually addressable location having the general shape of a circle, or a width for an individually addressable location having the general shape of a rectangle). The first lateral dimension can be at least 1 nanometer (nm), at least 2 nm, at least 5 nm, at least 10 nm, at least 20 nm, at least 50 nm, at least 100 nm, at least 200 nm, at least 500 nm, at least 1,000 nm, at least 2,000 nm, at least 5,000 nm, or at least 10,000 nm. The first lateral dimension can be within a range defined by any two of the foregoing values. Each individually addressable location can have a second lateral dimension (e.g., a length for an individually addressable location having the general shape of a rectangle). The second lateral dimension can be at least 1 nanometer (nm), at least 2 nm, at least 5 nm, at least 10 nm, at least 20 nm, at least 50 nm, at least 100 nm, at least 200 nm, at least 500 nm, at least 1,000 nm, at least 2,000 nm, at least 5,000 nm, or at least 10,000 nm. The second lateral dimension can be within a range defined by any two of the preceding values. Optionally, each individually addressable location can have or be bound to a binding agent, as described herein, to immobilize an analyte thereto. Optionally, only a portion of the individually addressable locations can have or be bound to a binding agent. Optionally, an individually addressable location can have or be bound to a plurality of binding agents to immobilize an analyte thereto.

[0168] The analytes bound to the individually addressable locations can include, but are not limited to, molecules, cells, organisms, nucleic acid molecules, nucleic acid colonies, beads, clusters, polonies, or DNA nanoballs, etc. The bound analytes can be immobilized in an array in a regular, patterned, periodic, random, or pseudorandom configuration, or any other arrangement.

[0169] The substrate can be configured to rotate about an axis. Optionally, the systems, instruments, and devices described herein can further include a rotation unit configured to rotate the substrate. The rotation unit can include a motor and / or a rotor for rotating the substrate. Such a motor and / or rotor can be mechanically coupled to the substrate directly or indirectly via an intermediate component (e.g., a gear, a stage, an actuator, a disk, a pulley, etc.). The rotation unit can be automated. Alternatively, or in addition, the rotation unit can receive manual input. The axis of rotation can be an axis passing through the center of the substrate. The axis can be an eccentric axis. For example, the substrate can be secured to a chuck (e.g., a vacuum chuck) of a spin-coating device. The substrate can be configured to rotate at a rotational speed of at least 1 revolution per minute (rpm), at least 2 rpm, at least 5 rpm, at least 10 rpm, at least 20 rpm, at least 50 rpm, at least 100 rpm, at least 200 rpm, at least 500 rpm, at least 1,000 rpm, at least 2,000 rpm, at least 5,000 rpm, or at least 10,000 rpm. The substrate can be configured to rotate at a rotational speed within a range defined by any two of the foregoing values. The substrate can be configured to rotate at different rotational speeds during different operations described herein. The substrate can be configured to rotate at a rotational speed that varies according to a time-dependent function, such as a ramp function, a sinusoidal function, a pulse function, or other function or combination of functions. The time-dependent function can be periodic or aperiodic.

[0170] A solution can be applied to the substrate before or during rotation of the substrate to centrifugally move the solution across the array. Optionally, the solution can be applied to the planar array in pulses as the substrate rotates, creating circular waves of solution moving radially outward. The pulses can have periodic or aperiodic (e.g., arbitrary) intervals. The series of pulses can include a series of waves that cause surface-reagent exchange. The surface-reagent exchange can include a wash in which each successive pulse contains a low concentration of surface reagent. The solution can have a temperature different from that of the substrate to provide a source of thermal energy or sink to the substrate or analytes on the substrate. The thermal energy can provide a temperature change to the substrate or analytes. The temperature change can be temporary. The temperature change can initiate, stop, promote, or inhibit a chemical reaction, such as a chemical reaction performed on an analyte. For example, the chemical reaction can include denaturation, hybridization, or annealing of nucleic acid molecules. The chemical reaction can include a step in a polymerase chain reaction (PCR), bridge amplification, or other nucleic acid amplification reaction. The temperature change may modulate, increase or decrease the signal detected from the analyte.

[0171] The array can be in fluid communication with at least one sample inlet (of a fluid channel). The array can be in fluid communication with the sample inlet through an air gap. Optionally, the array can further be in fluid communication with at least one sample outlet. The array can be in fluid communication with the sample outlet through an air gap. The sample inlet can be configured to transfer a solution to the array. The sample outlet can be configured to receive a solution from the array. The solution can be delivered to the array using one or more dispense nozzles. For example, the solution can be delivered to the array using at least 1, at least 2, at least 3, at least 4, at least 5, at least 6, at least 7, at least 8, at least 9, at least 10, at least 11, at least 12, at least 13, at least 14, at least 15, at least 16, at least 17, at least 18, at least 19, or at least 20 dispense nozzles. The solution can be delivered to the array using a number of nozzles within a range defined by any two of the preceding values. In some cases, different reagents (e.g., different types of nucleotide solutions, different probes, wash solutions, etc.) can be dispensed through different nozzles, for example, to prevent contamination. Each nozzle can be connected to a dedicated fluid line or fluid valve, which can further prevent contamination. A single type of reagent can be dispensed through one or more nozzles. The one or more nozzles can be directed toward or near the center of the substrate. Alternatively, the one or more nozzles can be directed toward or near a location on the substrate that is different from the center of the substrate. Alternatively, or in combination, one or more nozzles can be directed closer to the center of the substrate than one or more of the other nozzles. For example, one or more nozzles used to dispense wash reagents can be directed closer to the center of the substrate than one or more nozzles used to dispense active reagents. The one or more nozzles can be positioned at different radii from the center of the substrate.Two or more nozzles can be operated in combination to deliver fluid to the substrate more efficiently. One or more nozzles can be configured to deliver fluid to the substrate as a jet, a spray (or other dispersion), and / or droplets. One or more nozzles can be operated to atomize the fluid before delivery to the substrate.

[0172] The solution can be dispensed onto the substrate while it is stationary, and then the substrate can be rotated after dispensing the solution, or the substrate can be rotated before dispensing the solution, and then the solution can be dispensed onto the substrate while it is rotating.

[0173] Rotation of the substrate creates a centrifugal force (or inertial force away from the axis) on the solution, causing it to flow radially outward across the array. In this way, rotation of the substrate moves the solution across the array. Continuous rotation of the substrate over a period of time can dispense a fluid film of approximately constant thickness across the array. The rotation speed of the substrate can be selected to obtain a film of the solution on the substrate of a desired thickness. The film thickness can be related to the rotation speed by the following equation (1):

number

[0174] where h(t) is the thickness of the fluid film at time t, μ is the viscosity of the fluid, ω is the rotational speed, and C is a constant.

[0175] Alternatively, or in combination, the viscosity of the solution can be selected to achieve a desired thickness of the film of the solution on the substrate. For example, the rotation speed of the substrate or the viscosity of the solution can be selected to achieve a film thickness of at least 10 nanometers (nm), at least 20 nm, at least 50 nm, at least 100 nm, at least 200 nm, at least 500 nm, at least 1 micrometer (μm), at least 2 μm, at least 5 μm, at least 10 μm, at least 20 μm, at least 50 μm, at least 100 μm, at least 200 μm, at least 500 μm, or at least 1 mm. The rotation speed of the substrate and / or the viscosity of the solution can be selected to achieve a film thickness within a range defined by any two of the foregoing values. The viscosity of the solution can be controlled by controlling the temperature of the solution. The film thickness can be measured or monitored. The film thickness measurement or monitoring can be incorporated into a feedback system to better control the film thickness. The film thickness can be measured or monitored by various techniques. For example, the film thickness can be measured or monitored by thin film spectroscopy using a thin film spectroscopy device, such as a fiber spectroscopy device.

[0176] The solution can be a reaction mixture containing various components. For example, the solution can include multiple probes configured to interact with the analyte. For example, the probes can have binding specificity for the analyte. In another example, the probes may not have binding specificity for the analyte. The probes can be configured to permanently bind to the analyte. The probes can be configured to temporarily bind to the analyte. For example, a nucleotide probe can be permanently incorporated into an elongated strand hybridized to the nucleic acid molecule analyte. Alternatively, the nucleotide probe can temporarily bind to the nucleic acid molecule analyte. The temporarily bound probe can then be removed from the analyte. Removal of the temporarily bound probe from the analyte may or may not leave a residue (e.g., a chemical residue) on the analyte. The type of probe in the solution can depend on the type of analyte. The probe can include a functional group or moiety configured to perform a specific function. For example, the probe can include a label (e.g., a dye). The probe can be configured to generate a detectable signal (e.g., an optical signal), for example, via the label, upon binding or other interaction with the analyte. Optionally, the probe can be configured to generate a detectable signal upon activation (e.g., stimulation). In another example, the nucleotide probe can include a reversible terminator (e.g., a blocking group) configured to terminate the polymerase reaction (until it is no longer blocked). The solution can include other components to support, promote, or slow down the reaction between the probe and the analyte (e.g., an enzyme, catalyst, buffer, saline solution, chelating agent, reducing agent, other agent, etc.). Optionally, the solution can be a wash solution. Optionally, after a reaction or interaction between reagents (e.g., probes) in a reaction mixture solution containing an analyte immobilized on the array, a wash solution can be transferred to the substrate to contact the array. The wash solution can wash away free reagents from the previous reaction mixture solution.

[0177] Upon reaction between the probe and analyte in solution, a detectable signal, such as an optical signal (e.g., a fluorescent signal), can be generated. For example, the signal can be from the probe and / or the analyte. The detectable signal can be indicative of a reaction or interaction between the probe and the analyte. The detectable signal can be a non-optical signal. For example, the detectable signal can be an electronic signal. The detectable signal can be detected by one or more sensors. For example, an optical signal can be detected via one or more optical detectors in an optical detection scheme described elsewhere herein. The signal can be detected during rotation of the substrate. The signal can be detected after rotation has ceased. The signal can be detected when the analyte is in fluid contact with the solution. The signal can be detected after washing of the solution. Optionally, the signal can be attenuated after detection, for example, by cleaving a label from the probe and / or analyte, modifying the probe and / or analyte, etc. Such cleavage and / or modification can be achieved by exposure to one or more stimuli, such as chemical agents, enzymes, light (e.g., ultraviolet light), or temperature changes (e.g., heating). Optionally, the signal can alternatively be rendered undetectable by deactivating or mode-changing one or more sensors (e.g., detection wavelength), or terminating or reversing signal excitation. Optionally, detecting a signal can include capturing an image or generating a digital output (e.g., between different images).

[0178] The operation of transferring a solution to the substrate and detecting one or more signals indicative of a reaction between the probes in the solution and the analytes in the array can be repeated one or more times. Such an operation can be repeated iteratively. For example, the same analyte immobilized at a given location in the array can interact with multiple solutions in multiple repeated cycles. In each repetition, the additional signals detected can provide incremental or final data about the analyte during processing. For example, if the analyte is a nucleic acid molecule and the processing is sequencing, the additional signals detected in each repetition can be indicative of a base in the nucleic acid sequence of the nucleic acid molecule. The operation can be repeated for at least 1, at least 2, at least 5, at least 10, at least 20, at least 50, at least 100, at least 200, at least 500, at least 1,000, at least 2,000, at least 5,000, at least 10,000, at least 20,000, at least 50,000, at least 100,000, at least 200,000, at least 500,000, at least 1,000,000, at least 2,000,000, at least 5,000,000, at least 10,000,000, at least 20,000,000, at least 50,000,000, at least 100,000,000, at least 200,000,000, at least 500,000,000, or at least 1,000,000,000 cycles to process the analytes. Optionally, a different solution can be transferred to the substrate in each cycle.For example, at least 1, at least 2, at least 5, at least 10, at least 20, at least 50, at least 100, at least 200, at least 500, at least 1,000, at least 2,000, at least 5,000, at least 10,000, at least 20,000, at least 50,000, at least 100,000, at least 200,000, at least 500,000, at least 1,000,000, at least 2,000,000, at least 5,000,000, at least 10,000,000, at least 20,000,000, at least 50,000,000, at least 100,000,000, at least 200,000,000, at least 500,000,000, or at least 1,000,000,000 different solutions may be transferred to the substrate.

[0179] Optionally, a cleaning solution can be transferred to the substrate between each cycle (or at least once during each cycle). For example, a cleaning solution can be transferred to the substrate after each type of reaction mixture solution is transferred to the substrate. The cleaning solutions can be different from each other. The cleaning solutions can be the same. The cleaning solution can be dispensed in pulses during rotation to create annular waves as described herein. For example, at least 1, at least 2, at least 5, at least 10, at least 20, at least 50, at least 100, at least 200, at least 500, at least 1,000, at least 2,000, at least 5,000, at least 10,000, at least 20,000, at least 50,000, at least 100,000, at least 200,000, at least 500,000, at least 1,000,000, at least 2,000,000, at least 5,000,000, at least 10,000,000, at least 20,000,000, at least 50,000,000, at least 100,000,000, at least 200,000,000, at least 500,000,000, or at least 1,000,000,000 different cleaning solutions may be transferred to the substrate.

[0180] Optionally, after the solution has contacted the substrate, some or all of the solution can be recycled. Recycling can include recovering, filtering, and reusing some or all of the solution. The filtration can be molecular filtration.

[0181] Nucleic acid sequencing using a rotating array In some cases, the sequencing method can use sequencing by synthesis, in which a primer extension reaction is used to sequence nucleic acid molecules base by base. For example, a method for sequencing nucleic acid molecules can include providing a substrate including an array having the nucleic acid molecules immobilized thereon. The array can be a planar array. The substrate can be configured to rotate about an axis. The method can include moving a solution containing a plurality of nucleotides across the array before or during rotation of the substrate. Rotation of the substrate can facilitate coating of the substrate surface with the solution. A primer extension reaction can be performed on the nucleic acid molecule under conditions sufficient to incorporate or specifically bind at least one nucleotide from the plurality of nucleotides into an extended strand complementary to the nucleic acid molecule. The nucleic acid molecule can be sequenced by detecting a signal indicating incorporation or binding of at least one nucleotide.

[0182] Optionally, the method can include immobilizing the nucleic acid molecule to the substrate prior to providing the substrate with the immobilized nucleic acid molecule. For example, a solution containing a plurality of nucleic acid molecules including the nucleic acid molecule can be transferred to the substrate before, during, or after rotation of the substrate, and the substrate can be subjected to conditions sufficient to immobilize at least a portion of the plurality of nucleic acid molecules as an array on the substrate.

[0183] FIG. 2 shows a flowchart of an example method 200 for sequencing nucleic acid molecules. In a first operation 210, the method can include providing a substrate according to methods described elsewhere herein. The substrate can include an array of a plurality of individually addressable locations. The array can be a planar array. The array can be a textured array. The array can be a patterned array. For example, the array can define the individually addressable locations with wells and / or pillars. A plurality of nucleic acid molecules, which may or may not be copies of the same nucleic acid molecule, can be immobilized on the array. Each nucleic acid molecule from the plurality of nucleic acid molecules can be immobilized on the array at a given individually addressable location among the plurality of individually addressable locations.

[0184] The substrate can be configured to rotate about an axis. The axis can be an axis that passes through the center or substantially the center of the substrate. The axis can be an eccentric axis. For example, the substrate can be fixed to a chuck (e.g., a vacuum chuck) of a spin-coating apparatus. The substrate can be configured to rotate at a rotational speed of at least 1 revolution per minute (rpm), at least 2 rpm, at least 5 rpm, at least 10 rpm, at least 20 rpm, at least 50 rpm, at least 100 rpm, at least 200 rpm, at least 500 rpm, at least 1,000 rpm, at least 2,000 rpm, at least 5,000 rpm, or at least 10,000 rpm. The substrate can be configured to rotate at a rotational speed within a range defined by any two of the foregoing values. The substrate can be configured to rotate at different rotational speeds during different operations described herein. The substrate can be configured to rotate at a rotational speed that varies according to a time-dependent function, such as a ramp function, a sinusoidal function, a pulse function, or other function or combination of functions. The time-dependent function can be periodic or aperiodic.

[0185] In a second operation 220, the method can include moving a solution across the array before or during rotation of the substrate. The solution can be moved centrifugally across the array. Optionally, the solution can be moved across the array in pulses as the substrate rotates, creating circular waves of solution moving radially outward. The solution can have a temperature different from that of the substrate, providing a source of thermal energy or sink marks to the substrate or nucleic acid molecules thereon. The thermal energy can provide a temperature change to the substrate or nucleic acid molecules. The temperature change can be temporary. The temperature change can initiate, stop, promote, or inhibit a chemical reaction, such as a chemical reaction performed on nucleic acid molecules. The chemical reaction can include denaturation, hybridization, or annealing of the plurality of nucleic acid molecules. The chemical reaction can include a step in a polymerase chain reaction (PCR), bridge amplification, or other nucleic acid amplification reaction. The temperature change can modulate, increase, or decrease a signal detected from the nucleic acid molecules (or from probes in the solution).

[0186] Optionally, the solution can include a probe configured to interact with a nucleic acid molecule. For example, in some cases, such as when performing sequencing by synthesis, the solution can include a plurality of nucleotides (at a single base). The plurality of nucleotides can include nucleotide analogs, natural nucleotides, and / or unnatural nucleotides, collectively referred to herein as "nucleotides." The plurality of nucleotides can be or not be the same type of base (e.g., A, T, G, C, etc.). For example, the solution can or not include only one type of base. The solution can include at least one type of base or at least two, at least three, at least four, at least five, at least six, at least seven, at least eight, at least nine, or at least ten types of base. For example, the solution can include any possible mixture of A, T, C, and G. Optionally, the solution can include a plurality of natural nucleotides and unnatural nucleotides. The plurality of natural nucleotides and unnatural nucleotides can be or not be the same type of base (e.g., A, T, G, C).

[0187] One or more nucleotides of the plurality of nucleotides can be terminated (e.g., reversibly terminated). For example, one nucleotide can contain a reversible terminator, or a moiety that can reversibly terminate primer extension. Nucleotides containing reversible terminators can be accepted by a polymerase and incorporated into a growing nucleic acid sequence in the same way as irreversibly terminated nucleotides. After incorporation of a nucleotide analog containing a reversible terminator into a nucleic acid chain, the reversible terminator can be removed to allow further extension of the nucleic acid chain. A reversible terminator can contain a blocking or capping group attached to the 3'-oxygen atom of the sugar moiety (e.g., pentose) of the nucleotide or nucleotide analog. Such a moiety is referred to as a 3'-O-blocked reversible terminator. Examples of 3'-O-blocked reversible terminators include, for example, the 3'-ONH2 reversible terminator, the 3'-O-allyl reversible terminator, and the 3'-O-aziomethyl reversible terminator. Alternatively, the reversible terminator can include a blocking group in the linker (e.g., a cleavable linker) and / or dye portion of the nucleotide analog. The 3'-unblocked reversible terminator can be attached to both the base of the nucleotide analog and a fluorescent group (e.g., a label described herein). Examples of 3'-unblocked reversible terminators include the "virtual terminator" developed by Helicos BioSciences Corp. and the "lightning terminator" developed by Michael L. Metzker et al. Cleavage of the reversible terminator can be achieved, for example, by irradiating the nucleic acid molecule containing the reversible terminator.

[0188] One or more nucleotides of the plurality of nucleotides can be labeled with a dye, a fluorophore, or a quantum dot. For example, the solution can include labeled nucleotides. In another example, the solution can include unlabeled nucleotides. In another example, the solution can include a mixture of labeled and unlabeled nucleotides. Non-limiting examples of dyes include SYBR Green, SYBR Blue, DAPI, propidium iodine, Hoechst, SYBR Gold, ethidium bromide, acridine, proflavine, acridine orange, acriflavine, fluorcoumanin, ellipticine, daunomycin, chloroquine, distamycin D, chromomycin, homidine, mithramycin, ruthenium polypyridyls, anthramycin, and phenanthrone. Lysines and acridines, ethidium bromide, propidium iodide, hexidium iodide, dihydroethidium, ethidium homodimer-1 and -2, ethidium monoazide, and ACMA, Hoechst 33258, Hoechst 33342, Hoechst 34580, DAPI, acridine orange, 7-AAD, actinomycin D, LDS751, hydroxystilbamidine, SYTOX Blue, SYTOX Green, SYTOX Orange Ji, POPO-1, POPO-3, YOYO-1, YOYO-3, TOTO-1, TOTO-3, JOJO-1, LOLO-1, BOBO-1, BOBO-3, PO-PRO-1, PO-PRO-3, BO-PRO-1, BO -PRO-3, TO-PRO-1, TO-PRO-3, TO-PRO-5, JO-PRO-1, LO-PRO-1, YO-PRO-1, YO-PRO-3, PicoGreen, OliGreen, RiboGreen, SYB R Gold, SYBR Green I, SYBR Green II, SYBRDX, SYTO-40, -41, -42, -43, -44, -45 (blue), SYTO-13, -16, -24, -21, -23, -12, -11, -20, -22, -15, -14, -25 (green), SYTO-81, -80, -82, -83, -84, -85 (orange), SYTO-64, -17, -59, -61, -62, -60, -63 (red), fluorescein,Fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC), tetramethylrhodamine isothiocyanate (TRITC), rhodamine, tetramethylrhodamine, R-phycoerythrin, Cy-2, Cy-3, Cy-3.5, Cy-5, Cy5.5, Cy-7, Texas Red, Phar-Red, allophycocyanin (APC), Sybr Green I, Sybr Green II, Sybr Gold, CellTracker Green, 7-AAD, ethidium homodimer I, ethidium homodimer II, ethidium homodimer III, ethidium bromide, umbelliferone, eosin, green fluorescent protein, erythrosine, coumarin, methylcoumarin, pyrene, malachite green, stilbene, Lucifer yellow, cascade blue blue), dichlorotriazinylamine fluorescein, dansyl chloride, fluorescent lanthanide complexes (e.g., those containing europium and terbium), carboxytetrachlorofluorescein, 5 and / or 6-carboxyfluorescein (FAM), VIC, 5-(or 6-)iodoacetamidofluorescein, 5-{[2(and 3)-5-(acetylmercapto)-succinyl]amino}fluorescein (SAMSA-fluorescein), Lissamine rhodamine B sulfonyl chloride, 5 and / or 6-carboxyrhodamine (ROX), 7-amino-methyl-coumarin, 7-amino-4-methylcoumarin-3-acetic acid (AMCA), BODIPY fluorescein, Fluorophores, 8-methoxypyrene-1,3,6-trisulfonic acid trisodium salt, 3,6-disulfonate-4-amino-naphthalimide, phycobiliproteins, Atto 390, 425, 465, 488, 495, 532, 565, 594, 633, 647, 647N, 665, 680, and 700 dyes, AlexaFluor 350, 405, 430, 488, 532, 546, 555, 568, 594, 610, 633, 635, 647, 660, 680, 700, 750, and 790 dyes, DyLight 350, 405, 488, 550, 594, 633, 650, 680, 755, and 800 dyes, or other fluorophores, Black Hole Quencher Dyes (Biosearch Technologies), e.g., BH1-0, BHQ-1,BHQ-3, BHQ-10); QSY Dye fluorescence quenchers (from Molecular Probes / Invitrogen), such as QSY7, QSY9, QSY21, QSY35, and other quenchers, such as Dabcyl and Dabsyl; Cy5Q, C77Q, and Dark Cyanine dyes (GE Healthcare); Dy-Quenchers (Dyomics), such as DYQ-660 and DYQ-661; and ATTO fluorescence quenchers (ATTO-TEC GmbH), such as ATTO540Q, 580Q, and 612Q. In some cases, the label can have a linker. For example, the label can have a disulfide linker attached to it. Non-limiting examples of such labels include Cy5-azide, Cy-2-azide, Cy-3-azide, Cy-3.5-azide, Cy5.5-azide, and Cy-7-azide. Optionally, the linker can be a cleavable linker. Optionally, the label can be of a type that is not self-quenching and does not exhibit proximity quenching. Non-limiting examples of label types that are not self-quenching and do not exhibit proximity quenching include bimane derivatives, such as monobromobimane. Alternatively, the label can be of a type that is self-quenching and exhibits proximity quenching. Non-limiting examples of such labels include Cy5-azide, Cy-2-azide, Cy-3-azide, Cy-3.5-azide, Cy5.5-azide, and Cy-7-azide. Optionally, the blocking group of the reversible terminator can comprise a dye.

[0189] The solutions can be moved to the array using one or more nozzles. Optionally, different reagents (e.g., different types of nucleotide solutions, wash solutions, etc.) can be dispensed through different nozzles, for example, to prevent contamination. Each nozzle can be connected to a dedicated fluid line or fluid valve, which can further prevent contamination. A single reagent can be dispensed through one or more nozzles. The one or more nozzles can be directed at or near the center of the substrate. Alternatively, the one or more nozzles can be directed at or near a location on the substrate other than the center of the substrate. Two or more nozzles can be operated in combination to deliver fluid to the substrate more efficiently.

[0190] The solution can be dispensed onto the substrate while the substrate is stationary, and then the substrate can be rotated after dispensing the solution. Alternatively, the substrate can be rotated before dispensing the solution; then the solution can be dispensed onto the substrate while the substrate is rotating. Rotation of the substrate creates a centrifugal force (or inertial force away from the axis) on the solution, causing it to flow radially outward over the array.

[0191] In a third operation 230, the method can include subjecting the nucleic acid molecule to a primer extension reaction under conditions sufficient to incorporate at least one nucleotide from the plurality of nucleotides into an extended strand complementary to the nucleic acid molecule, the incorporated nucleotide being labeled or unlabeled.

[0192] Optionally, operation 230 can further include modifying at least one nucleotide. The modification of the nucleotide can include labeling the nucleotide. For example, the nucleotide can be labeled with, for example, a dye, a fluorophore, or a quantum dot. The nucleotide can be cleavably labeled. Optionally, the modification of the nucleotide can include activating (e.g., priming) the label of the nucleotide.

[0193] In a fourth operation 240, the method can include detecting a signal indicative of incorporation of the at least one nucleotide. The signal can be an optical signal. The signal can be a fluorescent signal. The signal can be detected during rotation of the substrate. The signal can be detected after rotation is completed. The signal can be detected when the nucleic acid molecule is arranged in fluid contact with the solution. The signal can be detected after the nucleic acid molecule is in fluid contact with the solution. Operation 240 can further include modifying a label on the at least one nucleotide. For example, operation 240 can further include cleaving the label on the nucleotide (e.g., after detection). The nucleotide can be cleaved by one or more stimuli, such as exposure to a chemical agent, an enzyme, light (e.g., ultraviolet light), or heat. Once the label is cleaved, the signal indicative of the incorporated nucleotide cannot be detected by one or more detectors.

[0194] Method 200 can further include repeating operations 220, 230, and / or 240 one or more times to identify one or more additional signals indicative of incorporation of one or more additional nucleotides, thereby sequencing the nucleic acid molecule. Method 200 can include iteratively repeating operations 220, 230, and / or 240. For each iteration, the additional signal can indicate incorporation of an additional nucleotide. The additional nucleotide can be the same nucleotide as detected in the previous iteration. The additional nucleotide can be a different nucleotide than the nucleotide detected in the previous iteration. Optionally, at least one nucleotide can be modified (e.g., labeled and / or cleaved) between each iteration of operations 220, 230, or 240. For example, the method may perform operations 220, 230, and / or 240 at least 1, at least 2, at least 5, at least 10, at least 20, at least 50, at least 100, at least 200, at least 500, at least 1,000, at least 2,000, at least 5,000, at least 10,000, at least 20,000, at least 50,000, at least 100,000, at least 200,000 The method can include repeating operations 220, 230, and / or 240 a number of times within a range defined by any two of the foregoing values. Thus, method 200 can be used to sequence nucleic acid molecules of any size.

[0195] The method can include moving different solutions circularly through the array while rotating the substrate. For example, the method can include moving a first solution containing a first type of nucleotide (e.g., among a plurality of nucleotides of the first type) through the array, followed by a second solution containing a second type of nucleotide, followed by a third type of nucleotide, followed by a fourth type of nucleotide, and so on. In another example, the different solutions can contain different combinations of nucleotide types. For example, a first solution can contain a first standard type of nucleotide (e.g., A) and a second standard type of nucleotide (e.g., C), a second solution can contain the first standard type of nucleotide (e.g., A) and a third standard type of nucleotide (e.g., T), and a third solution can contain the first standard type, the second standard type, the third standard type, and a fourth standard type (e.g., G) of nucleotides. In another example, a first solution can contain labeled nucleotides, a second solution can contain unlabeled nucleotides, and a third solution can contain a mixture of labeled and unlabeled nucleotides. The method can include transferring at least 1, at least 2, at least 5, at least 10, at least 20, at least 50, at least 100, at least 200, at least 500, at least 1,000, at least 2,000, at least 5,000, at least 10,000, at least 20,000, at least 50,000, at least 100,000, at least 200,000, at least 500,000, at least 1,000,000, at least 2,000,000, at least 5,000,000, at least 10,000,000, at least 20,000,000, at least 50,000,000, at least 100,000,000, at least 200,000,000, at least 500,000,000, or at least 1,000,000,000 solutions to the array. The method can include transferring a number of solutions to the array that are within a range defined by any two of the preceding values. The solutions can be different. The solutions can be the same.

[0196] The method can include transferring at least 1, at least 2, at least 5, at least 10, at least 20, at least 50, at least 100, at least 200, at least 500, at least 1,000, at least 2,000, at least 5,000, at least 10,000, at least 20,000, at least 50,000, at least 100,000, at least 200,000, at least 500,000, at least 1,000,000, at least 2,000,000, at least 5,000,000, at least 10,000,000, at least 20,000,000, at least 50,000,000, at least 100,000,000, at least 200,000,000, at least 500,000,000, or at least 1,000,000,000 cleaning solutions to the substrate. For example, a wash solution can be transferred to the substrate after each type of nucleotide is transferred to the substrate. The wash solutions can be different. The wash solutions can be the same. The wash solutions can be dispensed in pulses during rotation to create circular waves as described herein.

[0197] The method can further include recycling a portion or all of the solution after contacting the solution with the substrate. Recycling can include recovering, filtering, and reusing a portion or all of the solution. The filtration can be molecular filtration.

[0198] Operations 220 and 230 can be performed at a first location, and operation 240 can be performed at a second location. The first and second locations can include first and second processing bays, respectively, as described herein (e.g., with respect to FIG. 12G). The first and second locations can include first and second rotating spindles, respectively, as described herein (e.g., with respect to FIG. 13). The first rotating spindle can be outside or inside the second rotating spindle. The first and second rotating spindles can be configured to rotate at different angular velocities. Alternatively, operation 220 can be performed at a first location, and operations 230 and 240 can be performed at a second location.

[0199] The method may further include transferring the substrate between the first position and the second position. Operations 220 and 230 may be performed while the substrate is rotating at a first angular velocity, and operation 240 may be performed while the substrate is rotating at a second angular velocity. The first angular velocity may be less than the second angular velocity. The first angular velocity may be between about 0 rpm and about 100 rpm. The second angular velocity may be between about 100 rpm and about 1,000 rpm. Alternatively, operation 220 may be performed while the substrate is rotating at the first angular velocity, and operations 230 and 240 may be performed while the substrate is rotating at the second angular velocity.

[0200] Many variations, modifications, and adaptations are possible based on the method 200 provided herein. For example, the order of operations in method 200 can be changed, some operations can be eliminated, some operations can be repeated, and additional operations can be added, as appropriate. Some operations can be performed sequentially. Some operations can be performed in parallel. Some operations can be performed once. Some operations can be performed multiple times. Some operations can include sub-operations. Some operations can be automated. Some operations can be manual.

[0201] For example, optionally, in a third operation 230, instead of promoting a primer extension reaction, the nucleic acid molecule can be subjected to conditions that allow transient binding of nucleotides from the plurality of nucleotides to the nucleic acid molecule. The transiently bound nucleotides can be labeled. The transiently bound nucleotides can be removed, e.g., after detection (see, e.g., operation 240). A second solution can then be transferred to the substrate, this time under conditions that promote a primer extension reaction, to incorporate the nucleotides of the second solution (e.g., into an extended strand hybridized to the nucleic acid molecule). The incorporated nucleotides can be unlabeled. After washing and without detection, another solution of labeled nucleotides can be transferred to the substrate, e.g., for another cycle of transient binding.

[0202] In some cases, the solution can contain different probes, for example, for sequencing by ligation. For example, the solution can contain multiple oligonucleotide molecules. For example, the oligonucleotide molecules can have a length of about 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more bases. The oligonucleotide molecules can be labeled with a dye (e.g., a fluorescent dye) as described elsewhere herein. In some cases, for example, to detect repetitive sequences in nucleic acid molecules, such as homopolymer repeat sequences, dinucleotide repeat sequences, and trinucleotide repeat sequences, the solution can contain a target probe (e.g., a homopolymer probe) configured to bind to the repetitive sequence. The solution can contain one type of probe (e.g., a nucleotide). The solution can contain different types of probes (e.g., nucleotides, oligonucleotide molecules, etc.). The solution can contain different types of probes (e.g., oligonucleotide molecules, antibodies, etc.) for interacting with different types of analytes (e.g., nucleic acid molecules, proteins, etc.). Different solutions containing different types of probes can be transferred to the substrate at any number of times, with or without detection during successive cycles (e.g., detection can be performed during some successive cycles but not during some others), and the nucleic acid molecules can be sequenced or otherwise processed depending on the type of processing.

[0203] 3 shows a system 300 for sequencing nucleic acid molecules or processing analytes. The system can be configured to perform methods 200 or 1400. Although the systems (e.g., 300, 400, 500a, 500b, etc.) are described with respect to processing nucleic acid molecules, the systems can be used to process any other type of bioanalyte, as described herein.

[0204] The system can include a substrate 310. The substrate can include a substrate described herein, such as the substrate described herein with respect to FIG. 2. The substrate can include an array. The substrate can be open. The array can include one or more locations 320 configured to immobilize one or more nucleic acid molecules or analytes. The array can include any array described herein, such as any array described herein with respect to method 200. For example, the array can include a plurality of individually addressable locations. The array can include a linker (e.g., any binding agent described herein) attached to the nucleic acid molecules to be sequenced. Alternatively, or in combination, the nucleic acid molecules to be sequenced can be attached to beads; the beads can be immobilized in the array. The array can be textured. The array can be a patterned array. The array can be planar.

[0205] The substrate can be configured to rotate about axis 305, which can be an axis that passes through the center of the substrate. The axis can be an off-center axis. The substrate can be configured to rotate at any rotational speed described herein, for example, any rotational speed described herein with respect to method 200 or 1400.

[0206] The substrate can be configured to vary in position relative to the first or second longitudinal axes 315 and 325. For example, the substrate can be movable along the first and / or second longitudinal axes (as shown in FIG. 3). Alternatively, the substrate can be stationary along the first and / or second longitudinal axes. Alternatively or in combination, the substrate can be movable along that axis (as shown in FIG. 4). Alternatively or in combination, the substrate can be stationary along that axis. The relative position of the substrate can be configured to alternate between positions. The relative position of the substrate can be configured to alternate between positions relative to one or more of the longitudinal axes or axes. The relative position of the substrate can be configured to alternate between positions relative to any of the fluidic channels described herein. For example, the relative position of the substrate can be configured to alternate between a first position and a second position. The relative positions of the substrates can be configured to alternate between at least 1, at least 2, at least 3, at least 4, at least 5, at least 6, at least 7, at least 8, at least 9, at least 10, at least 11, at least 12, at least 13, at least 14, at least 15, at least 16, at least 17, at least 18, at least 19, or at least 20 positions. The relative positions of the substrates can be configured to alternate between a number of positions within a range defined by any two of the preceding values. The first or second major axis can be substantially perpendicular to the axis. The first or second major axis can be substantially parallel to the axis. The first or second major axis can be coincident with the axis.

[0207] The system can include a first fluid channel 330. The first fluid channel can include a first fluid outlet 335. The first fluid outlet can be configured to dispense a first fluid to the array. The first fluid outlet can be configured to dispense any fluid described herein, such as any solution described herein. The first fluid outlet can be external to the substrate. The first fluid outlet can be one that does not contact the substrate. The first fluid outlet can be a nozzle. The first fluid outlet can have an axis that is substantially coincident with the axis. The first fluid outlet can have an axis that is substantially parallel to the axis.

[0208] The system can include a second fluid channel 340. The second fluid channel can include a second fluid outlet 345. The second fluid outlet can be configured to dispense a second fluid to the array. The second fluid outlet can be configured to dispense any fluid described herein, such as any solution described herein. The second fluid outlet can be external to the substrate. The second fluid outlet can be out of contact with the substrate. The second fluid outlet can be a nozzle. The second fluid outlet can have an axis substantially coincident with the axis. The second fluid outlet can have an axis substantially parallel to the axis.

[0209] The first and second fluids can contain different types of reagents. For example, the first fluid can contain a first type of nucleotide, such as any nucleotide described herein, or a mixture of nucleotides. The second fluid can contain a second type of nucleotide, such as any nucleotide described herein, or a mixture of nucleotides. Alternatively, the first and second fluids can contain the same type of reagent (e.g., dispensing the same type of fluid from multiple fluid outlets (e.g., nozzles) to increase coating speed). Alternatively, or in combination, the first or second fluid can contain a wash reagent. The first fluid channel 330 and the second fluid channel 340 can be fluidically separated. Advantageously, when the first and second fluids contain different types of reagents, each of the different reagents can be maintained free from contamination from the other reagents when dispensed.

[0210] The first fluid outlet can be configured to dispense the first fluid as the substrate rotates. The second fluid outlet can be configured to dispense the second fluid as the substrate rotates. The first and second fluid outlets can be configured to dispense non-overlappingly. Alternatively, the first and second fluid outlets can be configured to dispense overlappingly, for example, when the first and second fluids contain the same type of reagent. The substrate can be configured to rotate at different speeds or rotational frequencies when the first and second outlets dispense. Alternatively, the substrate can be configured to rotate at the same speed and rotational frequency when the first and second outlets dispense. Upon rotation, the array can be configured to move the first fluid substantially radially away from the axis. The first fluid outlet can be configured to move the first fluid to the array in at least 1, at least 2, at least 5, at least 10, at least 20, at least 50, at least 100, at least 200, at least 500, at least 1,000, at least 2,000, at least 5,000, at least 10,000, at least 20,000, at least 50,000, at least 100,000, at least 200,000, at least 500,000, or at least 1,000,000 full rotations of the substrate. The first fluid outlet can be configured to move the first fluid to the array in a number of full rotations that is within a range defined by any two of the foregoing values.

[0211] The system can include a third fluid channel 350 including a third fluid outlet 355 configured to dispense a third fluid. The system can include a fourth fluid channel 360 including a fourth fluid outlet 365 configured to dispense a fourth fluid. The third and fourth fluid channels can be similar to the first and second fluid channels described herein. The third and fourth fluids can be the same or different fluids as the first and / or second fluids. Optionally, at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 20, or more fluids (or reagents) can be used. For example, 5 to 10 fluids (or reagents) can be used.

[0212] While Figure 3 illustrates a change in the position of the substrate, alternatively or additionally, one or more of the first, second, third, and fourth fluid channels can be configured to undergo a change in position. For example, any of the first, second, third, or fourth fluid channels can be movable along the first and / or second longitudinal axes. Alternatively, any of the first, second, third, or fourth fluid channels can be stationary along the first and / or second longitudinal axes. Alternatively or additionally, any of the first, second, third, or fourth fluid channels can be movable along the axes. Alternatively or additionally, any of the first, second, third, or fourth fluid channels can be stationary along the axes.

[0213] The relative position of one or more of the first, second, third, and fourth fluid channels can be configured to alternate between positions relative to a longitudinal axis or one or more of the axes. For example, the relative position of any of the first, second, third, or fourth fluid channels can be configured to alternate between a first position and a second position (e.g., by moving such channels, by moving the substrate, or by moving the channels and the substrate). The relative position of any of the first, second, third, or fourth fluid channels can be configured to alternate between at least 1, at least 2, at least 3, at least 4, at least 5, at least 6, at least 7, at least 8, at least 9, at least 10, at least 11, at least 12, at least 13, at least 14, at least 15, at least 16, at least 17, at least 18, at least 19, at least 20, or more positions. The relative position of any of the first, second, third, or fourth fluid channels can be configured to alternate between a number of positions within a range defined by any two of the foregoing values. The first or second longitudinal axis may be substantially perpendicular to the axis. The first or second longitudinal axis may be substantially parallel to the axis. The first or second longitudinal axis may be coincident with the axis.

[0214] Optionally, the system may include one or more fluid channels for receiving fluid from the substrate (not shown in FIG. 3). Referring to FIGS. 4A-4B, the fifth fluid channel 430 may include a first fluid inlet port 435. The first fluid inlet port may be located at a first level of the axis (as shown in FIG. 4). Optionally, the first fluid inlet port may surround the periphery of the substrate 310 (e.g., annular). The first fluid inlet port may be downstream of and in fluid communication with the substrate 310 when the substrate is in a first position, e.g., relative to the axis. The fifth fluid channel may be in fluid communication with the first fluid channel 330. For example, the first fluid inlet port may be configured to receive a solution that passes through the first fluid outlet to the substrate and then leaves the substrate (e.g., due to inertial forces upon rotation of the substrate). For example, the first fluid inlet port may be configured to receive a solution in a recycling process, such as the recycling processes described herein with respect to method 200 or 1400. In some cases, the solution received by the fifth fluid channel through the first fluid inlet port can be returned to the first fluid channel (e.g., after filtering) and dispensed onto the substrate through the first fluid outlet. The fifth fluid channel and the first fluid channel can define at least a portion of a first annular fluid flow path. The first annular fluid flow path can include a filter, such as a filter described herein with respect to method 200 or 1400. The filter can be a molecular filter. In other cases, the solution received by the fifth fluid channel can be returned to a different fluid channel (other than the first fluid channel) (e.g., after filtering) and dispensed through a different fluid outlet.

[0215] The system can include a sixth fluid channel 440. The sixth fluid channel can include a second fluid injection port 445. The second fluid injection port can be located at a second level of the axis (as shown in FIG. 4). Optionally, the second fluid injection port can surround the periphery of the substrate 310. The second fluid injection port can be downstream of and in fluid communication with the substrate 310 when the substrate is in, for example, a second position relative to the axis. The sixth fluid channel can be in fluid communication with the second fluid channel 340. For example, the second fluid injection port can be configured to receive a solution that passes through the second fluid outlet to the substrate and then leaves the substrate. For example, the second fluid injection port can be configured to receive a solution in a recycling process, such as the recycling processes described herein with respect to method 200 or 1400. Optionally, a solution received by the sixth fluid channel through the second fluid inlet port can be returned to the second fluid channel (e.g., after filtering) and dispensed onto a substrate through the second fluid outlet. The sixth fluid channel and the second fluid channel can define at least a portion of a second annular fluid flow path. The second annular fluid flow path can include a filter, such as a filter described herein with respect to method 200 or 1400. The filter can be a molecular filter.

[0216] The system can include a shield (not shown) that prevents fluid communication between the substrate and the second fluid injection port when the substrate is in the first position and prevents fluid communication between the substrate and the first fluid injection port when the substrate is in the second position.

[0217] The system can further include one or more detectors 370. The detector can be an optical detector, such as one or more photodetectors, one or more photodiodes, one or more avalanche photodiodes, one or more photomultiplier tubes, one or more photodiode arrays, one or more avalanche photodiode arrays, one or more cameras, one or more charge-coupled device (CCD) cameras, or one or more complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) cameras. The cameras can be TDI or other continuous area scanning detectors described herein. The detector can be a fluorescence detector. The detector can be in sensory communication with the array. For example, the detector can be configured to detect a signal from the array. The signal can be an optical signal. The signal can be a fluorescent signal. The detector can be configured to detect a signal from the substrate during rotation of the substrate. The detector can be configured to detect a signal from the substrate when the substrate is not rotating. The detector can be configured to detect a signal from the substrate after rotation of the substrate has ceased. FIG. 3 shows an example area 375 on a substrate optically mapped to a detector.

[0218] The system can include one or more sources (not shown in FIG. 3 ) configured to transfer electromagnetic radiation to the substrate. The source can include one or more light sources. The source can include one or more incoherent or coherent light sources. The source can include one or more narrowband or broadband light sources. The source can be configured to emit optical radiation having a bandwidth of up to 1 hertz (Hz), up to 2 Hz, up to 5 Hz, up to 10 Hz, up to 20 Hz, up to 50 Hz, up to 100 Hz, up to 200 Hz, up to 500 Hz, up to 1 kilohertz (kHz), up to 2 kHz, up to 5 kHz, up to 10 kHz, up to 20 kHz, up to 50 kHz, up to 100 kHz, up to 200 kHz, up to 500 kHz, up to 1 megahertz (MHz), up to 2 MHz, up to 5 MHz, up to 10 MHz, up to 20 MHz, up to 50 MHz, up to 100 MHz, up to 200 MHz, up to 500 MHz, up to 1 gigahertz (GHz), up to 2 GHz, up to 5 GHz, up to 10 GHz, up to 20 GHz, up to 50 GHz, up to 100 GHz, or a bandwidth within a range defined by any two of the foregoing values. The source can include one or more lasers. The source can include one or more single-mode laser sources. The radiation source can include one or more multimode laser sources. The radiation source can include one or more laser diodes. The radiation source can include one or more light-emitting diodes (LEDs). The radiation source can be configured to emit light including one or more wavelengths in the ultraviolet (about 100 nm to about 400 nm), visible (about 400 nm to about 700 nm), or infrared (about 700 nm to about 10,000 nm) regions of the electromagnetic spectrum, or any combination thereof. For example, the radiation source can emit light including one or more wavelengths in the range of 600 nm to 700 nm.The radiation sources, individually or in combination, can emit light having a light intensity of at least 0.05 watts (W), at least 0.1 W, at least 0.2 W, at least 0.5 W, at least 1 W, at least 2 W, at least 5 W, at least 10 W, or a light intensity within a range defined by any two of the foregoing values. The radiation sources can be configured to interact with molecules on the substrate to produce a detectable optical signal that can be detected by an optical detector. For example, the radiation sources can be configured to produce light absorption, light reflection, scattering, phosphorescence, fluorescence, or any other optical signal described herein.

[0219] The system can include a 7th, 8th, 9th, 10th, 11th, 12th, 13th, 14th, 15th, 16th, 17th, 18th, 19th, or 20th fluid channel. Each fluid channel can include a fluid outlet or fluid injection port in fluid communication with the substrate. For example, the 9th, 10th, 13th, 14th, 17th, or 18th fluid channel can include a fluid outlet. The 7th, 8th, 11th, 12th, 15th, 16th, 19th, or 20th fluid channel can include a fluid injection port. Alternatively, the system can include more than 20 fluid channels including fluid outlets or fluid injection ports.

[0220] Thus, the system can include a fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth, ninth, or tenth fluid outlet. The fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth, ninth, or tenth fluid outlet can be configured to dispense the fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth, ninth, or tenth fluid to the array. The fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth, ninth, or tenth fluid outlet can be configured to dispense any fluid described herein, for example, any solution described herein. The fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth, ninth, or tenth fluid outlet can be similar to the first, second, third, or fourth fluid outlet described herein. Alternatively, the system can include more than 10 fluid outlets.

[0221] The fluid channels can be fluidically separated from one another. For example, the fluid channels can be fluidically separated upstream of the first, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth, ninth, or tenth fluid outlet. The fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth, ninth, or tenth fluid outlet can be external to the substrate. The fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth, ninth, or tenth fluid outlet can be free from contact with the substrate. The fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth, ninth, or tenth fluid outlet can be a nozzle.

[0222] The system can include a third, fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth, ninth, or tenth fluid injection port. The third, fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth, ninth, or tenth fluid injection port can be in fluid communication with the substrate when the substrate is in the third, fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth, ninth, or tenth position (e.g., relative to the axis), respectively. Alternatively, the system can include more than 10 fluid injection ports.

[0223] The ninth, tenth, thirteenth, fourteenth, seventeenth, or eighteenth fluid channels can be in fluid communication with the seventh, eighth, eleventh, twelfth, fifteenth, or sixteenth fluid channels, respectively; each pair of fluid channels can define at least a portion of the third, fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth, ninth, or tenth annular fluid flow path, respectively. Each annular fluid flow path can be configured similarly to the first or second annular fluid flow path described herein, with the fluid inlet port of the annular fluid flow path configured to receive a solution that passes through the fluid outlet of the annular fluid flow path to the substrate. Each annular fluid flow path can be configured to receive a solution in a recycling process, as described herein. Each annular fluid flow path can include a filter, as described herein.

[0224] The fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth, ninth, or tenth fluids can comprise different types of reagents. For example, the fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth, ninth, or tenth fluids can comprise the fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth, ninth, or tenth type of nucleotide, respectively, such as any nucleotide described herein. Alternatively, or in combination, the fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth, ninth, or tenth fluid can comprise a wash reagent.

[0225] The fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth, ninth or tenth fluid outlets can be configured to dispense the fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth, ninth or tenth fluids, respectively, as the substrate rotates. The fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth, ninth or tenth fluid outlets can be configured to dispense with or without overlapping time.

[0226] FIG. 4A shows a system 400 for sequencing nucleic acid molecules at a first vertical level. The system can be substantially similar to system 300 described herein or can differ from system 300 in the arrangement of one or more of its elements. System 400 can include substrate 310 as described herein. System 400 can utilize vertical motion parallel to axis 305 to expose substrate 310 to different fluid channels (e.g., create usable fluid communication). The system can include first fluid channel 330 and first fluid outlet 335 as described herein. The system can include second fluid channel 340 and second fluid outlet 345 as described herein. The system can include third fluid channel 350 and third fluid outlet 355 as described herein. The system can include fourth fluid channel 360 and fourth fluid outlet 365 as described herein. The system can include detector 370 as described herein. The detector can be in optical communication with the indicated region. The system can include any of the light sources described herein (not shown in FIG. 4A).

[0227] The fifth fluid channel 430 and the first fluid injection port 435 can be positioned at a first height level along the vertical axis, as shown in FIGS. 4A and 4B . The sixth fluid channel 440 and the second fluid injection port 445 can be positioned at a second height level along the vertical axis. In this manner, the system can be considered to include first and second fluid flow paths, each located at a different vertical level. The substrate 310 can be vertically movable between the first and second height levels, from the first height level to the second height level, and from the second height level to the first height level. Alternatively, the substrate can be fixed vertically, but the height level can be vertically movable relative to the substrate 310. Alternatively, the substrate and the height level can be vertically movable.

[0228] The system 400 can include multiple height levels. The height levels can be oriented perpendicular to one another. The system can include at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 100, or more height levels. Each height level can include one or more sub-height levels (e.g., incrementally increasing levels between any two height levels). Each height level can be for dispensing and / or recovering a different fluid (or reagent). Some height levels can be for dispensing the same fluid (or reagent).

[0229] While at the first vertical level, the substrate can be in fluid communication with the fifth fluid channel and the first fluid injection port, but not with the sixth fluid channel and the second fluid injection port. The substrate can be separated from the sixth fluid channel and the second fluid injection port by a shield (not shown), as described herein. While the substrate is at this first vertical level, a first fluid or a first solution described herein can be dispensed onto the substrate. For example, excess first solution dispensed from the substrate can be received by the first fluid injection port while the substrate is at the first vertical level. In another example, a cleaning solution dispensed from the substrate along with a portion of the first fluid (e.g., dispensed from a different fluid outlet than the first fluid) can be received by the first fluid injection port while the substrate is at the first vertical level. The substrate can then be moved to a second vertical level by vertically moving the substrate. Alternatively, the fifth or sixth fluid channel can be moved vertically. Alternatively, or in addition, one or more of the substrate and fluid channels can be moved relative to the other (eg, along an axis).

[0230] FIG. 4B illustrates a nucleic acid molecule sequencing system 400 at a second vertical level. While at the second vertical level, the substrate can be in fluid communication with the sixth fluid channel and the second fluid injection port, but not with the fifth fluid channel and the first fluid injection port. The substrate can be separated from the fifth fluid channel and the first fluid injection port by a shield (not shown), as described herein. While the substrate is at this second vertical level, a second fluid or second solution, as described herein, can be dispensed onto the substrate. Alternatively, the first solution can be removed while the substrate is in the second vertical position. Optionally, the first solution can be recycled while the substrate is in the second vertical position. The substrate can then be moved vertically back to the first vertical level or to another vertical level as described herein. Alternatively, the fifth or sixth fluid channel can be moved vertically. Alternatively, or additionally, the substrate and one or more of the fluid channels can be moved relative to one another (e.g., along an axis).

[0231] The third, fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth, ninth, or tenth fluid injection ports can be located at the third, fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth, ninth, or tenth vertical levels, respectively. The substrate can be moved to the third, fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth, ninth, or tenth vertical level by vertically moving the substrate or by vertically moving the first, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth, ninth, tenth, eleventh, 12th, thirteenth, fourteenth, fifteenth, sixteenth, seventeenth, eighteenth, nineteenth, or twentieth fluid flow channels. Any fluid solution described herein can be dispensed onto the substrate at any of the first, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth, ninth, tenth, or higher vertical levels. Any of the fluid solutions described herein can be removed from the substrate at any of the first, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth, ninth, tenth, or higher vertical levels. Any of the fluid solutions described herein can be recycled from the substrate at any of the first, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth, ninth, tenth, or higher vertical levels.

[0232] FIG. 5A illustrates a first example of a system 500a for sequencing nucleic acid molecules using an array of fluid flow channels. The system can be substantially similar to systems 300 or 400 described herein, or can differ from systems 300 or 400 in the arrangement of one or more of its components. System 500a can utilize a geometry of multiple fluid flow channels to expose a substrate to different fluids. System 500a can include substrate 310 described herein. The system can include first fluid channel 330 and first fluid outlet 335 described herein. The system can include second fluid channel 340 and second fluid outlet 345 described herein. The system can include fifth fluid channel 430 and first fluid injection port 435 (not shown in FIG. 5A) described herein. The system can include sixth fluid channel 440 and second fluid injection port 445 (not shown in FIG. 5A) described herein. The system can include detector 370 described herein (not shown in FIG. 5A). The system can include any of the light sources described herein (not shown in FIG. 5A).

[0233] The first fluid channel and the first fluid outlet can be positioned at a first location, as shown in Figure 5A. The second fluid channel and the second fluid outlet can be positioned at a second location. The system can be configured to dispense a first fluid from the first fluid outlet and a second fluid from the second fluid outlet.

[0234] The system can include any of the third, fourth, seventh, eighth, ninth, tenth, eleventh, twelfth, thirteenth, fourteenth, fifteenth, sixteenth, seventeenth, eighteenth, nineteenth, or twentieth fluid channels described herein. The system can include any of the third, fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth, ninth, or tenth fluid outlets described herein. The system can include any of the third, fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth, ninth, or tenth fluid injection ports described herein.

[0235] The third, fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth, ninth, or tenth fluid outlets can be located at the third, fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth, ninth, or tenth locations, respectively. The system can be configured to dispense the third, fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth, ninth, or tenth fluids from the third, fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth, ninth, or tenth fluid outlets, respectively.

[0236] Any two or more of the first, second, third, fourth, seventh, eighth, ninth, tenth, eleventh, twelfth, thirteenth, fourteenth, fifteenth, sixteenth, seventeenth, eighteenth, nineteenth, twentieth, or more fluid channels can form an array of fluid flow channels. The array of fluid flow channels can be movable. Alternatively, the array of fluid flow channels can be in a fixed position relative to the substrate. Each fluid flow channel of the array of fluid flow channels can be positioned such that a longitudinal axis of the fluid flow channel forms an angle with an axis of rotation of the substrate. The angle can have a value of at least 0°, at least 5°, at least 10°, at least 15°, at least 20°, at least 25°, at least 30°, at least 35°, at least 40°, at least 45°, at least 50°, at least 55°, at least 60°, at least 65°, at least 70°, at least 75°, at least 80°, at least 85°, or at least 90°. The angle can have a value within a range defined by any two of the preceding values. Each fluid channel of the array of fluid channels can form a similar angle with the substrate. Alternatively, one or more fluid channels can form a different angle with the substrate.

[0237] FIG. 5B shows a second example of a system 500b for sequencing nucleic acid molecules that uses an array of fluid flow channels.

[0238] The system can be substantially similar to system 300 or 400 described herein or can differ from system 300 or 400 in the arrangement of one or more elements. System 500b can employ multiple fluid flow channels configured to move relative to the substrate to expose the substrate to different fluids. System 500b can include substrate 310 described herein. The system can include first fluid channel 330 and first fluid outlet 335 described herein. The system can include second fluid channel 340 and second fluid outlet 345 described herein. The system can include fifth fluid channel 430 and first fluid injection port 435 described herein (not shown in FIG. 5B). The system can include sixth fluid channel 440 and second fluid injection port 445 described herein (not shown in FIG. 5B). The system can include detector 370 described herein (not shown in FIG. 5B). The system can include a light source described herein (not shown in FIG. 5B).

[0239] The first fluid channel and the first fluid outlet can be attached to a fluid dispenser 510. The fluid dispenser can be a movable fluid dispenser, for example, including a movable gantry arm as shown in FIG. 5B. Alternatively, the fluid dispenser can be fixed or stationary. The fluid dispenser can be configured to move to a first position to dispense a first fluid from the first fluid outlet. The second fluid channel and the second fluid outlet can also be attached to the fluid dispenser. The fluid dispenser can be configured to move to a second position to dispense a second fluid from the second fluid outlet.

[0240] The system can include any of the third, fourth, seventh, eighth, ninth, tenth, eleventh, twelfth, thirteenth, fourteenth, fifteenth, sixteenth, seventeenth, eighteenth, nineteenth, or twentieth fluid channels described herein. The system can include any of the third, fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth, ninth, or tenth fluid outlets described herein. The system can include any of the third, fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth, ninth, or tenth fluid injection ports described herein.

[0241] The third, fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth, ninth, or tenth fluid outlets can be attached to a fluid dispenser. The fluid dispenser can be configured to move to the third, fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth, ninth, or tenth positions to dispense the third, fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth, ninth, or tenth fluids from the third, fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth, ninth, or tenth fluid outlets, respectively. Alternatively, the fluid dispenser can be kept stationary and the substrate 310 can be moved to different positions to receive different fluids.

[0242] FIG. 6 illustrates a computerized system 600 for sequencing nucleic acid molecules. The system can include a substrate 310, such as those described herein, with respect to methods 200 or 1400 or system 300. The system can further include a fluid flow unit 610. The fluid flow unit can include any or all of the fluid flow-related elements described herein, such as elements 330, 335, 340, 345, 350, 355, 360, 365, 430, 435, 440, 445, and 370 described herein with respect to systems 300, 400, 500a, or 500b. The fluid flow unit can be configured to move a solution containing a plurality of nucleotides, as described herein, to an array of substrates before or during rotation of the substrate. The fluid flow unit can be configured to move a wash solution, as described herein, to an array of substrates before or during rotation of the substrate. Optionally, the fluid flow unit can include a pump, compressor, and / or actuator to move a fluid flow from a first location to a second location. For method 1400, the fluid flow system can be configured to transfer the solution to the substrate 310. For method 1400, the fluid flow system can be configured to recover the solution from the substrate 310. The system can further include a detector 370, such as a detector described herein with respect to system 300 or 400. The detector can be in sensory communication with the array on the substrate.

[0243] The system may further include one or more computer processors 620. The one or more processors may be individually or collectively programmed to perform any of the methods described herein. For example, the one or more processors may be individually or collectively programmed to perform any or all of the operations of the disclosed methods, e.g., method 200 or 1400. In particular, the one or more processors may be individually or collectively programmed to (i) direct a fluid flow unit to move a solution containing the plurality of nucleotides across the array during or before rotation of the substrate; (ii) perform a primer extension reaction on the nucleic acid molecule under conditions sufficient to incorporate at least one nucleotide from the plurality of nucleotides into an extended strand complementary to the nucleic acid molecule; and (iii) sequence the nucleic acid molecule by detecting a signal indicative of incorporation of the at least one nucleotide with a detector.

[0244] Although the rotation system has been described above with respect to sequencing applications, such rotation methods can be used for other applications (e.g., pre-sequencing applications, sample preparation, etc.), such as template seeding and surface amplification processes. For example, the reagents dispensed during or before rotation of the substrate can be tailored to other applications. While the reagents dispensed onto the substrate by the rotation system have been described above with respect to nucleotides, reagents that can react with nucleic acid molecules (or any other molecules or cells) immobilized on the substrate, such as probes, adapters, enzymes, and labeling reagents, can be dispensed onto the substrate before, during, or after rotation to allow rapid coating of the substrate with the dispensed reagents.

[0245] A nucleic acid molecule sequencing system described herein (e.g., any of systems 300, 400, 500a, or 500b, or any other system described herein), or any element thereof, can be environmentally controlled. For example, the system can be maintained at a particular temperature or humidity. The system (or any element thereof) can be maintained at a temperature of at least 20 degrees Celsius (°C), at least 25°C, at least 30°C, at least 35°C, at least 40°C, at least 45°C, at least 50°C, at least 55°C, at least 60°C, at least 65°C, at least 70°C, at least 75°C, at least 80°C, at least 85°C, at least 90°C, at least 95°C, at least 100°C, up to 100°C, up to 95°C, up to 90°C, up to 85°C, up to 80°C, up to 75°C, up to 70°C, up to 65°C, up to 60°C, up to 55°C, up to 50°C, up to 45°C, up to 40°C, up to 35°C, up to 30°C, up to 25°C, up to 20°C, or a temperature within a range defined by any two of the foregoing values. Different elements of the system can be maintained at different temperatures or within different temperature ranges, for example, at temperatures or temperature ranges described herein. The elements of the system can be set above the dew point to prevent condensation, and the elements of the system can be set below the dew point to collect condensate.

[0246] The system (or any element thereof) can be maintained at a relative humidity of at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 25%, at least 30%, at least 35%, at least 40%, at least 45%, at least 50%, at least 55%, at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 100%, up to 100%, up to 95%, up to 90%, up to 85%, up to 80%, up to 75%, up to 70%, up to 65%, up to 60%, up to 55%, up to 50%, up to 45%, up to 40%, up to 35%, up to 30%, up to 25%, up to 20%, up to 15%, up to 10%, up to 5%, or a relative humidity within a range defined by any two of the foregoing values. The system (or any element thereof) can be contained within a sealed container, enclosure, or chamber that insulates the system (or any element thereof) from the external environment, allowing for temperature or room temperature control. Environmental units (e.g., humidifiers, heaters, heat exchangers, compressors, etc.) can be configured to control one or more operating conditions in each environment. In some cases, each environment can be controlled by an independent environmental unit. In some cases, a single environmental unit can control multiple environments. In some cases, multiple environmental units can control different environments, individually or collectively. Environmental units can control operating conditions using active or passive methods. For example, temperature can be controlled using heating or cooling elements. Humidity can be controlled using humidifiers or dehumidifiers. In some cases, portions of the internal environment within a container or chamber can be further controlled from other portions of the internal environment. The different portions can have different local temperatures, pressures, and / or humidity. For example, the internal environment can include a first internal environment and a second internal environment separated by a seal. Optionally, the seal may include an immersion objective.For example, the immersion objective can be part of a seal that separates the internal environment in the container into a first internal environment having 100% (or substantially 100%) humidity and a second environment having one or more of the ambient temperature, pressure, or humidity. The immersion objective can be in contact with one or more of the detector and the imaging lens.

[0247] Optical system for imaging a rotating substrate For substrates that exhibit smooth and stable rotational motion, it may be easier or more cost-effective to image the substrate using a rotational motion system instead of a linear motion system. Rotational motion, as described herein, may refer to motion in a polar coordinate system that is primarily angular. Conventional optical imaging systems achieve high duty cycles and maximum integration times per field point using time-delay integration (TDI) cameras. TDI cameras employ detection principles similar to those of charge-coupled device (CCD) cameras. Compared to CCD cameras, TDI cameras can shift charge column-by-column across the sensor at the same rate as the image traverses the camera's focal plane. In this way, TDI cameras can enable longer image integration times while reducing artifacts such as blurring that would otherwise accompany long image exposure times. Because TDI cameras can integrate while simultaneously reading out, they can have a higher duty cycle than cameras that perform these functions continuously. The use of TDI cameras to extend integration times can be important for high-throughput fluorescent samples, where signal generation may be limited by fluorescence lifetime. For example, other imaging techniques, such as point scanning, may be precluded from use in high-throughput systems because they may not be able to capture a sufficient number of photons from a point within the limited amount of integration time required to be fast due to limitations imposed by the fluorescence lifetime of dye molecules.

[0248] Conventional TDI detection methods can be limited in their applicability to imaging rotating systems, such as the rotating nucleic acid sequencing systems described herein. When scanning a curved path, such as that generated by the rotating systems described herein, the TDI sensor can only shift charge at a precise rate due to a single speed (commonly referred to as clocking or line triggering). For example, the TDI sensor can only clock at the correct speed along an arc located a specific distance from the center of rotation. Positions closer to the center of rotation may be measured too early, and positions closer to the center of rotation may be measured too late. In either case, a mismatch between the rotation speed of the rotating system and the clock speed of the TDI sensor can cause blurring that varies depending on the distance of the position from the center of the rotating system. This effect can be referred to as tangential velocity blur. Tangential velocity blur can cause image distortion of magnitude σ, defined by Equation (2) below:

number

[0249] where h, w, and A are the effective height, width, and area of ​​the TDI sensor projected onto the object plane, respectively. R is the distance of the center of the field from the center of the rotation system. The effective height, width, and area of ​​the sensor are the height, width, and area that produce the signal. For fluorescence imaging, the effective height, width, and area of ​​the sensor can be the height, width, and area, respectively, that correspond to the illuminated area on the sample. In addition to the tangential velocity blur effect, equation (2) suggests that imaging can be complicated in TDI imaging of a rotating system by increasing the sensor area, which can be a goal of many imaging systems. Consequently, conventional TDI systems may require small image sensors to image the rotating system, making them unsuitable for simultaneous high-sensitivity and high-throughput imaging of such systems.

[0250] Described herein are systems and methods for imaging rotating systems that can address at least the above problems. The systems and methods described herein can benefit from greater efficiency, e.g., faster imaging times.

[0251] FIG. 7 shows an optical system 700 for continuous area scanning of a substrate during rotational motion of the substrate. As used herein, the term "continuous area scanning (CAS)" refers to a method of imaging an object in relative motion by repeatedly electronically or computationally advancing (clocking or triggering) an array sensor at a rate that compensates for object motion in the detection plane (focal plane). CAS can produce images with scan dimensions larger than the field of the optical system. TDI scanning can be an example of CAS, where clocking involves shifting photoelectric charge onto an area sensor during signal integration. For a TDI sensor, each clocking step can shift charge by one row, with the last row read and digitized. Other means can perform similar functions by high-speed area imaging and summing digital data to synthesize continuous or stepped continuous scans.

[0252] The optical system can include one or more sensors 710. As shown in FIG. 7, the sensors can be optically projected onto the sample. The optical system can include one or more optical elements, such as optical element 810 described in the context of FIG. 8. The system can include a plurality of sensors, such as at least 2, at least 5, at least 10, at least 20, at least 50, at least 100, at least 200, at least 500, or at least 1,000 sensors. The system can include at least 2, at least 4, at least 8, at least 16, at least 32, at least 64, at least 128, at least 256, at least 512, or at least 1,024 sensors. The plurality of sensors can be the same type of sensor or different types of sensors. Alternatively, the system can include up to about 1,000, 500, 200, 100, 50, 20, 10, 5, 2, or fewer sensors. Alternatively, the system may include up to about 1024, 512, 256, 128, 64, 32, 16, 8, 4, 2, or fewer sensors. The system may include a number of sensors within a range defined by any two of the preceding values. The sensors may include image sensors. The sensors may include CCD cameras. The sensors may include CMOS cameras. The sensors may include TDI cameras. The sensors may include pseudo-TDI fast frame rate sensors. The sensors may include CMOS TDI or hybrid cameras. The sensors may be integrated into a single package. The sensors may be integrated on a single semiconductor substrate. The system may further include any light source described herein (not shown in FIG. 7).

[0253] The sensor can be configured to detect images from a substrate, such as substrate 310 described herein, during rotational motion of the substrate. The rotational motion can be about an axis of the substrate. The axis can be an axis through the center of the substrate. The axis can be an off-center axis. The substrate can be configured to rotate at any rotational speed described herein. The rotational motion can include compound motion. The compound motion can include an additional component of radial motion. The compound motion can be helical (or substantially helical). The compound motion can be circular (or substantially circular).

[0254] Each sensor can be located in a focal plane in optical communication with the substrate. The focal plane can be an approximate plane in the imaging system (e.g., a CAS sensor) where an image of a region of the substrate is formed. The focal plane can be divided into a plurality of regions, for example, at least 2, at least 5, at least 10, at least 20, at least 50, at least 100, at least 200, at least 500, or at least 1000 regions. The focal plane can be divided into at least 2, at least 4, at least 8, at least 16, at least 32, at least 64, at least 128, at least 256, at least 512, or at least 1024 regions. The focal plane can be divided into a number of regions within a range defined by any two of the preceding values. The focal plane can be divided into a plurality of regions along an axis substantially perpendicular to the projection direction of the rotational motion. The angle between the axis of rotational motion and the projection direction can be 1° or less, 2° or less, 3° or less, 4° or less, 5° or less, 6° or less, 7° or less, 8° or less, 9° or less, 10° or less, 11° or less, 12° or less, 13° or less, 14° or less, or 15° or less from the normal, or an angle within a range defined by any two of the preceding values. The focal plane can be partitioned into multiple regions along an axis parallel to the projection direction of the rotational motion. The focal plane can be spatially partitioned. For example, the focal plane can be partitioned by adjacently or otherwise arranging multiple sensors in a single focal plane and independently clocking each sensor.

[0255] Alternatively, or in combination, the focal plane can be segmented by optically separating it into multiple separate paths (each capable of forming a partial image on an independent sensor of the multiple sensors and independently clocked). The focal paths can be optically separated using one or more optical elements, such as a lens array, a mirror, or a prism. Each sensor of the multiple sensors can be in optical communication with a different region of the rotating substrate. For example, each sensor can image a different region of the rotating substrate. Each sensor of the multiple sensors can be clocked at a speed appropriate for the region of the rotating substrate imaged by the sensor (which can be based on the region's distance from the center of the rotating substrate or the region's tangential velocity).

[0256] One or more of the sensors can be configured to be in optical communication with at least two of the plurality of regions in the focal plane. One or more of the sensors can include a plurality of segments. Each segment of the plurality of segments can be in optical communication with one of the plurality of regions. Each segment of the plurality of segments can be independently clocked. The independent clocking of a segment can be related to the rate of an image in the associated region of the focal plane. The independent clocking can include a TDI line rate or a pseudo-TDI frame rate.

[0257] The system may further include a controller (not shown). The controller may be operably coupled to one or more sensors. The controller may be programmed to process optical signals from each region of the rotating substrate. For example, the controller may be programmed to process optical signals from each region with independent clocking during rotational motion. The independent clocking may be based, at least in part, on the distance of each region from the projection of the axis and / or the tangential velocity of the rotational motion. The independent clocking may be based, at least in part, on the angular velocity of the rotational motion. While a single controller is described above, multiple controllers may be individually or collectively configured to perform the operations described herein.

[0258] 8A illustrates an optical system 800 for imaging a substrate during rotational movement of the substrate using adjusted optical distortion. The optical system can include one or more sensors 710. The one or more sensors can include any of the sensors described herein. The optical system can include any of the light sources described herein (not shown in FIG. 8A).

[0259] The sensor can be configured to detect images from a substrate, such as the substrate 310 described herein, during rotational movement of the substrate. The rotational movement can be about an axis of the substrate. The axis can be an axis through the center of the substrate. The axis can be an off-center axis. The substrate can be configured to rotate at any rotational speed described herein.

[0260] The system 800 may further include an optical element 810. The optical element may be in optical communication with a sensor. The optical element may be configured to transfer an optical signal from the substrate to the sensor. The optical element may create an optical magnification gradient across the sensor. At least one of the optical element and the sensor may be adjustable. For example, at least one of the optical element and the sensor may be adjusted to generate an optical magnification gradient across the sensor. The optical magnification gradient may be along a direction substantially perpendicular to a projection direction of rotational motion of the substrate. The optical element may be configured to rotate, tilt, or otherwise position to manipulate the optical magnification gradient. The optical element may generate a magnification that increases approximately as the inverse of the distance to the axis of the substrate. The magnification gradient may be generated by selecting the relative orientation of the substrate, the optical element, and the sensor. For example, the magnification gradient may be generated by tilting the object plane and the image plane, as shown in FIG. 8A. The magnification gradient may exhibit geometric characteristics. For example, the ratio of a first optical magnification of a first region located at the shortest distance from the center of the substrate to a second optical magnification of a second region located at the longest distance from the center of the substrate can be substantially equal to the ratio of the longest distance to the shortest distance. In this manner, the first and second optical magnifications can be in the same ratio as the radii of their respective sample regions. While the illustrated system 800 includes a single optical element 810, the system 800 can include multiple optical elements, e.g., at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 100, or more optical elements. Various arrangements or configurations of optical elements can be used. For example, the system 800 can include lenses and mirrors for directing light.

[0261] The optical element can be a lens. The lens can be a field lens. The lens can be a cylindrical lens (e.g., as shown in FIG. 8B). The cylindrical lens can be plano-cylindrical. The lens can be plano-concave or plano-convex. The cylindrical lens can have positive or negative curvature. The curvature of the cylindrical lens can vary. The curvature of the cylindrical lens can vary in a direction perpendicular to the projection direction of the rotational motion. The shape of the surface of the lens can be conical. The lens can be tilted with respect to the sensor to create an anamorphic magnification gradient. The tilt of the lens can be adjustable to create an adjustable anamorphic magnification gradient.

[0262] FIG. 8B illustrates an example of induced accommodating optical distortion using a cylindrical lens. As shown in FIG. 8B, the cylindrical lens can have a first side A and a second side B. The first side A can be located closer to the image sensor (e.g., a TDI camera sensor described herein) than the second side B. Such a configuration can be achieved by tilting the cylindrical lens relative to the image sensor. In this manner, the cylindrical lens can direct light to different locations on the image sensor, with light passing through side B traveling more divergently than light passing through side A. In this manner, the cylindrical lens can provide an anamorphic magnification gradient across the image sensor, as depicted in FIG. 8B.

[0263] The tilt of the lens can provide an anamorphic magnification gradient across the sensor. The tilt, and therefore the anamorphic gradient, can be in a direction substantially perpendicular to the motion of the image on the sensor. The tilt of the lens can be adjustable. The adjustment can be automatic using a control device. The adjustment can be coupled to the radius of the scanned substrate area relative to the substrate axis of rotation. The ratio of the minimum:maximum anamorphic magnification can be exactly or approximately the ratio of the minimum:maximum projection radius relative to the substrate axis of rotation.

[0264] Alternatively or in combination, a gradient in the radius of curvature of the lens can provide an anamorphic magnification gradient across the sensor. The curvature gradient can be in a direction substantially perpendicular to the motion of the image on the sensor.

[0265] The system may further include a controller (not shown). The controller may be operably coupled to the sensor and the optical element. The controller may be programmed to direct adjustment of at least one of the sensor and the optical element to generate an optical magnification gradient across the sensor. The magnification gradient may be generated along a direction substantially perpendicular to the projection direction of the rotational motion. The controller may be programmed to direct adjustment of the sensor and / or the optical element to generate an anamorphic optical magnification gradient. The optical magnification gradient may be in a direction substantially perpendicular to the projection direction of the rotational motion across the sensor. The controller may be programmed to direct rotation or tilt of the optical element. The controller may be programmed to direct adjustment of the magnification gradient. For example, the controller may be programmed to direct adjustment of the magnification gradient at least in part with respect to a radial range of field dimensions for projection about an axis of the substrate. The controller may be programmed to rotate the substrate. Although a single controller is described above, multiple controllers may be individually or collectively configured to perform the operations described herein.

[0266] The optical systems described herein can employ multiple scan heads that can be operated in parallel along different imaging paths, for example, the scan heads can be operated to perform interleaved spiral scans, nested spiral scans, interleaved ring scans, nested ring scans, or combinations thereof.

[0267] FIG. 9A illustrates a first example of an interleaved helical imaging scan. A first region of the scan head can be operated along a first helical path 910a. A second region of the scan head can be operated along a second helical path 920a. A third region of the scan head can be operated along a third helical path 930a. Each of the first, second, and third regions can be independently clocked. The scan head can include any of the optical systems described herein. The use of multiple imaging scan paths can increase imaging speed and therefore imaging throughput.

[0268] FIG. 9B illustrates a second example of interleaved helical imaging scans. The first scan head can be operated along a first helical path 910b. The second scan head can be operated along a second helical path 920b. The third scan head can be operated along a third helical path 930b. Each of the first, second, and third scan heads can be clocked independently or clocked in unison. Each of the first, second, and third scan heads can include an optical system described herein. The use of multiple imaging scan paths can increase imaging throughput by increasing the net imaging rate. The throughput of the optical system can be increased by operating many scan heads in parallel across the field width. For example, each scan head can be fixed at a different angle relative to the center of rotation of the substrate.

[0269] FIG. 9C illustrates an example of a nested spiral imaging scan. A first scan head can be operated along a first spiral path 910c. A second scan head can be operated along a second spiral path 920c. A third scan head can be operated along a third spiral path 930c. Each of the first, second, and third scan heads can be independently clocked. Each of the first, second, and third scan heads can include any of the optical systems described herein. Using multiple imaging scan paths can increase imaging throughput by increasing imaging speed. The scan heads can move together in a radial direction. The throughput of the optical system can be increased by operating many scan heads in parallel across the field width. For example, each scan head can be fixed at a different angle. Scanning can be performed in separate rings, or rather in a spiral.

[0270] While Figures 9A-9C show three imaging paths, any number of imaging paths and scan heads may be present. For example, there may be at least about 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more imaging paths or scan heads. Alternatively, there may be up to about 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, or fewer imaging paths or scan heads. Each scan head may be configured to receive light having a wavelength within a given wavelength range. For example, the first scan head may be configured to receive a first light having a wavelength within a first wavelength range. The second scan head may be configured to receive a second light having a wavelength within a second wavelength range. The third scan head may be configured to receive a third light having a wavelength within the second wavelength range. Similarly, the fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth, ninth, or tenth scan head can be configured to receive fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth, ninth, or tenth light, respectively, each of which has a wavelength within the fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth, ninth, or tenth wavelength range, respectively. The first, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth, ninth, or tenth wavelength ranges can be identical. The first, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth, ninth, or tenth wavelength ranges can partially overlap. Any two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, or ten of the first, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth, ninth, or tenth wavelength ranges can be different. The first, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth, ninth, or tenth wavelength ranges can be in the ultraviolet, visible, or near-infrared regions of the electromagnetic spectrum. Each of the first, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth, ninth, or tenth wavelength ranges can include wavelengths emitted by a fluorophore, dye, or quantum dot described herein. In this manner, the system can be configured to detect optical signals from multiple fluorophores, dyes, or quantum dots.

[0271] 10 illustrates nested annular imaging scans. A first scan head 1005 can be operated along a first approximately annular path 1010. A second scan head 1015 can be operated along a second approximately annular path 1020. A third scan head 1025 can be operated along a third approximately annular path 1030. A fourth scan head 1035 can be operated along a fourth approximately annular path 1040. A fifth scan head 1045 can be operated along a fifth approximately annular path 1050. A sixth scan head 1055 can be operated along a sixth approximately annular path 1060. Each of the first, second, third, fourth, fifth, and sixth scan heads can be independently clocked. Each of the first, second, third, fourth, fifth, and sixth scan heads can include any of the optical systems described herein. Each of the first, second, third, fourth, fifth, and sixth scan heads can be configured to remain at a fixed position as the substrate is scanned. Alternatively, one or more of the first, second, third, fourth, fifth, and sixth scan heads can be configured to move as the substrate is scanned. The use of multiple scan heads imaging along a generally circular imaging path can significantly increase imaging throughput. For example, the scan head configuration depicted in FIG. 10 can enable all addressable locations on a substrate to be imaged during one substrate rotation. Such a configuration can have the additional advantage of simplifying the mechanical complexity of the imaging system by requiring only a single scanning motion (e.g., substrate rotation).

[0272] While FIG. 10 shows six imaging paths and six scan heads, any number of imaging paths and scan heads may be present. For example, there may be at least about 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more imaging paths or scan heads. Alternatively, there may be up to about 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, or fewer imaging paths or scan heads. Each scan head may be configured to receive light having a wavelength within a given wavelength range. For example, the first scan head may be configured to receive first light having a wavelength within a first wavelength range. The second scan head may be configured to receive second light having a wavelength within a second wavelength range. The third scan head may be configured to receive third light having a wavelength within a third wavelength range. The fourth scan head may be configured to receive fourth light having a wavelength within a fourth wavelength range. The fifth scan head may be configured to receive fifth light having a wavelength within a fifth wavelength range. The sixth scan head can be configured to receive a sixth light having a wavelength within a sixth wavelength range. Similarly, the seventh, eighth, ninth, or tenth scan head can be configured to receive a seventh, eighth, ninth, or tenth light, respectively, each having a wavelength within the seventh, eighth, ninth, or tenth wavelength range. The first, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth, ninth, or tenth wavelength ranges can be identical. The first, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth, ninth, or tenth wavelength ranges can partially overlap. Any two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, or ten ranges of the first, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth, ninth, or tenth wavelength ranges can be different. The first, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth, ninth or tenth wavelength range can be in the ultraviolet, visible or near infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum.Each of the first, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth, ninth, or tenth wavelength ranges can include wavelengths emitted by a fluorophore, dye, or quantum dot described herein. In this manner, the system can be configured to detect optical signals from multiple fluorophores, dyes, or quantum dots.

[0273] FIG. 11 is a cross-sectional view of an immersion optical system 1100. System 1100 can be used to optically image a substrate described herein. System 1100 can be integrated with any other optical system or system for nucleic acid sequencing described herein (e.g., any of systems 300, 400, 500a, 500b, 700, or 800), or any element thereof. The system can include an optical imaging objective 1110. The optical imaging objective can be an immersion optical imaging objective. The optical imaging objective can be configured to be in optical communication with a substrate, such as substrate 310 described herein. The optical imaging objective can be configured to be in optical communication with any other optical element described herein. The optical imaging objective can be partially or completely surrounded by a housing 1120. The housing can partially or completely surround the sample-facing end of the optical imaging objective. The housing and fluid can provide an interface between an atmosphere in contact with the substrate and an ambient atmosphere. The atmosphere in contact with the substrate and the ambient atmosphere can differ in relative humidity, temperature, and / or pressure. The housing can have a generally cup-like shape or form. The housing can be any container. The housing can be configured to contain a fluid 1140 (e.g., water or an aqueous or organic solution) in which the optical imaging objective lens is immersed. The housing can be configured to maintain a minimum distance 1150 between the substrate and the housing to avoid contact between the housing and the substrate during rotation of the substrate. The minimum distance can be at least 100 nm, at least 200 nm, at least 500 nm, at least 1 μm, at least 2 μm, at least 5 μm, at least 10 μm, at least 20 μm, at least 50 μm, at least 100 μm, at least 200 μm, at least 500 μm, at least 1 mm, or a distance within a range defined by any two of the preceding values. Even with the minimum distance, the housing can contain the fluid due to surface tension effects. The system can include a fluid flow conduit 1130 configured to deliver fluid to the interior of the housing.The fluid flow tube can be coupled to the housing via an adapter 1135, which can include a threaded adapter, a compression adapter, or any other adapter. An electric field application unit (not shown) can be configured to adjust the hydrophobicity of one or more surfaces of the container, e.g., by applying an electric field, so that at least a portion of the fluid is held in contact with the immersion objective and the open substrate.

[0274] The fluid can be in contact with the substrate. The optical imaging objective and the housing can be configured to provide a physical barrier between a first location where a chemical processing operation is performed and a second location where a detection operation is performed. In this way, the chemical processing operation and the detection operation can be performed under independent operating conditions, avoiding contamination of the detector. The first and second locations can have different humidity, temperature, pressure, or atmospheric mixture.

[0275] The system of the present disclosure can be housed in a container or other enclosed environment. For example, the container can separate the internal environment 1160 from the external environment 1170. The internal environment 1160 can be controlled, e.g., to limit temperature, pressure, and / or humidity, as described elsewhere herein. Optionally, the external environment 1170 can be controlled. Optionally, the internal environment 1160 can be further partitioned, e.g., via or using the enclosure 1120, to separately control portions of the internal environment (e.g., a first internal environment for chemical processing operations, a second internal environment for detection operations, etc.). The different portions of the internal environment can be separated by a seal. For example, the seal can include an immersion target as described herein.

[0276] System architecture for high-throughput processing The nucleic acid sequencing systems and optical systems (or elements thereof) described herein can be combined in a variety of configurations.

[0277] FIG. 12A illustrates the structure of a system 1200a including a stationary substrate and moving fluidics and optics. System 1200a can include a substrate 310 as described herein. The substrate can be configured to rotate as described herein. The substrate can be bonded or otherwise secured to a chuck (not shown in FIG. 12A ) as described herein. The system can further include fluid channels 330 and fluid outlets 335 as described herein, and / or any other fluid channels and fluid outlets as described herein. The fluid channels and fluid outlets can be configured to dispense a solution as described herein. The fluid channels and fluid outlets can be configured to move (1215a) relative to the substrate. For example, the fluid channels and fluid outlets can be configured to move above the substrate (e.g., near the center of the substrate) during periods when the fluid channels and fluid outlets are dispensing a solution. The fluid channels and fluid outlets can be configured to move away from the substrate during periods when the fluid channels and fluid outlets are not dispensing a solution. Alternatively, the reverse can be true. The system can further include an optical imaging objective 1110 as described herein. The optical imaging objective can be configured to move 1210a relative to the substrate. For example, the optical imaging objective can be configured to move to a position above the substrate (e.g., near the center of the substrate) during periods when the substrate is being imaged. The optical imaging objective can be configured to move to a position away from the substrate during periods when the substrate is not being imaged. The system can alternate between dispensing solution and imaging to enable rapid sequencing of nucleic acids attached to a substrate using the systems and methods described herein.

[0278] FIG. 12B illustrates a structure for a system 1200b including a moving substrate and stationary fluidics and optics. System 1200b can include a substrate 310 as described herein. The substrate can be configured to rotate as described herein. The substrate can be bonded or otherwise secured to a chuck (not shown in FIG. 12B) as described herein. The system can further include a fluid channel 330 and a fluid outlet 335 as described herein, and / or any other fluid channel and fluid outlet as described herein. The fluid channel and fluid outlet can be configured to dispense a solution as described herein. The system can further include an optical imaging objective 1110 as described herein. The fluid channel, fluid outlet, and optical imaging objective can be stationary. The substrate can be configured to move (1210b) relative to the fluid channel, fluid outlet, and optical imaging objective. For example, the substrate can be configured to move to a position such that the fluid channel and fluid outlet are above (e.g., near the center of) the substrate while the fluid channel and fluid outlet are dispensing a solution. The substrate can be configured to move away from the fluid channels and fluid outlets during periods when the fluid channels and fluid outlets are not dispensing solution. The substrate can be configured to radially scan an objective on the substrate during periods when the substrate is being imaged. The substrate can be configured to move away from the optical imaging objective during periods when the substrate is not being imaged. The system can alternate between dispensing solution and imaging to enable rapid sequencing of nucleic acids attached to the substrate using the systems and methods described herein.

[0279] The timing of dispensing the solution and imaging the substrates can be synchronized. For example, a solution can be dispensed onto a first substrate while a second substrate is being imaged. After dispensing the solution onto the first substrate and imaging the second substrate, the optical imaging objective can be moved from the second substrate to the first substrate. Then, while imaging the first substrate, a solution can be dispensed onto the second substrate. This alternating pattern of dispensing and imaging can be repeated to enable rapid sequencing of nucleic acids attached to the first and second substrates using the systems and methods described herein. The alternating pattern of dispensing and imaging can speed up sequencing by increasing the duty cycle of the imaging process or the solution dispensing process.

[0280] Although depicted in Figure 12C as including two substrates, two fluid channels, two fluid outlets, and one optical imaging objective, system 1200c can include any number of substrates, fluid channels, fluid outlets, and optical imaging objectives. For example, the system can include at least 1, at least 2, at least 3, at least 4, at least 5, at least 6, at least 7, at least 8, at least 9, or at least 10 substrates. Each substrate can be affixed or otherwise secured to a chuck as described herein. The system can include at least 1, at least 2, at least 3, at least 4, at least 5, at least 6, at least 7, at least 8, at least 9, or at least 10 fluid channels and / or at least 1, at least 2, at least 3, at least 4, at least 5, at least 6, at least 7, at least 8, at least 9, or at least 10 fluid outlets. Each fluid channel and fluid outlet can be configured to dispense a solution as described herein. The system can include at least 1, at least 2, at least 3, at least 4, at least 5, at least 6, at least 7, at least 8, at least 9, or at least 10 optical imaging objectives, each of which can be moved between substrates as described herein.

[0281] FIG. 12D illustrates a configuration for system 1200d including multiple moving substrates on a rotary stage and stationary fluidics and optics. System 1200d can include first and second substrates 310a and 310b. The first and second substrates can be similar to substrate 310 described herein. The first and second substrates can be configured to rotate as described herein. The first and second substrates can be bonded or otherwise secured to first and second chucks (not shown in FIG. 12D) as described herein. The first and second substrates can be secured to rotary stage 1220d (e.g., near opposite ends of the rotary stage). The rotary stage can be configured to rotate about an axis. The axis can pass through the center of the substrate. The axis can be an off-center axis. The rotary stage can scan approximately the radius of substrate 310b. The system can further include a fluidic channel 330 and a fluidic outlet 335. The fluid channels and fluid outlets can be configured to dispense any of the solutions described herein. The system can further include an optical imaging objective 1110. The longitudinal axis of the imaging objective 1110 does not have to coincide with the central axis of the second substrate 310b (although this is difficult to discern in FIG. 12D). The imaging objective 1110 can be positioned some distance from the center of the second substrate 310b.

[0282] The rotation stage can be configured to change the relative positions of the first and second substrates to perform different sequencing operations. For example, the rotation stage can be configured to rotate the optical imaging objective to a position above the first substrate (e.g., near the center of the substrate or scanning radially across the substrate) during periods when the fluidic channels and fluidic outlets are not dispensing solution to the first substrate (and while the first substrate is being imaged). The rotation stage can be configured to rotate the optical imaging objective to a position away from the first substrate during periods when the fluidic channels and fluidic outlets are dispensing solution to the first substrate. The rotation stage can be configured to rotate the optical imaging objective to a position above the second substrate (e.g., near the center of the substrate or scanning radially across the substrate) during periods when the fluidic channels and fluidic outlets are not dispensing solution to the second substrate (and while the second substrate is being imaged). The rotation stage can be configured to rotate the optical imaging objective to a position away from the second substrate during periods when the fluidic channels and fluidic outlets are dispensing solution to the second substrate.

[0283] The timing of dispensing the solution and imaging the substrates can be synchronized. For example, a solution can be dispensed onto a first substrate while a second substrate is being imaged. After dispensing the solution onto the first substrate and imaging the second substrate, the rotation stage can be rotated so that the solution can be dispensed onto the second substrate while the first substrate is being imaged. Repeating the alternating pattern of dispensing and imaging can enable rapid sequencing of nucleic acids attached to the first and second substrates using the systems and methods described herein. The alternating pattern of dispensing and imaging can speed up sequencing by increasing the duty cycle of the imaging process or the solution dispensing process.

[0284] Although depicted in Figure 12D as including two substrates, one fluid channel, one fluid outlet, and one optical imaging objective, system 1200d can include any number of substrates, fluid channels, fluid outlets, and optical imaging objectives. For example, the system can include at least 1, at least 2, at least 3, at least 4, at least 5, at least 6, at least 7, at least 8, at least 9, or at least 10 substrates. Each substrate can be affixed or otherwise secured to a chuck as described herein. The system can include at least 1, at least 2, at least 3, at least 4, at least 5, at least 6, at least 7, at least 8, at least 9, or at least 10 fluid channels and at least 1, at least 2, at least 3, at least 4, at least 5, at least 6, at least 7, at least 8, at least 9, or at least 10 fluid outlets. Each fluid channel and fluid outlet can be configured to dispense a solution as described herein. The system can include at least 1, at least 2, at least 3, at least 4, at least 5, at least 6, at least 7, at least 8, at least 9, or at least 10 optical imaging objectives. The rotational stage can be rotated to position any substrate under any fluid channel, fluid outlet, or optical imaging objective at any time.

[0285] FIG. 12E illustrates a structure for system 1200e including multiple fixed substrates and moving optics. System 1200d can include first and second substrates 310a and 310b. The first and second substrates can be similar to substrate 310 described herein. The first and second substrates can be configured to rotate as described herein. The first and second substrates can be bonded or otherwise secured to first and second chucks (not shown in FIG. 12E) as described herein. The system can further include first fluid channel 330a and first fluid outlet 335a. First fluid channel 330a can be similar to fluid channel 330 described herein or any other fluid channel described herein. First fluid outlet 335a can be similar to fluid outlet 335 described herein or any other fluid outlet described herein. The first fluid channel and first fluid outlet can be configured to dispense any solution described herein. The system can further include a second fluid channel 330b and a second fluid outlet 335b. The second fluid channel 330b can be similar to the fluid channel 330 described herein or any other fluid channel described herein. The second fluid outlet 335b can be similar to the fluid outlet 335 described herein or any other fluid outlet described herein. The second fluid channel and the second fluid outlet can be configured to dispense any solution described herein.

[0286] The system may further include an optical imaging objective 1110. The optical imaging objective may be attached to an imaging arm 1230e. The optical imaging objective may be configured to move 1220e along the optical imaging arm to image an entire area of ​​the first or second substrate. The optical imaging arm may be configured to rotate 1210e. The optical imaging arm may be configured to rotate such that the optical imaging objective is located above the first substrate (e.g., near the center of the substrate or radially scanning the substrate) during periods when the first fluid channel and first fluid outlet are not dispensing solution onto the first substrate (and while the first substrate is being imaged). The optical imaging arm may be configured to rotate such that the optical imaging objective is away from the first substrate during periods when the first fluid channel and first fluid outlet are dispensing solution onto the first substrate. The optical imaging arm can be configured to rotate such that the optical imaging objective is in a position above the second substrate (e.g., near the center of the substrate or radially scanning the substrate) during periods when the second fluid channel and second fluid outlet are not dispensing solution to the second substrate (and while the second substrate is being imaged). The optical imaging arm can be configured to rotate such that the optical imaging objective is away from the second substrate during periods when the second fluid channel and second fluid outlet are dispensing solution to the second substrate.

[0287] The timing of dispensing the solution and imaging the substrates can be synchronized. For example, a solution can be dispensed onto a first substrate while a second substrate is being imaged. After dispensing the solution onto the first substrate and imaging the second substrate, the optical imaging arm can be rotated so that the solution can be dispensed onto the second substrate while the first substrate is being imaged. This alternating pattern of dispensing and imaging can be repeated to enable rapid sequencing of nucleic acids attached to the first and second substrates using the systems and methods described herein. The alternating pattern of dispensing and imaging can speed up sequencing by increasing the duty cycle of the imaging process or the solution dispensing process.

[0288] Although depicted in Figure 12E as including two substrates, two fluid channels, two fluid outlets, and one optical imaging objective, system 1200e can include any number of substrates, fluid channels, fluid outlets, and optical imaging objectives. For example, the system can include at least 1, at least 2, at least 3, at least 4, at least 5, at least 6, at least 7, at least 8, at least 9, or at least 10 substrates. Each substrate can be affixed or otherwise secured to a chuck as described herein. The system can include at least 1, at least 2, at least 3, at least 4, at least 5, at least 6, at least 7, at least 8, at least 9, or at least 10 fluid channels and at least 1, at least 2, at least 3, at least 4, at least 5, at least 6, at least 7, at least 8, at least 9, or at least 10 fluid outlets. Each fluid channel and fluid outlet can be configured to dispense a solution as described herein. The system can include at least 1, at least 2, at least 3, at least 4, at least 5, at least 6, at least 7, at least 8, at least 9, or at least 10 optical imaging objectives. The optical imaging arm can be rotated so that a substrate is positioned under a fluid channel, a fluid outlet, or an optical imaging objective at any one time.

[0289] FIG. 12F illustrates a structure for a system 1200f including multiple moving substrates and stationary fluidics and optics. System 1200f can include first and second substrates 310a and 310b. The first and second substrates can be similar to substrate 310 described herein. The first and second substrates can be configured to rotate as described herein. The first and second substrates can be bonded or otherwise secured to first and second chucks (not shown in FIG. 12F) as described herein. The first and second substrates can be secured to opposite ends of a translation stage 1220f. The translation stage can be configured to move (1210f). The system can further include a first fluid channel 330a and a first fluid outlet 335a. The first fluid channel 330a can be similar to fluid channel 330 described herein or any other fluid channel described herein. The first fluid outlet 335a can be similar to the fluid outlet 335 described herein or any other fluid outlet described herein. The first fluid channel and the first fluid outlet can be configured to dispense any solution described herein. The system can further include a second fluid channel 330b and a second fluid outlet 335b. The second fluid channel 330b can be similar to the fluid channel 330 described herein or any other fluid channel described herein. The second fluid outlet 335b can be similar to the fluid outlet 335 described herein or any other fluid outlet described herein. The second fluid channel and the second fluid outlet can be configured to dispense any solution described herein. The system can further include an optical imaging objective 1110.

[0290] The translation stage can be configured to move the optical imaging objective lens to a position above the first substrate (e.g., near the center of the substrate or radially scanning the substrate) during periods when the first fluid channel and the first fluid outlet are not dispensing solution to the first substrate (and while the first substrate is being imaged). The translation stage can be configured to move the optical imaging objective lens to a position above the second substrate (e.g., near the center of the substrate or radially scanning the substrate) during periods when the second fluid channel and the second fluid outlet are not dispensing solution to the second substrate (and while the second substrate is being imaged). The translation stage can be configured to move the optical imaging objective lens to a position above the second substrate (e.g., near the center of the substrate or radially scanning the substrate) during periods when the second fluid channel and the second fluid outlet are not dispensing solution to the second substrate. The translation stage can be configured to move the optical imaging objective lens to a position above the second substrate (e.g., near the center of the substrate or radially scanning the substrate) during periods when the second fluid channel and the second fluid outlet are dispensing solution to the second substrate.

[0291] The timing of dispensing the solution and imaging the substrates can be synchronized. For example, solution can be dispensed onto a first substrate while a second substrate is being imaged. After dispensing the solution onto the first substrate and imaging the second substrate, the motion stage can be moved so that solution can be dispensed onto the second substrate while the first substrate is being imaged. This alternating pattern of dispensing and imaging can be repeated to enable rapid sequencing of nucleic acids attached to the first and second substrates using the systems and methods described herein. The alternating pattern of dispensing and imaging can speed up sequencing by increasing the duty cycle of the imaging process or the solution dispensing process.

[0292] Although depicted in Figure 12F as including two substrates, two fluid channels, two fluid outlets, and one optical imaging objective, system 1200f can include any number of substrates, fluid channels, fluid outlets, and optical imaging objectives. For example, the system can include at least 1, at least 2, at least 3, at least 4, at least 5, at least 6, at least 7, at least 8, at least 9, or at least 10 substrates. Each substrate can be affixed or otherwise secured to a chuck as described herein. The system can include at least 1, at least 2, at least 3, at least 4, at least 5, at least 6, at least 7, at least 8, at least 9, or at least 10 fluid channels and at least 1, at least 2, at least 3, at least 4, at least 5, at least 6, at least 7, at least 8, at least 9, or at least 10 fluid outlets. Each fluid channel and fluid outlet can be configured to dispense a solution as described herein. The system can include at least 1, at least 2, at least 3, at least 4, at least 5, at least 6, at least 7, at least 8, at least 9, or at least 10 optical imaging objectives. The translation stage can be moved to position the substrate under a fluid channel, a fluid outlet, or an optical imaging objective at any time.

[0293] FIG. 12G illustrates a structure for a system 1200g including multiple substrates moved between multiple processing bays. The system 1200g can include first, second, third, and fourth substrates 310a, 310b, 310c, 310d, and 310e, respectively. The first, second, third, fourth, and fifth substrates can be similar to substrate 310 described herein. The first, second, third, fourth, and fifth substrates can be configured to rotate as described herein. The first, second, third, fourth, and fifth substrates can be bonded or otherwise secured to first, second, third, fourth, and fifth chucks (not shown in FIG. 12G), respectively, as described herein.

[0294] The system may further include a first fluid channel 330a and a first fluid outlet 335a. The first fluid channel 330a may be similar to the fluid channel 330 described herein or any other fluid channel described herein. The first fluid outlet 335a may be similar to the fluid outlet 335 described herein or any other fluid outlet described herein. The first fluid channel and the first fluid outlet may be configured to dispense any solution described herein. The first fluid channel and the first fluid outlet may be considered a first processing bay. The first processing bay may be configured to perform a first processing operation, such as dispensing a first solution onto any of the first, second, third, fourth, or fifth substrates.

[0295] The system may further include a second fluid channel 330b and a second fluid outlet 335b. The second fluid channel 330b may be similar to the fluid channel 330 described herein or any other fluid channel described herein. The second fluid outlet 335b may be similar to the fluid outlet 335 described herein or any other fluid outlet described herein. The second fluid channel and the second fluid outlet may be configured to dispense any of the solutions described herein. The second fluid channel and the second fluid outlet may be considered a second processing bay or processing station. The second processing bay may be configured to perform a second processing operation, such as dispensing a second solution onto any of the first, second, third, fourth, or fifth substrates.

[0296] The system may further include a third fluid channel 330c and a third fluid outlet 335c. The third fluid channel 330c may be similar to the fluid channel 330 described herein or any other fluid channel described herein. The third fluid outlet 335c may be similar to the fluid outlet 335 described herein or any other fluid outlet described herein. The third fluid channel and the third fluid outlet may be configured to dispense any of the solutions described herein. The third fluid channel and the third fluid outlet may be considered a third processing bay or processing station. The third processing bay may be configured to perform a third processing operation, such as dispensing a third solution onto any of the first, second, third, fourth, or fifth substrates.

[0297] The system may further include a fourth fluid channel 330d and a fourth fluid outlet 335d. The fourth fluid channel 330d may be similar to the fluid channel 330 described herein or any other fluid channel described herein. The fourth fluid outlet 335d may be similar to the fluid outlet 335 described herein or any other fluid outlet described herein. The fourth fluid channel and the fourth fluid outlet may be configured to dispense any of the solutions described herein. The fourth fluid channel and the fourth fluid outlet may be considered a fourth processing bay or processing station. The fourth processing bay may be configured to perform a fourth processing operation, such as dispensing a fourth solution onto any of the first, second, third, fourth, or fifth substrates.

[0298] The system may further include a scanning optical imaging objective 1110, which may be considered a fifth processing bay or station.

[0299] The system can further include a movable arm 1220g. The movable arm can be configured to move laterally (1210g) or rotate (1215g). The movable arm can be configured to move any of the first, second, third, fourth, or fifth substrates between different processing stations (e.g., pick up substrates and move them to new positions). For example, at a first point in time, a first operation (e.g., dispense a first solution) can be performed on a first substrate in a first processing bay, a second operation (e.g., dispense a second solution) can be performed on a second substrate in a second processing bay, a third operation (e.g., dispense a third solution) can be performed on a third substrate in the first processing bay, a fourth operation (e.g., dispense a fourth solution) can be performed on a fourth substrate in a fourth processing bay, and a fifth substrate can be imaged in the fifth processing bay. Upon completion of one or more of the first, second, third, or fourth operations, or imaging, the movable arm can move one or more of the first, second, third, fourth, or fifth substrates to one or more of the first, second, third, fourth, or fifth processing bays, where another operation can be completed. The pattern of completing one or more operations and moving one or more substrates to another processing bay to complete another operation can be repeated, allowing for rapid sequencing of nucleic acids attached to the first, second, third, fourth, and fifth substrates using the systems and methods described herein. The alternating pattern of dispensing and imaging can speed up sequencing by increasing the duty cycle of the imaging or solution dispensing process.

[0300] Although depicted in Figure 12G as including five substrates, four fluid channels, four fluid outlets, and one optical imaging objective, system 1200g can include any number of substrates, fluid channels, fluid outlets, and optical imaging objectives. For example, the system can include at least 1, at least 2, at least 3, at least 4, at least 5, at least 6, at least 7, at least 8, at least 9, or at least 10 substrates. Each substrate can be affixed or otherwise secured to a chuck as described herein. The system can include at least 1, at least 2, at least 3, at least 4, at least 5, at least 6, at least 7, at least 8, at least 9, or at least 10 fluid channels and at least 1, at least 2, at least 3, at least 4, at least 5, at least 6, at least 7, at least 8, at least 9, or at least 10 fluid outlets. Each fluid channel and fluid outlet can be configured to dispense a solution as described herein. The system can include at least 1, at least 2, at least 3, at least 4, at least 5, at least 6, at least 7, at least 8, at least 9, or at least 10 optical imaging objectives. The movable arm can be moved to position a substrate under a fluid channel, a fluid outlet, or an optical imaging objective at any time.

[0301] FIG. 12H illustrates a configuration for a system 1200 including multiple imaging heads for scanning with shared axes of translation and rotation and independently rotating fields. The system can include first and second readheads 1005 and 1015, respectively, configured to image a substrate 310. The first and second readheads can be similar to any of the readheads described herein (e.g., with respect to FIG. 10). At a particular point in time, the first and second readheads can be configured to image first and second paths 1010 and 1020, respectively. The first and second paths can be similar to any of the paths described herein (e.g., with respect to FIG. 10). The first and second readheads can be configured to scan the substrate by moving substantially radially (1210h) over the rotating substrate. If either the first or second readhead does not move precisely radially, the image field or sensor of the readhead can be rotated to maintain a substantially tangential scan direction. Field rotation can be achieved using a rotating prism. Alternatively or additionally, mirrors or other optical elements may be used.

[0302] Although depicted in Figure 12H as including two readheads and two imaging paths, system 1200h can include any number of readheads or imaging paths. For example, the system can include at least 1, at least 2, at least 3, at least 4, at least 5, at least 6, at least 7, at least 8, at least 9, or at least 10 readheads. The system can include at least 1, at least 2, at least 3, at least 4, at least 5, at least 6, at least 7, at least 8, at least 9, or at least 10 imaging paths.

[0303] FIG. 12I illustrates a configuration for system 1200i including multiple spindles for scanning with a shared optical detection system. The system can include first and second substrates 310a and 310b, respectively. The first and second substrates can be similar to substrate 310 described herein. The first and second substrates can be fixed to first and second spindles, respectively. The first and second spindles can impart rotational motion to the first and second substrates, respectively. The system can include first and second optical imaging objectives 1110a and 1110b, respectively. The first and second optical imaging objectives can be similar to optical imaging objective 1110 described herein. The first and second optical imaging objectives can be configured to collect light from the first and second substrates, respectively. The first and second optical imaging objectives can direct the collected light from the first and second substrates, respectively, to first and second mirrors 1280a and 1280b, respectively. In some cases, only one of the first and second optical imaging objectives will collect light at a particular time.

[0304] The first and second mirrors can direct light to a shared movable mirror. In a first configuration 1285a, the shared movable mirror can direct light from the first substrate to a beam splitter 1295. The beam splitter can include a dichroic mirror. The beam splitter can direct light to a detector 370 to image the first substrate. The first substrate can be configured to be moved 1210i to image different locations on the first substrate.

[0305] In the second configuration 1285b, the shared movable mirror can direct light from the second substrate to a beam splitter 1295. The beam splitter can send light to a detector 370 so that the second substrate can be imaged. The second substrate can be configured to be moved 1210i so that different locations on the second substrate can be imaged. Thus, by moving the movable mirror, the first and second substrates can be imaged by the shared optical system.

[0306] The system can further include an excitation light source 1290. The light source can be configured to provide excitation light (e.g., for fluorescence imaging) to the first or second substrate. The excitation light can be selectively directed to the first or second substrate using a movable mirror in a manner similar to that for detection described herein.

[0307] While depicted in Figure 12I as including two substrates, two imaging optical objectives, and two mirrors, system 1200i can include any number of substrates, imaging optical objectives, or mirrors. For example, the system can include at least 1, at least 2, at least 3, at least 4, at least 5, at least 6, at least 7, at least 8, at least 9, or at least 10 substrates. The system can include at least 1, at least 2, at least 3, at least 4, at least 5, at least 6, at least 7, at least 8, at least 9, or at least 10 imaging optical objectives. The system can include at least 1, at least 2, at least 3, at least 4, at least 5, at least 6, at least 7, at least 8, at least 9, or at least 10 mirrors.

[0308] FIG. 12H shows a diagram of a configuration for a system including multiple imaging heads scanning with shared translation and rotation axes and independently rotating fields.

[0309] FIG. 12I shows a configuration for a system with multiple spindles scanning with a shared optical detection system.

[0310] FIG. 13 illustrates a structure for a system 1300 including multiple rotating spindles. The system 1300 can include a substrate 310 as described herein. The substrate can be configured to rotate as described herein. The system can further include a fluid channel 330 and a fluid outlet 335 as described herein, or any other fluid channel and fluid outlet as described herein. The fluid channel and fluid outlet can be configured to dispense any solution as described herein. The fluid channel and fluid outlet can be configured to move 1315a relative to the substrate. For example, the fluid channel and fluid outlet can be configured to move to a position above the substrate (e.g., near the center of the substrate) during periods when the fluid channel and fluid outlet are dispensing a solution. The fluid channel and fluid outlet can be configured to move to a position away from the substrate during periods when the fluid channel and fluid outlet are not dispensing a solution. The system can further include an optical imaging objective 1110 as described herein. The optical imaging objective can be configured to move 1310a relative to the substrate. For example, the optical imaging objective can be configured to move to a position above the substrate (e.g., near the center of the substrate or radially scanning the substrate) during periods when the substrate is being imaged, and the optical imaging objective can be configured to move to a position away from the substrate during periods when the substrate is not being imaged.

[0311] The system may further include a first spindle 1305a and a second spindle 1305b. The first spindle may be inside the second spindle. The first spindle may be outside the second spindle. The second spindle may be inside the first spindle. The second spindle may be outside the first spindle. The first and second spindles may be configured to rotate independently of each other. The first and second spindles may be configured to rotate at different angular velocities. For example, the first spindle may be configured to rotate at a first angular velocity. The second spindle may be configured to rotate at a second angular velocity. The first angular velocity may be less than the second angular velocity. The first spindle may be configured to rotate at a relatively low angular velocity (e.g., an angular velocity of about 0 rpm to about 100 rpm) during the period in which the solution is being dispensed onto the substrate. The second spindle can be configured to rotate at a relatively high angular velocity (e.g., an angular velocity of about 100 rpm to about 1,000 rpm) while the substrate is being imaged, or vice versa. The substrate can be moved between the first and second spindles to perform the dispensing and imaging operations, respectively.

[0312] The system can include any number of spindles. For example, the system can include at least about 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 20, or more spindles. Alternatively, or in addition, the system can include up to about 20, 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, or 1 spindle. A given spindle can be internal or external relative to one or more other spindles in the system. Optionally, each of the spindles can rotate independently of one another. Optionally, at least some of the spindles can rotate independently of one another. Optionally, at least some of the spindles can rotate dependently of one another (e.g., simultaneously at the same angular velocity). The spindles can rotate about the same axis or different axes. Optionally, each spindle can rotate at a different angular velocity. Optionally, at least some of the spindles can rotate at different angular velocities.

[0313] 13 is depicted with a movable fluidic channel and optical imaging objective, system 1300 can be configured in other configurations as described herein. For example, the system can be configured so that the fluidic channel and optical imaging objective are stationary and the substrate is configured to move. The system can be configured in any other configuration as described herein.

[0314] Applications to other analytes Although described herein as useful for nucleic acid sequencing, the systems and methods described herein can be utilized for other analytes and / or other applications for processing such analytes. Figure 14 shows a flow chart of an example analyte processing method 1400.

[0315] In a first operation 1410, the method can include providing a substrate including a planar array having immobilized analytes, the substrate configured to rotate about an axis. The axis can be an axis through the center of the substrate. The axis can be an eccentric axis. The substrate can be any substrate described herein. In some cases, the planar array can include one type of analyte. In other cases, the planar array can include two or more types of analytes. The two or more types of analytes can be arranged randomly. The two or more types of analytes can be arranged in a regular pattern. The analytes can be any biological sample or derivative thereof described herein. For example, the analytes can be single-cell analytes. The analytes can be nucleic acid molecules. The analytes can be protein molecules. The analytes can be single cells. The analytes can be particles. The analytes can be organisms. The analytes can be part of a colony. In some cases, the analytes can be or be derived from non-biological samples. The analytes can be immobilized at individually addressable locations on the planar array. The analyte can be immobilized on the substrate via a linker configured to bind to the analyte. For example, the linker can include a carbohydrate molecule. The link can include an affinity binding protein. The linker can be hydrophilic. The linker can be hydrophobic. The linker can be charged. The linker can be labeled. The linker can be integral to the substrate. The linker can be a separate layer on the substrate.

[0316] In a second operation 1420, the method can include moving a solution containing a plurality of adaptors across the planar array upon rotation of the substrate. The solution can include any solution or reagent described herein. The plurality of adaptors can be configured to interact with analytes immobilized on the planar array. For example, if the analytes are nucleic acid molecules, the plurality of adaptors can include a plurality of probes. A given probe of the plurality of probes can include a random sequence or a target sequence, such as a homopolymer sequence or a di- or tri-nucleotide repeat sequence. Optionally, the probe can be a di-base probe. Optionally, the probe can be about 1-10 bases in length. Optionally, the probe can be about 10-20 bases in length. Optionally, the probe can be at least about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 30, 40, 50, or more bases. Alternatively, or in combination, the probes can be up to about 50, 40, 30, 20, 19, 18, 17, 16, 15, 14, 13, 12, 11, 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, or 1 base. In another example, when the analyte is a protein molecule, the plurality of adapters can include a plurality of antibodies. A given antibody in the plurality of antibodies can have binding specificity for one or more types of proteins. In other cases, the plurality of adapters can include any combination of a plurality of oligonucleotide molecules, carbohydrate molecules, lipid molecules, affinity binding proteins, aptamers, antibodies, enzymes, or other reagents. The plurality of adapters can be hydrophilic. The plurality of adapters can be hydrophobic. The plurality of adapters can be charged. The plurality of adapters can be labeled. The plurality of adapters can include a mixture of labeled and unlabeled components. Optionally, the plurality of adapters can be unlabeled.

[0317] At operation 1430, the method can include subjecting the analyte to conditions sufficient to cause a reaction between the analyte and the plurality of adaptors. At operation 1440, the method can include analyzing the analyte by detecting a signal indicative of a reaction between the analyte and the plurality of adaptors.

[0318] The method can further include moving the analyte across the substrate including the linker prior to operation 1410. For example, the substrate can be rotated before or during dispensing of the analyte to coat the substrate surface and / or the planar array with the analyte. Optionally, the analyte can be bound to beads, which are immobilized in the planar array.

[0319] The method can further include recycling a portion of the solution that contacted the substrate, as described elsewhere herein. The recycling can include recovering, filtering, and reusing the portion of the solution. The filtering can include molecular filtering. The molecular filtering can include specific nucleic acid filtering (i.e., filtering for specific nucleic acids). The nucleic acid filtering can include exposing the solution to an array of oligonucleotide extension compounds that can specifically bind to contaminant nucleotides or nucleic acids.

[0320] The signal can be an optical signal. The signal can be a fluorescent signal. The signal can be a light absorption signal. The signal can be a light scattering signal. The signal can be a luminescence signal. The signal can be a phosphorescence signal. The signal can be an electrical signal. The signal can be an acoustic signal. The signal can be a magnetic signal. The signal can be any detectable signal. Alternatively, or in addition to the optical sensors described herein, the system can include one or more other detectors (e.g., acoustic detectors) configured to detect detectable signals.

[0321] Optionally, the method can further include rotating the substrate about its center prior to operation 1420.

[0322] Optionally, the method can further include stopping rotation of the substrate before detecting the signal in operation 1440. In other cases, the signal can be detected in operation 1440 during the substrate disintegration point.

[0323] The signal can be generated by binding a label to the analyte. The label can be bound to a molecule, particle, cell, or organism. The label can be bound to the molecule, particle, cell, or organism before operation 1410. The label can be bound to the molecule, particle, cell, or organism after operation 1410. The signal can be generated by the formation of a detectable product through a chemical reaction. The reaction can include an enzymatic reaction. The signal can be generated by the formation of a detectable product through physical association. The signal can be generated by the formation of a detectable product through proximity association. The proximity association can include Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET). The proximity association can include association with a complementary enzyme. The signal can be generated by a single reaction. The signal can be generated by multiple reactions. The multiple reactions can occur sequentially. The multiple reactions can occur in parallel. The multiple reactions can include one or more repetitions of a reaction. For example, the reaction can include a hybridization reaction or a ligation reaction. The reaction can include a hybridization reaction and a ligation reaction.

[0324] The method can further include repeating operations 1420, 1430, and 1440 one or more times. For successive cycles, different solutions can be transferred in a planar array as the substrate is rotated.

[0325] Many variations, modifications, and adaptations are possible based on the method 1400 provided herein. For example, the order of operations in method 1400 can be changed, some operations can be eliminated, some operations can be repeated, and additional operations can be added, as appropriate. Some operations can be performed sequentially. Some operations can be performed in parallel. Some operations can be performed once. Some operations can be performed multiple times. Some operations can include sub-operations. Some operations can be automated. Some operations can be manual.

[0326] 15 illustrates a first example of a system 1500 for isolating an analyte. The system can include a plurality of linkers 1510a, 1510b, 1510c, and 1510d. The plurality of linkers can be affixed or otherwise immobilized to a substrate 310 described herein. For example, each linker can be attached to a particular individually addressable location of the plurality of individually addressable locations described herein. The linkers 1510a, 1510b, 1510c, and 1510d can include any linker described herein. Some or all of the linkers 1510a, 1510b, 1510c, and 1510d can be identical. Some or all of the linkers 1510a, 1510b, 1510c, and 1510d can be different. The linkers can be configured to interact with analytes 1520a and 1520b. For example, the linker can be configured to bind to analytes 1520a and 1520b through any interaction described herein. Analytes 1520a and 1520b can include any of the analytes described herein. Analytes 1520a and 1520b can be the same. Analytes 1520a and 1520b can be different. The linker can be configured to specifically interact with a particular analyte and / or type thereof. For example, linker 1510b can be configured to specifically interact with analyte 1520a. Linker 1510d can be configured to specifically interact with analyte 1520b. Either linker can be configured to interact with either analyte. In this manner, a particular analyte can be bound to a specific location on the substrate. While shown in FIG. 15 as including four linkers and two analytes, system 1500 can include any number of linkers and analytes.For example, the system 1500 may include at least 1, at least 2, at least 5, at least 10, at least 20, at least 50, at least 100, at least 200, at least 500, at least 1,000, at least 2,000, at least 5,000, at least 10,000, at least 20,000, at least 50,000, at least 100,000, at least 200,000, at least 500,000, at least 1,000 The molecule may comprise 0,000, at least 2,000,000, at least 5,000,000, at least 10,000,000, at least 20,000,000, at least 50,000,000, at least 100,000,000, at least 200,000,000, at least 500,000,000, at least 1,000,000,000 linkers, or a number of linkers within a range defined by any two of the foregoing values. System 1500 may include at least 1, at least 2, at least 5, at least 10, at least 20, at least 50, at least 100, at least 200, at least 500, at least 1,000, at least 2,000, at least 5,000, at least 10,000, at least 20,000, at least 50,000, at least 100,000, at least 200,000, at least 500,000, at least 1,000 The sample may include at least 2,000,000, at least 5,000,000, at least 10,000,000, at least 20,000,000, at least 50,000,000, at least 100,000,000, at least 200,000,000, at least 500,000,000, at least 1,000,000,000 analytes, or a number of analytes within a range defined by any two of the preceding values.

[0327] FIG. 16 illustrates a second example of a system 1600 for isolating an analyte. The system can include a well configured to physically trap a particle. The well can include an individually addressable location of the plurality of individually addressable locations described herein. The well can be configured to trap an analyte. For example, the well can be configured to trap a drop of blood 1630. For example, the drop of blood can include white blood cells 1640, red blood cells 1650, and circulating tumor cells 1660. The well can be configured to trap any other analyte described herein. The well can be constructed in layers using microfabrication materials and techniques. For example, the well can include a base layer 1605. The base layer can include silicon. The well can include an oxide layer 1610. The oxide layer can include silicon oxide. The well can include a metal layer 1615. The metal can include nickel or aluminum. The well can include a nanotube layer 1620. The nanotube layer can include one or more carbon nanotubes. The well can include a confinement layer 1625. The confinement layer can include photoresist. The photoresist can include SU-8. The nanotube layer and the confinement layer can be configured together to trap cells.

[0328] FIG. 17 illustrates an example of a control system for compensating for velocity gradients during a scan. Such a control system can algorithmically compensate for velocity gradients. The control system can predictively or adaptively compensate for tangential velocity gradients. In a first control system, shown on the left side of FIG. 17, the control system can measure the residual (uncorrected) velocity error during a scan based on a scan of a rotating substrate, calculate a compensation correction factor, and use the compensation correction factor to set (or adjust) compensation coefficients to reduce the velocity error in the resulting scan. The first control system can be a closed-loop control system that eliminates (or otherwise reduces) the velocity error. In a second control system, shown on the right side of FIG. 17, the control system can directly calculate (or predict) the expected velocity gradient based on knowledge of the geometry and relative position of the scan with respect to the substrate, and set (or adjust) the system to eliminate the expected gradient.

[0329] Multihead imaging using common linear motion. The systems and methods described herein can employ multiple imaging heads, each responsible for imaging a different location on a substrate as described herein. For example, a first imaging head can image the substrate along a first imaging path as described herein. The first imaging path can include a first series of rings (one or more), a first series of spirals (one or more), or a different first imaging path. A second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth, ninth, or tenth imaging head can image the substrate along the second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth, ninth, or tenth imaging path. The second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth, ninth or tenth imaging path can comprise a second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth, ninth or tenth series of rings, a second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth, ninth or tenth spiral, or a different second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth, ninth or tenth imaging path. The imaging path or scan path can be an on-substrate or on-sample imaging path or scan path.

[0330] Such multi-head imaging systems and methods can increase the speed at which a substrate is imaged and / or reduce the amount of time that may be required to image a substrate. In some cases, the multiple imaging heads can move independently relative to the substrate, for example, by independently controlling the movement of each of the imaging heads.

[0331] The required motion of the imaging heads can be reduced by moving the substrate relative to each of the imaging heads so that each of the imaging heads shares a single linear motion with respect to the substrate. Such an improvement can be achieved by positioning each scan head at a different initial distance (e.g., radial distance) from the center of the substrate and operating each scan head at a different scan speed determined by the scan head's initial distance from the center of the substrate. The single shared linear motion can be along a linear vector. For example, the single shared linear motion can result in radial motion (e.g., motion that passes through the axis of rotation) or non-radial motion (e.g., motion that does not pass through the axis of rotation) of one or more scan heads. The imaging heads can operate on the same side of the substrate's axis of rotation or on opposite sides of the substrate's axis of rotation. In the case of non-radial linear motion of one or more heads, the scan direction of each imaging head can rotate due to angular changes relative to the axis of rotation. Such rotation can be compensated for by counter-rotation (e.g., using a prism) to allow for a fixed scan direction for each imaging head.

[0332] FIG. 18A illustrates the movement of a substrate relative to two imaging heads on the same side of an axis of rotation of the substrate. The substrate 310 can be any substrate described herein. The first imaging head 1005 can be similar to any first imaging head described herein. The second imaging head 1015 can be similar to any second imaging head described herein. Initially, the first imaging head 1005 and the second imaging head 1015 are on the same side of the axis of rotation of the substrate (305), such that the first imaging head 1005 traces a first imaging path 1010 as the substrate rotates, and the second imaging head 1015 traces a second imaging path 1020 as the substrate rotates. The substrate can be configured to move in a linear radial direction 1810 relative to the first and second imaging heads. Thus, the first and second imaging paths can change position relative to the substrate over time.

[0333] Figure 18B illustrates the movement of a substrate relative to two imaging heads on opposite sides of the axis of rotation of the substrate. Compared to Figure 18A, initially, the first imaging head 1005 and the second imaging head 1015 can be on opposite sides of the axis of rotation of the substrate (305), such that the first imaging head 1005 traces a first imaging path 1010 as the substrate rotates, and the second imaging head 1015 traces a second imaging path 1020 as the substrate rotates. The substrate can be configured to move in a linear radial direction 1810 relative to the first and second imaging heads. Thus, the first and second imaging paths can change position relative to the substrate over time.

[0334] 18C illustrates the movement of the substrate relative to the three imaging heads. The third imaging head 1025 can be similar to any third imaging head described herein. Initially, the first imaging head 1005 can be on one side of the axis of rotation (305) of the substrate, and the second imaging head 1015 and the third imaging head 1025 can be on opposite sides of the axis of rotation of the substrate, such that the first imaging head 1005 traces the first imaging path 1010 as the substrate rotates, the second imaging head 1015 traces the second imaging path 1020 as the substrate rotates, and the third imaging head 1025 traces the third imaging path 1030 as the substrate rotates. The substrate can be configured to move in a linear radial direction 1810 relative to the first, second, and third imaging heads. Thus, the first, second, and third imaging paths can change position relative to the substrate over time.

[0335] 18D illustrates the movement of the substrate relative to the four imaging heads. The fourth imaging head 1035 can be similar to any fourth imaging head described herein. Initially, the first imaging head 1005 and the fourth imaging head 1035 can be on one side of the axis of rotation (305) of the substrate, and the second imaging head 1015 and the third imaging head 1025 can be on opposite sides of the axis of rotation of the substrate, such that the first imaging head 1005 traces the first imaging path 1010 as the substrate rotates, the second imaging head 1015 traces the second imaging path 1020 as the substrate rotates, the third imaging head 1025 traces the third imaging path 1030, and the fourth imaging head 1025 traces the fourth imaging path 1030 as the substrate rotates. The substrate can be configured to move in a linear radial direction 1810 relative to the first, second, third, and fourth imaging heads. Thus, the first, second, third and fourth imaging paths can change position relative to the substrate over time.

[0336] 19A illustrates the continuous circular paths of two imaging heads on the same side of the axis of rotation of a substrate. Initially, the first imaging head (not depicted in FIG. 19A ) and the second imaging head (not depicted in FIG. 19A ) can be on the same side of the axis of rotation (305) of the substrate 310, such that at a first point in time during the substrate rotation, the first imaging head traces a first imaging path 1010 a, and at the first point in time during the substrate rotation, the second imaging head traces a second imaging path 1020 a. For example, the two imaging heads can be positioned and configured as in FIG. 18A . The first and second imaging heads can trace a series of imaging paths during the substrate rotation, moving in a linear radial direction 1810 relative to the first and second imaging heads. For example, if the first and second imaging heads are on the same side of the axis of rotation of the substrate, the first imaging head can trace imaging path 1010b at the second time point, imaging path 1010c at the third time point, and imaging path 1010d at the fourth time point, and the second imaging path can trace imaging path 1020b at the second time point, imaging path 1020c at the third time point, and imaging path 1020d at the fourth time point. When the first and second imaging heads are on the same side of the axis of rotation, the series of imaging paths {1010a, 1010b, 1010c, 1010d} and {1020a, 1020b, 1020c, 1020d} can proceed in the same direction with respect to the substrate. For example, as depicted in Figure 19A, the series of imaging paths {1010a, 1010b, 1010c, 1010d} and {1020a, 1020b, 1020c, 1020d} may both run in a direction towards the center of the substrate.

[0337] FIG. 19B illustrates the continuous circular paths of two imaging heads on opposite sides of the axis of substrate rotation. Compared to FIG. 19A, initially, the first imaging head (not depicted in FIG. 19B) and the second imaging head (not depicted in FIG. 19B) can be on opposite sides of the axis of substrate rotation (305), such that at a first point in time during the substrate rotation, the first imaging head traces a first imaging path 1010a, and at the first point in time during the substrate rotation, the second imaging head traces a second imaging path 1020a. For example, the two imaging heads can be positioned and configured as in FIG. 18B. Moving in a linear radial direction 1810 relative to the first and second imaging heads, one of the heads moves toward a central axis and the other head moves away from the central axis, with each of the first and second imaging heads tracing a series of imaging paths during the substrate rotation. For example, if the first and second imaging heads are on opposite sides of the axis of rotation of the substrate, the first imaging head can trace imaging path 1010b at the second time point, imaging path 1010c at the third time point, and imaging path 1010d at the fourth time point, and the second imaging path can trace imaging path 1020b at the second time point, imaging path 1020c at the third time point, and imaging path 1020d at the fourth time point. When the first and second imaging heads are on opposite sides of the axis of rotation, the series of imaging paths {1010a, 1010b, 1010c, 1010d} and {1020a, 1020b, 1020c, 1020d} can proceed in opposite directions relative to the substrate. For example, as depicted in Figure 19B, a series of imaging paths {1010a, 1010b, 1010c, 1010d} may run in a direction towards the center of the substrate, while {1020a, 1020b, 1020c, 1020d} may run in a direction away from the center of the substrate.

[0338] 19C illustrates the staggered circular paths of two imaging heads on the same side of the axis of rotation of the substrate. Initially, the first imaging head (not depicted in FIG. 19C) and the second imaging head (not depicted in FIG. 19C) can be on the same side of the axis of rotation (305) of the substrate 310, such that at a first point in time during the substrate rotation, the first imaging head traces a first imaging path 1010a, and at the first point in time during the substrate rotation, the second imaging head traces a second imaging path 1020a. The first and second imaging heads can trace a series of imaging paths during the substrate rotation while moving in a linear radial direction 1810 relative to the first and second imaging heads. For example, if first and second imaging heads are on the same side of the axis of rotation of the substrate, the first imaging head can trace imaging path 1010b at the second time point, imaging path 1010c at the third time point, and imaging path 1010d at the fourth time point, and the second imaging path can trace imaging path 1020b at the second time point, imaging path 1020c at the third time point, and imaging path 1020d at the fourth time point. The series of imaging paths {1010a, 1010b, 1010c, 1010d} and {1020a, 1020b, 1020c, 1020d} can be staggered, whereby successive imaging paths toward or away from the center of the substrate are traced by alternating imaging heads. When the first and second imaging heads are on the same side of the axis of rotation, the series of imaging paths {1010a, 1010b, 1010c, 1010d} and {1020a, 1020b, 1020c, 1020d} may travel in the same direction relative to the substrate. For example, as depicted in Figure 19C, the series of imaging paths {1010a, 1010b, 1010c, 1010d} and {1020a, 1020b, 1020c, 1020d} may both travel in a direction toward the center of the substrate.

[0339] 19D illustrates the staggered circular paths of two imaging heads on opposite sides of the axis of rotation of a substrate. Initially, the first imaging head (not depicted in FIG. 19D) and the second imaging head (not depicted in FIG. 19D) can be on opposite sides of the axis of rotation (305) of the substrate 310, such that at a first point in time during the substrate rotation, the first imaging head traces a first imaging path 1010a, and at the first point in time during the substrate rotation, the second imaging head traces a second imaging path 1020a. Moving in a linear radial direction 1810 relative to the first and second imaging heads, one of the heads moves toward a central axis and the other head moves away from the central axis, the first and second imaging heads each tracing a series of imaging paths during the substrate rotation. For example, if first and second imaging heads are on opposite sides of the axis of rotation of the substrate, the first imaging head can trace imaging path 1010b at the second time point, imaging path 1010c at the third time point, and imaging path 1010d at the fourth time point, and the second imaging path can trace imaging path 1020b at the second time point, imaging path 1020c at the third time point, and imaging path 1020d at the fourth time point. The series of imaging paths {1010a, 1010b, 1010c, 1010d} and {1020a, 1020b, 1020c, 1020d} can be staggered, such that successive imaging paths toward or away from the center of the substrate are traced by alternating imaging heads. When the first and second imaging heads are on opposite sides of the axis of rotation, the series of imaging paths {1010a, 1010b, 1010c, 1010d} and {1020a, 1020b, 1020c, 1020d} may travel in opposite directions relative to the substrate. For example, as depicted in Figure 19D, the series of imaging paths {1010a, 1010b, 1010c, 1010d} may travel in a direction toward the center of the substrate, while the series of imaging paths {1020a, 1020b, 1020c, 1020d} may travel in a direction away from the center of the substrate.

[0340] FIG. 20 illustrates the rotational scan direction of an imaging head due to non-radial motion of the head relative to the substrate. For example, the head can be moving along direction 316 (not through the central axis) relative to the substrate. Initially, the first imaging head (not depicted in FIG. 20) or the second imaging head (not depicted in FIG. 20) can be positioned off-axis from the longitudinal axis 315 of the substrate 310. In such a case, the first or second imaging head can have a tangential velocity relative to the substrate that changes direction as the substrate moves relative to the first or second imaging head. For example, as depicted in FIG. 20, the second imaging head can have a tangential velocity vector 2020a relative to the substrate while tracing imaging path 1020a and a tangential velocity vector 2020b relative to the substrate while tracing imaging path 1020c. As shown in FIG. 20, the tangential velocity vectors 2020a and 2020b can point in substantially different directions. Such an effect may manifest as a rotation of the imaging field when the first imaging head traces the series of imaging paths {1010a, 1010b, 1010c, 1010d} or when the second imaging head traces the series of imaging paths {1020a, 1020b, 1020c, 1020d}.

[0341] Such rotation of the imaging field can be compensated for by counter-rotating the imaging field. For example, the imaging field can be counter-rotated using a prism system, such as a delta rotator prism, a Schmidt rotator, or a Dove prism. Alternatively or additionally, the compensation can be achieved using one or more mirrors or other optical elements (e.g., beam splitters (e.g., dichroic mirrors)) as described herein. Alternatively or additionally, the compensation can be achieved by rotating one or more sensors in the optical head.

[0342] 21 shows a flow chart for an example analyte detection or analysis method 2100. In a first operation 2110, the method 2100 can include rotating an open substrate about a central axis, the open substrate having an array of analytes immobilized thereon.

[0343] In a second operation 2120, the method 2100 can include delivering a solution having a plurality of probes to a region near the central axis and delivering the solution to an open substrate.

[0344] In a third operation 2130, the method 2100 can include dispensing the solution across the open substrate (e.g., by at least centrifugal force) such that at least one of the plurality of probes binds to at least one of the immobilized analytes to form a bound probe.

[0345] In a fourth operation 2140, the method 2100 can include simultaneously performing a first scan of the open substrate along one or more scan paths of a first set using a first detector and a second scan of the open substrate along one or more scan paths of a second set using a second detector while rotating the open substrate. The one or more scan paths of the first set and the one or more scan paths of the second set can be different. The first detector or the second detector can detect at least one signal from the bound probes. The first detector can be disposed at a first radial position relative to the central axis. The second detector can be disposed at a second radial position relative to the central axis. The first detector and the second detector can be moved relative to the central axis along the same linear vector to generate the one or more scan paths of the first set and the one or more scan paths of the second set, respectively.

[0346] The first and second detectors can operate at different scan rates. For example, the different scan rates of the first and second detectors can be a function of the first and second radial positions, respectively. Alternatively, the detectors can operate at a fixed line rate. For example, algorithmic processing can eliminate oversampling of the optical head at the inner radial position.

[0347] The first set of one or more scan paths can include one or more annular scan paths having different radii. For example, the first set of one or more scan paths can include at least about 1, at least about 2, at least about 3, at least about 4, at least about 5, at least about 6, at least about 7, at least about 8, at least about 9, at least about 10, at least about 20, at least about 30, at least about 40, at least about 50, at least about 60, at least about 70, at least about 80, at least about 90, at least about 100 or more annular scan paths, up to about 100, up to about 90, up to about 80, up to about 70, up to about 60, up to about 50, up to about 40, up to about 30, up to about 20, up to about 10, up to about 9, up to about 8, up to about 7, up to about 6, up to about 5, up to about 4, up to about 3, up to about 2, or up to about 1 annular scan path, or a number of annular scan paths within a range defined by any two of the foregoing values.

[0348] The one or more scan paths of the second set can include one or more annular scan paths having different radii. For example, the one or more scan paths of the second set can include at least about 1, at least about 2, at least about 3, at least about 4, at least about 5, at least about 6, at least about 7, at least about 8, at least about 9, at least about 10, at least about 20, at least about 30, at least about 40, at least about 50, at least about 60, at least about 70, at least about 80, at least about 90, at least about 100 or more annular scan paths, up to about 100, up to about 90, up to about 80, up to about 70, up to about 60, up to about 50, up to about 40, up to about 30, up to about 20, up to about 10, up to about 9, up to about 8, up to about 7, up to about 6, up to about 5, up to about 4, up to about 3, up to about 2, or up to about 1 annular scan path, or a number of annular scan paths within a range defined by any two of the foregoing values.

[0349] The first set of one or more scan paths can include one or more helical scan paths. For example, the first set of one or more scan paths can include at least about 1, at least about 2, at least about 3, at least about 4, at least about 5, at least about 6, at least about 7, at least about 8, at least about 9, at least about 10, at least about 20, at least about 30, at least about 40, at least about 50, at least about 60, at least about 70, at least about 80, at least about 90, at least about 100 or more helical scan paths, up to about 100, up to about 90, up to about 80, up to about 70, up to about 60, up to about 50, up to about 40, up to about 30, up to about 20, up to about 10, up to about 9, up to about 8, up to about 7, up to about 6, up to about 5, up to about 4, up to about 3, up to about 2, or up to about 1 helical scan path, or a number of helical scan paths within a range defined by any two of the foregoing values.

[0350] The one or more scan paths of the second set can include one or more helical scan paths. For example, the one or more scan paths of the second set can include at least about 1, at least about 2, at least about 3, at least about 4, at least about 5, at least about 6, at least about 7, at least about 8, at least about 9, at least about 10, at least about 20, at least about 30, at least about 40, at least about 50, at least about 60, at least about 70, at least about 80, at least about 90, at least about 100 or more helical scan paths, up to about 100, up to about 90, up to about 80, up to about 70, up to about 60, up to about 50, up to about 40, up to about 30, up to about 20, up to about 10, up to about 9, up to about 8, up to about 7, up to about 6, up to about 5, up to about 4, up to about 3, up to about 2, or up to about 1 helical scan path, or a number of helical scan paths within a range defined by any two of the foregoing values.

[0351] The identical linear vector can be radial through the central axis. The identical linear vector need not be radial (e.g., not pass through the central axis). The method can further include compensating for velocity differences (e.g., tangential velocity differences as described herein with respect to FIG. 20 ) of different zones at different radial locations relative to the central axis. A given scan path among the one or more scan paths of the first set can include different zones. A given scan path among the one or more scan paths of the second set can include different zones. The compensation can include using one or more prisms, such as one or more delta rotator prisms, Schmidt rotators, or Dove prisms.

[0352] The first detector and the second detector can be substantially stationary during the relative motion. The open substrate can undergo both rotational and translational motion during the relative motion. The first detector and the second detector can move during the relative motion. The open substrate can rotate relative to the first detector and the second detector, and the first detector and the second detector can move linearly about a central axis. The first detector can move relative to the open substrate when it rotates. The second detector can move relative to the open substrate when it rotates. The first detector can move relative to the open substrate when it is substantially stationary. The second detector can move relative to the open substrate when it is substantially stationary.

[0353] A given scan path of the one or more scan paths in the first set may include an area scanned during relative motion. A given scan path of the one or more scan paths in the second set may include an area scanned during relative motion. A given scan path of the one or more scan paths in the first set may not include an area scanned during relative motion. A given scan path of the one or more scan paths in the second set may not include an area scanned during relative motion.

[0354] The first detector and the second detector can have the same angular position relative to the central axis, the first detector and the second detector can have different angular positions relative to the central axis, or the first detector and the second detector can have opposite angular positions (e.g., with a 180° separation) relative to the central axis.

[0355] The first detector is angled at an angle of at least about 1°, at least about 2°, at least about 3°, at least about 4°, at least about 5°, at least about 6°, at least about 7°, at least about 8°, at least about 9°, at least about 10°, at least about 15°, at least about 20°, at least about 25°, at least about 30°, at least about 35°, at least about 40°, at least about 45°, at least about 50°, at least about 55°, at least about 60°, at least about 65°, at least about 70°, at least about 75°, at least about 80°, at least about 81°, at least about 82°, at least about 83°, at least about 84°, at least about 85°, at least about 86°, at least about 87°, at least about 120°, at least about 125°, at least about 126°, at least about 128°, at least about 129°, at least about 130°, at least about 131°, at least about 132°, at least about 133°, at least about 134°, at least about 135°, at least about 136°, at least about 137°, at least about 138°, at least about 139°, at least about 140°, at least about 141°, at least about 142°, at least about 143°, at least about 144°, at least about 145°, at least about 146°, at least about 147°, at least about 148° Each of the axially extending portions of the central axis may have an angular orientation of about 88°, at least about 89°, or more, up to about 89°, up to about 88°, up to about 87°, up to about 86°, up to about 85°, up to about 84°, up to about 83°, up to about 82°, up to about 81°, up to about 80°, up to about 75°, up to about 70°, up to about 65°, up to about 60°, up to about 55°, up to about 50°, up to about 45°, up to about 40°, up to about 35°, up to about 30°, up to about 25°, up to about 20°, up to about 15°, up to about 10°, up to about 9°, up to about 8°, up to about 7°, up to about 6°, up to about 5°, up to about 4°, up to about 3°, up to about 2°, up to about 1° or less relative to the central axis, or an angular orientation relative to the central axis that is within a range defined by any two of the foregoing values.

[0356] The second detector is angled at an angle of at least about 1°, at least about 2°, at least about 3°, at least about 4°, at least about 5°, at least about 6°, at least about 7°, at least about 8°, at least about 9°, at least about 10°, at least about 15°, at least about 20°, at least about 25°, at least about 30°, at least about 35°, at least about 40°, at least about 45°, at least about 50°, at least about 55°, at least about 60°, at least about 65°, at least about 70°, at least about 75°, at least about 80°, at least about 81°, at least about 82°, at least about 83°, at least about 84°, at least about 85°, at least about 86°, at least about 87°, at least about 88°, at least about 89°, at least about 90°, at least about 91°, at least about 92°, at least about 93°, at least about 94°, at least about 95°, at least about 96°, at least about 97°, at least about 98°, at least about 99°, at least about 100°, at least about 105°, at least about 106°, at least about 107°, at least about 108°, at least about 109°, at least about 110°, at least about 111°, at least about 112°, at least about 113°, at least about 114°, at least about 115°, at least about 116°, at least about 117°, at least about 118°, at least about 119°, at least about 120°, at least about 121°, at least about Each of the axially extending portions can have an angular orientation relative to the central axis that is about 88°, at least about 89° or more, up to about 89°, up to about 88°, up to about 87°, up to about 86°, up to about 85°, up to about 84°, up to about 83°, up to about 82°, up to about 81°, up to about 80°, up to about 75°, up to about 70°, up to about 65°, up to about 60°, up to about 55°, up to about 50°, up to about 45°, up to about 40°, up to about 35°, up to about 30°, up to about 25°, up to about 20°, up to about 15°, up to about 10°, up to about 9°, up to about 8°, up to about 7°, up to about 6°, up to about 5°, up to about 4°, up to about 3°, up to about 2°, up to about 1° or less, or an angular orientation relative to the central axis that is within a range defined by any two of the foregoing values.

[0357] A given scan path of the first set of one or more scan paths may include a first region and a second region. The first region and the second region may be at different radial positions of the open substrate relative to the central axis. The first region and the second region may be spatially separated by a first detector. A given scan path of the second set of one or more scan paths may include a first region and a second region. The first region and the second region may be at different radial positions of the open substrate relative to the central axis. The first region and the second region may be spatially separated by a second detector.

[0358] Computer Control System The present disclosure provides computer-controlled systems programmed to carry out the methods of the present disclosure. Figure 1 illustrates a computer system 101 that is programmed or otherwise configured to sequence nucleic acid samples. The computer system 101 can control various aspects of the methods and systems of the present disclosure.

[0359] The computer system 101 includes a central processing unit (CPU, also referred to herein as a "processing unit" and a "computer processing unit") 105, which can be a single-core or multi-core processing unit, or multiple processing units for parallel processing. The computer system 101 also includes memory or memory locations 110 (e.g., random access memory, read-only memory, flash memory), electronic storage 115 (e.g., a hard disk), a communication interface 120 (e.g., a network adapter) for communicating with one or more other systems, and peripherals 125, such as cache, other memory, data storage, and / or electronic display adapters. The memory 110, storage 115, interface 120, and peripherals 125 communicate with the CPU 105 via a communication bus (solid lines), such as a motherboard. The storage 115 can be a data storage unit (or data repository) for storing data. The computer system 101 can be operably coupled to a computer network ("network") 130 with the aid of the communication interface 120. Network 130 can be the Internet, an Internet and / or extranet, or an intranet and / or extranet in communication with the Internet. Network 130 is optionally a telecommunications and / or data network. Network 130 can include one or more computer servers, thereby enabling distributed computing, such as cloud computing. Network 130, optionally assisted by computer system 101, can implement a peer-to-peer network, thereby enabling devices connected to computer system 101 to operate as clients or servers.

[0360] CPU 105 may execute a series of machine-readable instructions, which may be embodied in a program or software. The instructions may be stored in a memory location, such as memory 110. The instructions may be issued to CPU 105, which may then program or otherwise configure CPU 105 to perform the methods of the present disclosure. Examples of operations performed by CPU 105 may include fetch, decode, execute, and writeback.

[0361] The CPU 105 may be part of a circuit, such as an integrated circuit, that may include one or more other components of the system 101. In some cases, the circuit is an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC).

[0362] The storage device 115 can store files, such as drivers, libraries, and saved programs. The storage device 115 can store user data, such as user preferences and user programs. The computer system 101 can optionally include one or more additional data storage devices that are external to the computer system 101, for example, located on a remote server in communication with the computer system 101 via an intranet or the Internet.

[0363] Computer system 101 may be in communication with one or more remote computer systems via network 130. For example, computer system 101 may be in communication with a user's remote computer system. Examples of remote computer systems include a personal computer (e.g., a portable PC), a slate or tablet PC (e.g., an Apple® iPad®, a Samsung® Galaxy Tab), a telephone, a smartphone (e.g., an Apple® iPhone®, an Android-enabled device, a Blackberry®), or a personal digital assistant. A user may access computer system 101 via network 130.

[0364] The methods described herein may be performed by machine (e.g., computer processor) executable code stored in electronic storage locations of computer system 101, such as memory 110 or electronic storage 115. The machine-executable or machine-readable code may be provided in the form of software. In use, the code may be executed by processing unit 105. In some cases, the code may be read from storage 115 and stored in memory 110 for ready access by processing unit 105. In some circumstances, electronic storage 115 may be omitted, with machine-executable instructions stored in memory 110.

[0365] The code may be pre-compiled and configured for use by a machine having a processor arranged to execute the code, or it may be compiled at run time. The code may be supplied in a programming language that can be selected to allow the code to be executed in a pre-compiled or as-compiled manner.

[0366] Aspects of the systems and methods provided herein, such as computer system 101, can be ...

Claims

1. 1. A method for processing a biological analyte, comprising: (a) providing a substrate that includes an array of immobilized biological analytes and is rotatable about a central axis; (b) directing a solution containing a plurality of probes in a layer having a predetermined thickness over the entire substrate while the substrate is rotating so as to contact the biological analyte, wherein the solution is directed by centrifugal force in a direction away from the central axis; (c) exposing the bioanalyte to conditions sufficient to effect a reaction between at least one probe of the plurality of probes and the bioanalyte, thereby binding the at least one probe to the bioanalyte; (d) analyzing the bioanalyte by detecting one or more signals from the at least one probe bound to the bioanalyte; A method comprising:

2. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the bioanalyte is a nucleic acid molecule, and analyzing the bioanalyte comprises identifying the sequence of the nucleic acid molecule.

3. The method of claim 2, wherein the plurality of probes is a plurality of nucleotides.

4. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein step (c) comprises exposing the nucleic acid molecule to a primer extension reaction under conditions sufficient to incorporate at least one nucleotide from the plurality of nucleotides into an extended strand that is complementary to the nucleic acid molecule.

5. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein in step (d), the one or more signals indicate incorporation of the at least one nucleotide.

6. The method of claim 3 , wherein the plurality of nucleotides comprises nucleotide analogs.

7. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein the plurality of nucleotides is a first canonical base type.

8. 8. The method of claim 7, further comprising repeating steps (b) and (c) with an additional plurality of nucleotides that are of a second canonical base type, wherein the second canonical base type is different from the first canonical base type.

9. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein said detecting in step (d) is performed using a sensor that continuously scans said array along a non-linear path while said substrate is rotated.

10. Before step (b), (i) dispensing the solution onto the substrate while the substrate is stationary; (ii) rotating the substrate to direct the solution across the array; The method of claim 1 further comprising:

11. (i) rotating the substrate prior to step (b); The method of claim 1 , further comprising: (ii) dispensing the solution onto the substrate while the substrate is rotating.

12. The method of claim 1 , wherein the bioanalyte is bound to beads immobilized on the array.

13. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the array comprises a plurality of individually addressable locations, and the bioanalyte is disposed at a given individually addressable location of the plurality of individually addressable locations.

14. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein step (b) and / or step (c) are performed while rotating the substrate at a first angular velocity, and step (d) is performed while rotating the substrate at a second angular velocity different from the first angular velocity.

15. the substrate is movable relative to the central axis, and step (b) and / or step (c) are performed when the substrate is at a first position on the central axis, and step (d) is performed when the substrate is at a second position on the central axis that is different from the first position; The method of claim 1 , wherein the substrate rotates at a first angular velocity at the first position and the substrate rotates at a second angular velocity at the second position.

16. 1. A method for processing a biological analyte, comprising: (a) providing a substrate that includes a substantially planar array of immobilized biological analytes and that is rotatable about a central axis; (b) directing a layer of solution having a predetermined thickness containing a plurality of probes to contact the bioanalytes across the substantially planar array while rotating the substrate; (c) exposing the bioanalyte to conditions sufficient to effect a reaction between at least one probe of the plurality of probes and the bioanalyte, thereby binding the at least one probe to the bioanalyte; (d) analyzing the bioanalyte by detecting one or more signals from the at least one probe bound to the bioanalyte; A method comprising:

17. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the bioanalyte is a nucleic acid molecule, and analyzing the bioanalyte comprises identifying a sequence of the nucleic acid molecule.

18. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein said detecting in step (d) is performed using a sensor that continuously scans said substantially planar array along a non-linear path while said substrate is rotated.

19. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the substantially planar array comprises a plurality of individually addressable locations, and the bioanalyte is disposed at a given individually addressable location of the plurality of individually addressable locations.

20. 1. A system for analyzing a biological analyte, comprising: a substrate including an array configured to immobilize the biological analyte, the substrate configured to rotate about a central axis; a fluid flow unit including a fluid channel configured to apply a layer of a solution having a predetermined thickness containing a plurality of probes across the array, wherein the solution is centrifuged away from the central axis during rotation of the substrate to contact the bioanalyte under conditions sufficient to bind at least one of the plurality of probes to the bioanalyte; a detector optically coupled to the array and configured to detect one or more signals from the at least one probe bound to the bioanalyte; one or more computer processors operably coupled to the liquid flow unit and the detector, (i) instructing the fluid flow unit to apply the solution through a fluid channel to the array, such that the solution containing the plurality of probes is centrifuged along a direction away from the central axis during rotation of the substrate to contact the bioanalyte; (ii) one or more computer processors individually or collectively programmed to use the detector to detect the one or more signals from the at least one probe bound to the bioanalyte; A system comprising:

21. 21. The system of claim 20, further comprising an additional fluid channel configured to provide an additional solution to the array, wherein the fluid channel and the additional fluid channel are fluidically isolated from each other upstream of the outlets of the fluid channel and the additional fluid channel.

22. 21. The system of claim 20, further comprising an optical imaging objective configured to be at least partially immersed in a fluid contacting the substrate and optically connected to the detector.

23. 23. The system of claim 22, further comprising a container surrounding the optical imaging objective and configured to hold at least a portion of the fluid.

24. 21. The system of claim 20, wherein the detector is configured to detect the one or more signals while the substrate is rotating.

25. 21. The system of claim 20, wherein the array comprises a plurality of individually addressable locations.

26. The system of claim 20 further comprising a container containing the substrate.

27. 27. The system of claim 26, further comprising an environmental unit configured to control the temperature or humidity of the environment of the container.

28. 1. A bioanalyte analysis system comprising: a substrate configured to rotate about a central axis, the substrate including a substantially planar array configured to immobilize the biological analytes; a fluid flow unit including a fluid channel configured to provide a layer of solution having a predetermined thickness containing a plurality of probes across the substantially planar array, wherein, during rotation of the substrate, the solution is directed across the substantially planar array and into contact with the bioanalyte under conditions sufficient to bind at least one of the plurality of probes to the bioanalyte; a detector optically coupled to the substantially planar array and configured to detect one or more signals from the at least one probe bound to the bioanalyte; one or more computer processors operably coupled to the liquid flow unit and the detector, (i) directing the fluid flow unit to apply the solution through the fluid channel to the substantially planar array, such that the solution containing the plurality of probes is directed across the substantially planar array and contacts the bioanalyte while the substrate is rotating; (ii) detecting the one or more signals from the at least one probe bound to the bioanalyte using the detector; one or more computer processors, each individually or collectively programmed to: A system comprising:

29. 30. The system of claim 28, further comprising an optical imaging objective configured to be at least partially immersed in a fluid contacting the substrate and optically coupled to the detector.

30. 30. The system of claim 28, wherein the detector comprises a time delay integration (TDI) sensor or a pseudo-TDI rapid frame rate sensor.

31. 30. The system of claim 28, wherein the detector is configured to detect the one or more signals while the substrate is rotating.

32. 32. The system of claim 31 , wherein the detector is configured to continuously scan the substantially planar array along a non-linear path during rotation of the substrate.

Images