Methods for designing recombinant poxviruses for therapeutic vaccines

Abstract

The present invention generally relates to a method for designing recombinant poxviruses for therapeutic vaccines, i.e., personalized cancer vaccines, wherein the recombinant poxviruses comprise one or more expression cassettes, each expressing a fusion of multiple peptides (i.e., neopeptides), the method comprising performing, by a processing means (11) of a server (1), the following steps: (a) selecting a first subset of candidate peptides, wherein the candidate peptides exhibit a membrane-spanning score below a TMS threshold; (b) determining an optimal distribution of the candidate peptides from the first subset into one or more expression cassettes from among a plurality of possible distributions, wherein, if more than one expression cassette is present, the optimal distribution exhibits the lowest range of hydropathic scores of the two or more expression cassettes; (c) determining, for each expression cassette, an optimal slot assignment of the candidate peptides as a function of the cassette's slot occupancy rules, in order to select the peptide fusion with the lowest TM score; and (d) determining a DNA transfer sequence comprising the nucleotide sequence of the one or more expression cassettes to generate the recombinant poxvirus.

Description

[Technical Field]

[0001] The present invention relates generally to methods for designing recombinant poxviruses containing one or more expression cassettes each expressing a fusion of one or more peptides, methods for preparing said recombinant poxviruses, and the use of said recombinant poxviruses for the treatment or prevention of disease, in particular for the treatment or prevention of cancer. [Background technology]

[0002] Over the past few decades, numerous therapeutic vaccines expressing antigens have been developed with the goal of stimulating innate and specific immune responses against those antigens. For example, many of the first cancer vaccines were constructed to stimulate the immune system against the most commonly identified tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) overexpressed in tumors (e.g., MUC-1, WT1, PSA, and CEA). However, these TAAs may be residually expressed in non-tumor cells, and the effectiveness of this traditional approach is expected to be limited by self-tolerance to such "self" antigens. Other groups have also focused on the use of multiepitope polypeptides to improve the efficacy of candidate vaccines and broadly induce specific T cell responses against various disease-associated antigens (e.g., Depla et al., 2008, J. Virol. 82(1): 435-450). Technologies that identify CTL epitopes, synthesize genes encoding multiple multiepitope-containing polypeptides, and deliver them via DNA plasmids and viral vectors are now highly feasible.

[0003] Furthermore, the traditional paradigm of delivering the same set of cancer antigens to everyone in a population ignores the individual variability of disease risk and immune response. Importantly, it cannot be ignored that humans respond differently to vaccines and host immune responses vary significantly within populations (Relman, 2008, J Infect Dis. 198(1):4-5; Plotkin, 2008, Clin Infect Dis.47(3):401-9). With the recent introduction of immune checkpoint blockade drugs in the clinic, it has become clear to medical professionals that certain treatments are effective for some patients but not others.

[0004] Advances in immunology, genetics, molecular biology, and bioinformatics are paving the way for more personalized approaches. Technological breakthroughs in genome sequencing (e.g., next-generation sequencing (NGS)) now make it possible to sequence the entire genome or exome (the coding region of the genome) of a tumor at unprecedented speed and cost. Molecular characterization of tumors has demonstrated that mutations arise during the process of cancer cell oncogenesis and proliferation as a result of rapid proliferation, defective repair mechanisms, and clonal selection. The accumulation of mutations in tumor genomes generally leads to the expression of aberrant protein species specific to cancer tissues. These are called neoantigens. In contrast to most common tumor-associated antigens, tumor neoantigens are present only in tumor cells, not in normal cells, and do not induce thymic deletion of antigen-specific T cells. Therefore, they are expected to induce potent immune responses without the risk of self-tolerance and autoimmune responses to self-proteins. Therefore, although the adoption of tumor neoantigens in routine care will require overcoming several scientific and technological challenges, tumor neoantigens may represent ideal targets for designing therapeutic vaccines specifically adapted to tumors. In particular, most cancer mutations are the result of stochastic phenomena and are specific to each patient.

[0005] Among other topics, successful translation depends on achieving effective manufacturing methods to ensure rapid delivery of clinically sufficient quantities to the patient's bedside, as the identification of tumor mutations, the design of neopeptides incorporating those mutations, and the production and testing of personalized vaccines accompany disease progression.

[0006] Therefore, application WO2018 / 234506 proposes a personalized cancer vaccine comprising a recombinant poxvirus encoding multiple neopeptides, each of which contains one or more tumor-specific mutations, and a method for preparing said personalized cancer vaccine. Poxviruses are double-stranded DNA viruses whose life cycle takes place in the cytoplasm and which replicate using the cellular machinery and their own viral proteins.

[0007] More specifically, this method involves identifying suitable neopeptides to be encoded by a so-called personalized cancer vaccine and generating the recombinant poxvirus. For this purpose, the nucleic acid molecules encoding the peptides to be inserted into the genome of the recombinant poxvirus are placed randomly but balanced in terms of fusion length within one or more "expression cassettes" (preferably three cassettes, each containing up to 10 peptides) under the control of suitable regulatory elements that allow their expression in the subject. The generation of the recombinant poxvirus itself is usually carried out by homologous recombination between the parent poxvirus and a "transfer" plasmid containing the peptide expression cassette and additional functions (e.g., flanking recombination arms and enzyme cleavage sites required for cloning the expression cassette). The selection of recombinant poxviruses incorporating the peptide expression cassette can be facilitated by the use of a reporter gene encoding a selectable or colorable marker intended to reflect the insertion of the expression cassette into the poxvirus genome, although confirmation of the recombinant status requires more detailed analysis (e.g., PCR).

[0008] However, there are concerns that the expression of hydrophobic peptides and peptides with transmembrane (TM) domains may impair the generation or production of recombinant viruses, thus precluding the development of some vaccine candidates. If a TM domain is present within a given peptide (intra-peptide TM), the peptide can simply be omitted. However, it has also been observed that TM domains can be generated by the joining of two specific peptides within a fusion encoded by an expression cassette (inter-peptide TM), which requires changing the order of the peptides. Another characteristic of poxviruses is their susceptibility to the phenomenon of homologous recombination. While this is advantageous for genetic engineering under controlled conditions, it remains problematic when unexpected homologous regions are integrated.

[0009] A simple way to address this issue would be to simply exclude TMs and peptides with high hydrophobicity indices, but this is not very effective, as shown in Example 5 of WO 2018 / 234506. This example demonstrates the difficulty of generating a recombinant MVA designed to express a set of 30 peptides distributed across three expression cassettes. Eliminating potential TM segments between peptides (by flipping the peptides) and within peptides (by excluding TM-containing peptides) did not allow for the generation of an expressing recombinant MVA. Reducing the hydrophobicity score of the peptide fusion (from 133 to 28.5) also did not allow for the generation of an expressing recombinant MVA. This indicates that even when selecting peptides that do not contain TMs and peptides with low hydrophobicity indices, the generation or production of recombinant poxviruses remains very low. Summary of the Invention

[0010] For the above reasons, a solution is needed to design optimized expression cassettes for expressing multiple peptides or one or more peptide fusions. The present invention proposes a method based on the following characteristics: hydrophobicity and related protein features, tendency to form transmembrane domains, and sequence homology, as well as the position of one peptide relative to the other within the fusion. As shown in the Examples section, the method of the present invention allows for an increased yield of recombinant poxvirus production.

[0011] This technical problem is solved by providing the embodiments defined in the claims.

[0012] Other and further aspects, features and advantages of the present invention will be apparent from the following description of the presently preferred embodiments of the invention, which are given for purposes of disclosure.

[0013] Brief Summary of the Invention According to a first aspect, the present invention provides a method for designing a recombinant poxvirus comprising one or more expression cassettes each expressing a fusion of one or more peptides, the method comprising the steps of: The server processes the following steps: (a) selecting a first subset of candidate peptides, wherein the candidate peptides exhibit a transmembrane score below a TMS threshold; (b) determining an optimal distribution of candidate peptides from the first subset into one or more expression cassettes among the plurality of possible distributions, wherein, if more than one expression cassette is present, the optimal distribution exhibits the lowest range of hydropathy scores of the two or more expression cassettes; (c) determining, for each expression cassette, the optimal slot assignment of candidate peptides as a function of the cassette slot occupancy rules in order to select the peptide fusion with the lowest TM score; (d) determining a DNA transfer sequence containing the nucleotide sequence of one or more expression cassettes to generate a recombinant poxvirus; The method includes:

[0014] Advantageous, non-limiting features include:

[0015] The peptides of step (a) represent a contiguous region below a homology threshold.

[0016] Step (a) comprises excluding peptides if they exhibit a transmembrane score above a TMS threshold and / or if they exhibit a homologous region above a homology threshold to candidates ranked higher according to predicted immunogenicity; and selecting a second subset of the set of identified candidate peptides as candidate peptides not identified or selected in the first subset.

[0017] If step (b) results in the number of possible distributions exceeding a given maximum number function of resources of the processing means of the server, then attempting to determine an optimal distribution of candidate peptides from the first subset into one or more expression cassettes during at least one iteration of the maximum number of possible distributions among the plurality of possible distributions.

[0018] If step (b) shows that for each possible distribution among the maximum number of possible distribution iterations, one or more expression cassettes exhibit a hydropathy score above a given threshold, then another iteration of the maximum number of possible distributions is considered; alternatively, candidate peptides from the first subset of candidate peptides exhibiting the highest hydropathy scores are replaced with candidate peptides from the second subset, and peptide selection is continued again.

[0019] Step (c) further comprises filtering out peptide fusions that exhibit one or more TM patches with a score above the TMSK7 threshold.

[0020] Step (c) comprises, if one or more transmembrane domains are detected in the possible slot assignments of the candidate peptides in the expression cassette, replacing the candidate peptide from the first subset of candidate peptides exhibiting the highest transmembrane score with a candidate peptide from the second subset, and repeating step (b) and then step (c).

[0021] The slot occupancy rules of the cassette determine the possible slot positions of candidate peptides within the cassette according to the peptides' transmembrane scores or, if the transmembrane scores are equal, according to their hydropathic scores.

[0022] The candidate peptides distributed in the expression cassette are classified according to three or more classes of risk of not producing or producing a recombinant poxvirus, and the cassette slot occupancy rules determine, for each slot position of the cassette, the class to which the candidate peptide should be assigned to this slot position.

[0023] The optimal slot assignment of candidate peptides distributed in the expression cassette exhibits a transmembrane score below a given threshold.

[0024] When the number of selected candidate peptides is less than 10, there is a single expression cassette; when the number of selected candidate peptides is 10-14, there are two expression cassettes; when the number of selected candidate peptides is 15-30, there are three expression cassettes.

[0025] According to a second aspect, the present invention provides a method for preparing a therapeutic vaccine comprising a recombinant poxvirus, comprising the following steps: carrying out the method according to the first aspect to engineer a recombinant virus; Producing recombinant poxviruses A method comprising:

[0026] Advantageous, non-limiting features include:

[0027] The method further comprises producing a recombinant poxvirus; The steps of producing the recombinant poxvirus include amplifying it to an appropriate scale in suitable production cells, recovering the produced recombinant poxvirus from the cell culture, and optionally purifying the recovered recombinant poxvirus.

[0028] The recombinant poxvirus encodes a neopeptide for use as a personalized cancer vaccine.

[0029] According to a third aspect, the present invention relates to a personalised cancer vaccine obtainable according to the method according to the second aspect, wherein the personalised cancer vaccine comprises a therapeutically effective amount of a recombinant poxvirus and a pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle, preferably for use in treating cancer in a subject in need thereof or preventing its recurrence in a subject. [Brief explanation of the drawings]

[0030] [Figure 1] Figure 1 shows a general scheme of the method according to the present invention for designing recombinant poxviruses expressing peptide fusions. The main steps (a) to (d) are indicated by grey boxes (HSK7: hydropathy score of the fusion; HSK7Thresh: HSK7 threshold; TM patch: transmembrane patch; TMSK7: TMS threshold of the fusion). [Figure 2] FIG. 2 is a diagram representing an architecture for carrying out the method according to the invention, comprising a server 1, data processing means 11, storage means 12 and an interface 13. [Figure 3]FIG. 3 is a flow chart showing an embodiment of step (a) of selecting candidate peptides suitable for expression by a recombinant poxvirus in the method according to the invention (TMS: transmembrane score; TMSThresh: TMS threshold of the peptide; N: total number of candidate peptides; Nmax: maximum number of peptides). [Figure 4] 4 is a flow chart showing an embodiment of step (b) of determining the optimal inter-cassette distribution of candidate peptides in the method according to the invention (L: low, M: medium, H: high). Classes L, M and H indicate the risk of not generating or producing a recombinant poxvirus (TMS: transmembrane score; HS: hydropathy score; HSK7: fusion hydropathy score; HSK7Thresh: HSK7 threshold; Nmin: minimum number of peptides; R: range; RThresh: range threshold; iter: iteration). [Figure 5] FIG. 5 shows an example of a table that distributes peptides among cassettes according to the total number of peptides and the class of peptides in the distribution among the cassettes (L: low, M: medium, H: high). [Figure 6] FIG. 6 shows an example of ranking of peptides according to their transmembrane score and hydropathy score (TMS: transmembrane score, HS: hydropathy score, L: low, M: medium, H: high). [Figure 7] FIG. 7 is a flow chart showing an embodiment of step (c) of determining the optimal slot assignment of candidate peptides for each expression cassette (TMS: transmembrane score; TM patch: transmembrane patch; TMSK7Thresh: TMS threshold of fusion; iter: iteration). [Figure 8] Figure 8 shows examples of slot occupancy rules depending on the number of peptides. A) An embodiment of the occupancy rules for 10 slots depending on the number of peptides n in the cassette and the class of the peptides (light grey: "low" class; medium grey: "intermediate" class; dark grey: "high" class). B) A table of slot occupancy depending on the number of peptides n in the cassette and the class of the peptides, showing the number of possible combinations. [Figure 9]FIG. 9 is a flow chart showing an embodiment of step (d) of the back-translation according to the invention, which allows the determination of the DNA transfer sequence inserted into the recombinant poxvirus. [Figure 10] Figure 10 shows examples of recombinant poxviruses (pTG19247 and pTG19266) with three expression cassettes (A, B, and C) expressing 10 and 6 neopeptides in each cassette, respectively, obtained using a manual approach to design personalized cancer vaccines (TM domains: transmembrane domains; HSK7: hydropathy score of the fusion; PCR: polymerase chain reaction). DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0031] General definition Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention pertains.

[0032] The terms "a" and "an" refer to "one" or "two or more" (i.e., one or more, including two, three, four, five, etc.) of the grammatical object of the article, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise.

[0033] The term "and / or" whenever used herein includes the meaning of "and", "or" and "all or any other combination of the elements connected by said term".

[0034] The terms "such as" and "for example," as used herein, are for illustrative purposes and therefore not limiting.

[0035] The terms "about" or "approximately" are used herein to indicate that values ​​or ranges set forth herein are not definitive and may vary within 10%, preferably within 8%, and more preferably within 5% of a given value or range to include the inherent variation of error of the device or method used to determine such values ​​or ranges, or the variation that exists between test subjects.

[0036] As used herein, when used in defining products, compositions, and methods, the terms "comprising" (and any form of "comprising," e.g., "comprise" and "comprises"), "having" (and any form of "having," e.g., "have" and "has"), "including" (and any form of "including," e.g., "includes" and "include"), or "containing" (and any form of "containing," e.g., "contains" and "contain") are open-ended and do not exclude additional, unrecited elements or method steps. "Consisting essentially of" means excluding any essentially significant other ingredient or step. "Consisting of" means excluding more than trace amounts of other ingredients or steps.

[0037] The terms "polypeptide," "peptide," and "protein" are used interchangeably to refer to a polymer of amino acid residues covalently linked by peptide bonds. The polymer may be linear, branched, or cyclic, may contain naturally occurring and / or analogs of amino acids, and may be interrupted by non-amino acids. The maximum number of amino acids is not limited. As a general indication, the term peptide preferably refers to short polymers (e.g., containing at least 9 amino acid residues), while polypeptide or protein refers to longer polymers (usually containing more than 50 amino acids). These terms encompass natural polymers, modified polymers (also called derivatives, analogs, variants, or mutants), and fragments thereof. In the context of the present invention, polypeptides may also be in the form of, inter alia, fusions and multimers (e.g., dimers) of various peptides. In the context of the present invention, the term peptide as used herein also encompasses neopeptides.

[0038] The term "neopeptide" refers to a peptide that includes at least a tumor-specific mutation, as described herein.

[0039] As used herein, the term "fusion" refers to a combination of one or more peptides as a single polypeptide chain, e.g., a combination of two or more neopeptides, the fusion of one signal peptide to one neopeptide, etc.

[0040] Within the context of the present invention, the terms "nucleic acid," "nucleic acid molecule," "polynucleotide," "nucleic acid sequence," and "nucleotide sequence" are used interchangeably and define a polymer of at least nine nucleotide residues, either deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) or ribonucleic acid (RNA) or mixed polyribo-polydeoxyribonucleotides. These terms encompass single- or double-stranded, linear or circular, natural or synthetic, unmodified or modified versions (e.g., genetically modified polynucleotides; optimized polynucleotides), sense or antisense polynucleotides, chimeric mixtures (e.g., RNA-DNA hybrids), and the like. Exemplary DNA nucleic acids include, but are not limited to, complementary DNA (cDNA), genomic DNA, plasmid DNA, vectors, viral DNA (e.g., viral genomes, viral vectors), oligonucleotides, probes, primers, coding DNA, non-coding DNA, or fragments of any thereof. Exemplary RNA nucleic acids include, but are not limited to, messenger RNA (mRNA), precursor messenger RNA (pre-mRNA), coding RNA, non-coding RNA, and the like. The nucleic acid sequences described herein may be synthesized by standard methods known in the art, for example, by use of an automated DNA synthesizer (such as those commercially available from Biosearch, Applied Biosystems, etc.), or may be obtained from naturally occurring sources (e.g., genomic, cDNA, etc.) or artificial sources (e.g., commercially available libraries, plasmids, etc.) using molecular biology techniques well known in the art (e.g., cloning, PCR, etc.).

[0041] Generally, the term "identity" refers to the amino acid-to-amino acid or nucleotide-to-nucleotide correspondence between two polypeptide or nucleic acid sequences. The percentage of identity between two sequences is a function of the number of identical positions shared by these sequences, taking into account the number of gaps that need to be introduced for optimal alignment and the length of each gap. Various computer programs and mathematical algorithms are available in the art for determining the percentage identity between amino acid sequences, such as the BLAST program available at NCBI or ALIGN in Atlas of Protein Sequence and Structure (Dayhoffed, 1981, Suppl., 3: 482-9). Programs for determining identity between nucleotide sequences are also available in specialized databases (e.g., Genbank, Wisconsin Sequence Analysis Package, BESTFIT, FASTA, and GAP programs).

[0042] The terms "virus," "viral particle," "viral vector," and "virion" are used interchangeably and are broadly understood to mean a vehicle that contains one or more elements of a wild-type viral genome that can be packaged into a viral particle. This term encompasses viral genomes and viral particles.

[0043] As used herein, the term "poxvirus" refers to a virus belonging to the Poxviridae family.

[0044] The term "recombinant" relates to genetic engineering. When used in connection with viruses, particularly poxviruses as described herein, it indicates that the virus has been genetically engineered to contain one or more exogenous nucleic acid molecules (also called recombinant genes or recombinant nucleic acids) inserted into its genome. The exogenous nucleic acid molecules are not found in or expressed by the naturally occurring viral genome. However, the exogenous nucleic acid may be homologous or heterologous to the subject into which the recombinant virus is introduced. Advantageously in the context of the present invention, the exogenous nucleic acid is one or more expression cassettes, each encoding multiple peptides, preferably arranged in a fusion.

[0045] The terms "obtained from," "originating," or "originate" are used to specify the origin of a component (e.g., a (neo)epitope, (neo)peptide, (neo)antigen, nucleic acid molecule, virus, etc.) or sample (e.g., a subject or group of subjects), but are not meant to limit the manner in which the component / sample is obtained (this may be, for example, by chemical synthesis or recombinant means).

[0046] As used herein, the term "isolated" refers to a component (e.g., a polypeptide, nucleic acid molecule, vector, etc.) that is removed from its natural environment (i.e., separated from one or more other components with which it is naturally associated or found in nature). More specifically, it refers to a component that is purified (partially or substantially). For example, a nucleic acid molecule is isolated when it is separated from sequences that are normally associated with it in nature (e.g., dissociated from a chromosome or genome), but may be associated with heterologous sequences (e.g., in a recombinant vector). A synthetic component is essentially isolated.

[0047] The term "subject" generally refers to a vertebrate organism that is in need of or may benefit from any of the products or methods disclosed herein. Generally, the organism is a mammal, particularly a mammal selected from the group consisting of livestock, farm animals, sport animals, and primates (human and non-human). The terms "subject" and "patient" can be used interchangeably when referring to a human organism, and encompass males and females, as well as fetuses, newborns, infants, young adults, adults, and the elderly.

[0048] The term "administer" (or any form of "administration", e.g., "administered"), as used herein, refers to administering a component (e.g., Recombination This refers to the delivery of a virus (poxvirus) to a target.

[0049] Design of recombinant poxviruses In a first aspect, the present invention relates to a method for engineering recombinant poxviruses containing one or more expression cassettes each expressing one or more peptides, preferably a fusion of one or more peptides, the general scheme of which is shown in Figure 1.

[0050] By "designing" a recombinant poxvirus, it is meant in particular to determine a set of identified "candidate" peptides, their distribution in one or more expression cassettes, and their slot assignment in peptide fusions, and to determine DNA transfer sequences, so that a recombinant poxvirus having such DNA transfer sequences is suitable for use as a therapeutic vaccine, in particular for treating infectious or proliferative diseases, such as cancer. Preferably, the method of the present invention comprises at least four steps: (a) selecting a first subset of peptides (i.e., candidate peptides) suitable for expression by a recombinant poxvirus, selected from a peptide list based on different criteria described herein; (b) inter-cassette distribution (e.g., distribution of candidate peptides into one or more expression cassettes); (c) intra-cassette slot assignment (e.g., determining, for each expression cassette, the optimal allocation of candidate peptides distributed in the expression cassette, in other words, ordering the candidate peptides within the expression cassette); and (d) determining DNA transfer sequences comprising the nucleotide sequences of one or more expression cassettes for generating a recombinant poxvirus. In other words, the method of the present invention allows for the selection of candidate peptides from a list of peptides to produce peptide fusions, their redistribution within one or more expression cassettes, and the generation of the nucleotide sequences of the expression cassettes according to poxvirus specifications.

[0051] 2, the present design of a recombinant poxvirus is intended to be executed by data processing means 11 (e.g., a processor) of a server 1. The server 1 may further comprise data storage means 12 (i.e., a memory) for storing in particular a peptide database, and an interface 13 (i.e., a screen, a mouse, a keyboard, connectors with further devices, etc.).

[0052] poxvirus In one embodiment, the recombinant poxvirus produced by the design method of the present invention is derived from a species of the Chordopoxvirinae subfamily, including several genera, that targets vertebrate hosts, such as Orthopoxvirus, Capripoxvirus, Avipoxvirus, Parapoxvirus, Leporipoxvirus, and Suipoxvirus. In a preferred embodiment, the recombinant poxvirus for use herein is produced from a poxvirus belonging to the Orthopoxvirus genus, and even more preferably, the Vaccinia virus (VV) species. Any vaccinia virus strain can be used in the context of the present invention, including, but not limited to, Western Reserve (WR), Copenhagen (Cop), Lister, LIVP, Wyeth, Tashkent, Tian Tan, Brighton, Ankara, MVA (Modified Vaccinia Virus Ankara), LC16M8, and LC16M0 strains, with WR, Copenhagen, Wyeth, and MVA vaccinia viruses being particularly preferred. The sequences of the genomes of various poxviruses are available in the art in specialized data banks, such as Genbank (e.g., accession numbers NC_006998, M35027, and U94848 provide the sequences of the WR, Copenhagen, and MVA genomes). In another embodiment, a recombinant poxvirus for use herein can be generated from a parapoxvirus, particularly preferably one of the pseudopoxvirus (PCPV) species. PCPV has a genome that is typically a linear and double-stranded segment of DNA, typically 130-150 kilobases in length.

[0053] Suitable poxviruses for use herein are described in WO2018 / 234506. In the context of the present invention, both wild-type strains and any derivatives thereof (i.e., poxviruses modified compared to the wild-type strain, for example, by truncation, deletion, substitution, and / or insertion of one or more nucleotides adjacent or absent in the viral genome) can be used. Exemplary modifications are preferably present in viral genes involved in DNA metabolism, host pathogenicity, or the IFN pathway (see, e.g., Guse et al., 2011, Expert Opinion Biol. Ther. 11(5):595-608). A particularly preferred gene to be disrupted is the gene encoding thymidine kinase (TK) (locus J2R; Genbank accession number AAA48082). Alternatively, or in combination, poxviruses for use herein can be modified by altering one or more genes encoding viral ribonucleotide reductase (RR), or both genes. The viral enzyme is composed of two heterologous subunits (termed R1 and R2), encoded by the I4L and F4L loci, respectively. The sequences of the I4L and F4L genes and their locations in the genomes of various poxviruses are available in public databases. The gene nomenclature used herein is that of the Copenhagen vaccinia strain. This is also used herein for homologous genes in other poxviruses, unless otherwise noted, and the correspondence between Copenhagen and other vaccinia strains is available to those skilled in the art. For illustrative purposes, vaccinia viruses (VV) lacking TK or lacking TK and RR have been described in the literature (see, e.g., WO 2009 / 065546).

[0054] Preferably, the recombinant poxvirus designed by the design method of the present invention is a replication-deficient poxvirus, preferably a replication-deficient vaccinia virus, which means that it is barely able to replicate in human cells.

[0055] A particularly suitable poxvirus for use in the context of the present invention is MVA due to its highly attenuated phenotype (Mayr et al., 1975, Infection 3: 6-14; Sutter and Moss, 1992, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89: 10847-51). The nucleic acid sequence of the MVA genome and the amino acid sequences of the encoded viral proteins are available in the art, for example, from Antoine et al. (1998, Virol. 244: 365-96) and Genbank (Accession No. U94848).

[0056] Multiple peptides As used herein, the term "plurality" refers to a large number (e.g., at least five or more). The number of peptides (i.e., multiple peptides) that can be encoded by a recombinant poxvirus is not limited, depending on the type of poxvirus selected (e.g., MVA) and the poxvirus-mediated expression (e.g., expression in short or large fusion constructs and regulatory elements as described below). By way of example, 5 to 150, preferably 7 to 100, more preferably 9 to 40, even more preferably 10 to 35, and even more preferably about 30 (e.g., 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, or 33) peptides are expressed by the recombinant poxvirus.

[0057] The length of the peptides encoded by the recombinant poxvirus and selected by the method of the present invention is typically 12 to about 150 amino acid residues, although the length may, of course, vary depending on the peptide. By way of example, each peptide may have a length of 13 to 101 amino acid residues, desirably 16 to 90 amino acid residues, preferably 17 to 85 amino acid residues, more preferably 18 to 80 amino acid residues, and even more preferably 20 to 40 amino acid residues.

[0058] Neopeptide The methods of the present invention are particularly adapted for the development of personalized cancer vaccines, and candidate peptides containing one or more tumor-specific mutations for each patient are , i.e., candidate neopeptides The set To Thus, neopeptides, as described herein, are non-self (not found in self proteins). Because of this non-self nature, such neopeptides are expected to be recognized by tumor-specific T lymphocytes.

[0059] In a preferred embodiment, the method of the present invention is carried out to select multiple neopeptides. Typically, a "neopeptide" is a peptide corresponding to a fragment of a neoantigen. Thus, it comprises the minimal immunodeterminant (i.e., "neoepitope") responsible for MHC-dependent T cell recognition (or presented by MHC molecules on the surface of a subject's cells) and at least a non-silent tumor-specific mutation. Typically, the tumor-specific mutation is located within the neoepitope and is surrounded (on one or both sides) by flanking sequences that occur naturally in the normal environment (the flanking sequences are sequences of the neoantigen from which the neoepitope is derived).

[0060] The term "neoantigen," as used herein, refers to an antigen that appears during the carcinogenesis process in cancer cells. Thus, neoantigens are found in cancer cells or tissues obtained from a patient, but are not found in normal cell or tissue samples obtained from the patient or a healthy individual. Typically, tumor-specific mutations are preferably present in DNA contained in cancer cells (e.g., tumor samples), but are absent in DNA contained in non-cancerous cells (e.g., non-tumor samples).

[0061] The term "mutation" refers to at least one sequence difference between a test sequence (e.g., a neoantigen) and a reference sequence (an autoantigen). Several types of tumor-specific mutations are encompassed by the present invention, such as missense mutations, deletions, insertions, frameshift mutations, and splice site mutations (see WO2018 / 234506). In the context of the present invention, tumor-specific mutations are preferably non-silent and translate into changes at the amino acid level relative to the corresponding autoantigen. More preferably, they are missense mutations or frameshift mutations. A "missense" mutation occurs by the substitution of one nucleotide for another nucleotide within a specific codon, affecting the encoded amino acid sequence and thus resulting in a single amino acid change. Another method of affecting a protein sequence is the insertion or deletion of one or more nucleotides (e.g., small pieces of DNA), which changes the number of nucleotides in a nucleic acid molecule. Insertion and deletion mutations can result in a change in the reading frame (so-called frameshift mutations), although in-frame insertions and deletions do not necessarily result in a change in the reading frame (e.g., multiple three-nucleotide insertions or deletions result in the addition or suppression of at least one codon). If the mutation occurs early in the nucleotide sequence, almost the entire amino acid sequence can be changed. Frameshift mutations can also result in the generation of a stop codon that is translated into a termination signal, and the resulting protein is then truncated (deletion of that portion downstream of the de novo generated stop codon). Missense mutations can also be located at splice sites of mRNA, resulting in aberrant splicing and therefore an aberrant protein sequence.

[0062] With respect to neopeptide embodiments, at least 70% (e.g., 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or even 100%) of the selected neopeptides have a single missense mutation that is centrally located in the center of the neopeptide (e.g., the mutated amino acid is located either exactly in the center of the neopeptide (if the neopeptide has an odd number of amino acids) or in one of two central positions (if the neopeptide has an even number of amino acids), or two to five amino acids on either side of the exact central position with the same number of adjacent amino acids on either side of the mutated amino acid).

[0063] However, mutations may be located near the N- or C-terminus in at least some neopeptides, particularly with respect to frameshift mutations or when missense mutations occur at or near the N- or C-terminus of the neoantigen.

[0064] Of course, the length of the neopeptide shares the characteristics described above in connection with the peptide embodiments. Preferably, and by way of example and not limitation, the neopeptides containing missense mutations have a length of 20-40 distinct amino acid residues, preferably 25-35. Distinct neopeptides of 25, 27, or 29 residues are particularly preferred (preferably, the missense mutation is located at position 13 (25-mer), 14 (27-mer), or 15 (29-mer) starting from the N-terminus of the neopeptide, flanked by 12 (25-mer), 13 (27-mer), or 14 (29-mer) amino acids on either side of the mutation).

[0065] Peptide fusions As explained, the method of the present invention contemplates the expression by a recombinant poxvirus of multiple peptides (e.g., neopeptides) assigned according to the method of the present invention in the form of one or more fusions. In the context of the present invention, a "fusion of one or more peptides" (also referred to as a "peptide fusion" or "peptide fusion") can contain one or more peptides. A "fusion" refers to a combination of peptides as a single polypeptide chain, regardless of the number of peptides involved. In the case of a single peptide, it is already a single polypeptide chain, so it should be understood that a "fusion" of a single peptide refers to the peptide itself. The number of peptides can vary from fusion to fusion, with fusions containing 1 to 20 peptides, preferably 2 to 15 peptides, preferably 3 to 12 peptides, more preferably 4 to 11 peptides, and even more preferably 5 to 10 peptides (e.g., 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 peptides) being preferred.

[0066] The position of the peptide in the peptide fusion is called a "slot."

[0067] Certain embodiments contemplate the presence of a signal peptide at the N-terminus of a peptide fusion (e.g., composed of one or more peptides) to enhance processing and / or secretion through the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The signal peptide itself is fused to the peptide fusion. Briefly, a signal peptide, typically consisting of 15-35 substantially hydrophobic amino acids, is inserted at the N-terminus of a polypeptide downstream of the codon for initiating translation and is then removed by specific ER-located endopeptidases to yield the mature polypeptide. Suitable signal peptides are known in the art. They may be derived from signal peptides of cellular or viral polypeptides, such as immunoglobulins, tissue plasminogen activator, insulin, rabies glycoprotein, HIV viral envelope glycoprotein, or measles virus F glycoprotein (gp), or may be synthetic. If more than one signal peptide sequence is used in a recombinant poxvirus, signal peptide sequences of different origins (e.g., rabies virus or measles virus Fgp) may be selected, and / or homologous sequences showing a high degree of sequence identity (e.g., greater than 75%) may be degenerated to limit homologous recombination events that may compromise the production process (see WO2008 / 138649).

[0068] In the context of the present invention, a fusion may involve transformation (e.g., chemical reactions) when it involves two or more peptides: the fusion of peptides may be direct (i.e., without additional amino acid residues in between) or may involve a linker to improve the accessibility of the peptides. Typically, the linker may be a short stretch of amino acid residues, such as glycine (Gly or G), serine (Ser or S), threonine (Thr or T), asparagine (Asn or N), alanine (Ala or A), and / or proline (Pro or P). Preferred linkers in the context of the present invention contain 2 to 10 amino acids, preferably 3, 5, or 10 amino acids, primarily glycine and serine (e.g., composed of one or more amino acid motifs, e.g., GSG, GST, GAS, or GTS). It is within the skill of the art to assess whether or not a linker needs to be included between two fusion peptides. In a preferred embodiment, the peptides are arranged in a fusion with linkers between each peptide (e.g., between peptide 1 and peptide 2, between peptide 2 and peptide 3, etc.) and, optionally, a linker at the N-terminus of the first peptide. The linker nucleic acid sequence contained in one recombinant poxvirus can be modified by utilizing codon degeneracy (four codons available to encode G residues, six codons available to encode S residues, four codons available to encode T residues, etc.), thus contributing to a reduction in sequence identity within the recombinant poxvirus and limiting undesired recombination events that may occur during the production process.

[0069] Certain embodiments of the present invention also contemplate the presence of a tag (typically a short peptide sequence that can be recognized by available antisera or chemical compounds) to facilitate detection of the expression of the peptide (or fusion thereof) or infected host cells expressing such a peptide (or fusion). A wide variety of tag peptides can be used in the context of the present invention, including, but not limited to, PK tags, FLAG octapeptides, MYC tags, HIS tags (usually a stretch of 4 to 10 histidine residues), and e-tags (US Pat. No. 6,686,152). The tag peptide can be independently located at the N-terminus of the protein, its C-terminus, or internally, or at any of these locations if several tags are used. Tag peptides can be detected by immunodetection assays using anti-tag antibodies.

[0070] In the context of the present invention, each fusion may be designed differently from the others and may be distinguished from one another by the presence and / or sequence and / or number and / or location of elements, such as peptide signals, linkers, tags, etc. However, according to a preferred embodiment, each fusion comprises a) a signal peptide at its N-terminus, b) linkers at the N-terminus of the first peptide, between each neopeptide and at the C-terminus of the last neopeptide, and c) a tag at its C-terminus.

[0071] Expression of peptide fusions According to the present invention, each peptide fusion is placed under the control of appropriate regulatory elements (particularly promoters and termination sequences), referred to as an "expression cassette." Typically, an "expression cassette" comprises a nucleic acid molecule encoding one or more peptides (e.g., neopeptides) or peptide fusions under the control of appropriate regulatory elements that enable expression in a subject. In other words, each of the one or more expression cassettes encoding the peptide fusions described herein is equipped with appropriate regulatory elements for expression in a host cell or subject. As used herein, the term "regulatory element" or "regulatory sequence" refers to any element that enables, contributes to, or regulates the expression of a nucleic acid (e.g., encoding a peptide fusion described herein) in a given host cell or subject, e.g., the replication, duplication, transcription, splicing, translation, stability, and / or transport of the nucleic acid or its derivatives (i.e., mRNA).

[0072] It will be understood by those skilled in the art that the choice of regulatory elements may depend on factors such as the expression cassette itself, the virus into which it is inserted, the host cell or subject, the desired expression level, etc. The promoter is of particular importance. Poxvirus promoters are particularly adapted for directing expression of a given nucleic acid from poxviruses, e.g., recombinant poxviruses, as described herein. Representative examples include, but are not limited to, the vaccinia 7.5K, H5R, 11K7.5 (Erbs et al., 2008, Cancer Gene Ther. 15(1): 18-28), TK, p28, p11, pB2R, pA35R, and K1L promoters, as well as synthetic promoters such as those described in Chakrabarti et al. (1997, Biotechniques 23: 1094-7; Hammond et al., 1997, J. Virol Methods 66: 135-8; and Kumar and Boyle, 1990, Virology 179: 151-8), and early / late chimeric promoters.

[0073] Those skilled in the art will recognize that in addition to a promoter, regulatory elements may further include additional elements for proper initiation, regulation and / or termination of transcription (e.g., a polyA transcription termination sequence), mRNA transport (e.g., a signal sequence as described herein), stability (e.g., introns and non-coding 5' and 3' sequences), translation (e.g., an initiation Met, a tripartite leader sequence, an IRES ribosome binding site, a signal peptide, etc.), and identification and purification (e.g., a tag peptide as described herein).

[0074] In a preferred embodiment, all peptides selected by the method of the present invention are clustered into 1 to 5 expression cassettes, preferably 1 to 3 cassettes, more preferably 2 or 3 cassettes, and even more preferably 3 cassettes, for 1 to 20 peptides. In a particularly preferred embodiment, the recombinant poxvirus comprises three cassettes, each encoding a fusion of 5 to 10 peptides, preferably a fusion of about 10 peptides. By way of example, if the recombinant poxvirus comprises three expression cassettes, each of them uses a different promoter to control the nucleic acid sequence encoding each peptide fusion, for example, the pH5R promoter for the first cassette, the pC11R promoter for the second cassette, and the pC11R promoter for the third cassette. 3 The p7.5K promoter is used for the cassette.

[0075] Step (a) of the design method: Identification and selection of candidate peptides suitable for expression by recombinant poxviruses The design method according to the present invention, as depicted in FIG. 3, first requires identifying and ranking peptides (step (a0)) and selecting candidate peptides to be expressed by recombinant poxviruses (step (a)).

[0076] As explained, this method for designing a recombinant poxvirus presupposes the availability of a set of peptides of interest. Step (a0) allows for the selection of the set of peptides of interest through peptide identification and ranking. The set of peptides of interest can also be designed by "peptides from an input file." In a preferred embodiment, peptides of interest are identified and / or ranked according to one or more criteria, e.g., the predicted immunogenicity of the peptides. For clarity, "immunogenicity" refers to the ability of a peptide to elicit an immune response when delivered to a subject (e.g., via a recombinant poxvirus encoding such peptide or peptide fusion). In the context of the present invention, the immune response can be a humoral response or a T-cell response (or both), e.g., a CD4+ (e.g., Th1, Th2, and / or Th17) and / or a CD8+ T-cell response (e.g., a CTL response). Numerous predictive algorithms exist in the art for in silico prediction of the immunogenicity of peptides or peptide fusions, particularly for predicting their ability to elicit a T-cell response. (For example, Nielsen et al., 2010, Immunology 130(3): 319-28). Algorithms that rely on predicting the binding affinity of peptides to MHC molecules are suitable in the context of the present invention. By way of example, SVMHC, NetMHCII, Tepitope / propped, syfpeithi, Epitolkit, etc. may be cited. It should be noted that the number of candidate peptides may be higher than the final number of peptides actually expressed by the cassette (for example, there may be several hundred candidate peptides to propose 10-35 final peptides).

[0077] Step (a) involves the separate evaluation of the identified and ranked peptides, allowing the selection of candidate peptides, by "candidate" we mean those suitable for generating recombinant poxviruses.

[0078] In one embodiment, the selection of candidate peptides is performed via a filtering means based on one or more criteria. In this step, the processing means (11) (FIG. 2) generates one or more subsets of the set of peptides of interest. These peptides can be excluded and placed in an OUT list, or they can be considered suitable for the production of recombinant poxviruses. If a peptide is considered suitable for the production of recombinant poxviruses, the identified candidate peptides are placed in a first subset (TOP list) or a second subset (EXTRA list), where the TOP list contains the maximum number of candidate peptides with the best prediction for producing recombinant poxviruses, and the EXTRA list contains the remaining candidate peptides.

[0079] In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, a set of peptides of interest or a set of peptides from an input file are independently or additionally excluded based on criteria corresponding to their propensity to have transmembrane (TM) segments. As used herein, a "TM segment" or "TM domain" can be defined as a short, hydrophobic alpha helix of approximately 20 amino acid residues. The transmembrane score ("TM score" or "TMS") is a score calculated using a cumulative sum method to convert local topology predictions into an evaluable value for the entire amino acid sequence. It indicates the probability that a peptide will give rise to or form one or more TM segments within its sequence (i.e., within the TM). It favorably varies from 0 (no predicted TM domains) to n*(n+1) / 2, where n is the number of local fragments evaluated by the prediction tool, and n*(n+1) / 2 is the maximum score from the cumulative sum of n elements. The higher the TMS, the more likely the peptide sequence will give rise to or form a TM domain. The TM score can be determined using several predictive tools well known to those skilled in the art, such as TMHMM (Hidden Markov Model for Transmembrane Domains; Krogh et al., 2001, J. Mol. Biol. 305: 567-80), DAS (Dense Alignment Surface), etc. The DAS-TM filtering algorithm provides a highly accurate hydrophobicity profile for queries that can locate potential TM segments, or a method based on the relationship between hydrophobicity and hydrophobic moment in the propensity to form transmembrane domains (Eisenberg et al., 1982, Nature, Sep 23;299(5881):371-4), where the correlation between hydrophobicity and hydrophobic moment defines protein sections as globular, transmembrane, or surface.

[0080] Typically, the TM score is calculated based on the amino acid composition of each distinct peptide. Preferably, the TM score calculation is based on the relationship between hydrophobicity and hydrophobic moment in the tendency to form transmembrane segments, as defined by Eisenberg. The TMS calculation is preferably performed using a window of 11 amino acids to calculate theoretical fragment types using the membpos function, based on Eisenberg's standardized scale (Eisenberg et al., 1984, Annual Review of Biochemistry 53.1: 595-623). Preferably, the membpos function is based on two or more criteria selected from the group including amino acid sequence and protein rotation angle. In an embodiment of the present invention, a discrete value "1" is attributed to transmembrane segments, and a discrete value "0" is attributed to spherical or surface segments. The TM score is then calculated by calculating the cumulative sum of local discrete values, including a "continuity threshold" used to consider the spatial location of the TM patch within the linear sequence. Increasing the continuity threshold may result in a discrete value of "0" in the cumulative calculation. Incremental calculations are performed in both directions to avoid bias. Therefore, the TM score is the sum of the TM patches. The highest score is used and corresponds to the TM score.

[0081] For example, the TMS for peptide TVHHRIVGCSLAVICGVLYGSTFQVPIIYI was calculated with continuity thresholds of 0 and 1 (Table 1). When the continuity threshold was 0, the calculated TM patch was 36_3_1 in both directions, resulting in a TM score of 40. When the continuity threshold was 1, the calculated TM patch was 36_8 (TM score = 44) in one direction and 36_7 (TM score = 43) in the other direction. The two TM scores differ, and the highest TM score is used: for continuity threshold 1, TM score 44. In this example, by extending the continuity threshold beyond 3, local patches are not considered, and the TMS would be higher.

[0082] [Table 1]

[0083] In a preferred embodiment, the method for designing a recombinant poxvirus comprises selecting a first subset of candidate peptides (TOP list), where the candidate peptides exhibit a membrane-spanning score below a TMS threshold, excluding peptides (OUT list) if they exhibit a membrane-spanning score above the TMS threshold, and selecting a second subset of the set of identified candidate peptides (EXTRA list) as candidate peptides not identified or selected in the first subset.

[0084] In a more preferred embodiment, the candidate peptides of the first and second subsets exhibit a transmembrane score below a threshold of 40, more preferably below a threshold of 30, and even more preferably below a threshold of 25 (e.g., preferred TM score thresholds: 24, 23, 22, 21, 20, 19, 18, 17, 16, 15, 14, 13, 12, 11, 10, etc.).

[0085] For illustrative purposes, peptides of interest having a TM score below a threshold of 25, as determined according to the method described by Eisenberg et al., are retained and placed into a set of candidate peptides comprising a first and second subset.

[0086] In yet another preferred embodiment of the present invention, peptides from a set of peptides of interest, or from an input file, are independently or additionally excluded based on criteria corresponding to peptide sequence homology in order to limit recombination events between peptides, where homology refers to the identity of amino acid sequences between peptides or proteins.

[0087] Peptides having sequences comprising a contiguous region of more than X identical amino acids are considered homologous, where X is 12, more preferably 11, even more preferably 10, even more preferably 9, even more preferably 8, even more preferably 7, even more preferably 6, and even more preferably 5. Among peptides having such a homologous contiguous region, only one peptide is retained, and this peptide is selected with the highest ranking score (e.g., predicted immunogenicity). Peptides not retained are eliminated and placed in an OUT list. For example, in a peptide list containing three peptides having a homologous contiguous sequence of 5 or more amino acids, the peptide with the highest immunogenicity ranking score is retained, and the other two are eliminated.

[0088] Overlap is a specific case of homology. This can occur when a mutation present in a particular peptide (e.g., a tumor-specific mutation of a particular neopeptide) is part of several epitopes or when several HLA type scores are given. Preferably, only one of such overlapping peptides is retained, and this peptide is selected with the highest immunogenicity ranking score, while other overlapping peptides are excluded.

[0089] In a preferred embodiment, the method for designing a recombinant poxvirus comprises selecting a first subset of candidate peptides, wherein the candidate peptides represent a contiguous region below a homology threshold. Preferably, peptides of interest that represent a contiguous region below a homology threshold of 5 are retained and placed into a set of candidate peptides comprising a first and a second subset.

[0090] In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the selection step (a) comprises selecting a first subset of candidate peptides, wherein the peptides exhibit a transmembrane score below a TMS threshold (e.g., below 25). In a more preferred embodiment, the peptides of step (a) exhibit a contiguous region below a homology threshold (e.g., below 5). Preferably, the filtering steps are performed sequentially in the following order: 1) TMS threshold; 2) homology threshold (Figure 3).

[0091] Thus, the output will be at most three lists (each list preferably being ranked according to immunogenicity). 1. OUT list: contains the peptides that have been excluded. 2. TOP list: contains the maximum number of candidate peptides for generating recombinant poxvirus, with the peptides having the highest immunogenicity prediction rank score (first subset). 3. EXTRA list: contains the remaining eligible candidates (second subset).

[0092] Practically, step (a) typically first excludes candidates that show a TM score exceeding the TMS threshold (e.g., candidates having a TM score equal to or greater than the threshold of 25) and / or candidates having a homologous region (e.g., candidates having more than 5 consecutive amino acids in common with a qualified peptide), and then selects the maximum Nmax best candidate peptides as the first subset from the remaining N candidate peptides (Nmax is the maximum number of peptides to be expressed by the recombinant poxvirus, e.g., about 30), and retains the N - Nmax others as the second subset (Figures 1 and 3).

[0093] However: · The second subset may be empty (if N < Nmax, the first subset contains only N peptides); · If the number of peptides selected in the first subset is less than Nmin peptides (Nmin is the minimum number of peptides for generating recombinant poxvirus, e.g., about 5) because the transmembrane score and / or peptide sequence homology of the candidate peptides is too high, it is considered impossible to generate a recombinant poxvirus and the method fails.

[0094] Step (b) of the design method: Distribution between cassettes In a preferred embodiment, the method of the present invention further comprises the step (b) of determining an optimal distribution of candidate peptides from the first subset into one or more expression cassettes from among a plurality of possible distributions.

[0095] In step (b), the quality and quantity of peptides in each expression cassette can be balanced to avoid bias due to an excess of peptides that may be a "risk" for poxvirus generation and production (Figure 4).

[0096] In one embodiment of step (b), the selected peptides of the first subset (TOP list) generated in step (a) are classified into different classes based on the peptide TM score and peptide hydropathy score (HS). In particular, the peptides of the subset of the TOP list are preferably classified into three classes: "low" (L), "medium" (M) and "high" (H). These classes refer to the risk (for each peptide alone) of not generating or producing a recombinant poxvirus.

[0097] It should be understood that the words "low," "medium," and "high" are relative and simply represent the classes by which peptides in a subset of the TOP list can be compared. In other words, L peptides (peptides of the L class) have the highest probability of producing or generating recombinant poxviruses, H peptides (peptides of the H class) have the lowest probability of producing or generating recombinant poxviruses, and M peptides (peptides of the M class) have a lower probability of producing or generating recombinant poxviruses than L peptides but a higher probability of producing or generating recombinant poxviruses than H peptides.

[0098] More preferably, the peptides in the TOP list are ranked according to their TM scores (preferably less than 25). In cases where the TM scores are equal, the peptides are ranked according to their hydropathy scores. The hydropathy score of a given peptide or peptide fusion is calculated by dividing the hydrophobicity score determined for the peptide or fusion by the number of residues present in the peptide or fusion. In a general method, the hydrophobicity score of a given peptide is determined by the sum of the hydrophobicity / hydrophilicity values ​​of each amino acid residue of the peptide, as described, for example, in WO 2018 / 234506. The hydrophobicity score of a peptide fusion corresponds to the sum of the hydrophobicity scores determined for each peptide contained in the fusion. Technically, the amino acid sequence of one or more peptides or their fusion peptides encoded by a recombinant poxvirus is essentially hydrophilic. The hydrophilic or hydrophobic nature of a given sequence can be easily determined by several methods and algorithms available in the art. Calculating the hydrophobicity score and / or hydropathy score of a particular sequence is within the reach of those skilled in the art. For example, these scores can be determined using the Kyte-Doolittle method (Kyte and Doolittle, 1982, J. Mol. Biol. 157: 105-32) or other suitable methods (e.g., Rose et al., 1993, Ann. Rev. Biomol. Struc. 22: 381-415; Kallol et al., 2003, J. Chromat. 1000: 637-55; Sweet et al., 1983, J. Mol. Biol. 171: 479-88, among many others) or other suitable algorithms (e.g., ExPAsy Prot Scale Protein; protein hydrophobicity plots developed by Colorado State or the World of Bioinformatics, etc.).

[0099] As explained above, the levels for determining the classes are relative, there is no specific threshold involved, and advantageously the number of peptides in each class (L, M or H) is only a function of the number of peptides N.

[0100] In a preferred embodiment, the number of candidate peptides for each class is allocated to each class according to a first allocation table, including, but not limited to, the table shown in FIG. 5. More specifically, in this figure, the "Number of Peptides" column indicates the number of peptides contained in each recombinant poxvirus (here, the number of peptides ranges from 1 to 30). The "Total per Class" column indicates the number of peptides of each class represented by the entire recombinant poxvirus as a function of the number of selected peptides. FIG. 6 shows an example of ranking peptides and determining their classes. Here, the number of peptides is 30. FIG. 5 shows that there are 6 H, 6 M, and 18 L peptides among the 30 peptides. The 30 peptides are ranked according to their TM scores, and if the TM scores are equal, they are ranked according to their hydropathy scores. Here, the TM scores of three peptides are greater than 0, so they are classified into the H class. The other 27 peptides have TM scores of 0, so their hydropathy scores are taken into account in the ranking. For the 27 peptides, three peptides with HS between 0.32 and 0.64 are placed in the H class, six peptides with HS between −0.21 and 0.07 are placed in the M class, and 18 peptides with HS between −1.31 and −0.25 are placed in the L class.

[0101] In a preferred embodiment, step (b) further comprises determining the optimal distribution of candidate peptides from the first subset of classified peptides to different expression cassettes among multiple possible distributions ("inter-cassette distribution"). By "distribution" we mean simply specifying, for each selected peptide, the cassette that encodes this peptide, independent of its order within the cassette ("slot assignment within the cassette"). The distribution preset is based on the total number (N) of candidate peptides in the first subset of TOPs and the number of peptides to be accepted into each cassette from each class.

[0102] By "optimal" distribution is meant distribution that results in the lowest overall risk of not generating or producing a recombinant poxvirus, and the criteria for arriving at such optimal distribution are described below.

[0103] As shown in Figure 4, the number of cassettes is determined as a function of the number of selected peptides in the first subset: typically, three cassettes (at least five per cassette) if the first subset contains at least 15 peptides; two cassettes (five to seven per cassette) if the first subset contains 10 to 14 peptides; and one cassette if the first subset contains fewer than 10 peptides (although, as explained, the minimum number of selected peptides is typically five peptides). In the case of one cassette, the distribution is trivial; in the case of two cassettes, there are only two options for each peptide, so the number of combinations is small and can all be tried. In the case of three cassettes, the number of combinations can be very large, so the process preferably operates through a given maximum number of batches, i.e., iterations ("iters") of only possible combinations. The maximum number defines the maximum number of candidate peptide distributions (e.g., randomly selected from among all possible candidate peptide distributions) that can be handled at one time (i.e., within an acceptable processing time, e.g., 30 seconds). In other words, during the iteration of the maximum number of possible distributions among the multiple possible distributions, an attempt is made to determine the optimal distribution of candidate peptides from the first subset to expression cassettes.

[0104] This maximum number is a function of the resources (i.e., computing performance) of the processing means 11 of the server 1. In fact, the more powerful the processing means 11, the faster the combinations can be processed. In the case of a typical desktop computer (a 2-core, 4-thread CPU with up to 4 GB of RAM), the given number is typically 15,000 batches (processing time: 28.9 seconds). In the case of a professional server (an 8-core, 16-thread CPU with 24 GB of RAM), which is the preferred equipment here, the maximum number is typically 30,000 batches (processing time: 20.7 seconds). In the case of a supercomputer (a 56-thread CPU with 136 GB of RAM), the maximum number can be up to 60,000 batches (processing time: 42.4 seconds). In the following description, we take a preferred example of a maximum number of 30,000 batches.

[0105] If none of these batches is satisfactory (see below), at least a second iteration (i.e., a given maximum number (e.g., 30,000) of additional batches) is attempted. It should be noted that iterative processing generally occurs in the case of three cassettes, but in practice, if the number of possible combinations is less than a given number n, the process can process all possible batches in a single iteration. In other words, step (b) preferably involves comparing the number of possible distributions (size of the plurality of possible distributions) with the maximum number, and, if the number of possible distributions exceeds the maximum number, it involves iteratively attempting to determine an optimal distribution of candidate peptides from the first subset to expression cassettes among the plurality of possible distributions, among a selection (particularly random selection) of the maximum number of possible distributions.

[0106] Preferably, the number of candidate peptides distributed to each cassette follows a distribution table (see, for example, FIG. 5). This table is also advantageously stored by the storage means 12 of the server 1. As shown, according to the table of FIG. 5, if the number of selected peptides is divisible by 3, each cassette receives the same number of peptides; otherwise, there is a difference in the number of peptides of at most 1 between two cassettes. For example, if the number of peptides is 26, then 26≧15, and as a result, three cassettes are used, with 9 peptides in the first and second cassettes and 8 peptides in the third cassette.

[0107] Furthermore, the table in Figure 5 determines the number of peptides (n) of each class (L, M, or H) contained in each cassette (A, B, and C) as a function of the number of peptides distributed in the cassette. For example, if the number of peptides is 13, the first cassette expresses 7 peptides, including 3 L peptides, 2 M peptides, and 2 H peptides, and the second cassette expresses 6 peptides, including 2 L peptides, 2 M peptides, and 2 H peptides. Overall, as shown in the right column, the poxvirus expresses 5 L peptides, 4 M peptides, and 4 H peptides.

[0108] In a more preferred embodiment, step (b) further comprises calculating the hydropathy score of the contents of each expression cassette for each batch (also referred to as the "expression cassette hydropathy score" or simply the "fusion hydropathy score") and comparing it to the fusion hydropathy threshold (HSK7Thresh). Preferably, the hydropathy threshold is equal to or less than 0.2, preferably less than 0.19, more preferably less than 0.18, even more preferably less than 0.17, even more preferably less than 0.16, and even more preferably less than 0.15. It should be noted that by the contents of each expression cassette, it refers to the candidate peptides distributed among the cassettes within the batch. It should be understood that the hydropathy score of a cassette is determined solely by the candidate peptides contained in this cassette, regardless of their order (which is not yet determined at this stage).

[0109] If one or more expression cassettes exhibit a hydropathy score above the threshold, the corresponding batch is not satisfactory and is excluded.

[0110] If all batches are excluded: · If iterations are occurring (i.e. the number of possible distributions exceeds a given maximum number), at least one additional iteration can be attempted as described, in other words a new selection of the maximum number of possible distributions among multiple possible distributions; Otherwise, or if enough iterations have already been attempted (e.g., 3 iterations), the distinct peptide with the highest hydropathy score is removed (placed in the OUT list) and preferably replaced, if present, by the first peptide (if present) of a second subset (the EXTRA list). If the EXTRA list is empty, batch generation is performed again from the TOP list with N-1 peptides. Step (b) is then repeated (possibly through another iteration).

[0111] If at least one batch is sufficient, the distribution with the lowest range of hydropathy scores between different expression cassettes is selected. The "range" (R) is the largest gap between the hydropathy scores of two or more expression cassettes of a batch, i.e., (HSK7) max -(HSK7) min This means that if the range is clearly low (e.g., below the range threshold (RThresh), typically set to 0.005, as shown in Figure 4), several different batches with such "low range" can be considered. That is, there are two or more optimal distributions of candidate peptides per cassette. In a preferred embodiment, the method of the present invention comprises determining the optimal distribution of candidate peptides from a first subset to expression cassettes among multiple possible distributions, which shows the lowest range among the hydropathy scores of the two or more expression cassettes.

[0112] Step (c) of the design method: Slot allocation within the cassette In step (c) detailed in Figure 7, the processing means 11 determines, for each expression cassette, an optimal slot assignment of candidate peptides as a function of the slot occupation rules of the cassette, where the candidate peptides have been distributed in the expression cassette as described in step (b). The "slot assignment" of candidate peptides in a cassette means the order of the peptides in the expression cassette. In other words, for each "slot" of a cassette, one peptide is selected from the peptides distributed in this cassette.

[0113] An "optimal" slot allocation means an allocation with the lowest overall risk of not producing or producing a recombinant poxvirus, and such an optimal Slot Allocation The criteria for achieving this are explained below.

[0114] The risk of generating a transmembrane domain is assessed for each cassette by generating all possible peptide combinations according to the slot occupancy rules. It has been observed that a TM segment can be generated by the joining of two specific peptides (inter-peptide TM). In this case, changing the order of the peptides in the fusion is an option to eliminate the presence of a TM. For example, if a TM segment is the result of the fusion of peptide 1 with the N-terminus of peptide 2, reversing the peptide order (fusion of peptide 2 with the N-terminus of peptide 1) can eliminate the risk of having a TM segment. Therefore, this step runs all possible combinations of distinct peptides to form a fusion protein.

[0115] In a preferred embodiment, step (c) determines optimal slot assignments of candidate peptides for each expression cassette based on cassette slot occupancy rules that determine possible slot positions of peptides within the cassette according to the peptide's membrane penetration score, or, if the membrane penetration scores are equal, according to its hydropathic score. More preferably, the candidate peptides distributed in the expression cassettes are classified according to three or more classes of risk of not producing or producing a recombinant poxvirus, wherein the cassette slot occupancy rules determine, for each slot position of the cassette, the class to which the candidate peptide should be assigned to this slot position.

[0116] "Slot occupancy rule" means a rule that determines the slot position of a peptide within a cassette according to the peptide class "low" (L), "medium" (M) or "high" (H) based on the transmembrane score and hydropathy score determined in step (b).

[0117] The "cassette slot occupancy rule" is a clever way to reduce the number of possible combinations. Indeed, for a cassette of 10 peptides, there are 10!, or over 3.6 million possible cassette slot assignments.

[0118] The idea is to select slots according to these low, medium or high classes, thereby limiting the number of possible combinations while minimizing the total TM score. In effect, the number of possible slots for each peptide is reduced, and the number of possible combinations is greatly reduced.

[0119] Figures 8A and 8B show two possible slot occupancy rules. For example, Figure 8A shows that the H peptide is preferably placed at the end of the fusion (where there is no risk of generating an intra-cassette TM) and in the third slot (away from other H peptides).

[0120] To follow the N=13 example developed in step (b), Figure 8B shows that in the first cassette (7 peptides), three low-class peptides are placed in slots II, IV, and VI, two medium-class peptides are placed in slots I and V, and two high-class peptides are placed in slots III and VII; in the second cassette (6 peptides), two low-class peptides are placed in slots II and IV, two medium-class peptides are placed in slots I and V, and two high-class peptides are placed in slots III and VI. Note that there are only 3! × 2! × 2! = 24 possible combinations in the first cassette (instead of 7! = 5040), and only 2! × 2! × 2! = 8 possible combinations in the second cassette (instead of 6! = 720). Even in the worst case scenario where there are 10 peptides in the cassette (first row), there are only 6! × 2! × 2! = 2880 possible combinations instead of 3.6 million.

[0121] In a preferred embodiment, each combination generated in step (c) is evaluated for its risk of generating a TM domain that impairs recombinant virus generation and production. More specifically, this step involves calculating the TM patch for each peptide fusion, comparing the TM patch to a threshold, and eliminating fusions that exhibit one or more TM patches with a score above the threshold. Even more specifically, this step involves calculating the TM patch for each peptide fusion, comparing the TM patch to a TMS threshold for peptide fusions (TMSK7), and eliminating peptide fusions that exhibit one or more patches with a score above TMSK7. Preferably, the TM patch is equal to or less than the TMS threshold for fusions of 60, more preferably equal to or less than the TMS threshold for fusions of 50, and even more preferably equal to or less than the TMS threshold for fusions of 40 (e.g., preferred TM patches: 40, 39, 38, 37, 36, 35, 34, 33, 32, 31, 30, etc.).

[0122] If all peptide fusions have been removed, the slot allocation within the cassettes must be performed with the next batch of peptides that have passed the inter-cassette distribution step. If no other batches are available, the peptide with the highest distinct membrane-spanning score is advantageously removed from the TOP list and replaced with the first peptide from the EXTRA list, similar to the one proposed in step (b). The new TOP list is then reprocessed using the previous step (b). If the EXTRA list is empty, the TOP list is used with the remaining elements (N-1).

[0123] If all peptide fusions meet the TMSK7 threshold, an overall TMS is calculated, and the best combinations of each peptide fusion are then ranked based on the overall TMS. In a preferred embodiment, step (c) comprises selecting the peptide fusion with the lowest TM score.

[0124] Step (d) of the design process: Back-translation In one embodiment, the method of the present invention further comprises a so-called "back-translation" step (d) of determining a DNA (nucleic acid molecule) transfer sequence comprising one or more expression cassettes to be inserted into the recombinant poxvirus (Figure 9). Preferably, the DNA transfer sequence may also contain elements (e.g., restriction sites and / or recombination arms) to facilitate the generation of the recombinant poxvirus.

[0125] This function reverse-translates (from amino acid to nucleotide sequence) each expression cassette encoding a codon-optimized fusion protein and inserts them into the DNA backbone required to generate a predetermined plasmid (i.e., transfer plasmid) used to generate the recombinant poxvirus. This final DNA sequence is called the "transfer sequence."

[0126] Advantageously, the output (particularly on interface (13)) is a unique transfer sequence, for example in FASTA format, written to a file and sent to an external provider of plasmid synthesis. Such a step (d) of generating a transfer sequence is well known to those skilled in the art and will not be described in detail.

[0127] The reverse translation step (d) can be customized and optimized to provide optimal DNA sequences for various features useful for the expression of one or more peptide fusions, taking into account intermediate cloning steps, insertion sites within the recombinant poxvirus genome and the generation of the recombinant poxvirus (design defined by the plasmidFeatures.yml configuration file).

[0128] In one embodiment, each peptide fusion is reverse-translated into DNA according to the "most frequent" codon usage and joined to a draft DNA transfer sequence at its predicted insertion site. A JSON-formatted file is then written after reverse translation, containing the unoptimized transfer sequence and the coordinates of the regions that need to be optimized. This information forms the "custMots" section of the plasmiFeatures.yml configuration file. A codon optimization step is then performed for each expression cassette (e.g., using the GeneOptimizer™ tool (ThermoFisher)). The optimized sequences are then imported into the working directory and rejoined to the transfer sequence backbone. This step is performed using the TSAssembler.sh script, which executes the TransferSeqAssembler function for a given PMY ID.

[0129] In addition to optimized codon features, this file also contains information about the sequence optimization process in the "custMots" (costom Motives) section. Optimization can also be performed by suppressing rare clusters of non-optimal codons present in concentrated areas and / or "negative" sequence elements that are expected to adversely affect expression levels. Such negative sequence elements include, but are not limited to, regions with very high (>80%) or very low (<30%) GC content; AT-rich or GC-rich stretches; unstable direct or inverted repeats; internal cryptic regulatory elements (e.g., internal TATA boxes, chi sites, ribosome entry sites, and / or splicing donor / acceptor sites); and / or 5TNT sequences (TTTTT{N}T).

[0130] In another embodiment, the file also incorporates appropriate regulatory elements for optimal expression of the peptide fusion, particularly a promoter and polyA to create a functional expression cassette as described herein.

[0131] In another embodiment, the file may also incorporate additional elements into the DNA transfer sequence that are useful for the subsequent cloning of such DNA transfer and for the generation of the recombinant poxviruses described herein. Desirably, such additional elements contain appropriate restriction sites to enable subsequent cloning steps. Desirably, such restriction sites are located 5' and 3' of each expression cassette and / or DNA transfer sequence. Preferably, such restriction sites are not present within the peptide fusion encoding nucleic acid sequence.

[0132] In a further embodiment, the file can also incorporate recombination arms into the DNA transfer sequence that are adapted to the selected insertion site in the poxvirus genome. Preferably, two recombination arms corresponding to stretches of poxvirus sequence that are homologous (e.g., 90-100% identical) to those present in the parent genome on either side of the insertion site are incorporated 5' and 3' of the DNA transfer sequence of one or more expression cassettes. The length of the recombination arms can vary. Desirably, each of the recombination arms contains at least 150 bp, preferably at least 200 bp, more preferably at least 300 bp, even more preferably 300-600 bp, and even more preferably 350-500 bp (e.g., about 350 bp or 500 bp) or 300-400 bp of homologous poxvirus sequence.

[0133] In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a method for designing a recombinant poxvirus comprising one or more expression cassettes each expressing a fusion of one or more peptides, the method comprising the steps of: (a) selecting a first subset of candidate peptides, wherein the peptides exhibit a transmembrane score below a TMS threshold; (b) determining an optimal distribution of candidate peptides from the first subset into one or more expression cassettes among the plurality of possible distributions, wherein, if more than one expression cassette is present, the optimal distribution exhibits the lowest range of hydropathy scores among the two or more expression cassettes; (c) determining, for each expression cassette, the optimal slot assignment of candidate peptides as a function of the cassette's slot occupancy rules, in order to select the peptide fusion with the lowest TM score; (d) determining a DNA transfer sequence containing the nucleotide sequence of one or more expression cassettes to generate a recombinant poxvirus; This includes being performed by

[0134] Generation of recombinant poxviruses In a second aspect, the present invention also describes a method for preparing a recombinant poxvirus as described herein, which method comprises carrying out the method according to the first aspect to design a recombinant virus, and then producing the recombinant poxvirus (as designed).

[0135] Typically, such steps of producing a recombinant poxvirus include the creation of a DNA transfer plasmid containing the DNA transfer sequence obtained in step (d) of the first method, the creation of a recombinant poxvirus that expresses the peptide, and, optionally, the production of the recombinant poxvirus.

[0136] General conditions for constructing recombinant poxviruses are well known in the art (see, e.g., WO2018 / 234506, WO2007 / 147528; WO2010 / 130753; WO03 / 008533; US6,998,252; US5,972,597 and US6,440,422). Typically, a transfer DNA sequence is cloned into a transfer plasmid, and the recombinant poxvirus is generated by homologous recombination between the transfer plasmid containing the peptide expression cassette flanked on the 5' and 3' sides by recombination arms adapted to the insertion site in the viral genome. In one embodiment, this method comprises the steps of generating a transfer plasmid (e.g., by conventional molecular biology methods) and introducing the transfer plasmid, particularly together with the poxvirus genome (i.e., the parent virus), into a suitable host cell. The homologous recombination allowing the generation of the modified poxvirus is preferably carried out in suitable host cells (e.g., HeLa or CEF cells). Preferably, the transfer plasmid is linearized before being transfected into the host cell, and the parent virus is preferably introduced by infection.

[0137] The parental poxvirus can be a wild-type poxvirus or a modified (e.g., attenuated) poxvirus, as described above in connection with the term "poxvirus." Insertion then occurs by homologous recombination between stretches of homologous sequences present in both the parental genome and the linearized transfer plasmid, which requires transfection of permissive cells with the linearized transfer plasmid and infection with the parental poxvirus.

[0138] The DNA transfer sequence generated in step (d) can be independently inserted at any position in the poxvirus genome. Various insertion sites are contemplated, for example, in non-essential viral genes, intergenic regions, or non-coding parts of the poxvirus genome. In the case of oncolytic vaccinia viruses, the J2R locus (encoding TK) is particularly relevant in the context of the present invention, and recombination arms are designed so that upon insertion of the DNA transfer sequence into the poxvirus genome, the J2R locus is at least partially deleted, resulting in a TK-deficient recombinant poxvirus. In addition to or independently of the TK insertion, insertion into the I4L locus (encoding RR) can also be contemplated, using appropriate recombination arms, resulting in an RR-deficient recombinant poxvirus. In the case of MVA, deletions III and / or II are particularly suitable for the insertion of one or more expression cassettes. In the context of the present invention, it is possible to consider inserting one or more expression cassettes into the same insertion site or into different sites in the poxvirus genome (e.g., TK and RR in the case of WR or Copenhagen vaccinia virus, deletions II and III in the case of MVA).

[0139] In certain embodiments, identification of recombinant poxviruses can be facilitated by the use of selection and / or detection genes. In a preferred embodiment, the transfer plasmid further comprises a selection marker that allows growth in selective medium (e.g., in the presence of mycophenolic acid, xanthine, and hypoxanthine), particularly preferably the GPT gene (encoding guanine phosphoribosyltransferase).

[0140] In certain embodiments, the step of generating a recombinant poxvirus involves the use of a parent poxvirus containing a reporter gene, particularly a fluorescent reporter gene, cloned into the peptide expression cassette at the selected insertion site, the reporter gene encoding a detectable gene product. Preferably, the reporter gene is under the transcriptional control of a promoter that allows its expression in permissive cells, such as a vaccinia promoter. This embodiment facilitates the selection of recombinant poxviruses relative to the parent poxvirus. Representative examples of fluorescent reporters that can be used in the context of the present invention include, but are not limited to, GFP (green fluorescent protein), eGFP (enhanced green fluorescent protein), AmCyan1 fluorescent protein, and mCherry. For example, in the case of mCherry (a monomeric fluorescent protein derived from Discosoma mushroom with peak absorption / emission at 587 nm and 610 nm), recombinant viruses in which a nucleic acid molecule or expression cassette encoding a peptide is inserted in place of the mCherry-encoding sequence produce white plaques, whereas parent viruses harboring the mCherry expression cassette produce red plaques. Selection of recombinant poxviruses can be by direct visualization (recombinant poxviruses appear as white plaques, whereas parental viruses appear as red plaques) or can be facilitated by sorting procedures, e.g., FACS, after labeling with APC (allophycocyanin)-labeled anti-vaccinia virus antibodies. Numerous anti-vaccinia antibodies are available from commercial sources.

[0141] The step of generating a recombinant poxvirus may include an additional step of cleavage with an endonuclease capable of generating one or more double-strand breaks in the nucleotide sequence of the reporter (e.g., mCherry), where the endonuclease does not cleave the poxvirus genome. The endonuclease may be in the form of a protein or may be expressed by an expression vector. Suitable endonucleases are preferably selected from the group consisting of zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs), transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs), clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) / Cas9 nucleases, and restriction enzymes with unique cleavage within the fluorescent reporter gene. The use of the CRISPR / CAS9 system for virus editing has been described in the art (Yuan et al., 2015, J. Virol 89, 5176-9; Yuan et al., 2016, Viruses 8, 72, doi:10.3390) and requires the use of a plasmid encoding Cas9 without a nuclear localization signal and a suitable guide RNA. In light of this, in addition to infection with the parent virus, permissive cells may be transfected with a transfer plasmid, a plasmid expressing Cas9, and one or more plasmids encoding a guide RNA (e.g., an mCherry-targeting guide RNA).

[0142] The selection of recombinant poxviruses is then carried out visually (direct isolation of white plaques, which theoretically correspond to the recombinant poxvirus, while colored plaques correspond to the parental poxvirus, the color depending on the reporter gene) or using conventional sorting means (FACS, optionally after a labeling step with a suitable antibody as described above).

[0143] Conventional techniques that do not involve the present design method typically yield a low rate of white plaques (approximately 1%), with approximately one recombinant poxvirus per 50-100 parent viruses (approximately 1%-2%). In contrast, the present method allows for improved production of recombinant poxviruses, as reflected by increased presence of white plaques and increased numbers of recombinant poxviruses. Desirably, the present method for producing recombinant poxviruses allows for a white plaque yield of at least 2%, preferably at least 3%, and more preferably at least 4%, and a recombinant poxvirus yield of at least 50%, preferably at least 60%, more preferably at least 70%, and even more preferably at least 80%.

[0144] The recombinant poxviruses can then be identified by an analysis step (preferably by PCR) of the white plaques thus produced in order to confirm the insertion of the expression cassette into the poxvirus genome.

[0145] Production of recombinant poxviruses Once produced by the method of the present invention, the recombinant poxvirus can be produced / amplified using conventional techniques. Thus, the method of the present invention may further comprise a step of producing the recombinant poxvirus. In a preferred embodiment, the production step comprises amplifying the recombinant poxvirus to an appropriate scale in a suitable production cell, recovering the produced recombinant poxvirus from the cell culture, and optionally purifying the recovered recombinant poxvirus. Such steps are conventional in the art (e.g., WO2007 / 147528 or WO2018 / 234506).

[0146] Briefly, the amplification step involves culturing production (e.g., permissive) host cells, infecting the cultured production host cells, and culturing the infected host cells under suitable conditions to allow the production of recombinant poxvirus (e.g., infectious viral particles). The choice of producer cells depends on the type of recombinant poxvirus being amplified. MVA is strictly host-restricted and is generally amplified in avian cells, either primary avian cells (e.g., chicken embryo fibroblasts (CEF) prepared from chicken embryos obtained from fertilized eggs) or immortalized avian cell lines. Immortalized avian cell lines are, for example, immortalized avian cell lines immortalized with the duck TERT gene (see, for example, WO2007 / 077256, WO2009 / 004016, WO2010 / 130756 and WO2012 / 001075); or immortalized cells obtained from embryonic cells by progressive separation from growth factors and feeder layers (e.g., Eb66 as described in Olivier et al., 2010, mAbs 2(4): 405-15). For other vaccinia virus or other poxvirus strains, in addition to avian primary cells (e.g., CEF) and avian cell lines, many other non-avian cell lines are available for production, including human cell lines such as HeLa (ATCC-CRM-CCL-2™ or ATCC-CCL-2.2™) cells (see, e.g., WO2010 / 130753).

[0147] Producer cells are preferably cultured in a medium free of animal- or human-derived products, using a chemically defined medium free of animal- or human-derived products. Such media are commercially available (e.g., VP-SFM medium (Invitrogen) is suitable for culturing CEFs). Producer cells are preferably cultured at a temperature of 30°C to 38°C (more preferably, about 37°C) for 1 to 8 days (preferably, 1 to 5 days for CEFs and 2 to 7 days for immortalized cells) prior to infection.

[0148] Infection of producer cells with recombinant poxvirus is carried out under appropriate conditions (e.g., at an appropriate multiplicity of infection (MOI)) that allow productive infection of the producer cells. A suitable MOI for amplifying poxviruses is generally 0.001 to 1 (more preferably, about 0.05). The infection step may be carried out in the same medium as that used to culture the producer cells, or in a different medium.

[0149] The infected producer cells are then cultured under appropriate conditions known to those skilled in the art until progeny viral vectors (e.g., infectious viral particles) are produced. The infected producer cells are also preferably cultured in the same medium as that used in the producer cell culture and / or infection step, or in a different medium, preferably at a temperature of 30°C to 37°C for 1 to 5 days.

[0150] Poxvirus particles can be recovered from the culture supernatant and / or from the producer cells. The cell culture supernatant and the producer cells can be pooled or recovered separately. Recovery from the producer cells may require a step of disrupting the membrane of the producer cells to allow release of the virus. Various techniques are available to those skilled in the art, including but not limited to freeze / thaw, hypotonic lysis, sonication, microfluidization or high-speed homogenization, the latter being preferred (e.g., using a SILVERSON L4R).

[0151] The poxvirus particles can then be further purified using purification steps well known in the art. Various purification steps can be envisioned, including clarification, enzyme treatment (e.g., endonucleases, proteases, etc.), chromatography, and filtration steps. Suitable methods are described in the art (e.g., WO2007 / 147528; WO2008 / 138533, WO2009 / 100521, WO2010 / 130753, WO2013 / 022764).

[0152] In a preferred embodiment, the manufacturing step comprises a step of producing at least 10 recombinant poxviruses that are distributed in doses suitable for patient testing and treatment. 9 pfu, preferably at least 5 x 10 9 pfu, preferably about 10 10 Production reaches more than pfu.

[0153] Armed recombinant poxviruses Certain embodiments of the present invention also include recombinant poxviruses that contain, in addition to the peptide-encoding expression cassette, an additional therapeutic gene inserted into the viral genome. A vast number of therapeutic genes can be envisioned, particularly therapeutic genes encoding polypeptides that can enhance the antitumor efficacy of the virus or strengthen the host's immunity. Preferred therapeutic genes are selected from the group consisting of suicide genes (genes encoding proteins that can convert drug precursors into cytotoxic drugs) and immunostimulatory genes (therapeutic genes encoding polypeptides that can stimulate the immune system or effector cells in a specific or non-specific manner).

[0154] Recombinant poxvirus compositions According to a third aspect, the present invention provides a composition comprising a recombinant poxvirus obtained using the method according to the second aspect of the invention, wherein the recombinant poxvirus comprises one or more expression cassettes each expressing a fusion of multiple peptides (e.g., neopeptides) as described herein.

[0155] In one embodiment, the composition according to the third aspect of the invention is in the form of a pharmaceutical composition comprising a recombinant poxvirus as described herein (or obtainable by a method as described herein) and a pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle. In a preferred embodiment, the composition comprises a therapeutically effective amount of the recombinant poxvirus.

[0156] The term "pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle" is intended to include any and all carriers, solvents, diluents, excipients, adjuvants, dispersion media, coatings, antibacterial and antifungal agents, absorption agents, and the like, compatible with administration in mammalian, particularly human, subjects.

[0157] A "therapeutically effective amount" corresponds to the amount of recombinant poxvirus required to result in an observable improvement in a clinical condition, including one or more of the clinical conditions described herein, in a subject treated according to the present invention.

[0158] Such a therapeutically effective amount may vary depending on a variety of factors, including, but not limited to, the characteristics of the poxvirus (e.g., type of virus, bioavailability, and dosage), the severity and course of the disease (e.g., grade of cancer), the subject itself (e.g., age, sex, medical history, general health, etc.), the properties of any pharmaceutically acceptable carriers or excipients in the virus formulation, and the treatment modality (route of administration, frequency of administration, type of concomitant medication, etc.). The appropriate dose of the poxvirus can be routinely determined and adapted by a physician taking into account the relevant circumstances, for example, by monitoring the subject's response to administration of the virus and adjusting the dose accordingly (for further guidance, see Remington, The Science and Practice of Pharmacy; Gennaro ed., Pharmaceutical Press, London, UK; e.g., 22nd ed. et seq.).

[0159] For illustrative purposes, suitable therapeutically effective amounts for separate doses may range from about 10 to 150 mg / kg, depending on the poxvirus and quantification technique used. 5 ~about 10 13 It can vary in vp (viral particles), iu (infectious units) or pfu (plaque forming units). As a general guidance, about 10 6 pfu~about 10 11 A separate dose of about 5×10 pfu is particularly suitable in the context of the present invention, more preferably about 5×10 6 pfu~approx. 5×10 9 pfu, more preferably about 107 pfu~about 10 9 Preferably, the individual doses are about 5 x 10 pfu. 7 pfu or approximately 10 8 pfu of recombinant poxvirus. Separate doses may be reduced by 2-20 fold for local administration, e.g., intratumoral injection. The amount of virus present in a sample can be determined by conventional titration techniques, e.g., by counting the number of plaques after infection of permissive cells (e.g., BHK-21 or CEF), by immunostaining (e.g., using antiviral antibodies), by measuring A260 absorbance (vp titer), by quantitative immunofluorescence (iu titer), or by qPCR using specific viral primers and probes.

[0160] Various formulations, either liquid or lyophilized, can be envisaged in the context of the present invention to ensure virus stability under manufacturing conditions and under long-term storage conditions (i.e., at least 6 months) at freezing temperatures (e.g., -70°C, -20°C), refrigerated temperatures (e.g., 4°C), or ambient temperatures (e.g., 20-25°C). The recombinant poxvirus is advantageously placed in a diluent suitable for human or veterinary use. Representative examples of suitable diluents include sterile water, physiological saline (e.g., sodium chloride), Ringer's solution, glucose solution, trehalose solution, sucrose solution, Hank's solution, and other physiologically balanced salt solutions.

[0161] Desirably, the poxvirus composition is buffered for human use. Buffers such as TRIS (tris(hydroxymethyl)methylamine) buffer, TRIS-HCl (tris(hydroxymethyl)methylamine-HCl) buffer, phosphate buffers (e.g., PBS; a mixture of NaHPO and KHPO; a mixture of NaHPO and NaHPO), and bicarbonate buffers are particularly suitable for maintaining a physiological or slightly basic pH (e.g., about pH 7 to about pH 9). The concentration of the buffer (e.g., TRIS-HCl) is preferably 10 to 50 mM.

[0162] To ensure an appropriate osmolality, it may also be beneficial to include a monovalent salt, which may in particular be chosen from NaCl and KCl, preferably the monovalent salt is NaCl, in particular at a concentration of 10 to 500 mM.

[0163] Optionally, the composition may also contain a cryoprotectant to facilitate storage at low temperatures. Suitable cryoprotectants include, but are not limited to, sucrose, trehalose, maltose, lactose, mannitol, sorbitol, and glycerol, at concentrations ranging from 0.5 to 20% (weight (g) / volume (L), referred to as w / v), preferably 5 to 15% (w / v), preferably about 10%. The presence of high molecular weight polymers, such as dextran or polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), is particularly suitable for freeze-dried formulations to protect recombinant poxviruses during vacuum drying and freeze-drying steps (see, e.g., WO 2014 / 053571).

[0164] By way of example, buffer formulations containing NaCl and / or sugars (e.g., Tris 10 mM pH 8 containing sucrose 5% (W / V), sodium glutamate 10 mM, and NaCl 50 mM; or phosphate buffered saline containing glycerol (10%) and NaCl) and the buffer formulations described in WO2016 / 087457 are particularly adapted for the storage of poxviruses.

[0165] Therapeutic Uses and Methods The recombinant poxviruses or compositions thereof described herein and obtainable by the method according to the invention are particularly suitable for use for therapeutic purposes (as therapeutic vaccines). Such uses include prophylactic and / or therapeutic purposes. Typically, "prophylaxis" refers to an approach aimed at preventing, preventing, inhibiting or delaying the onset of a disease state or condition (e.g., a hyperproliferative (cancer) or infectious disease), whereas treatment refers to an approach aimed at obtaining a beneficial or desired outcome (including a clinical outcome).

[0166] The beneficial effect provided by the recombinant poxvirus or compositions thereof described herein can be evidenced by an observable improvement in clinical condition above the baseline condition or above the condition expected in the absence of treatment in accordance with the modalities described herein. The improvement in clinical condition can be readily assessed by any relevant clinical measure commonly used by a physician or other skilled medical practitioner. For purposes of the present invention, beneficial or desired clinical outcomes include, but are not limited to, one or more of the following: alleviating one or more symptoms attributable to the disease; reducing the extent of the disease; stabilizing the disease (e.g., preventing or slowing the progression of the disease, reducing the size of a tumor, etc.); preventing or slowing the spread of the disease (e.g., metastasis); preventing or slowing the recurrence of the disease; reducing the risk of recurrence; providing remission (partial or total) of the disease; reducing the severity of the disease; reducing the dosage of one or more other medications required to treat the disease; improving quality of life; and / or prolonging survival.

[0167] Appropriate measurements, such as blood tests, analysis of biological fluids and biopsies, and medical imaging techniques, are routinely performed in medical laboratories and hospitals where available to assess clinical benefit, and numerous kits are commercially available, which can be performed before administration (baseline), during treatment, and at various time points after treatment has ceased.

[0168] In the context of the present invention, a beneficial or desired clinical outcome can be transient (one or several months after cessation of administration) or persistent (for several months or years). Because the natural history of a clinical condition can vary considerably from subject to subject, a therapeutic benefit need not be observed in each treated subject, but rather in a significant number of subjects (e.g., statistical significance of a difference between two groups can be determined by any statistical test known in the art, such as Tukey's parametric test, Kruskal-Wallis test, Mann-Whitney U test, Student's t-test, Wilcoxon test, etc.).

[0169] In a preferred embodiment, the recombinant poxvirus or composition thereof is for use in treating a hyperproliferative disease. As used herein, the term "hyperproliferative disease" includes abnormal cell growth and proliferation, such as cancer and some cardiovascular diseases (e.g., restenosis due to proliferation of smooth muscle cells in the blood vessel wall). As used herein, the term "cancer" may be used interchangeably with the terms "tumor," "malignant tumor," and "neoplasm" and encompasses any disease state or condition resulting from uncontrolled cell growth and proliferation. These terms are intended to include any type of tissue, organ, or cell, and any stage of malignancy (e.g., pre-lesional to stage IV). Generally, tumors, particularly malignant tumors, exhibit a partial or complete lack of structural organization and functional integrity compared to normal tissue and generally exhibit a tendency to invade (spread) surrounding tissues and / or metastasize to other sites.

[0170] In particular, the present invention provides a recombinant poxvirus or a composition thereof for use in treating cancer or preventing its recurrence in a subject. The present invention also relates to a recombinant poxvirus or a composition thereof for use in the manufacture of a medicament for treating cancer or preventing its recurrence. The present invention also relates to a method of treatment comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a recombinant poxvirus or a composition thereof obtained using the method according to the second aspect of the present invention in an amount sufficient to treat or prevent the recurrence of cancer in the subject.

[0171] In a particularly preferred embodiment, the present invention is implemented to design and generate recombinant poxviruses or compositions for use as personalized cancer vaccines. As applied herein, the term "personalized" refers either to the individual level (a particular subject) or to the subpopulation level (a small group of people who share a common characteristic, e.g., have a particular disease, have a particular phenotypic characteristic, take the same medication, or exhibit the same deficiency, e.g., a deficiency in the immune system). Particularly suitable recombinant poxviruses in this context are engineered by the methods described herein to contain one or more expression cassettes, each expressing a fusion of multiple neopeptides as described in the Examples section.

[0172] Representative examples of cancers that can be treated in the context of the present invention include bone cancer, liver cancer, pancreatic cancer, stomach cancer, colon cancer, esophageal cancer, oropharynx cancer, lung cancer, head or neck cancer, skin cancer, melanoma, uterine cancer, cervical cancer, ovarian cancer, breast cancer, rectal cancer, anal cancer, prostate cancer, lymphoma, endocrine system cancer, thyroid cancer, soft tissue sarcoma, chronic or acute leukemia, bladder cancer, kidney cancer, neoplasms of the central nervous system (CNS), glioma, etc. The present invention is particularly suitable for the treatment of solid tumors. It is also particularly useful for the treatment of advanced cancers, such as metastatic solid cancers or cancers associated with a high risk of recurrence. Preferred cancers to be treated according to the methods described herein include brain cancers, such as astrocytoma, embryonal tumor, germ cell tumor, central nervous system atypical teratoma / rhabdoid tumor, craniopharyngioma, ependymoma, glioma, glioblastoma, and head and neck cancer. Other types of cancer to be treated in accordance with the modalities described herein are ovarian and lung cancer, particularly NSCLC, with adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma and large cell carcinoma being particularly preferred.

[0173] For example, a beneficial or desired clinical outcome may be correlated with one or more of the following outcomes: inhibition or slowing of tumor growth, proliferation and metastasis, prevention or delay of tumor invasion (spread of tumor cells to adjacent tissues), reduction in tumor lesion count; reduction in tumor size, reduction in number or extent of metastases, prolonged overall survival (OS), increased progression-free survival (PFS), increased length of remission, stabilization of the disease state (i.e., not worsening), prevention of disease recurrence, provision of a good response to another treatment, improved quality of life, and / or induction of an anti-tumor response (e.g., a non-specific (innate) response and / or a specific response, e.g., a cytotoxic T cell response) in a subject treated in accordance with the present invention.

[0174] In another embodiment, the recombinant poxvirus or composition thereof is for use in treating an infectious disease. As used herein, the term "infectious disease" refers to a disease resulting from infection with a pathogenic organism (e.g., a bacterium, a parasite, a virus, a fungus, etc.). The present invention also relates to a method of treatment comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a recombinant poxvirus or composition thereof obtained using the method according to the second aspect of the present invention in an amount sufficient to treat or prevent the recurrence of an infectious disease in the subject.

[0175] Representative examples of infectious diseases that can be treated in the context of the present invention include chronic HBV (Hepatitis B Virus) infection and HPV (Human Papillomavirus) infection. Particularly suitable recombinant poxviruses in this context are designed and produced by the methods described herein to contain one or more expression cassettes, each expressing a fusion of multiple immunogenic peptides obtained from a pathogenic organism. Where the method is directed to the treatment of an infectious disease, therapeutic benefit may be evidenced, for example, by a decrease in the amount of infecting pathogenic organism quantified in the blood, plasma, or serum of the treated subject, and / or a stabilized (non-exacerbated) state of the infectious disease (e.g., a stabilized inflammatory state), and / or a decrease in the level of certain serum markers (e.g., a decrease in alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and / or aspartate aminotransferase (AST) associated with a state of liver failure commonly observed in chronic hepatitis B and C), a decrease in the level of any antigen associated with the development of the infectious disease, and / or the appearance or change in the level of antibodies against the pathogenic organism, and / or the release of signaling substances (e.g., cytokines) by immune cells, and / or an improved response of the treated subject to conventional therapy (e.g., antibiotics, nucleoside analogs, etc.), and / or an increase in survival compared to expected survival if not receiving the concomitant treatment.

[0176] Administration of recombinant poxvirus or compositions thereof Any conventional route of administration is applicable, preferably the parenteral route. Parenteral routes involve administration by injection or infusion and include systemic and local routes. Particularly suitable routes of administration include, but are not limited to, intravenous (into veins), intravascular (into blood vessels), intraarterial (into arteries), intradermal (into the dermis), subcutaneous (under the skin), intramuscular (into muscles), intraperitoneal (into the peritoneum), intracerebral (into the brain), and intratumoral (into or near a tumor) routes, as well as scarification. Injection is generally performed via the intravenous route or intratumoral (into a large tumor). Mucosal administration is also contemplated by the present invention, and examples include, but are not limited to, oral / alimentary, intranasal, intratracheal, nasopharyngeal, intrapulmonary, intravaginal, or intrarectal routes. Topical administration involves direct application to the skin or tissue surface (e.g., eye drops, ear drops, etc.). Inhalation may also be envisioned, particularly when the tumor to be treated is in the respiratory tract and lungs. The recombinant poxvirus or composition thereof is preferably administered to the patient by intravenous, subcutaneous, intramuscular or intratumoral injection.

[0177] Administration may be using a standard needle and syringe or any device available in the art that facilitates or enhances delivery, such as a catheter, an electric syringe, a Quadrafuse injection needle, a needle-free injection device (e.g., a Biojector™ device), an infusion pump, a spray, etc. Electroporation may also be performed to facilitate intramuscular administration. Topical administration may also be performed using transdermal means (e.g., patches, microneedles, etc.).

[0178] The recombinant poxvirus can be administered in a single dose, or more desirably, in multiple doses over an extended period of time. In the context of the present invention, it is possible to proceed through sequential cycles of administration, repeated after a rest period. The interval between each poxvirus administration can be from a few hours to 6 months (e.g., 24 hours, 48 ​​hours, 72 hours, 1 week, 2 weeks, 3 weeks, 1 month, 2 months, etc.). The intervals can be regular or irregular (e.g., once weekly for 6 doses, then once every 3 weeks for 1 to 14 doses). The dose can vary with each administration, within the ranges mentioned above. For illustrative purposes, a preferred treatment scheme is 5 x 10 mAb at intervals of about 1 or 3 weeks until a clinical benefit is observed, and then every 1 to 6 months thereafter. 6 ~5×10 9 These include 1 to 40 (e.g., 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40) administrations of pfu of recombinant MVA.

[0179] Combination therapy In further embodiments of the methods and therapeutic uses described herein, the recombinant poxvirus or compositions thereof may be administered in combination with one or more additional anti-cancer therapies having utility in the treatment of the above-mentioned cancers. In particular, the additional anti-cancer therapies are selected from the group consisting of surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, cryotherapy, hormonal therapy, toxin therapy, immunotherapy, and cytokine therapy. Such additional anti-cancer therapies may be administered to the subject before, after, substantially simultaneously with, or in an intermittent manner, in accordance with standard techniques, the recombinant poxvirus or compositions thereof.

[0180] In certain embodiments, the method or use according to the invention may be performed in conjunction with surgery, for example, the recombinant poxvirus composition may be administered after partial or complete surgical resection of the tumor (e.g., by local application in the area of ​​resection).

[0181] In other embodiments, recombinant poxviruses or compositions thereof can be used in conjunction with radiation therapy. Those skilled in the art can readily formulate appropriate radiation therapy protocols and parameters (see, e.g., Perez and Brady, 1992, Principles and Practice of Radiation Oncology, 2nd ed., J.B. Lippincott Co., with appropriate adaptations and modifications readily apparent to those skilled in the art). Types of radiation that can be used in cancer therapy are well known in the art and include linear accelerators or sources such as cobalt or cesium, electron beams, protons and neutrons, and high-energy photons. Dose ranges for radioisotopes vary widely and depend on the half-life of the isotope, the strength and type of radiation emitted, and uptake by neoplastic cells. Conventional X-ray doses over a prolonged period (3-6 weeks), or high single doses, are contemplated by the present invention.

[0182] In certain embodiments of the present invention, recombinant poxviruses or compositions thereof may be used in combination with currently available chemotherapeutic agents for the treatment of cancer. Representative examples of suitable chemotherapeutic agents include, but are not limited to, alkylating agents, topoisomerase I inhibitors, topoisomerase II inhibitors, PARP inhibitors, platinum derivatives, inhibitors of tyrosine kinase receptors, cyclophosphamide, antimetabolites, DNA damaging agents, and antimitotic agents.

[0183] In further embodiments, the recombinant poxvirus or a composition thereof may be used in combination with immunotherapy, such as anti-neoplastic antibodies, as well as siRNA and antisense polynucleotides. Representative examples include, inter alia, monoclonal antibodies that block specific immune checkpoints, such as anti-PD-1, anti-PD-L1, anti-CTLA-4, anti-LAG3, etc. (e.g., ipilimumab, tremelimumab, pembrolizumab, nivolumab, pidilizumab, AMP-224MEDI4736, MPDL3280A, BMS-936559, etc.), monoclonal antibodies that block epidermal growth factor receptors (especially cetuximab, panitumumab, zalutumumab, nimotuzumab, matuzumab, trastuzumab (Herceptin™), etc.), and monoclonal antibodies that block vascular endothelial growth factor (especially bevacizumab and ranibizumab).

[0184] In a preferred embodiment, administration of the recombinant poxvirus extends survival in treated subjects, for example by at least 3 months, compared to untreated subjects, or it generates a T cell response (CD4+ and / or CD8+ T cell response) against the tumor.

[0185] The administration of the recombinant poxvirus composition and one or more additional anti-cancer therapies may be spaced apart by intervals ranging from minutes to weeks. For example, a subject may receive the recombinant poxvirus and the additional anti-cancer therapies sequentially or intermittently, although simultaneous administration of both therapies within the same period is also contemplated. The course of treatment may be routinely determined by a physician, and various protocols are encompassed by the present invention. For example, one to ten administrations of the recombinant poxvirus composition may be administered after surgery and chemotherapy / radiotherapy. Furthermore, it is contemplated that after the course of treatment, there may be a period during which no anti-cancer therapy is administered before the treatment cycle is repeated. [Example]

[0186] Production of recombinant MVA The MVA transfer plasmid is designed to allow insertion of a nucleotide sequence introduced by homologous recombination into deletion III of the MVA genome, and contains a transfer sequence inserted between the flanking sequences (BRG3 and BRD3) that flank MVA deletion III.

[0187] Homologous recombination was performed using a parental MVA (MVA-mCherry) containing the gene encoding the mCherry fluorescent protein within its deletion III. The advantage of MVA-mCherry is that it distinguishes cells infected with recombinant viruses that have successfully integrated the expression cassette from cells infected with the original starting MVA-mCherry virus (parent virus). Indeed, if the expression cassette has successfully recombined within deletion III, the mCherry gene is removed and viral plaques appear white.

[0188] Although recombination is a relatively frequent phenomenon in vaccinia virus, only 1–5% of recombinant plaques contain the inserted DNA. Therefore, to increase the efficiency of homologous recombination, we added an additional step, endonuclease cleavage. For example, we used an endonuclease to specifically generate a double-stranded break in the mCherry gene in MVA, thereby increasing the selection efficiency of recombinant MVA (e.g., typically 5–50% of viral plaques contain the expression cassette).

[0189] The production of MVA was carried out by homologous recombination in primary chicken embryo fibroblasts (CEFs) as described in patent WO2018 / 234506. The presence of the expression cassette and the absence of contamination with the parental MVA were confirmed by PCR.

[0190] 1. Manual Processing of Neopeptide Redistribution The objective of this study was to evaluate the design of a recombinant MVA vaccine expressing up to 30 neopeptides as three fusion proteins.

[0191] a. Materials and Methods Dataset A list of 30 human neopeptides (29mers) was generated from 30 somatic mutations selected from the public database COSMIC (Catalogue Of Somatic Mutations In Cancer, Tate et al., 2019, Nucleic Acids Res., 47(D1): D941-D947).

[0192] [Table 2]

[0193] software Geneious software (version 8.1.9, Biomatters Inc) was used to predict transmembrane domains (TM) and calculate the hydropathy score of the product of each expression cassette (HSK7).

[0194] b.Results Construct with 30 neopeptides: pTG19247 We generated the plasmid construct pTG19247, which contains three expression cassettes encoding 10 neopeptides each (Figure 10). A pool of 30 neopeptides was selected based on predicted immunogenicity from a publicly available patient dataset (the PRJEB3132 study, exome sequencing of human lung adenocarcinoma samples and their normal counterparts). The reassignment was performed alphabetically, with no linkers between each peptide. Each cassette contains a signal sequence (obtained from the F glycoproteins of rabies virus and measles virus) and is under the control of the pH5R, pB2R, and p11k7.5 promoters, respectively. To facilitate fusion construction, no linkers were included between the selected neopeptides. The corresponding viruses were generated in CEF by homologous recombination.

[0195] During the production of recombinant MVA using pTG19247, a low percentage of white plaques (approximately 1%) were obtained. Only five plaques were selected and cloned. PCR analysis showed that no virus corresponded to the recombinant virus (the white plaques were due to the presence of parental virus that artifactually eliminated the mCherry reporter gene signal) (Figure 10).

[0196] Analysis of the contents of the three fusion proteins indicated the presence of transmembrane domains in the fusion proteins (two for expression cassette B and three for expression cassette C), with expression cassette C having a relatively high hydropathy score (HSK7 > 0.5). To assess the impact of these biochemical properties, 12 peptides associated with TM domains and / or high HSK7 were removed from the dataset, leaving a remaining set of 18 neopeptides.

[0197] Construct with 18 neopeptides: pTG19266 Construct pTG19266 was constructed based on 18 "TM-free" neopeptides derived from pTG19247. The peptides were divided into three expression cassettes, each encoding a fusion protein of six neopeptides, to balance the load of each expression cassette. In each fusion, the peptides were also separated by a linker (e.g., GSTSG, GSGSG, etc.) consisting of a short sequence (5-mer) of G and / or T and / or S residues to limit interactions between the neopeptides within the fusion protein.

[0198] As expected, the peptide sequences of the fusions designed with the new combinations showed the absence of a TM domain and the HSK7 of expression cassette C was reduced to a maximum of approximately 0.2 (FIG. 10).

[0199] Recombinant MVA was generated using the pTG19266 plasmid, and six clones (out of six) analyzed by PCR were confirmed to be bona fide recombinants, despite a relatively low percentage of white plaques (1.8%).

[0200] c. Conclusion This experiment was designed to evaluate the conditions necessary to generate a recombinant MVA vaccine with several neopeptides as fusion proteins. The absence of a transmembrane (TM) domain and a moderate hydropathy score (≤0.2) were considered necessary to generate a recombinant MVA with up to 18 neopeptides. The next step is to automate the process of neopeptide selection and redistribution according to the TM and HSK7 criteria.

[0201] 2. Design of transfer sequences using VacDesignR a. Materials and Methods Dataset Three lists of neopeptides were identified from three non-small cell lung cancer samples (P2918, V1035, and V1055) and their normal counterparts (blood). Mutations were identified through sequencing experiments by comparing tumor-derived exomes with exomes from normal tissues. Ranking was performed based on oncoimmunity expertise.

[0202] VacDesignR parameters The default parameters, among others: Peptide TM score threshold (TMSThresh): 25 Fusion TM Score Threshold (TMSK7Thresh): 40 Fusion Hydropathy Score Threshold (HSK7Thresh): 0.2 Maximum number of peptides per vaccine (Nmax): 30 Minimum number of peptides per vaccine (Nmin): 5 VacDesignR was run on this dataset using

[0203] b. VacDesignR results The VacDesignR results are a map of the location of the neopeptide within the transfer sequence backbone, including the expression cassette, regulatory elements, terminators, and cloning restriction sites. For the three samples, only the relative location of the neopeptide within the expression cassette is shown in Table 8. The mean hydrophobicity and predicted number of TMs for each fusion protein are shown, as well as the recombinant virus production results as a percentage of white cells (plaques) and the absolute number of recombinant virus clones confirmed by PCR.

[0204] In the following sections, we only describe the intermediate results for sample V1055, because over 30 neopeptides were available as input data. The other two samples had initial lists containing fewer than 30 neopeptides, thereby producing transfer sequences with fewer neopeptides, but similar steps were used for all samples.

[0205] Peptide selection The first step is to calculate the TM (transmembrane) score and TM patch using the tmCalc function in VacDesignR. This step is performed for the entire input dataset shown in Table 3. The TM score is the sum of the local TM regions reported in the TM patches (e.g., TM patch '36_1' describes two regions with local TM scores of 36 and 1, respectively. The TM score for this peptide is 36 + 1 = 37).

[0206] [Table 3]

[0207] Neopeptides with a TM score above the threshold (TM score ≥ 25) are filtered out and sent to the OUT list (Table 4). The reason is also listed in this list as both the filtering code column and the filtering reason column. As an example, filtering code "1" means "TM score > threshold."

[0208] [Table 4]

[0209] Since there are more than 30 neopeptides in the remaining list, two lists are created as a result of the neopeptide selection step: In addition to the OUT list, the subfunction listsCreatoR splits the neopeptides into two lists.

[0210] Once the input list is filtered, the highest-ranking neopeptides are selected as part of the transfer sequence and sent to the TOP list (Table 5). Additionally, for each neopeptide in the TOP list, a hydropathy score is calculated. This score corresponds to the average hydropathy score of the peptide residues.

[0211] [Table 5]

[0212] The remaining candidates are saved in the EXTRA list (Table 6) and can be used as a pool of additional candidates if necessary in case neopeptides are disqualified during processing of the initial TOP list.

[0213] [Table 6]

[0214] Cassette-to-cassette distribution The 30 neopeptides that were part of the TOP list were divided into three expression cassettes. A predefined redistribution rule in VacDesign® was used to balance the three fusion proteins in terms of hydrophobicity and the risk of generating a transmembrane domain between the neopeptides. Therefore, a relative classification of high (H), medium (M), and low (L) risk was applied to the 30 neopeptides. With respect to the redistribution rule, each expression cassette consisted of 10 neopeptides: two high classes, two medium classes, and six low classes. Peptides from each class were randomly selected 30,000 times to generate 30,000 batches of three expression cassette configurations. The average hydrophobicity was then calculated for each set of neopeptides and each batch, and the range was also calculated. All batches with one or more cassettes with a hydropathy score (HSK7) above a threshold were excluded. The batch with the lowest HSK7 range was retained for the next step. In the example of sample V1055, the best batch selected for the intra-cassette slot allocation step has a range of cassette hydropathy scores of 0.028 (Table 7).

[0215] [Table 7]

[0216] Cassette slot allocation In this step, each expression cassette is constructed based on the neopeptide composition and according to the slot occupancy rules generated in VacDesignR. A total of 2,880 fusions are generated for each expression cassette encoding 10 neopeptides. The contents of the final neopeptide constructs for samples P2918, V1047, and V1055 are shown in Table 8. To detect possible TM domains between two adjacent neopeptides, the TMS and TM patch are calculated for each peptide fusion. Therefore, if a local TM region is detected (TM patch > TMSK7Thresh), the fusion is rejected.

[0217] [Table 8]

[0218] Plasmids were generated for three samples, P2918, V1047, and V1055, encoding 14, 21, and 30 neopeptides, respectively, in the form of up to three fusion proteins. The final transfer sequences were in compliance with previously determined criteria, i.e., lacking a TM domain and resulting in a fusion hydropathy score (HSK7) of less than 0.2.

[0219] The generation of recombinant MVA containing these plasmids was enhanced by the tool. The percentage of white plaques ranged from 12 to 22%, and the number of recombinant clones was 13, 19, and 24. The only parental clones still found by PCR were the V1055-derived plasmids, and the number was limited (3). Note that due to TMS issues, only one peptide ranked in the top 30 of the initial list of neopeptides for sample V1055 was removed. It was replaced with the 31st peptide to generate recombinant MVA viruses.

[0220] c. Conclusion Using the automated tool VacDesignR, we significantly improved the generation of recombinant MVAs, encoding up to 30 neopeptides across three fusion proteins. The improved MVA generation did not come at the expense of overselecting candidate peptides of lesser interest than the top-ranked ones. This improvement aided in the design of optimized personalized vaccines.

[0221] The disclosures of all patents, publications, and database entries cited above are specifically incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. Other features, objects, and advantages of the present invention will be apparent from the specification and drawings, and from the claims. The following examples are included to demonstrate preferred embodiments of the invention. However, in light of this disclosure, those skilled in the art should understand that changes can be made in the specific embodiments disclosed without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.

[0222] References Antoine et al., 1998, Virol. 244: 365-96 Chakrabarti et al., 1997, Biotechniques 23: 1094-7 Dayhoffed, 1981, Suppl., 3: 482-9 Depla et al., 2008, J. Virol. 82(1): 435-450 Eisenberg et al., 1982, Nature, Sep 23;299(5881):371-4 Eisenberg et al., 1984, Annual review of biochemistry 53.1: 595-623 Erbs et al., 2008, Cancer Gene Ther. 15(1): 18-28) Guse et al., 2011, Expert Opinion Biol. Ther.11(5):595-608 Hammond et al., 1997, J. Virol Methods 66: 135-8 Kallol et al., 2003, J. Chromat. 1000: 637-55 Krogh et al., 2001, J. Mol. Biol. 305: 567-80 Kumar and Boyle, 1990, Virology 179: 151-8 Kyte and Doolittle, 1982, J. Mol. Biol. 157: 105-32 Mayr et al., 1975, Infection 3: 6-14 Nielsen et al., 2010, Immunology 130(3): 319-28 Olivier et al., 2010, mAbs 2(4): 405-15 Perez and Brady, 1992, Principles and Practice of Radiation Oncology, 2nd Ed. JB Lippincott Co Plotkin, 2008, Clin Infect Dis.47(3): 401-9 Relman, 2008, J Infect Dis. 198(1): 4-5; Remington, The Science and Practice of Pharmacy; Gennaro ed., Pharmaceutical Press, London, UK; e.g. 22nd Edition or subsequent ones Rose et al., 1993, Ann. Rev. Biomol. Struc. 22: 381-415 Sutter and Moss, 1992, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89: 10847-51 Sweet et al., 1983, J. Mol. Biol. 171: 479-88 Tate et al., 2019, Nucleic Acids Res., 47(D1): D941-D947 Yuan et al., 2015, J. Virol 89, 5176-9 Yuan et al., 2016, Viruses 8, 72, doi:10.3390 US5,972,597 US6,440,422 US6,686,152 US6,998,252 WO03 / 008533 WO2007 / 077256 WO2007 / 147528 WO2008 / 138533 WO2008 / 138649 WO2009 / 004016 WO2009 / 065546 WO2009 / 100521 WO2010 / 130753 WO2012 / 001075 WO2013 / 022764 WO2014 / 053571 WO2016 / 087457 WO2018 / 234506

Claims

1. 1. A method for engineering a recombinant poxvirus, comprising: The processing means (11) of the server (1) performs the following steps: (a) selecting a first subset of peptides from the list of peptides suitable for expression by said recombinant box virus, wherein said peptides from said first subset exhibit a transmembrane score below a transmembrane score threshold, and wherein the transmembrane score of a peptide indicates the potential for the peptide to give rise to or form one or more transmembrane segments within its sequence; (b) determining an optimal distribution of peptides from the first subset among a plurality of possible distributions into one or more expression cassettes of said recombinant poxvirus, wherein, if more than one expression cassette is present, the optimal distribution exhibits the lowest range of hydropathy scores of the two or more expression cassettes; (c) determining, for each expression cassette, the optimal slot assignment of peptides from the first subset distributed to said expression cassette in step (b) as a function of the slot occupation rules of the cassette, in order to select the peptide fusion expressed by said expression cassette with the lowest transmembrane score, wherein the slot occupation rules of the cassette determine the possible slot positions of peptides from the first subset within the expression cassette according to the transmembrane scores of peptides from the first subset or, if the transmembrane scores are equal, according to their hydropathic scores; (d) determining a DNA transfer sequence comprising the nucleotide sequence of one or more expression cassettes to generate a recombinant poxvirus; A method comprising:

2. The method described in claim 1, wherein peptides from the first subset exhibit contiguous regions of amino acids below a homology threshold to limit recombination events between peptides, the contiguous regions having less than a predetermined number of identical amino acids.

3. Step (a) eliminating all peptides from the list of peptides having a contiguous stretch of amino acids with more than a predetermined number of identical amino acids, except for the peptide with the highest immunogenicity; and selecting a second subset of peptides as peptides from the list of peptides that were neither excluded nor selected in the first subset; The method of claim 2 , comprising:

4. Step (b) If the number of possible distributions exceeds the given maximum number of functions of the resources of the processing means (11) of the server (1), attempting to determine an optimal distribution of peptides from the first subset into one or more expression cassettes during at least one iteration of a maximum number of possible distributions among the plurality of possible distributions. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 3, comprising:

5. Step (b) If, for each possible partition among the maximum number of possible partition iterations, one or more expression cassettes exhibit a hydropathy score above a given threshold, Considering the maximum number of possible distribution iterations again; or replacing the peptide from the first subset exhibiting the highest hydropathy score with a peptide from said second subset and again proceeding with peptide selection in step (a). The method of claim 4 when claim 3 is recited, comprising:

6. Step (c) 3. Eliminating peptide fusions that exhibit one or more transmembrane patches with a score above the peptide fusion transmembrane score threshold. The method of any one of claims 1 to 5, further comprising:

7. Step (c) If one or more transmembrane domains are detected in the possible slot assignments of peptides from the first subset in the expression cassette, replacing the peptide from the first subset that exhibits the highest membrane spanning score with a peptide from the second subset and repeating step (b) and then step (c). The method of claim 6, comprising:

8. 8. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 7, wherein the peptides from the first subset distributed in the expression cassettes are classified according to three or more classes of risk of not generating or producing a recombinant poxvirus, and wherein the slot occupancy rules of the cassettes determine, for each slot position of the cassette, the class to which the peptide from the first subset should be assigned to this slot position.

9. 9. The method of any one of claims 1 to 8, wherein a single expression cassette is present when the number of peptides selected from the first subset is less than 10, two expression cassettes are present when the number of peptides selected from the first subset is between 10 and 14, and three expression cassettes are present when the number of peptides selected from the first subset is between 15 and 30.

10. 1. A method for preparing a therapeutic vaccine comprising a recombinant poxvirus, comprising the steps of: Implementing the method according to any one of claims 1 to 9 to engineer a recombinant virus; Producing recombinant poxviruses A method comprising:

11. 11. The method of claim 10, further comprising the step of producing a recombinant poxvirus, The step of producing the recombinant poxvirus comprises amplifying the recombinant poxvirus to a suitable scale in a suitable production cell, recovering the produced recombinant poxvirus from the cell culture, and optionally purifying the recovered recombinant poxvirus. A method comprising:

12. A method described in claim 10 or 11, wherein when the method described in any one of claims 1 to 8 is carried out to design the recombinant poxvirus, the peptides in the list of peptides are neopeptides.

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