Water-based antifouling paint composition

Abstract

To provide an aqueous antifouling coating composition capable of forming an antifouling coating film excellent in crack resistance and long-term antifouling performance.SOLUTION: The aqueous antifouling coating composition contains a synthetic resin (A), at least one component (B) selected from resin acids and derivatives thereof, a flat pigment (C) having an aspect ratio of 5-30, an antifouling agent (D), and water (E). The mass ratio (A):(B) of the synthetic resin (A) to the component (B) is 1:0.1-1:4.SELECTED DRAWING: None

Description

[Technical Field]

[0001] One embodiment of the present invention relates to a water-based antifouling coating composition, an antifouling coating film, a substrate with an antifouling coating film, or a method for producing a substrate with an antifouling coating film. [Background technology]

[0002] Conventionally, oil-based resins, vinyl resins, (meth)acrylic resins, chlorinated rubber resins, etc. have been widely used as binders for antifouling paints, but all of these have been solvent-diluted. In recent years, from the viewpoint of environmental conservation and improving the painting work environment, there has been a demand for water-based antifouling paints (see, for example, Patent Documents 1 to 3). [Prior art documents] [Patent documents]

[0003] [Patent Document 1] Japanese Patent Application Publication No. 51-014936 [Patent Document 2] Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2009-173914 [Patent Document 3] Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2003-277680 Summary of the Invention [Problem to be solved by the invention]

[0004] While the use of water-based antifouling paints is effective in reducing the amount of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), the antifouling coating film formed from water-based antifouling paints has a high affinity with water. Therefore, such antifouling coating films are prone to cracking when immersed in seawater or freshwater, ultimately leading to the coating film's collapse and making it difficult to achieve long-term antifouling performance. To achieve sufficient antifouling performance, appropriate abrasive cleaning of the coating surface and elution of the antifouling agent are necessary. Furthermore, when cracks occur in the antifouling coating film, the surface roughness of the coating increases, which increases the water flow friction resistance of ships with such antifouling coatings formed on the bottom of their vessels, resulting in increased fuel consumption.

[0005] One embodiment of the present invention provides a water-based antifouling coating composition capable of forming an antifouling coating film that is excellent in crack resistance and long-term antifouling performance. [Means for solving the problem]

[0006] The present inventors have conducted extensive research to solve the above problems and have found that the following aqueous antifouling coating compositions can solve the above problems. That is, one embodiment of the present invention relates to the following [1] to [8].

[0007] [1] A water-based antifouling coating composition containing a synthetic resin (A), at least one component (B) selected from resin acids and their derivatives, a flat pigment (C) having an aspect ratio of 5 to 30, an antifouling agent (D), and water (E), wherein the mass ratio ((A):(B)) of the synthetic resin (A) to the component (B) is 1:0.1 to 1:4.

[0008] [2] The aqueous antifouling coating composition according to [1], wherein the synthetic resin (A) is at least one selected from the group consisting of (meth)acrylic resins, styrene resins, other vinyl resins, urethane resins, and hydrolyzable resins.

[0009] [3] The aqueous antifouling coating composition according to [1] or [2] above, wherein the flat pigment (C) is mica having an aspect ratio of 5 to 30. [4] The aqueous antifouling coating composition according to any one of the above [1] to [3], wherein the component (B) is at least one selected from rosin and its derivatives.

[0010] [5] The aqueous antifouling coating composition according to any one of the above [1] to [4], wherein the component (B) is a component other than an alkali metal salt. [6] An antifouling coating film formed from the aqueous antifouling coating composition according to any one of [1] to [5] above.

[0011] [7] A substrate with an antifouling coating film, comprising a substrate and the antifouling coating film according to [6] above provided on the surface of the substrate. [8] A method for producing a substrate with an antifouling coating film, comprising the steps of: (1) applying or impregnating a substrate with the aqueous antifouling coating composition according to any one of the above items [1] to [5] to obtain a coated or impregnated body; and (2) drying the coated or impregnated body. [Effects of the Invention]

[0012] According to one embodiment of the present invention, it is possible to provide a water-based antifouling coating composition capable of forming an antifouling coating film that is excellent in crack resistance and long-term antifouling performance. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0013] Hereinafter, one embodiment of the present invention will be described in detail. Each of the components described in this specification can be used alone or in combination of two or more. The term "polymer" is used to include homopolymers and copolymers. "(Meth)acrylate" is a general term that refers to acrylate and methacrylate. The same applies to (meth)acrylic acid, etc.

[0014] "Structural unit derived from XX" means XX is A 1 A 2 C=CA 3 A 4 (C=C is a polymerizable carbon-carbon double bond, A 1 ~A 4 are atoms or groups bonded to carbon atoms), the structural unit is, for example, represented by the following formula:

[0015] [ka]

[0016] [Water-based antifouling paint composition] The aqueous antifouling coating composition of this embodiment (hereinafter also referred to as "composition (I)") contains a synthetic resin (A), at least one component (B) selected from resin acids and derivatives thereof, a flat pigment (C) having an aspect ratio of 5 to 30, an antifouling agent (D), and water (E), each of which is explained below.

[0017] <Synthetic resin (A)> Examples of the synthetic resin (A) include (meth)acrylic resins, styrene resins, other vinyl resins, urethane resins, and hydrolyzable resins, and from the viewpoint of easily forming an antifouling coating film excellent in crack resistance and long-term antifouling performance, (meth)acrylic resins, styrene resins, other vinyl resins, and hydrolyzable resins are preferred, and (meth)acrylic resins, styrene resins, and hydrolyzable resins are more preferred. Furthermore, from the viewpoint of easily forming an antifouling coating film excellent in crack resistance and being easily available as the synthetic resin (A), (meth)acrylic resins and styrene resins are preferred.

[0018] Examples of the (meth)acrylic resin include a homopolymer or copolymer of at least one monomer selected from (meth)acrylic acid and its esters (hereinafter also referred to as "(meth)acrylic monomer"), and a copolymer of a (meth)acrylic monomer and a monomer copolymerizable therewith (hereinafter also referred to as "comonomer").

[0019] Examples of the (meth)acrylic monomer include: (Meth)acrylic acid; C1 to C18 alkyl or cycloalkyl esters of (meth)acrylic acid, such as methyl (meth)acrylate, ethyl (meth)acrylate, n-propyl (meth)acrylate, isopropyl (meth)acrylate, n-butyl (meth)acrylate, isobutyl (meth)acrylate, t-butyl (meth)acrylate, n-hexyl (meth)acrylate, 2-ethylhexyl (meth)acrylate, n-octyl (meth)acrylate, decyl (meth)acrylate, lauryl (meth)acrylate, stearyl (meth)acrylate, and cyclohexyl (meth)acrylate; Alkoxyalkyl esters of (meth)acrylic acid having 2 to 18 carbon atoms, such as methoxybutyl (meth)acrylate, methoxyethyl (meth)acrylate, and ethoxybutyl (meth)acrylate; Dialkylaminoalkyl esters of (meth)acrylic acid, such as dimethylaminoethyl (meth)acrylate and dimethylaminopropyl (meth)acrylate; Glycidyl (meth)acrylate; Examples include: One or more (meth)acrylic monomers can be used.

[0020] Examples of the comonomer include styrene, α-methylstyrene, vinyltoluene, vinyl acetate, vinyl propionate, maleic acid, itaconic acid, (meth)acrylic acid amide, acrylonitrile, and methacrylonitrile. One or more comonomers can be used.

[0021] When the (meth)acrylic resin is a copolymer of a (meth)acrylic monomer and a comonomer, the amount of structural units derived from the (meth)acrylic monomer, based on the total amount of structural units in the (meth)acrylic resin, is preferably 20% by mass or more, more preferably 40% by mass or more, even more preferably 55% by mass or more, and preferably 99.9% by mass or less, more preferably 99.5% by mass or less; and the amount of structural units derived from the comonomer is preferably 0.1% by mass or more, more preferably 0.5% by mass or more, and preferably 80% by mass or less, more preferably 60% by mass or less, even more preferably 45% by mass or less. The amount of each structural unit can be determined by NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy), Pyro-GC / MS (pyrolysis gas chromatography / mass spectrometry), etc.

[0022] The (meth)acrylic resin is produced by appropriately selecting a (meth)acrylic monomer and, if necessary, a comonomer in consideration of the structural unit, weight average molecular weight, etc., and by a known method, such as solution radical polymerization.

[0023] Examples of styrene-based resins include homopolymers of styrene and copolymers of styrene with monomers copolymerizable therewith. Examples of monomers copolymerizable with styrene include the aforementioned (meth)acrylic monomers, α-methylstyrene, vinyltoluene, vinyl acetate, vinyl propionate, maleic acid, itaconic acid, (meth)acrylic acid amide, acrylonitrile, methacrylonitrile, and butadiene. In the case of a copolymer of a (meth)acrylic monomer and styrene, the copolymer is classified as a styrene-based resin if the amount of structural units derived from styrene is greater than the amount of structural units derived from the (meth)acrylic monomer, based on the total amount of structural units in the resin (mass % basis). On the other hand, the copolymer is classified as a (meth)acrylic resin if the amount of structural units derived from the (meth)acrylic monomer is equal to or greater than the amount of structural units derived from styrene. Other resins are classified in the same manner.

[0024] Other vinyl resins include, for example, homopolymers or copolymers of vinyl compounds such as vinyl chloride, vinyl acetate, and vinyl propionate, and copolymers of the vinyl compounds with monomers copolymerizable therewith. Examples of the copolymers include vinyl chloride copolymers such as vinyl chloride / vinyl acetate copolymer, vinyl chloride / vinyl acetate / vinyl alcohol copolymer, vinyl chloride / vinyl isobutyl ether copolymer, and vinyl chloride / vinyl propionate copolymer; and ethylene / vinyl acetate copolymer.

[0025] The urethane resin may be a reaction product of a polyol and an isocyanate compound. Examples of the polyol include polyhydric alcohols, polyether polyols, polyester polyols, polyether ester polyols, (meth)acrylic polyols, polycarbonate polyols, and polyolefin polyols. Examples of the isocyanate compound include aliphatic, alicyclic, and aromatic polyisocyanates.

[0026] (Meth)acrylic resins, styrene resins, other vinyl resins, and urethane resins are generally insoluble resins (resins other than hydrolyzable resins) that do not undergo hydration or chemical reaction in seawater or freshwater. On the other hand, hydrolyzable resins are resins that dissolve as the hydrolysis of the resin progresses in seawater or freshwater, and exhibit a self-polishing effect on the coating film. Examples of hydrolyzable resins include silyl ester polymers and zinc (meth)acrylic resins.

[0027] The silyl ester polymer is preferably, for example, a silyl ester polymer having a structural unit (a-1) derived from a polymerizable monomer (a1) represented by formula (a1). The structural unit (a-1) contained in the silyl ester polymer may be of one type or of two or more types.

[0028] [ka]

[0029] Each symbol in formula (a1) is explained below. R 1 is a hydrogen atom or a methyl group, preferably a methyl group. R 2 ~R 6 are each independently a monovalent organic group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms which may have a heteroatom. Examples of the organic group include a linear or branched alkyl group, a cycloalkyl group, and an aryl group, each of which may have a heteroatom such as an oxygen atom interposed between bonds between carbon atoms. From the viewpoint of being able to easily form a coating film with excellent antifouling properties, the organic group is preferably a linear or branched alkyl group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, and more preferably a branched alkyl group.

[0030] Examples of the linear or branched alkyl group include a methyl group, an ethyl group, a propyl group, an isopropyl group, a butyl group, an isobutyl group, a sec-butyl group, a t-butyl group, a pentyl group, a hexyl group, and a 2-ethylhexyl group, and preferably an isopropyl group.

[0031] n is an integer of 0 or 1 or more, and is preferably 0. The upper limit of n may be 50, for example. X is a hydrogen atom or R 7 R is a group represented by -OC(=O)-, and is preferably a hydrogen atom. 7 represents a hydrogen atom, a monovalent organic group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms which may have a heteroatom, or R 8 R 9 R 10 It is a silyl group represented by Si-. 8 , R 9 and R 10 are each independently a monovalent organic group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms which may have a heteroatom. Specific examples of the monovalent organic group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms which may have a heteroatom include those mentioned above.

[0032] The polymerizable monomer (a1) is preferably trialkylsilyl (meth)acrylate, alkyldiarylsilyl (meth)acrylate, or aryldialkylsilyl (meth)acrylate, with trialkylsilyl (meth)acrylate being more preferred. Examples of trialkylsilyl (meth)acrylate include trimethylsilyl (meth)acrylate, triethylsilyl (meth)acrylate, tripropylsilyl (meth)acrylate, triisopropylsilyl (meth)acrylate, tributylsilyl (meth)acrylate, triisobutylsilyl (meth)acrylate, tri-sec-butylsilyl (meth)acrylate, tri-2-ethylhexylsilyl (meth)acrylate, and butyldiisopropylsilyl (meth)acrylate. The polymerizable monomer (a1) also includes polymerizable monomers in which n is 2 or greater in the formula (a1), such as 1-(meth)acryloyloxynonamethyltetrasiloxane. Among these, trialkylsilyl(meth)acrylates having a branched alkyl group are preferred, triisopropylsilyl(meth)acrylate is more preferred, and triisopropylsilyl methacrylate is particularly preferred, from the viewpoint of being able to easily form an antifouling coating film that has a good balance between crack resistance and antifouling properties.

[0033] The silyl ester polymer may further have a structural unit (a-2) derived from another ethylenically unsaturated monomer (hereinafter also referred to as "monomer (a2)").

[0034] Examples of the monomer (a2) include the above-mentioned (meth)acrylate monomers, styrene, α-methylstyrene, vinyltoluene, vinyl acetate, vinyl propionate, maleic acid, itaconic acid, (meth)acrylic acid amide, acrylonitrile, methacrylonitrile, and aliphatic carboxylic acid metal (meth)acrylates. The structural unit (a-2) contained in the silyl ester polymer may be of one type or of two or more types.

[0035] The proportion of the structural unit (a-1) in the silyl ester polymer is preferably 30% by mass or more, more preferably 40% by mass or more, even more preferably 45% by mass or more, and preferably 80% by mass or less, more preferably 75% by mass or less, even more preferably 70% by mass or less.

[0036] The proportion of the structural unit (a-2) in the silyl ester polymer is preferably 20% by mass or more, more preferably 25% by mass or more, even more preferably 30% by mass or more, and preferably 70% by mass or less, more preferably 60% by mass or less, even more preferably 55% by mass or less.

[0037] The zinc (meth)acrylic resin is a salt formed by zinc and an organic acid, represented by formula (a21) or formula (a22), and is a resin having a structure formed by bonding zinc and a carboxylic acid.

[0038] Formula (a21):R a -COO-Zn-OOC-R a Formula (a22):R a -COO-Zn-OOC-R b In formula (a21) and formula (a22), R a is the base resin, R b represents a monovalent organic group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms. In place of Zn, a compound containing a polyvalent metal such as Cu, Ca, Mg, Fe, or Ni may be used in combination.

[0039] Base resin R, which is the base for zinc (meth)acrylic resin a is a resin whose acid value is usually about 1 to 300 mgKOH / g. To produce the zinc (meth)acrylic resin represented by formula (a21) or formula (a22) using such a base resin, for example, 1 mole of a resin having a carboxy group in the molecule may be reacted with about 0.1 to 1 mole of an oxide or hydroxide of a divalent metal (Zn) in the presence of a small amount of water.

[0040] Examples of resins having a carboxyl group in the molecule include polyester, polyurethane, natural resin, and vinyl resin, with vinyl resin being preferred. Examples of vinyl resins include (meth)acrylic resins, preferably resins having structural units derived from (meth)acrylic acid, with a weight-average molecular weight of preferably 1,000 or more, more preferably 2,000 or more, and even more preferably 3,000 or more, and preferably 300,000 or less, more preferably 250,000 or less, and even more preferably 200,000 or less, and with an acid value as described above. Examples of (meth)acrylic resins include the examples mentioned above.

[0041] Specific examples of zinc (meth)acrylic resins and their manufacturing methods are described in, for example, JP-A Nos. 08-209005 and 05-171066.

[0042] The weight-average molecular weight (Mw) of the synthetic resin (A) is preferably 1,000 or more, more preferably 2,000 or more, and preferably 1,000,000 or less, more preferably 700,000 or less, from the viewpoint of obtaining an antifouling coating composition with excellent film-forming properties. Mw can be measured by gel permeation chromatography (GPC). Note that when the aqueous dispersion of synthetic resin (A) is a so-called self-crosslinking resin that undergoes molecular weight increase upon solvent evaporation, Mw is not limited to the upper limit mentioned above.

[0043] The glass transition temperature (Tg) of the synthetic resin (A) is preferably −50° C. or higher, and preferably 90° C. or lower, more preferably 60° C. or lower, and even more preferably 40° C. or lower, from the viewpoint of being able to easily form an antifouling coating film that has a good balance between crack resistance and antifouling properties. Tg can be measured by a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC).

[0044] The synthetic resin (A) can be used alone or in combination of two or more. The content of the synthetic resin (A) is preferably 3% by mass or more, more preferably 5% by mass or more, and preferably 45% by mass or less, more preferably 40% by mass or less, based on 100% by mass of the solid content of the composition (I). In such an embodiment, an antifouling coating film having an appropriate abrasive cleanability of the coating film surface tends to be formed.

[0045] The solid content of composition (I) and each component (e.g., aqueous dispersion) refers to the heating residue when dried in an incubator at 108°C for 3 hours. In the production of composition (I), from the viewpoint of coating film properties, it is preferable to use an aqueous dispersion of synthetic resin (A), particularly an aqueous emulsion. From the viewpoint of dispersion stability, the solid content in the aqueous dispersion of synthetic resin (A) is preferably 30% by mass or more, more preferably 40% by mass or more, and preferably 70% by mass or less, more preferably 60% by mass or less.

[0046] The aqueous dispersion of synthetic resin (A) is a dispersion in which synthetic resin (A) is dispersed in a dispersion medium containing water (hereinafter also referred to as "aqueous medium"). The aqueous medium is not particularly limited as long as it contains water, but the content of water in the aqueous medium is preferably 50 to 100 mass %, more preferably 60 to 100 mass %.

[0047] The aqueous medium may contain a medium other than water, and examples of such a medium include acetone, methyl alcohol, ethyl alcohol, n-propyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, n-butyl alcohol, isobutyl alcohol, 2-methoxyethanol, 2-ethoxyethanol, 2-butoxyethanol, 1-methoxy-2-propanol, 1-ethoxy-2-propanol, diacetone alcohol, dioxane, ethylene glycol, ethylene glycol dimethyl ether, ethylene glycol diethyl ether, ethylene glycol monopropyl ether, and ethylene glycol monohexyl ether. These may be used alone or in combination.

[0048] The aqueous emulsion of synthetic resin (A) can be prepared by emulsifying synthetic resin (A) using a surfactant. Alternatively, the emulsion can be prepared directly by emulsion polymerization of the monomers that form synthetic resin (A). The surfactant is not particularly limited and can be appropriately selected from cationic surfactants, anionic surfactants, and nonionic surfactants.

[0049] <Ingredient (B)> Component (B) is at least one selected from resin acids and their derivatives, and contributes to adjusting the wear rate of the coating film and improving long-term stain resistance.

[0050] Examples of derivatives of resin acids include hydrogenated resin acids, disproportionated resin acids, and metal salts of resin acids, such as alkali metal salts such as sodium salts and potassium salts, zinc salts, copper salts, aluminum salts, magnesium salts, calcium salts, and barium salts.

[0051] Examples of component (B) include rosins such as gum rosin, wood rosin, and tall oil rosin; rosin derivatives such as hydrogenated rosin, disproportionated rosin, and rosin metal salts; and copal resins and their derivatives. Component (B) may also include rosin-based resin acids, which are components contained in rosin, copal-based resin acids, which are components contained in copal resins, and their derivatives. Examples of rosin-based resin acids and their derivatives include abietic acid, neoabietic acid, dehydroabietic acid, secodehydroabietic acid, dihydroabietic acid, tetrahydroabietic acid, pimaric acid, isopimaric acid, levopimaric acid, paramatric acid, and sandaracopimaric acid. Examples of copal-based resin acids and their derivatives include agathene dicarboxylic acid and agathene dicarboxylic acid monoalkyl ester. Component (B) is preferably at least one selected from rosin and its derivatives (rosin derivatives).

[0052] The addition of component (B), which is at least one selected from resin acids and their derivatives, is effective in achieving antifouling performance, but even better antifouling performance can be achieved by selecting a component other than alkali metal salts as component (B).When synthetic resin (A) is a hydrolyzable resin, metal salts other than alkali metal salts are preferred as component (B).

[0053] One or more types of component (B) can be used. The content of component (B) is preferably 1% by mass or more, more preferably 2% by mass or more, and preferably 30% by mass or less, more preferably 20% by mass or less, based on 100% by mass of the solid content of composition (I). In such an embodiment, a coating film with excellent antifouling properties tends to be easily formed.

[0054] In composition (I), the mass ratio ((A):(B)) of synthetic resin (A) to component (B) is 1:0.1 to 1:4, preferably 1:0.4 to 1:3.8, and more preferably 1:0.8 to 1:3.5. Composition (I) containing synthetic resin (A) and component (B) at this mass ratio and containing a flat pigment (C) having an aspect ratio within the range described below can form an antifouling coating film that is particularly excellent in crack resistance and long-term antifouling properties (particularly long-term dynamic antifouling properties). In evaluating antifouling properties, in static antifouling tests, even if cracks occur in the coating film, peeling is unlikely to occur and the antifouling properties may not deteriorate. However, in dynamic antifouling tests, cracks in the coating film are likely to cause peeling and a significant deterioration in antifouling properties. The dynamic antifouling test is a test method in which, for example, a test plate with an antifouling coating film is placed on the side of a rotating rotor, and the rotor is immersed in the sea and rotated at a speed of approximately 15 knots.

[0055] In producing composition (I), it is preferable to use an aqueous dispersion of component (B), particularly an aqueous emulsion. From the viewpoint of workability in paint production, the solid content of the aqueous dispersion of component (B) is preferably 20% by mass or more, more preferably 35% by mass or more, and preferably 80% by mass or less, more preferably 65% ​​by mass or less.

[0056] The aqueous dispersion of component (B) is a dispersion in which component (B) is dispersed in an aqueous medium. The aqueous medium is not particularly limited as long as it contains water, but the content of water in the aqueous medium is preferably 50 to 100 mass%, more preferably 60 to 100 mass%. Specific examples of the medium other than water in the aqueous medium are as described above.

[0057] <Flat pigment (C)> The flake pigment (C) has an aspect ratio of 5 to 30. The aspect ratio of the flake pigment (C) is preferably 7 or more, more preferably 10 or more, and preferably 27 or less, more preferably 25 or less. By using a flake pigment (C) with an aspect ratio within this range, the resulting antifouling coating film has improved crack resistance after immersion in seawater or freshwater, making the coating less susceptible to peeling and allowing the coating to exhibit stable antifouling performance over the long term. It is presumed that the flake pigment (C) in the coating film prevents moisture penetration and relieves internal stress in the coating film, thereby improving crack resistance.

[0058] The aspect ratio of the flat pigment (C) can be calculated by measuring the thickness and maximum length on the main surface of any 100 flat pigments using a scanning electron microscope (SEM), for example, a "TM 3030 Plus Miniscope" (tabletop SEM manufactured by Hitachi High-Technologies Corporation), and calculating the average value of these ratios (maximum length on the main surface / thickness).

[0059] The thickness of the flat pigment (C) can be measured by observing the pigment from a direction horizontal to its main surface (the surface with the largest area). The maximum length of the main surface of the flat pigment (C) means, for example, the length of the diagonal if the main surface is square, the diameter if the main surface is circular, or the length of the major axis if the main surface is elliptical.

[0060] The median diameter (d50) of the flat pigment (C) is preferably 1 μm or more, more preferably 10 μm or more, and preferably 100 μm or less, more preferably 60 μm or less. The median diameter can be measured using a laser scattering / diffraction particle size distribution analyzer, for example, the "SALD 2200" (manufactured by Shimadzu Corporation).

[0061] The flat pigment (C) is not particularly limited, but examples thereof include inorganic pigments having a plate-like structure and having the above aspect ratio, specifically, mica, glass flakes, and aluminum flakes, with mica being particularly preferred.

[0062] The flat pigment (C) can be used alone or in combination with two or more kinds. For example, when producing the composition (I), a flat pigment having a pre-measured aspect ratio of 5 to 30 can be blended. From the viewpoint of improving crack resistance, the content of the flat pigment (C) is preferably 1 mass% or more, more preferably 2 mass% or more, and even more preferably 3 mass% or more, based on 100 mass% of the solid content of the composition (I), and is preferably 30 mass% or less, more preferably 25 mass% or less, and even more preferably 20 mass% or less.

[0063] <Anti-fouling agent (D)> The antifouling agent (D) may be either an organic or inorganic antifouling agent. Examples of inorganic antifouling agents include copper or copper compounds (excluding pyrithione compounds) such as cuprous oxide, metallic copper powder, and cuprous thiocyanate (copper rhodanide), and preferred are cuprous oxide and cuprous thiocyanate (copper rhodanide).

[0064] Examples of organic antifouling agents include: Metal pyrithiones (pyrithione compounds) such as copper pyrithione and zinc pyrithione; tetraalkylthiuram disulfides such as tetramethylthiuram disulfide; Carbamate compounds such as zinc dimethyldithiocarbamate, zinc ethylenebisdithiocarbamate, and bisdimethyldithiocarbamoylzinc ethylenebisdithiocarbamate; maleimide compounds such as 2,4,6-triphenylmaleimide, 2,3-dichloro-N-(2',6'-diethylphenyl)maleimide, and 2,3-dichloro-N-(2'-ethyl-6'-methylphenyl)maleimide; 2,4,5,6-Tetrachloroisophthalonitrile, N,N-dimethyldichlorophenylurea, 4,5-dichloro-2-n-octyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one, 2-methylthio-4-tert-butylamino-6-cyclopropyl-S-triazine, chloromethyl-n-octyl disulfide, N',N'-dimethyl-N-phenyl-(N-fluorodichloromethylthio)sulfamide, N',N'-dimethyl-N-tolyl-(N-fluorodichloromethylthio)sulfamide; Amine-organoborane complexes such as pyridinetriphenylborane and 4-isopropylpyridinediphenylmethylborane; (+ / -)-4-[1-(2,3-dimethylphenyl)ethyl]-1H-imidazole (medetomidine); Examples include: Of these organic antifouling agents, copper pyrithione, zinc pyrithione, zinc ethylenebisdithiocarbamate, 2-methylthio-4-tert-butylamino-6-cyclopropyl-S-triazine and (+ / -)-4-[1-(2,3-dimethylphenyl)ethyl]-1H-imidazole (medetomidine) are preferred, and copper pyrithione, zinc ethylenebisdithiocarbamate and (+ / -)-4-[1-(2,3-dimethylphenyl)ethyl]-1H-imidazole (medetomidine) are more preferred.

[0065] The antifouling agent (D) can be used alone or in combination of two or more. The content of the antifouling agent (D) is preferably 0.01% by mass or more, more preferably 0.05% by mass or more, and preferably 80% by mass or less, more preferably 75% by mass or less, based on 100% by mass of the solid content of the composition (I).

[0066] <Water(E)> Composition (I) is a water-based antifouling coating composition. A "water-based" composition refers to a composition containing water. The water content in composition (I) is preferably 5% by mass or more, more preferably 10% by mass or more, and preferably 50% by mass or less, more preferably 45% by mass or less.

[0067] <Other ingredients> Composition (I) may contain, as necessary, additives such as pigments other than the flat pigment (C) having an aspect ratio within the above range (e.g., extender pigments and coloring pigments), pigment dispersants, antifoaming agents, thickeners, anti-settling agents, film-forming aids, etc. One or more additives may be used, as long as they do not impair the effects of the present invention.

[0068] Examples of extender pigments include zinc oxide, talc, silica, mica, clay, potassium feldspar, calcium carbonate, kaolin, alumina white, white carbon, aluminum hydroxide, magnesium carbonate, barium carbonate, barium sulfate, and zinc sulfide. The content of the extender pigment is preferably 0.1% by mass or more, more preferably 1% by mass or more, and preferably 90% by mass or less, more preferably 75% by mass or less, based on 100% by mass of the solid content of composition (I).

[0069] As the color pigment, various conventionally known organic and inorganic pigments can be used. Examples of organic pigments include naphthol red and phthalocyanine blue. Examples of inorganic pigments include carbon black, red iron oxide, titanium white (titanium oxide), and yellow iron oxide. The content of the color pigment is preferably 0.01 to 50 mass%, more preferably 0.01 to 30 mass%, based on 100 mass% of the solid content of composition (I).

[0070] The pigment dispersant is preferably a dispersant that can uniformly disperse the pigment in the coating composition and prepare a stable dispersion. Examples of the pigment dispersant include polymer dispersants. The content of the pigment dispersant is preferably 0.01 to 5 mass% relative to 100 mass% of the solid content of the composition (I).

[0071] The antifoaming agent is preferably a material that can suppress the generation of bubbles during the production or application of the coating composition, or a material that can break bubbles that have generated in the coating composition. Examples of the antifoaming agent include silicone-based antifoaming agents and mineral oil-based antifoaming agents. The content of the antifoaming agent is preferably 0.01 to 2 mass% based on 100 mass% of the solid content of composition (I).

[0072] As the thickener, for example, a commercially available product generally available as a thickener can be used. The commercially available product is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include alkali thickening type, nonionic association type, water-soluble polymer type, and polyamide type thickeners. The content of the thickener is preferably 0.01 to 10 mass% based on 100 mass% of the solid content of the composition (I).

[0073] The anti-settling agent is preferably a material capable of suppressing pigment sedimentation in the coating composition and improving its storage stability. Examples of the anti-settling agent include organic thixotropes such as hydrogenated castor oil-based thixotropes and polyethylene oxide-based thixotropes; and inorganic thixotropes such as clay minerals (e.g., bentonite, smectite, hectorite) and synthetic fine silica powder. The content of the anti-settling agent is preferably 0.01 to 5% by mass based on 100% by mass of the solids content of composition (I).

[0074] Examples of the coalescent include conventionally known alcohols, glycol ethers, and esters, such as alcohols having 1 to 3 carbon atoms, such as isopropyl alcohol, and alcohols such as 2,2,4-trimethylpentanediol; glycol ethers, such as ethylene glycol monobutyl ether, ethylene glycol diethyl ether, diethylene glycol monobutyl ether, diethylene glycol diethyl ether, propylene glycol diethyl ether, dipropylene glycol diethyl ether, and dipropylene glycol n-butyl ether; and esters, such as 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol monoisobutyrate. The content of the coalescent is preferably 0.1 to 15% by mass, and more preferably 0.1 to 5% by mass, based on 100% by mass of the total amount of Composition (I).

[0075] <Method of manufacturing a water-based antifouling coating composition> Composition (I) can be produced by appropriately utilizing a known method, for example, by adding synthetic resin (A), component (B), flat pigment (C), antifouling agent (D), and, if necessary, other components to a stirring vessel all at once or in any order, mixing the components by known stirring and mixing means, and dispersing or dissolving them in water (E).

[0076] In producing the composition (I), it is preferable to use an aqueous dispersion of the synthetic resin (A) and an aqueous dispersion of the component (B) from the viewpoint of workability in producing the coating material. Examples of stirring and mixing means include means using a paint shaker, high-speed disperser, sand grind mill, basket mill, ball mill, three-roll mill, Ross mixer, and planetary mixer.

[0077] Composition (I) has excellent crack resistance and can form a coating film on the surface of a substrate such as a ship that can prevent the attachment of aquatic organisms for a long period of time. Improved crack resistance suppresses increases in surface roughness and water flow resistance due to cracking, and in the case of ships, for example, contributes to reduced fuel consumption. Furthermore, because the coating film is less likely to crack or peel even when repainted, Composition (I) is also suitable for repair painting. Composition (I) is a water-based paint, so it has minimal adverse effects on the environment and human body and also has excellent storage stability.

[0078] Composition (I) is preferably a low-VOC coating composition. "Low VOC" means that the composition contains almost no volatile organic compounds (VOCs) such as organic solvents, and specifically, the VOC content in the composition when adjusted to a viscosity suitable for coating is 200 g / L or less. The VOC content in composition (I) is preferably 180 g / L or less, more preferably 160 g / L or less.

[0079] The VOC content in the composition can be calculated from the following formula (1) using the specific gravity of the composition and the value of the heating residue. VOC content (g / L) = Composition specific gravity x 1000 x (100 - heating residue - water content) / 100...(1)

[0080] Composition specific gravity (g / mL): A value calculated by filling a density cup having an internal volume of 100 mL with the composition at a temperature of 23°C and measuring the mass of the composition. Heating residue (mass%): 1 g of the composition is weighed out onto a flat-bottomed dish, spread evenly using a wire of known mass, dried at 108°C for 3 hours, and then the mass of the residue and the wire are measured to calculate the mass percentage.

[0081] Water content (mass %): the mass % of water contained in 100 mass % of the composition, measured using, for example, a water content measuring device CA-310 manufactured by Mitsubishi Chemical Analytech Corporation.

[0082] [Uses of water-based antifouling paint compositions] The antifouling coating film of this embodiment (hereinafter also referred to as "antifouling coating film (J)") is formed from composition (I). The substrate with the antifouling coating film of this embodiment (hereinafter also referred to as "antifouling substrate (K)") has a substrate and the antifouling coating film (J) provided on the surface of the substrate.

[0083] The method for producing the antifouling substrate (K) comprises the steps of: (1) applying or impregnating a substrate (target object, object to be coated) with the composition (I) to obtain a coated or impregnated body; and (2) drying the coated or impregnated body.

[0084] For application, known methods such as air spray, airless spray, brush coating, roller coating, etc. can be used. The composition (I) applied or impregnated by the above-mentioned method can be dried, for example, by leaving it to stand at a temperature of -5 to 30°C, preferably for about 1 to 10 days, more preferably for about 1 to 7 days, to give an antifouling coating film (J). The composition (I) may be dried while blowing air under heating.

[0085] Alternatively, the antifouling substrate (K) can be produced by forming an antifouling coating film (J) from the composition (I) on the surface of a temporary substrate, peeling the antifouling coating film (J) from the temporary substrate, and applying it to the substrate to be antifouled. In this case, the antifouling coating film (J) may be applied to the substrate via an adhesive layer.

[0086] The surface of the substrate may be treated with a primer, or may have on its surface a layer formed from any of various resin paints such as epoxy resin paints, vinyl resin paints, acrylic resin paints, urethane resin paints, etc. In this case, the surface of the substrate on which the antifouling coating film (J) is to be formed means the surface after primer treatment or the surface of the layer formed from the resin paint.

[0087] Although the substrate is not particularly limited, composition (I) is preferably used to provide long-term antifouling to substrates in a wide range of industrial fields, such as ships, fisheries, and underwater structures. Examples of substrates include ships (e.g., large steel ships such as container ships and tankers, hull shells for fishing boats, FRP boats, wooden boats, and yachts, including both newly built and repaired ships), underwater structures (e.g., oil pipelines, water supply and drainage pipes for factories and thermal and nuclear power plants, submarine cables, seawater utilization equipment (e.g., seawater pumps), megafloats, coastal roads, undersea tunnels, port facilities, various underwater civil engineering structures in canals and waterways, etc.), fishing materials (e.g., ropes, fishing nets, fishing gear, floats, buoys), seawater supply and drainage pipes for factories and thermal and nuclear power plants, etc., diver suits, underwater goggles, oxygen cylinders, swimsuits, and torpedoes. Among these, ships, underwater structures, fishing equipment, and water supply and drainage pipes are preferred, ships and underwater structures are more preferred, and ships are particularly preferred.

[0088] In producing the antifouling substrate (K), if the substrate is a fishing net or a steel plate, the composition (I) may be applied directly to the surface of the substrate, or if the substrate is a fishing net, the surface may be impregnated with the composition (I), or if the substrate is a steel plate, a base material such as a rust inhibitor or primer may be applied to the surface of the substrate in advance to form a base layer, and then the composition (I) may be applied to the surface of the base layer. Furthermore, for the purpose of repair, an antifouling coating film (J) may be further formed on the surface of a substrate on which an antifouling coating film (J) or a conventional antifouling coating film has been formed, such as a steel plate having a deteriorated antifouling coating film.

[0089] The thickness of the antifouling coating film (J) is not particularly limited, but is, for example, about 30 to 1000 μm. When forming the antifouling coating film (J), the thickness of the antifouling coating film formed by one coating is preferably 10 to 300 μm, more preferably 30 to 200 μm, and the coating may be applied one or more times.

[0090] A ship having an antifouling coating (J) can prevent a decrease in ship speed and an increase in fuel consumption because it can prevent the attachment of aquatic organisms. An underwater structure having an antifouling coating (J) can maintain its functionality for a long period of time because it can prevent the attachment of aquatic organisms over a long period of time. A fishing net having an antifouling coating (J) not only has less risk of environmental pollution but also prevents clogging of the mesh because it can prevent the attachment of aquatic organisms. Furthermore, a water supply and drainage pipe having an antifouling coating (J) on its inner surface can prevent clogging of the water supply and drainage pipe and a decrease in flow rate because it can prevent the attachment and proliferation of aquatic organisms. [Example]

[0091] The present invention will be described in more detail below based on examples and comparative examples, but the present invention is not limited to the following examples. In the following examples and comparative examples, "parts" means "parts by mass."

[0092] <Glass transition temperature (Tg) of synthetic resin> After drying the synthetic resin (A) at 108°C for 3 hours, the change in calorific value was measured in a nitrogen atmosphere at a temperature rise rate of 20°C / min in the range of -50°C to 150°C using a differential scanning calorimeter (e.g., DSC Q2000, manufactured by TA Instruments). The glass transition temperature (Tg) was defined as the temperature (°C) at the onset value of the DSC during heating.

[0093] <Aspect ratio of pigment> The aspect ratio of the pigment was calculated by measuring the thickness and maximum length on the main surface of 100 randomly selected pigment particles using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) "TM 3030 Plus Miniscope" (tabletop SEM, manufactured by Hitachi High-Technologies Corporation) and calculating the average value of these ratios (maximum length on the main surface / thickness).

[0094] The thickness of the pigment is measured by observing the pigment from a direction horizontal to its main surface (the surface with the largest area). The maximum length of the pigment's main surface means the length of the diagonal if the main surface is rectangular, the diameter if the main surface is circular, or the length of the major axis if the main surface is elliptical.

[0095] <Solid content concentration> The solid content of the composition and each component refers to the heating residue when dried for 3 hours in an incubator at 108° C. The solid content concentration (mass%) of the composition and each component was calculated from this heating residue.

[0096] [Manufacturing Example 1] A reaction vessel equipped with a stirrer, a reflux condenser, a thermometer, a nitrogen inlet tube, and a dropping funnel was charged with 53 parts of xylene, and under a nitrogen atmosphere, the xylene was heated under atmospheric pressure while being stirred with a stirrer until the temperature of the xylene in the reaction vessel reached 85° C. While maintaining the temperature of the xylene in the reaction vessel at 85° C., a monomer mixture consisting of 60 parts of triisopropylsilyl methacrylate (TIPSMA), 20 parts of 2-methoxyethyl methacrylate (MEMA), 10 parts of methyl methacrylate (MMA), 10 parts of butyl acrylate (BA), and 1 part of 2,2′-azobis(2-methylbutyronitrile) (AMBN) was added dropwise into the reaction vessel using the dropping funnel over 2 hours.

[0097] Next, 0.5 parts of t-butyl peroxyoctoate was further added to the reaction vessel, and stirring was continued for 2 hours with a stirrer under normal pressure while maintaining the liquid temperature in the reaction vessel at 85°C. After that, the liquid temperature in the reaction vessel was raised from 85°C to 110°C and heated for 1 hour, and then 14 parts of xylene was added to the reaction vessel to lower the liquid temperature in the reaction vessel. When the liquid temperature reached 40°C, stirring was stopped and a hydrolyzable polymer solution containing a hydrolyzable copolymer was prepared.

[0098] 200 parts of the hydrolyzable polymer solution that had been heated and kept at 30°C was placed in a 500 ml plastic container, and 14 parts of an emulsifier (polyoxyethylene lauryl ether) that had been heated and melted was added while stirring with a disperser, dissolved, and mixed uniformly.

[0099] Next, while stirring the obtained solution with a disper, 60 parts of ion-exchanged water was added dropwise from the dropping funnel to the solution over 30 minutes and mixed uniformly.Furthermore, while stirring the obtained solution with a disper, 120 parts of ion-exchanged water was added dropwise from the dropping funnel to the solution over 1 hour and mixed uniformly to cause phase inversion emulsification, thereby obtaining Emulsion 1 with a solid content of 45%.

[0100] [Manufacturing Example 2] A reaction vessel equipped with a stirrer, condenser, thermometer, dropping device, nitrogen inlet tube, heating, and cooling jacket was charged with 120 parts xylene and 161 parts WW rosin. The mixture was heated from room temperature to 50°C while stirring with a stirrer under a nitrogen stream to dissolve the WW rosin. 24 parts zinc oxide was then added, and the mixture was heated from 50°C to 85°C while stirring with a stirrer under a nitrogen stream. The mixture was then stirred at 85°C for 9 hours. After confirming that the solution had become transparent, the resulting water was removed by azeotropic dehydration with the xylene solvent. The temperature was then raised from 85°C to 150°C, and the temperature was maintained at 150°C. After confirming that no water was distilled off at this temperature and the solution had become transparent, the reaction was terminated to obtain a transparent rosin zinc salt-containing product.

[0101] 225 parts of a rosin zinc salt-containing material that had been heated and kept at 30°C was placed in a 500 ml plastic container, and 27 parts of an emulsifier (polyoxyethylene lauryl ether) that had been heated and melted was added while stirring with a disper, dissolved, and mixed uniformly.

[0102] Next, while stirring the obtained solution with a disper, 45 parts of ion-exchanged water was added dropwise to the solution from the dropping funnel over 30 minutes and mixed uniformly.Furthermore, while stirring the obtained solution with a disper, 90 parts of ion-exchanged water was added dropwise to the solution from the dropping funnel over 1 hour and mixed uniformly to cause phase inversion emulsification, thereby obtaining Emulsion 2 with a solid content of 50%.

[0103] [Preparation of antifouling coating composition] [Example 1] An antifouling coating composition was prepared as follows. 11.6 parts of ion-exchanged water, 1.5 parts of Disperbyk-190 (dispersant, manufactured by BYK Japan K.K.), and 0.2 parts of Benton DE (anti-settling agent, manufactured by Elementis Specialties Inc.) were added to a plastic container, and the components were mixed using a paint shaker until they were uniformly dispersed or dissolved. Subsequently, 3 parts of Mica Powder 325 mesh (flat pigment, manufactured by Fukuoka Talc Kogyosho Co., Ltd.), 30 parts of cuprous oxide NC-301 (antifouling agent, manufactured by NC Tech Co., Ltd.), 4 parts of Zineb TC (antifouling agent, manufactured by Cerexagri SA), 3.8 parts of TTK Talc (extender pigment, manufactured by Takehara Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.), 0.6 parts of Noveperm Red F5RK (coloring pigment, manufactured by Clariant Japan Co., Ltd.), 0.3 parts of BYK-018 (antifoaming agent, manufactured by BYK Japan Co., Ltd.), and 150 parts of glass beads were added to the plastic container, and the mixture was stirred for 1 hour using a paint shaker to disperse the components.

[0104] After dispersion, the glass beads were removed from the mixture through a filter net (openings: 80 mesh), and to the filtrate was added 28 parts of New Coat TS-100 (synthetic resin, manufactured by Shin-Nakamura Chemical Co., Ltd.), 14 parts of Hersize NES-500 (resin acid, manufactured by Harima Chemicals Co., Ltd.), 0.5 parts of Adekanol UH-752 (thickener, manufactured by ADEKA Corporation), 2 parts of Kyowanol M (film-forming agent, manufactured by KH Neochem Co., Ltd.), and 0.5 parts of Butyl Cellosolve (film-forming agent, manufactured by KH Neochem Co., Ltd.), and the mixture was dispersed for 20 minutes using a disper to obtain an antifouling coating composition.

[0105] [Examples 2 to 16, Comparative Examples 1 to 6] Antifouling coating compositions were prepared in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the types and amounts of each component were changed as shown in Tables 1 and 3.

[0106] [Evaluation of the physical properties of antifouling paint compositions] The physical properties of the coating films formed using the antifouling coating compositions obtained in the Examples and Comparative Examples were evaluated as follows: The results are shown in Tables 1 to 3.

[0107] <Static stain resistance test> An epoxy-based anticorrosive paint (trade name "Banno 500", manufactured by Chugoku Toryo Co., Ltd.) was applied to a sandblasted steel plate (300 mm × 100 mm × 2.3 mm) using an applicator to a dry film thickness of 150 μm, and dried to form a cured coating film. Next, an epoxy-based binder paint (trade name "Banno 500N", manufactured by Chugoku Toryo Co., Ltd.) was applied to the cured coating film to a dry film thickness of 100 μm, and the resulting coating was dried at 23°C for 1 day to prepare a test plate.

[0108] Next, each of the antifouling coating compositions of the Examples or Comparative Examples listed in Tables 1 to 3 was applied to the test plate (on the surface of the cured coating film of the epoxy binder paint) using an applicator so that the dry film thickness was 150 μm, and the coating was dried at 23°C for 7 days to form an antifouling coating film, thereby producing test plate 1 with an antifouling coating film.

[0109] This test panel 1 with antifouling coating film was suspended and immersed approximately 2 m below the surface of seawater off the coast of Hatsukaichi, Hiroshima Prefecture, and left to stand. Three and 12 months after the start of immersion, the area of ​​marine organisms attached to the antifouling coating film was measured, with the total area (test surface) of the antifouling coating film on the part of the test panel that was constantly submerged in seawater being taken as 100%, and the static antifouling properties were evaluated based on Evaluation Criteria 1 and / or Evaluation Criteria 2 below.

[0110] (Evaluation Criteria 1) 5: The area of ​​the test surface covered by marine organisms is less than 1% 4: The area of ​​the above is 1% or more but less than 10% of the test surface 3: The area of ​​the above is 10% or more but less than 30% of the test surface 2: The area of ​​the above is 30% or more but less than 70% of the test surface 1: The same as above covers 70% or more of the test surface

[0111] (Evaluation Criteria 2) 3: The area of ​​the test surface covered by marine organisms is less than 35%. 2: The area of ​​the above is 35% or more but less than 80% of the test surface 1: The above area is 80% or more of the test surface

[0112] <Paint film crack resistance (water resistance) test> Test plate 2 with an antifouling coating film was prepared in the same manner as test plate 1 with an antifouling coating film for the static antifouling property test, except that a sandblasted steel plate (150 mm × 70 mm × 2.3 mm) was used instead of the sandblasted steel plate (300 mm × 100 mm × 2.3 mm). Test plate 2 with an antifouling coating film was immersed in artificial seawater at 50°C, and 6 months after the start of immersion, the crack resistance of the coating film was evaluated based on the following evaluation criteria.

[0113] (Evaluation criteria) ◯: None of the coating films peeled off and there were no cracks. △: Peeling was observed in a small area. ×: Peeling was observed in most areas.

[0114] [Table 1]

[0115] [Table 2]

[0116] [Table 3]

[0117] The details of the components used in the examples and comparative examples are as follows:

[0118] [Table 4]

Claims

1. A synthetic resin (A), at least one component (B) selected from the group consisting of resin acids, hydrogenated resin acids, and disproportionated resin acids; a flat pigment (C) having an aspect ratio of 5 to 30; an antifouling agent (D); Water (E) and An aqueous antifouling coating composition comprising: the mass ratio of the synthetic resin (A) to the component (B), (A):(B), is 1:0.1 to 1:4; A water-based antifouling paint composition.

2. 2. The aqueous antifouling coating composition according to claim 1, wherein the synthetic resin (A) is at least one selected from the group consisting of (meth)acrylic resins, styrene resins, other vinyl resins, urethane resins, and hydrolyzable resins.

3. 3. The aqueous antifouling coating composition according to claim 1, wherein the flat pigment (C) is mica having an aspect ratio of 5 to 30.

4. 4. The aqueous antifouling coating composition according to claim 1, wherein the component (B) is at least one selected from the group consisting of rosin, a hydrogenated rosin, and a disproportionated rosin.

5. An antifouling coating film formed from the aqueous antifouling coating composition according to any one of claims 1 to 4.

6. A substrate; The antifouling coating film according to claim 5 provided on the surface of the substrate. A substrate with an antifouling coating film having the above structure.

7. A method for producing a substrate with an antifouling coating film, comprising: a step (1) of applying or impregnating a substrate with the aqueous antifouling coating composition according to any one of claims 1 to 4 to obtain a coated or impregnated body; and a step (2) of drying the coated or impregnated body.

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