Imprinting compositions and methods for using same to form patterned layers

Abstract

A sol-gel imprinting ink composition is disclosed, comprising a sol and an additive for promoting gelation of the composition during imprinting at an imprinting temperature. The composition has a pH of 4 to 7 when mixed with an equal volume of deionized water and measured at 20°C and 1 atm. The additive is a reversible reaction product of a protonic acid and a proton-accepting base. At the imprinting temperature, the vapor pressure of the acid is higher than the vapor pressure of the base, thereby increasing the concentration of the base in the composition relative to the concentration of the acid in the composition during imprinting, thereby basifying the composition. Also disclosed are methods for forming patterned layers using such sol-gel imprinting ink compositions, as well as optical elements and etching masks each comprising the patterned layer.

Description

[Technical Field]

[0001] The present invention relates to a composition for imprints.

[0002] The present invention further relates to methods of forming patterned layers using such imprinting compositions.

[0003] The invention further relates to optical elements and etching masks, respectively, that include such patterned layers. [Background technology]

[0004] Substrate conformal imprint lithography (SCIL), like other imprint lithography techniques, involves using a patterned stamp to imprint a layer applied to the surface of a substrate. The stamp is made from a silicone rubber, such as polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). The layer can be cured during imprinting with the stamp. Once sufficiently cured, the stamp is removed, leaving the patterned layer on the substrate.

[0005] Various types of imprinting inks can be used, including UV-curable and sol-gel compositions. The suitability of a curable compound for use in an imprintable medium depends on its etching properties after forming a pattern on a carrier, such as a semiconductor substrate. For this reason, compositions based on inorganic sol and sol-gel materials, such as alkoxysilane-derived sols and sol-gels, have proven popular due to their excellent etch resistance and selectivity, excellent adhesion, and excellent mechanical and optical properties when condensed into polysiloxane networks. Furthermore, such compositions can be used to produce patterned layers with features with dimensions ranging from less than 10 nanometers to hundreds of nanometers.

[0006] In such compositions, a sol (or solution) is first formed, for example, by hydrolysis of an inorganic hydroxide and / or alkoxide. The sol may contain oligomeric or linear polymeric species formed by a condensation process in which water and / or alcohol are released. During preparation of the imprinting composition or during imprinting, the sol reacts to form a sol-gel by a further condensation process, thereby obtaining a three-dimensional network. Removal of the solvent (e.g., by evaporation) from the network, including water and / or alcohol, results in the formation of a (hardened) inorganic oxide. A sol formed from the hydrolysis and polycondensation of such hydroxide or alkoxide precursors is considered a colloid. The term "colloid" refers to a solid-liquid and / or liquid-liquid mixture in which solid or liquid particles are dispersed in a liquid medium.

[0007] Such condensation polymerization (polycondensation) reactions are typically reversible, which are shifted to the polycondensation side of the equilibrium during imprinting of the composition with a penetrable stamp, because some of the reaction products (e.g., water or alcohol) released upon formation of the condensation product are carried away from the reaction site by diffusion into / through the stamp material and by evaporation, thereby disfavoring the reverse (hydrolysis or alcoholysis) reaction.

[0008] However, applying such sol-gel compositions in imprint lithography is not always straightforward. A key requirement is that the imprinting process must be reproducible for wide application on a large scale. For example, imprinting inks containing curable compounds must have an appropriate viscosity to allow easy deposition onto the target substrate and maintain the appropriate viscosity until the imprinting ink is imprinted with the stamp. That is, the ink must be flexible enough to conform to the feature pattern on the stamp surface.

[0009] The imprint time, defined as the time the stamp is in contact with the ink from liquid to a hardened gel layer that allows the stamp to be removed without damaging the pattern, can vary from a few seconds to over 12 hours, depending on the conditions. Various factors affect imprint time, including the degree of condensation in the sol, the water content in the composition, the presence of cosolvents (Marc A. Verschuuren, Substrate Conformal Imprint Lithography for Nanophotonics, 2010, Utrecht University, The Netherlands), ambient conditions (e.g., relative humidity during coating of the composition on the substrate, temperature during imprinting), the surface chemistry of the underlying material to be imprinted, the critical time between application of the sol-gel layer (e.g., by spin coating, inkjet printing, spray coating, etc.) and application of the stamp to the layer, and the pH of the composition. Regarding surface chemistry, the imprint time for a sol-gel layer on silicon is less than 5 minutes at room temperature, but can take 4 to 20 hours to imprint if the same material and stamp are applied to a chromium- or aluminum-coated surface. Summary of the Invention [Problem to be solved by the invention]

[0010] A key challenge in applying this technology relates to balancing the requirement for a stable sol-gel imprinting ink composition with a sufficiently short imprinting time. A stable sol-gel imprinting ink composition comprises a sol that gels relatively slowly, which is beneficial in terms of the shelf life of the ink, i.e., before application onto a substrate. However, relatively slow gelation means that curing takes longer. Therefore, longer imprinting times are required, resulting in a loss of production throughput.

[0011] The curing process is usually accompanied by a significant degree of shrinkage and densification. The rate of solvent removal can be determined by the porosity of the gel, e.g., the pore size distribution. Furthermore, the final microstructure of the patterned layer can be strongly influenced by the conditions during curing. Controlling the conditions to obtain a sufficiently dense patterned layer in a relatively short imprint time remains a challenge.

[0012] Korean Patent Application Publication No. 2017 0027926A discloses a composition and method for preparing an antifouling and antibacterial barrier coating.

[0013] China Patent Application Publication No. 104 165 912A discloses the preparation and application of molecularly imprinted sol-gel polymers on the surface of graphene oxide.

[0014] International Patent Publication WO2008 / 053418A2 discloses a relief layer and an imprinting method for producing the same.

[0015] International Patent Publication WO2012 / 142126A2 discloses a method for making radiation-sensitive sol-gel materials. [Means for solving the problem]

[0016] The invention is defined by the claims.

[0017] According to one embodiment, there is provided an imprinting composition comprising a sol and an additive for promoting gelation of the imprinting composition during imprinting at an imprinting temperature of 15°C to 120°C. The additive is a reversible reaction product of a protonic acid and a proton-accepting base, and the composition, when mixed with an equal volume of deionized water and measured at 20°C and 1 atm, has a pH of 4 to 7, and the vapor pressure of the acid is higher than that of the base at the imprinting temperature. Imprinting may involve applying the composition to a surface before contacting the resulting composition layer with a stamp, or applying the composition directly to a stamp (with or without a subsequent step in which the composition applied to the stamp is sandwiched between the stamp and another surface (e.g., a substrate)). The difference in vapor pressure causes the composition to become more basic (basified) during imprinting, which in turn can promote curing of the composition.

[0018] A measure of the pH of a composition can be obtained by diluting a sample of the composition with an equal volume of deionized water and measuring the pH of the resulting mixture at ambient temperature and pressure (NTP), i.e., 20°C and 1 atm. The present invention is based in part on the recognition that adjusting the pH of a composition, as measured using this method, to between 4 and 7 results in a composition with suitable properties for forming a layer of the composition suitable for imprinting. This is believed to be due to the pH resulting in controlled condensation reactions such that linear oligomers are formed in the sol.

[0019] The composition further includes an additive that is a reversible reaction product of a protonic acid and a proton-accepting base. That is, the reaction product is considered to be an equilibrium mixture of an acid, a base, and a salt of the acid and the base. The pH of the composition can be adjusted to a measured range of 4 to 7 by using appropriate amounts of acid and base, for example, taking into account the pKa of the acid and the pKa of the conjugate acid of the base.

[0020] During imprinting, the vapor pressure of the acid is higher than that of the base at the imprinting temperature. The acid with a high vapor pressure evaporates at the imprinting temperature, i.e., 15°C to 120°C, which shifts the equilibrium associated with the reaction products toward the acid and base. The low vapor pressure of the base means that the base does not evaporate to the same extent as the acid under imprinting conditions. The low vapor pressure of the base also means that the base diffuses into the stamp layer to a lesser extent than a more volatile acid. This increases the basification of the composition during imprinting. Therefore, during imprinting, the concentration of the base in the composition increases relative to the concentration of the acid in the composition. In this way, the imprinting conditions render the composition basic, which promotes the formation of a three-dimensional network, i.e., a gel. The time required for imprinting, i.e., the time required for sufficient hardening to allow stamp removal, is correspondingly reduced compared to, for example, an acidic composition without a base.

[0021] A sol can be considered a colloid. The term "colloid" refers to a solid-liquid and / or liquid-liquid mixture in which solid or liquid particles are dispersed in a liquid medium. Preferably, the sol is a liquid-liquid mixture.

[0022] The sol may contain at least one hydrolysis product of a trialkoxysilane and a tetraalkoxysilane. When the sol contains the hydrolysis products of a trialkoxysilane and a tetraalkoxysilane, the molar ratio of the tetraalkoxysilane to the trialkoxysilane is preferably 1:1 to 0.45:0.55. It has been found that using a combination of alkyltrialkoxysilane and tetraalkoxysilane in the aforementioned ratio ultimately achieves a desired degree of crosslinking in the gel. Preferably, the tetraalkoxysilane is selected from tetramethoxyorthosilicate and tetraethoxyorthosilicate, and the trialkoxysilane is selected from methyltrimethoxysilane and methyltriethoxysilane.

[0023] Alternatively or additionally, the sol may comprise the hydrolysis product of at least one of titanium alkoxide, zirconium alkoxide, and hafnium alkoxide. Using such metal alkoxide-derived sol-gel systems, high-quality patterned layers can be obtained in relatively short imprint times.

[0024] The base includes, for example, triethanolamine, which has a relatively low vapor pressure (<1.3 Pa at 20°C) at imprint temperatures, i.e., 15°C to 120°C, which means that when combined with an acid, such as formic acid, which has a vapor pressure higher than that of the amine, the composition is basified during imprinting, thereby shortening the imprint time.

[0025] Alternatively or additionally, the base may comprise an alkoxysilyl-functionalized amine, and the sol-gel composition comprises a condensation product of the alkoxysilyl-functionalized amine with the hydrolysis product of the silicon tetraalkoxide and / or alkoxysilane described above. The alkoxysilyl-functionalized amine is preferably aminopropyltriethoxysilane. By incorporating a base into the polymer structure in this manner, the vapor pressure of the base can be made extremely low. If the vapor pressure of the acid is sufficiently high at the imprint temperature, the composition will be basified during imprinting, thereby shortening the imprint time, as described above.

[0026] The acid may include at least one of a compound represented by Formula 1 and a compound represented by Formula 2. [ka] In the formula, R 1 is hydrogen, methyl, or propyl. [ka] In the formula, R 2 and R 3 are individually selected from hydrogen and C1-C3 alkyl.

[0027] Regarding the compound represented by formula 1, this compound reacts reversibly with a base to form a salt, so that at the imprint temperature, the equilibrium shifts to the acid and base side due to the evaporation of the acid from the composition. In this regard, formic acid (R 1 The vapor pressure of acetic acid (R =H) is 4600 Pa at 20°C. 1 The vapor pressure of propionic acid (R = Me) is 1500 Pa at 20°C, 1 =Et) is 390 Pa at 20°C. The relatively high vapor pressure of these compounds at imprint temperatures, i.e., 15°C to 120°C, aids in their evaporation during imprinting. If the vapor pressure of the base is sufficiently low at the imprint temperature, the composition will be basified during imprinting, which, as mentioned above, will shorten the imprint time.

[0028] Similar considerations apply to compounds of formula 2. The carbon between the two carbonyl carbons has an acidic proton. For example, acetylacetone (R 2 =R 3 The pKa of acetylacetone (=Me) is approximately 9 (ionic strength = 0) at 25°C, and the vapor pressure of acetylacetone is 920 Pa at 20°C.

[0029] The sol may preferably contain a solvent selected so that the linear oligomers described above do not phase separate from the sol, i.e., remain dissolved. The solvent has a sufficiently low vapor pressure to avoid significant evaporation of the solvent during deposition of the composition onto the substrate, which could cause premature phase separation of the oligomers. Premature phase separation can reduce the quality of the structures formed by the imprint process, for example, by making uniform deposition of the composition problematic. Therefore, the sol may contain at least one alcohol, preferably 1-propanol, 2-propanol, 1-butanol, 2-butanol, t-butanol, and 1-methoxy-2-propanol. Alternatively or additionally, the sol may contain water, which is involved in hydrolysis during the formation of the sol.

[0030] According to another aspect, there is provided a kit for forming the aforementioned composition, the kit comprising a first component comprising an acid and a sol, and a second component comprising a base.

[0031] As mentioned above, acidic conditions are beneficial in terms of the shelf life of the sol. The first component of the kit contains an acid and a sol, and therefore has a shelf life that allows, for example, storage and transportation of the kit. Prior to use in the imprinting method, the first component is combined with a second component containing a base to prepare a sol-gel imprinting composition. Alternatively, the second component may be added during the final step of forming the first component layer, or coated onto the first component layer immediately before the imprinting step.

[0032] According to yet another aspect, there is provided a method of providing a patterned layer. The method includes providing the composition described above, forming a layer of the composition, and imprinting the layer with a patterned stamp at an imprint temperature of 15°C to 120°C such that the layer is basified during imprinting. The method may further include removing the patterned stamp after imprinting, and optionally, heating the patterned layer at a temperature of 70°C to 400°C after removing the patterned stamp. This further heating step can result in further curing of the patterned layer.

[0033] According to yet another aspect, there is provided an optical element comprising the patterned layer obtained from the above method. The optical element may be, for example, a diffraction grating or a diffractive optical element. In particular, the optical element may be a lens, a light scattering element, a collimator, an in-coupling element, a waveguide, a photonic device such as a ring resonator, a wavelength filter, or an amplitude modifier.

[0034] According to a further aspect, there is provided an etch mask comprising the patterned layer obtained from the above method, the etch mask being, for example, compatible with both wet and dry etching processes, such as reactive ion etching processes. [Brief explanation of the drawings]

[0035] The embodiments will now be described in more detail, and by way of non-limiting example, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:

[0036] [Figure 1] FIG. 1 shows a schematic diagram of a method for forming an imprint layer according to one embodiment. [Figure 2] FIG. 2 shows a schematic representation of a lighting device according to one embodiment. [Figure 3] FIG. 3 shows a schematic representation of a lighting device according to another embodiment. [Figure 4] FIG. 4 shows a schematic diagram of a method of forming an imprint layer according to another embodiment. [Figure 5] FIG. 5 shows a schematic diagram of one aspect of a method for forming an imprint layer according to a further embodiment. [Figure 6] FIG. 6 shows a schematic diagram of a method of forming an imprint layer according to a further embodiment. [Figure 7] FIG. 7 shows a graph of refractive index versus wavelength for a cured imprinting layer according to one embodiment. [Figure 8] FIG. 8 shows a graph of refractive index versus wavelength of a cured imprinting layer for a comparative example in which no base is used in the imprinting composition. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0037] The present invention will now be described with reference to the drawings.

[0038] It should be understood that the detailed description and specific examples, while indicating exemplary embodiments of the devices, systems, and methods, are for purposes of illustration only and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention. These and other features, aspects, and advantages of the devices, systems, and methods of the present invention will become better understood from the following description, appended claims, and accompanying drawings. It should be understood that the drawings are schematic only and are not drawn to scale. It should also be understood that the same reference numerals will be used throughout the drawings to indicate the same or similar parts, unless otherwise noted.

[0039] Embodiments of the present invention provide sol-gel ink compositions for forming patterned layers by imprinting techniques, such as substrate conformal imprint lithography (SCIL), in which a stamp having a patterned surface, typically a surface having a pattern of features with micron and / or nm dimensions, is contacted with such an ink composition. For the avoidance of doubt, it should be noted that the term "imprint" in this context does not necessarily mean that a patterned stamp is pressed onto a layer of composition formed on the surface of a substrate. The meaning of the term "imprint" also includes the direct application of a composition onto the exposed pattern of a patterned stamp. This is further explained below with reference to the figures.

[0040] The term "ink" in this context should not be considered to limit the imprinting composition to those suitable for producing patterns of a different color than the substrate, and therefore the light absorption properties of the imprinting composition are not limited by the term "ink."

[0041] The sol-gel imprinting ink composition comprises a sol and an additive for promoting gelation of the composition during imprinting at the imprinting temperature. The composition has a pH of 4 to 7 when mixed with an equal volume of deionized water and measured at 20°C and 1 atm. The additive is a reversible reaction product of a protonic acid and a proton-accepting base. At the imprinting temperature, the vapor pressure of the acid is higher than the vapor pressure of the base, and thus, during imprinting, the concentration of the base in the composition increases relative to the concentration of the acid in the composition, thereby basifying the composition.

[0042] In one embodiment, the imprint temperature is between 15°C and 120°C, such as between 20°C and 60°C. Preferably, the imprint temperature is between 20°C and 55°C.

[0043] In one embodiment, the sol comprises the hydrolysis product of at least one of a trialkoxysilane and a tetraalkoxysilane. For example, the sol comprises the hydrolysis product of a trialkoxysilane and a tetraalkoxysilane. The sol-gel chemistry of such a system is shown in Reaction Scheme I, which is for illustrative purposes only. The various reactions shown in Reaction Scheme I are similar to other sol-gel systems, such as those derived from titanium alkoxide, zirconium alkoxide, or hafnium alkoxide precursors. [ka]

[0044] In the reaction to form the sol-gel system, alkoxysilanes can be used that undergo reaction steps in the presence of an acid or base, as shown in Reaction Scheme I. Reaction Scheme I shows an acid-catalyzed reaction. The alkoxysilane is hydrolyzed. This is followed by a condensation reaction between two hydrolyzed alkoxysilanes (water condensation reaction) or between a hydrolyzed alkoxysilane and an unreacted alkoxysilane (alcohol condensation reaction), which forms a crosslinked inorganic network. The degree of crosslinking can be controlled by the appropriate selection of alkoxysilane, pH, reaction temperature, water ratio, and cosolvent.

[0045] When the sol contains a hydrolysis product of a trialkoxysilane and a tetraalkoxysilane, the molar ratio of the tetraalkoxysilane to the trialkoxysilane is preferably 1:1 to 0.45:0.55. It has been found that using a combination of alkyltrialkoxysilane and tetraalkoxysilane in the aforementioned ratio ultimately results in a desired degree of crosslinking in the gel. Preferably, the tetraalkoxysilane is selected from tetramethoxyorthosilicate and tetraethoxyorthosilicate, and the trialkoxysilane is selected from methyltrimethoxysilane and methyltriethoxysilane. Alternatively or additionally, the sol may contain a hydrolysis product of at least one of titanium alkoxide, zirconium alkoxide, and hafnium alkoxide.

[0046] The sol-gel imprinting ink composition may further comprise nanoparticles dispersed in the sol, for example. Such nanoparticles may be transition metal oxide nanoparticles, e.g., titania nanoparticles, which result in a patterned layer with a high refractive index. A patterned layer with a high refractive index is desirable for optical applications. Basifying the composition during imprinting may alter the nanoparticle aggregation behavior of the composition and induce crosslinking and hardening. Alternatively, the sol-gel imprinting ink composition may be free of such nanoparticles. The sol-gel imprinting ink composition may be completely dissolved, for example, prior to layer formation and imprinting.

[0047] To obtain a measure of the pH of a composition, a sample of the composition is mixed with an equal volume of deionized water. That is, the volume ratio of the composition sample to the deionized water is 1:1. The pH of the resulting mixture is measured at ambient temperature and pressure (NTP), i.e., 20°C and 1 atm. For example, a suitable calibrated pH probe can be used for this purpose. Other reliable means of measuring pH, such as pH titration, are known to those skilled in the art. The pH of the composition is adjusted to a measurement range of 4 to 7, for example, by using appropriate amounts of acid and base. As will be readily understood by those skilled in the art, the pK of the acid is used to adjust the pH. a and the pK of the conjugate acid of the basea is taken into consideration.

[0048] The present invention is based, in part, on the recognition that adjusting the pH of a composition to a pH of 4 to 7, as measured using this method, results in a composition having suitable properties, e.g., viscosity, for forming a layer of the composition suitable for imprinting. This pH has also been found to extend the shelf life of the composition, as compared to, for example, compositions having a pH greater than 7, as measured using this method.

[0049] Without wishing to be bound by any particular theory, this pH may result in a controlled condensation reaction such that linear oligomers are present in the sol, for example, having a degree of polymerization of 2 to 20.

[0050] Preferably, the composition has a pH of 4 to 6, for example 4.5 to 5.5, when mixed with an equal volume of deionized water and measured at 20° C. and 1 atm. When the composition has a pH of 6 to 7, measured using the method described above, the extent of network formation is lower, which results in dewetting of the layer of composition initially formed on the substrate surface, and final crosslinking during imprinting takes longer compared to, for example, compositions having a pH of 4 to 6 or 4.5 to 5.5, measured using the method described above.

[0051] While a pH range of 4-7 has advantages with respect to the shelf life of the composition and its applicability to a substrate to form a dense patterned layer, such a pH means that the condensation reaction, i.e., the condensation reaction that leads to gel formation, proceeds relatively slowly. Longer imprint times are required, compared to, for example, those of basic sol-gel compositions, to achieve sufficient crosslinking to allow removal of the stamp without causing damage to the patterned layer.

[0052] However, basic conditions promote the undesirable formation of three-dimensionally cross-linked oligomers in the sol. Solidified layers formed from such cross-linked oligomers tend to shrink (after processing). Sol-gel imprinting ink compositions containing sols that are basic before imprinting result in patterned layers with relatively high porosity, which leads to patterned layers with poor mechanical and optical properties and low density.

[0053] However, when the formation of a three-dimensional network, i.e., a gel, is required, basic conditions are desirable during imprinting. At imprinting temperatures, e.g., 15°C to 120°C, the high vapor pressure of the acid relative to the vapor pressure of the base means that the concentration of the base in the composition increases during imprinting, which allows for basification of the layer during imprinting. Basification of the layer, i.e., an increase in pH above 7, favors three-dimensional network formation. The time required for imprinting, i.e., the time required for sufficient gelation and hardening to allow stamp removal, is correspondingly reduced compared to, for example, a base-free composition.

[0054] The condensation polymerization (polycondensation) reaction occurring in sol-gel compositions is typically a reversible reaction, which shifts the equilibrium toward the polycondensation side during imprinting of the composition with a permeable stamp. This is because some of the reaction products released during the formation of the condensation product, such as water or alcohol, are transported away from the reaction site by diffusion into / through the stamp material and by evaporation, thereby disfavoring the reverse (hydrolysis or alcoholysis) reaction. Acid may also diffuse into the stamp during imprinting. Removal of such reaction products as well as acid during imprinting increases the concentration of base in the layer, thereby facilitating basification of the layer and thus further helping to accelerate gelation and hardening.

[0055] It is clear from the above that the formation of a three-dimensional network is favored under basic conditions. Because solvent is removed from the layer during imprinting, a relatively high porosity, i.e., low density, layer can be avoided. Basic conditions, for example, as shown in Reaction Scheme I, drive the equilibrium toward condensation, releasing additional alcohol and water, which are rapidly absorbed by the stamp due to the higher concentration of these molecules in the layer than in the stamp. Both effects, i.e., the increased condensation rate and the removal of reaction products, result in faster formation of solid materials and allow the stamp to be removed in a shorter time compared to acidic or neutral imprinting conditions.

[0056] Thus, the sol-gel imprinting ink composition can enable higher throughput in automated nanoimprint tooling equipment such as the AutoSCIL™ volume production series machines from Philips SCIL Nanoimprint Solutions.

[0057] Furthermore, the sol-gel imprinting ink composition provides suitably dense patterned layers, as will be explained with reference to the examples. Furthermore, the use of the sol-gel imprinting ink according to the present embodiments results in improved stamp life. Furthermore, the sol-gel imprinting ink is less sensitive to variations in the surface chemistry of different substrates and other parameters such as ambient relative humidity, the presence of co-solvents, and the critical time between application of the sol-gel layer and application of the stamp to the layer.

[0058] The composition contains both a protonic acid and a proton-accepting base. However, as previously described, the sol-gel imprinting ink composition has a pH of 4 to 7 when mixed with an equal volume of deionized water and measured at 20°C and 1 atm. This means that the acid and base are in equilibrium with the acid and base salts. Therefore, the additive is considered to be an equilibrium mixture of the acid, base, and acid and base salts. In other words, the additive for promoting gelation of the composition during imprinting is considered to be a reversible reaction product of the acid and base. Hydrolysis of the salt to the acid and base is favorable at imprinting temperatures, e.g., 15°C to 120°C, allowing the acid to evaporate and the base to basify the layer during imprinting.

[0059] A base, for example, is a "weak base," indicating that the base does not completely dissociate in aqueous solution. The pK of the base's conjugate acid in aqueous solution a is, for example, in the range of 3 to 11 at 25°C (ionic strength = 0). The base may, for example, contain or consist of an amine, which is the pK of the conjugate acid of the amine in aqueous solution. a can be within the above range.

[0060] In one embodiment, the base comprises triethanolamine. In a particular example, the base consists of triethanolamine. Triethanolamine has a relatively low vapor pressure (<1.3 Pa at 20°C) at imprint temperatures, i.e., 15°C to 120°C, which means that when used with an acid having a vapor pressure higher than that of the base, such as formic acid, the composition is basified during imprinting, thereby shortening the imprint time, as described above.

[0061] Amine bases such as triethanolamine are suitable due to their compatibility with sol-gel compositions and do not phase separate from the compositions during coating and imprinting. Such bases also have relatively low toxicity and long shelf lives. Importantly, amine bases such as triethanolamine do not degrade the PDMS stamp, and absorption of the base in PDMS is minimal, thereby aiding in basifying the layer and reducing imprinting time, as discussed above. The base preferably does not contain Na, K, Li, Rb, Cs, Ca, Sr, or Ba. This ensures that the patterned layer is compatible with complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) processes.

[0062] Alternatively or additionally, the base may comprise an alkoxysilyl-functionalized amine, and the sol-gel composition comprises a condensation product of the alkoxysilyl-functionalized amine with the hydrolysis product of the silicon tetraalkoxide and / or alkoxysilane described above. The alkoxysilyl-functionalized amine is preferably aminopropyltriethoxysilane. By incorporating a base into the polymer structure in this manner, the vapor pressure of the base can be made extremely low. If the vapor pressure of the acid, for example, formic acid, is sufficiently high at the imprint temperature, the composition is basified during imprinting, thereby shortening the imprint time, as described above.

[0063] An acid, for example, is a "weak acid," which indicates that the acid does not completely dissociate in aqueous solution; that is, the acid is not completely, i.e., irreversibly, deprotonated. The pK of an acid in aqueous solution is a is, for example, in the range of 2 to 10 at 25° C. (ionic strength=0).

[0064] The acid and base are selected to react reversibly at the imprinting temperature, which involves consideration of the pKa of the acid and the pKa of the conjugate acid of the base, i.e., the respective equilibrium constants corresponding to proton donation by the acid and proton acceptance by the base, as will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art.

[0065] At the imprint temperature, the vapor pressure of the acid is higher than the vapor pressure of the base. The respective vapor pressure values ​​of the acid and base may differ when the acid and base are present in the presence of other components, in this case, other components of the sol-gel composition. However, by ensuring that the vapor pressure of the acid is higher than the vapor pressure of the base, the vapor pressure of the acid in the composition is also ensured to be higher than the vapor pressure of the base. For example, the vapor pressure of the acid is higher than 300 Pa at 20° C., and the vapor pressure of the base is lower than 10 Pa at 20° C.

[0066] ASTM E1194-17 describes a procedure for measuring the vapor pressure of pure liquid or solid compounds. -11 ~100kPa (approx. 10 -10 No single technique can measure vapor pressures above 1×10 -11 ~1kPa (approx. 10 -10 It is a gas saturation that can measure vapor pressures of up to 10 Torr. Other methods, such as isoteniscope and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), are suitable for measuring vapor pressures above 0.1 kPa. Test method D2879 includes a 1×10 -1 There is an isoteniscope (standard) method for measuring the vapor pressure of liquids from ~100 kPa (~1760 Torr). Test method E1782 provides a 2 × 10 -1 There is a DSC (standard) method for measuring vapor pressures of ~100 kPa (approximately 1 to 760 Torr).

[0067] In one embodiment, the percentage difference between the vapor pressures of the acid and the base, i.e., (vapor pressure of the acid (per se) - vapor pressure of the base (per se) / vapor pressure of the acid (per se)) * 100, is at least 50%, such as more than 70%, for example more than 90%.

[0068] The acid may include at least one of a compound represented by Formula 1 and a compound represented by Formula 2. [ka] In the formula, R 1is hydrogen, methyl, or propyl. [ka] In the formula, R 2 and R 3 are individually selected from hydrogen and C1-C3 alkyl.

[0069] Regarding the compound represented by formula 1, this compound reacts reversibly with a base to form a salt, so that at the imprint temperature, the equilibrium shifts to the acid and base side due to the evaporation of the acid from the composition. In this regard, formic acid (R 1 The vapor pressure of acetic acid (R =H) is 4600 Pa at 20°C. 1 The vapor pressure of propionic acid (R = Me) is 1500 Pa at 20°C, 1 =Et) is 390 Pa at 20°C. The relatively high vapor pressure of these compounds at the imprinting temperatures, i.e., 15°C to 120°C, aids in their evaporation during imprinting. If the vapor pressure of the base is sufficiently low at the imprinting temperature, the composition is basified during imprinting, which, as mentioned above, shortens the imprinting time.

[0070] Similar considerations apply to compounds of formula 2. The carbon between the two carbonyl carbons has an acidic proton. For example, acetylacetone (R 2 =R 3 The pKa of acetylacetone (=Me) is approximately 9 (ionic strength = 0) at 25°C, and the vapor pressure of acetylacetone is 920 Pa at 20°C.

[0071] The sol preferably contains a solvent selected to prevent the linear oligomers from phase-separating from the sol, i.e., to ensure they remain dissolved. The solvent has a sufficiently low vapor pressure to avoid significant evaporation of the solvent during ink deposition onto the substrate, which could cause premature phase separation of the oligomers. Premature phase separation can reduce the quality of the structures formed by the imprinting process, for example, by making uniform deposition of the ink problematic. Therefore, the sol may contain at least one alcohol, preferably 1-propanol, 2-propanol, 1-butanol, 2-butanol, t-butanol, and 1-methoxy-2-propanol.

[0072] Alternatively or additionally, the sol may contain water, which participates in hydrolysis during the formation of the sol. For example, the water is contained in an amount of 5 to 20 moles per mole of metal / metalloid (e.g., silicon) in the composition. For example, the water is contained in the composition in an amount of 1 mole per mole of alkoxy group. It has been found that when the water content is selected within this range, particularly desirable oligomerization properties are obtained.

[0073] In a preferred embodiment, the sol comprises the reaction product of tetramethoxyorthosilicate (TMOS) and methyltrimethoxysilane (MTMS) in a water-alcohol mixture, where the acid is preferably one or more of formic acid, acetic acid, and propionic acid, and the base is an amine base, particularly triethanolamine (TEA) and / or aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES).

[0074] In one embodiment, the ink or composition of the present invention has a composition selected from the ranges specified in Table I. In Table I, when a weight percentage (wt%) is referenced, this is based on the total weight of the composition, unless otherwise specified. [Table 1]

[0075] The sol-gel precursor, protonic acid, water, and solvent are combined to perform acid hydrolysis, followed by adding a base to the hydrolysis mixture.

[0076] In one embodiment, the sol-gel imprinting ink composition is supplied as a kit. The kit includes a first component containing an acid and a sol and a second component containing a base. As previously mentioned, acidic conditions are beneficial in terms of the shelf life of the sol. The first component of the kit includes an acid and a sol, and therefore has a shelf life that allows, for example, storage and transportation of the kit. Prior to use in the imprinting method, the first component is combined with a second component containing a base to prepare the sol-gel imprinting ink composition. Alternatively, the second component may be added during the final step of forming the first component layer, or coated onto the first component layer immediately prior to the imprinting step.

[0077] A method of providing a patterned layer includes providing the sol-gel imprinting ink composition described above, forming a layer of the composition, and imprinting the layer with a patterned stamp at an imprint temperature of 15°C to 120°C such that the layer is basified during imprinting.

[0078] The forming step may involve, for example, spin coating, ink jetting, spray coating, etc. onto the substrate. Spin coating is specifically referred to as achieving a layer of substantially uniform thickness, e.g., between 20 nm and 1 μm.

[0079] The method may further comprise removing the patterned stamp after imprinting, and optionally, after removing the patterned stamp, heating the patterned layer at a temperature between 70° C. and 400° C. This additional heating step may result in further curing of the patterned layer, during which further polycondensation reactions occur and / or volatile components, such as alcohols and water, evaporate from the patterned layer.

[0080] Next, an embodiment of a method for forming a patterned layer using an imprinting ink composition according to one or more of the above-described embodiments will be described with reference to FIG. 1, which shows a schematic representation of the method.

[0081] In step A, a substrate 10 is provided as a support for an elastomeric stamp 20 having a major surface bearing a pattern 22. The features of the pattern 22 typically have micrometer or nanometer dimensions, i.e., width and height dimensions. The pattern 22 is formed in any suitable manner, for example, by creating at least the pattern surface of the elastomeric stamp 22 in a master mold, as is well known per se. The elastomeric stamp 20 is preferably permeable to allow target components of the imprinting ink composition to diffuse into the stamp material, and may be made from any suitable elastomeric material, for example, a polysiloxane such as PDMS or another rubber-like stamp material having a low Young's modulus or suitably high permeability to water, alcohols, and solvents, such as PFPE (acryloxyperfluoropolyether). For example, a suitable Young's modulus is in the range of 2 to 100 MPa. To avoid any misunderstanding, please note that the reported Young's modulus was determined by a standard hardness test in accordance with ASTM D1415-06(2012) by penetrating a rubber material with a hard ball under conditions specified by this standard. The elastomeric stamp 20 may be made from bulk material or may be fabricated in layers. The elastomeric stamp 20 is placed on a substrate 10 with the patterned surface exposed, as shown in step A. Any suitable substrate 10 may be used for this purpose, such as a glass substrate, a semiconductor substrate such as a silicon substrate, or sapphire.

[0082] In step B, the imprinting ink composition 30 according to one embodiment is deposited onto the pattern 22 of the elastomeric stamp 20 using any suitable deposition technique, such as, by way of non-limiting example, blading, printing, or spin-coating. As previously described, interaction between the imprinting ink composition 30 and the elastomeric stamp 20 initiates gelation of the imprinting ink composition 30 due to diffusion of one or more solvents and / or acids into the elastomeric stamp material and evaporation of the acids, in addition to evaporation of the solvent to the environment, thereby hardening the layer as previously described.

[0083] In optional Step C, the substrate 10 is replaced with a foam 15 to increase the absorption capacity of the elastomeric stamp 20. This allows components that diffuse from the imprinting ink composition 30 into the stamp reservoir to be further stored within the porous structure of the foam 15. Foam is preferred because it has an open pore structure. Any suitable type of foam can be used for this purpose, such as polyurethane foam. Alternatively, the absorption capacity of the stamp can be tailored by incorporating a layer of a different material that absorbs more solvent, or by using a SCIL stamp layout in which a non-transparent backplate material such as glass is replaced by a more transparent polymer or perforated plate.

[0084] Step D is another optional step in which an optical body, e.g., a body 40 such as a light guide, is placed on the imprinting ink composition 30. This is used, for example, to provide an optical element 100 in which a patterned layer formed from the imprinting ink composition 30 is used as an optical layer on the body 40. For example, the patterned layer acts as a refractive layer or an out-coupling layer on the body 40 to shape the light output from light coupled into the body 40. By curing the imprinting ink composition 30 to form the patterned layer 50, the patterned layer 50 is adhered to the body 40 to produce the optical element 100, for example, as shown in Step E.

[0085] Curing of the imprint ink composition 30 while in contact with the pattern 22 may be carried out at an imprint temperature of 15°C to 120°C. The imprint time may be as short as 10 seconds. Longer imprint times, for example up to 60 minutes, are contemplated, but such times are unnecessarily long given the rapid curing of the composition 30 at the imprint temperatures mentioned above. Optionally, the imprint ink composition 30 may be subjected to a further stimulus, for example an optical stimulus such as UV radiation. This may be advantageous, for example, when the imprint ink composition 30 includes a polymerizable component in addition to the sol.

[0086] In at least some embodiments, before or after releasing the elastomeric stamp 20 from the cured imprint layer, the cured imprint layer may be subjected to a (post-)cure step at elevated temperatures, e.g., to release residual volatile compounds (e.g., solvents) from the cured imprint layer and further densify the layer. For example, the cured imprint layer may be post-cured at about 70-400°C. Any suitable period of time for post-curing is contemplated, although long periods should be avoided if the substrate (or other layer) on which the patterned layer is formed may be damaged by prolonged heating. The post-cure period may be, for example, up to about 15 minutes.

[0087] 2 schematically shows an illumination device 200 including an optical element 100 according to an exemplary embodiment. The optical element 100, here a light guide, is optically coupled to several solid-state lighting elements 210 (e.g., LEDs). The optical coupling ensures that light emitted by the solid-state lighting elements 210 is coupled into the light guide body 40 and directed towards the patterned layer 50 formed from the imprinting ink composition 30, which causes the light traveling through the light guide body 40 to be output from the light guide body 40. The solid-state lighting elements 210 may be LEDs of any suitable color or color combination, for example white LEDs, blue LEDs, green LEDs, etc.

[0088] In one example embodiment, the illumination device 200 is a projection device in which the patterned layer 50 concentrates (collimates) the light exiting the light guide body 40 to generate a parallel light beam. This results in a particularly compact collimator, compared to, for example, the compound parabolic concentrators commonly used for this purpose. The projection device includes multiple modules for generating primary color light beams, which are combined on a projection lens to generate a color image, as is well known per se. At least one of such modules may include the optical element 100 to generate the parallel light beam. In one embodiment, the optical element 100 is further configured as a wavelength conversion element, for example, to convert light from a blue LED to green light (e.g., from about 450 nm to about 500 nm). Alternatively, the illumination device 200 may form a light rod in which the optical element 100 acts as a light guide and, optionally, further acts as a wavelength conversion element.

[0089] It should be understood that many other embodiments of optical element 100 are possible as well. Figure 3, for example, schematically illustrates another embodiment in which optical element 100 is optically coupled to, e.g., in physical contact with, a solid-state lighting chip or package 310 (e.g., an LED chip or package). Here, optical element 100 is configured as a lens element or collimator to provide an illumination device 300, such as a light bulb.

[0090] The optical element 100 may also be integrated into other types of devices, such as other types of electronic devices, for example, forming part of an optical sensor, where the optical element 100 is used, for example, as a light collection layer of the optical sensor.

[0091] Alternatively, the optical element 100 may form part of a photovoltaic device, such as a solar cell or solar panel. Photovoltaic devices typically include one or more photovoltaic cells for converting light into electricity. In such devices, the optical element 100 is used, for example, as an input (in-coupling) layer of one or more photovoltaic cells, e.g., as a patterned layer on a flat silicon substrate acting as a light-trapping layer. Such light-trapping layers are known per se, as described, for example, by Spinelli et al. in Applied Physics Letters, 102, 233902 (2013), and therefore, for the sake of brevity only, will not be described in further detail. For the avoidance of doubt, it should be noted that a patterned light-trapping layer (anti-reflective coating) as in this cited document can be manufactured in a single-step process using the imprinting ink composition and imprinting method according to embodiments of the present invention.

[0092] Again, optical element 100 is not limited to the aforementioned embodiments, and any embodiment in which an appropriately sized patterned layer 50 can be used to interact with light in a predetermined manner is contemplated. Examples of such optical elements include lenses, light-scattering elements, collimators, in-coupling elements, waveguides, photonic devices such as ring resonators, wavelength filters, amplitude modifiers, etc. Other embodiments will be apparent to those skilled in the art. Furthermore, it should be noted that optical element 100 can be integrated into lighting devices, e.g., electronic devices in which the optical element may be used as an input device, energy-harvesting devices such as solar panels, etc.

[0093] 4 shows a schematic diagram of another example of a method of the present invention. In step A, a substrate 10, which may be any suitable substrate, e.g., a semiconductor substrate such as a silicon substrate, a SiGe substrate, a silicon-on-insulator substrate, a GaAs substrate, or the like, is covered with a layer of an imprinting ink composition 30 according to an embodiment of the present invention. The imprinting ink composition 30 can be applied in any suitable manner, e.g., by spin coating, inkjet printing, spray coating, or the like, although spin coating is specifically mentioned as this manner can achieve a layer of substantially uniform thickness. Furthermore, inkjet printing and subsequent imprinting provide a uniform layer due to capillary forces, e.g., the surface tension of the polar solvent after dispensing the droplets, as well as redistribution of the imprinting ink material under the stamp to provide a uniform layer.

[0094] An elastomeric stamp 20 having a major surface bearing a pattern 22 is imprinted into the curable imprinting ink composition 30, thereby transferring the pattern 22 to this layer, as shown in step B. The features of the pattern 22 typically have micrometer or nanometer dimensions, i.e., width and height dimensions. The pattern 22 is formed in any suitable manner, for example, by creating at least the pattern surface of the elastomeric stamp 22 in a master mold, as is well known per se. The elastomeric stamp 20 is preferably transparent and may be made from any suitable elastomeric material, for example, a polysiloxane such as PDMS or another rubber-like stamp material having a low Young's modulus or suitably high permeability to water, alcohols, and solvents, such as PFPE (acryloxyperfluoropolyether). The elastomeric stamp 20 may be made from a bulk material or built up in layers of varying Young's modulus.

[0095] The imprint layer of the imprinting ink composition 30 is then cured, as shown in step C. This may optionally include application of a stimulus such as heat and / or UV radiation, as previously described.

[0096] Once the polymerization reaction in the imprint layer of the imprinting ink composition 30 is complete, the elastomeric stamp 20 is released from this layer in step D, leaving behind a patterned layer 50 on the substrate 10, which retains its shape due to the network formed by the polycondensation reaction. The patterned layer 50 can be further densified, for example, by exposure to heat to remove any remaining solvent, as previously described.

[0097] The method illustrated schematically in FIG. 4 may be used to form three-dimensional structures built up from a patterned layer 50. Such three-dimensional structures can be generated by depositing a sacrificial planarizing material 60 onto the patterned layer 50 and, if necessary, filling or planarizing the patterned layer 50 by removing excess material, for example, by etching or polishing, as shown in FIG. 5. The sacrificial planarizing material 60 is preferably a thermally decomposable material and can be any suitable thermally decomposable material, such as a thermally decomposable polymer (TDP). Non-limiting examples of TDPs are polynorbornene or polystyrene. Alternatively, the sacrificial planarizing material 60 may be soluble in certain solvents. In general, any sacrificial planarizing material 60 that can be selectively removed from a formed multilayer structure without damaging the patterned layer 50 formed from the curable imprinting ink composition 30 according to one embodiment of the present invention can be used.

[0098] Figure 6 shows a non-limiting example of a method for producing such a three-dimensional structure. In step A, a planarizing layer 70 is formed on a substrate or carrier 10 as described above. A patterned layer portion 50 of the planarizing layer 30 can be produced by imprint lithography (substrate conformal imprint lithography, SCIL) using a curable imprinting ink composition 30 according to the method shown in Figure 4. The patterned layer 50 is filled, i.e., planarized, with a sacrificial fill material 60 as described with reference to Figure 5. In step B, a next layer of a curable imprinting ink composition 30 according to one embodiment is applied on top of the planarizing layer 70 of step A in any suitable manner, for example by spin coating, dispensing, or doctor blading.

[0099] The curable imprinting ink composition 30 deposited in step B is then embossed by an appropriately patterned elastomeric stamp 20 after aligning the stamp with the substrate 10, as shown in step C. In step C, the imprint orientation of the stamp 20 with respect to the substrate 10 is rotated 90° relative to the imprint orientation used to form the first patterned layer 50. It will be understood that other orientation rotation angles are equally feasible.

[0100] The curable imprinting ink composition 30 is then solidified (densified), for example, as shown in FIG. 4 , to form a further patterned layer 50′, as shown in step D. Naturally, the formation of the further patterned layer 50′ is completed after removal of the patterned elastomeric stamp 20, i.e., by completing the polymerization reaction, as described above. Removal of the patterned elastomeric stamp 20 leaves the further patterned layer 50′ on the planarization layer 70 of step A. The newly formed patterned layer 50′ can then be planarized again to form a further planarization layer 70′, as shown in step E, after which further layers can be formed by repeating steps B through E. The height of the patterned portions of the patterned layers 50, 50′ can be reduced using additional processing steps, for example, by reactive ion etching.

[0101] The sacrificial planarizing material 60 can subsequently be removed, for example, by dissolving the sacrificial planarizing material 60 in a suitable solvent or by thermal decomposition, resulting in the optical device 400 in the form of a laminate structure as shown in step F. The imprinting ink composition 30 is particularly suitable for application in this manner because it can withstand most solvents required to dissolve the sacrificial planarizing material 60, and can also withstand high temperatures up to 600°C or 1000°C. It is therefore particularly suitable for use with sacrificial planarizing materials 60 in the form of thermally decomposable compounds such as TDP.

[0102] In any of the above-described embodiments, for example, when a layer on substrate 10 has been patterned using the imprint structure as a mask, it may be necessary to remove residual imprint structures from substrate 10. The imprint structures may be removed by any suitable etching technique, for example, reactive ion etching.

[0103] The present invention is further illustrated by the following non-limiting examples.

[0104] Example 1: Preparation of an acidified sol A solution of TMOS (7.941 g) and MTMS (7.107 g) in water (6.57 g) and acetic acid (0.06 g) was prepared, and the temperature of the mixture was kept below 20 °C. Hydrolysis was then carried out at 20 °C for 30 to 120 minutes. After hydrolysis, water (10.33 g) and 1-propanol (100.56 g) were added to form an acidified sol.

[0105] Example 2: Preparation of acidified sol-gel imprinting ink An acidified sol-gel imprinting ink was prepared by adding 84 g of 1-propanol and 16 g of 1-butanol to 100 g of the acidified sol prepared in Example 1. The imprinting ink was equilibrated by storing it between -30°C and -20°C for at least 20 hours. The pH of this imprinting ink was measured by mixing a sample of the composition with an equal volume of deionized water and measuring the pH of the resulting mixture at ambient temperature and pressure (NTP), i.e., 20°C and 1 atm, to be between 4.5 and 5.5. The solids content was 2.5 wt%.

[0106] Examples 3-9: Preparation of acidified sol-gel imprinting ink compositions containing base Seven acidified sol-gel imprinting ink compositions containing a base were prepared by adding APTES or TEA to the acidified sol-gel imprinting ink prepared in Example 1 (Table II). The base was added in an amount of 0.1 to 1 wt% of the imprinting ink composition. To compensate for the increase in pH due to the addition of the base, additional formic acid was used to adjust the pH to 4 to 6, as measured by mixing a sample of the composition with an equal volume of deionized water and measuring the pH of the resulting mixture at ambient temperature and pressure (NTP), i.e., 20°C and 1 atm. The molar ratio of TEA to formic acid was 1:4. This ratio was found to be optimal in terms of being able to adjust the pH to 4 to 6. The molar ratio of APTES to formic acid was 1:1 to 2:1, which allowed for adjustment of the pH to 4.5 to 5.5.

[0107] The imprinting ink of Example 2 and the imprinting ink compositions of Examples 3 to 9 were each spin-coated onto a silicon substrate at 1000 rpm for 15 seconds. The spin-coated layer was then imprinted with an SCIL stamp within 10 to 40 seconds. This was found to result in a stamp-resist contact line with excellent capillary wetting, i.e., the stamp was drawn into the resist by capillary forces.

[0108] Table II lists the compositions and their minimum imprint times, i.e., the time required for crosslinking to occur to the extent that the stamp can be removed without damaging the patterned layer. Shelf life at room temperature (RT, approximately 20 °C) was also qualitatively evaluated. For example, a shelf life of 7-10 days means that after this time, capillary wetting is still satisfactory, meaning that capillary forces are strong enough to draw the stamp into the resist and displace the air in front of the contact line. [Table 2]

[0109] At RT, the imprinting time for the base-free imprinting ink of Example 2 was 15-30 minutes. At 50°C, the imprinting time was 10-15 minutes. This variation is mainly due to variations in the ambient relative humidity level.

[0110] From Table II, it can be seen that the imprinting ink compositions of Examples 3-9 were successfully imprinted using much shorter imprinting times. This is due to the evaporation of formic acid (and solvent) during coating and imprinting, which, as previously mentioned, leads to basification of the layer with TEA or APTES. Gelling in the basified layer occurs more rapidly than in the case of the imprinting ink of Example 2.

[0111] Adjusting the pH, as measured using the above method, to 4-7 was found to control crosslinking in the imprinting ink composition. When 1 wt. % TEA relative to the silica solids content was added to the imprinting ink of Example 2, the pH of the resist was measured to be greater than 7, up to 7.5. In this case, no additional acid was used to adjust the measured pH to 4-7. When used immediately, this imprinting ink composition exhibited a minimum imprint time of 5-15 seconds. However, the composition's shelf life was not excellent, and imprints could no longer be performed with the composition 2-4 hours after the addition of base. This was due to the fact that the composition had already crosslinked too much after spin-coating. This also demonstrates the effect of basification on crosslinking rate.

[0112] Variable angle spectroscopic ellipsometry measurements were performed using a VASE® Ellipsometer (JA Woollam Ellipsometry Solutions) using the imprinted layers of Examples 2 and 6 cured (post-annealed) at RT, 75°C, 150°C, 200°C, and 300°C. Figure 7 shows the refractive index versus wavelength of the cured layer made from the imprinted layer of Example 6. Figure 8 shows the refractive index versus wavelength of the cured layer made from the imprinted layer of Example 2, as well as a plot of the layer after imprinting only (labeled "RT Imprint" in Figure 8).

[0113] Comparing the cured layers after post-curing at 200°C and 300°C, it is clear that the refractive index of the layer formed using the inventive ink composition of Example 6 (Figure 7) is higher than the layer made from the ink of Example 2 (Figure 8), which does not contain a relatively low vapor pressure base. The higher the refractive index, the denser the patterned layer and, therefore, the fewer pores there are in the patterned layer. These examples therefore demonstrate that the imprinting ink composition of the present invention results in patterned layers with low porosity, which is due to the gelation control provided by the volatile base, as discussed above.

[0114] Stamp life testing was also performed using Philips SCIL Nanoimprint Solutions' AutoSCIL™ 200 mm machine tooling. For mass production, stamp life is critical because stamp changes introduce downtime and additional stamps increase costs. Using the imprinting ink composition in Table II, which has 0.375 wt% APTES relative to silica solids and a 1:1 APTES:formic acid ratio, several stamps were run through the machine tooling described above. Three stamps reached over 700 imprints without significant degradation in performance. One stamp reached 1200 imprints without significant degradation in performance. The stamps replicated <50 nm features on a ~150 nm pitch, and features were verified (via optical methods) to be identical within ±0.5 nm for the first 10 prints by SEM and optical measurements.

[0115] Other variations to the disclosed embodiments can be understood and effected by those skilled in the art in practicing the claimed invention, from a study of the drawings, the disclosure, and the appended claims. In the claims, the word "comprises" does not exclude other elements or steps, and the singular does not exclude a plurality. The mere fact that certain measures are recited in mutually different dependent claims does not indicate that a combination of these measures cannot be used to advantage. Any reference signs in the claims should not be interpreted as limiting the scope.

Claims

1. Zol and an additive for promoting gelation of the imprinting composition during imprinting at an imprinting temperature of 15°C to 120°C, the additive being a reversible reaction product of a protonic acid and a proton-accepting base; An imprinting composition comprising: the imprinting composition has a pH of 4 to 7 when mixed with an equal volume of deionized water and measured at 20°C and 1 atm, and at the imprinting temperature the vapor pressure of the protonic acid is higher than the vapor pressure of the proton-accepting base, thereby allowing basification of the imprinting composition during imprinting; Imprinting composition.

2. The imprinting composition of claim 1 , wherein the sol comprises a hydrolysis product of at least one of a trialkoxysilane and a tetraalkoxysilane.

3. 3. The imprinting composition according to claim 2, wherein the sol comprises a hydrolysis product of the trialkoxysilane and the tetraalkoxysilane, and the molar ratio of the tetraalkoxysilane to the trialkoxysilane is from 1:1 to 0.45:0.

55.

4. The imprinting composition according to claim 2 or 3, wherein the tetraalkoxysilane is selected from tetramethoxyorthosilicate and tetraethoxyorthosilicate, and the trialkoxysilane is selected from methyltrimethoxysilane and methyltriethoxysilane.

5. The imprinting composition of claim 1 , wherein the sol comprises a hydrolysis product of at least one of titanium alkoxide, zirconium alkoxide, and hafnium alkoxide.

6. The imprinting composition according to claim 1 , wherein the proton-accepting base comprises triethanolamine.

7. 5. The imprinting composition of claim 2, wherein the proton-accepting base comprises an alkoxysilyl-functionalized amine and the sol-gel composition comprises a condensation product of the hydrolysis product and the alkoxysilyl-functionalized amine, optionally wherein the alkoxysilyl-functionalized amine is aminopropyltriethoxysilane.

8. The protonic acid is represented by the following formula 1: 【Transformation 6】 (In the formula, R １ is hydrogen, methyl, or propyl), and a compound represented by the following formula 2 【Transformation 7】 (In the formula, R ２ and R ３ The imprinting composition according to claim 1, comprising at least one compound represented by the formula: wherein R is independently selected from hydrogen and C1-C3 alkyl.

9. The composition for imprints according to any one of claims 1 to 8, wherein the sol contains an alcohol, and the alcohol is at least one of 1-propanol, 2-propanol, 1-butanol, 2-butanol, t-butanol, and 1-methoxy-2-propanol.

10. The composition for imprints according to claim 1 , wherein the sol comprises water.

11. a first component comprising the protonic acid and the sol; a second component comprising the proton-accepting base; A kit for forming the imprinting composition of claim 1 , comprising:

12. 1. A method of providing a patterned layer, comprising: Providing an imprinting composition according to any one of claims 1 to 10; forming a layer of the imprinting composition; imprinting the layer with a patterned stamp at an imprint temperature of 15°C to 120°C such that the layer is basified during imprinting; A method comprising:

13. 13. The method of claim 12, comprising removing the patterned stamp after the imprinting step; and heating the patterned layer at a temperature between 70°C and 400°C after removing the patterned stamp.

14. 14. An optical element comprising a patterned layer obtained from the method of claim 12 or 13, The optical element is a lens, a light scattering element, a collimator, an input element, a waveguide, a photonic device such as a ring resonator, a wavelength filter, or an amplitude modulator. Optical elements.

15. An etching mask comprising a patterned layer obtained from the method of claim 12 or 13.

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