Method for manufacturing fire-resistant steel parts

Abstract

The object of the present invention is to provide the required fire protection for steel components in a simple manner. The present invention relates to a method for manufacturing a steel part, comprising the steps of: providing the steel part with an aluminum-containing and / or aluminum-alloy hot-dip galvanized layer; and / or the steel part is hot-dip galvanized using an aluminum-containing and / or aluminum-alloy zinc melt; applying the aluminum-alloy hot-dip galvanized layer to the steel part with a layer thickness in the range of 4 μm to 25 μm; and the aluminum-alloy hot-dip galvanized layer has an aluminum content in the range of 4% by weight to 8% by weight based on the aluminum-alloy hot-dip galvanized layer; and providing that the hot-dip galvanized steel part has a surface emissivity ε determined in accordance with DIN EN 1993-1-2:2006-10 at a temperature in the range of 500° C. to 850° C. m is in the range of 0.05 to 0.60.

Description

[Technical Field]

[0001] The present invention relates to the technical field of fire prevention, particularly structural fire prevention, but also to fire prevention in other technical fields (such as automobiles and / or vehicle manufacturing).

[0002] In particular, the present invention relates to a method for generating flame resistance and / or fire resistance, especially flame resistance and / or fire resistance in accordance with DIN EN 13501-2:2016-12 and / or DIN 4102-2:1977-09, on steel parts, and / or a method for imparting flame resistance and / or fire resistance, especially flame resistance and / or fire resistance, to steel parts in accordance with DIN EN 13501-2:2016-12 and / or DIN 4102-2:1977-09, in particular a method for manufacturing flame resistance and / or fire resistance steel parts, especially flame resistance and / or fire resistance steel parts in accordance with DIN EN 13501-2:2016-12 and / or DIN 4102-2:1977-09.

[0003] Furthermore, the present invention relates to the use of aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy hot-dip galvanized layers for generating flame resistance and / or fire resistance, particularly flame resistance and / or fire resistance in accordance with DIN EN 13501-2:2016-12 and / or DIN 4102-2:1977-09, on steel parts, and / or imparting flame resistance and / or fire resistance, particularly flame resistance and / or fire resistance, in accordance with DIN EN 13501-2:2016-12 and / or DIN 4102-2:1977-09, to steel parts, preferably for manufacturing flame resistance and / or fire resistance steel parts, particularly flame resistance and / or fire resistance steel parts in accordance with DIN EN 13501-2:2016-12 and / or DIN 4102-2:1977-09.

[0004] Furthermore, the subject matter of the present invention relates to the use of hot-dip galvanizing and / or hot-dip galvanizing processes for producing, on steel parts, inflammability resistance and / or fire resistance, in particular inflammability resistance and / or fire resistance compliant with DIN EN 13501-2:2016-12 and / or DIN 4102-2:1977-09, and / or for imparting to steel parts inflammability resistance and / or fire resistance, in particular inflammability resistance and / or fire resistance compliant with DIN EN 13501-2:2016-12 and / or DIN 4102-2:1977-09, and in particular for producing steel parts with inflammability resistance and / or fire resistance, preferably steel parts with inflammability resistance and / or fire resistance compliant with DIN EN 13501-2:2016-12 and / or DIN 4102-2:1977-09.

[0005] Similarly, the present invention relates to the use of aluminum for improving and / or enhancing the inflammability resistance and / or fire resistance, in particular inflammability resistance and / or fire resistance compliant with DIN EN 13501-2:2016-12 and / or DIN 4102-2:1977-09, of steel parts provided with hot-dip galvanizing and / or a hot-dip galvanized layer.

[0006] Furthermore, the subject matter of the present invention also relates to the use of steel parts provided with an aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy hot-dip galvanized layer as structural building parts for meeting the requirements of inflammability resistance and / or fire resistance, in particular inflammability resistance and / or fire resistance compliant with DIN EN 13501-2:2016-12 and / or DIN 4102-2:1977-09.

[0007] Furthermore, the present invention relates to the use of steel parts provided with an aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy hot-dip galvanized layer as structural parts of a power receiving device, in particular as a housing or container, for energy storage devices or energy converters such as fuel cells, storage batteries, batteries, galvanic elements, etc., especially for motor vehicles, preferably for meeting the requirements of inflammability resistance and / or fire resistance.

[0008] Furthermore, the present invention relates to a support structure for a building, in particular a building or part of a building, in particular a steel support structure, the support structure comprising a plurality of steel components having an aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy hot-dip galvanized layer to satisfy the requirements of flame resistance and / or fire resistance, and also to a building, in particular a building or part of a building, comprising the support structure according to the present invention.

[0009] Finally, the present invention also relates to the use of aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy hot-dip galvanized layers for producing flame resistance and / or fire resistance in iron-based or iron-containing articles, particularly steel-based or steel-containing articles, and / or imparting flame resistance and / or fire resistance to iron-based or iron-containing articles, particularly steel-based or steel-containing articles. [Background technology]

[0010] General fire prevention is understood as all means of preventing the start and spread of fire (i.e., fire and smoke) (i.e., preventive fire prevention or fire suppression), enabling the rescue of people and animals and effective firefighting (i.e., defensive fire prevention). Because fire prevention is multi-layered and complex, it is found in many areas of daily life. Thus, in Germany, for example, fire prevention requirements are found in numerous legal provisions, such as the Fire Service Act, federal and state building codes, and many other laws, ordinances, and guidelines.

[0011] As explained above, preventive fire prevention and defensive fire prevention are generally distinguished. Preventive fire prevention refers to all preventive measures taken to stop the start and spread of fire and to limit its effects as much as possible, particularly through structural, technical, and organizational measures. Therefore, preventive fire prevention can be divided into structural fire prevention, factory fire prevention, and organizational fire prevention.

[0012] From a building regulations perspective, preventative fire prevention helps protect human life and limb, the environment, and public safety, and is required as a prerequisite for effective firefighting. In Germany, state building codes are established as minimum requirements under public law. In addition to building codes, requirements concerning property protection are based on agreements under private law. Here, the requirements that individual property insurance companies impose on building designs and technical systems are often extremely important.

[0013] Therefore, preventative structural fire protection is a very complex area of ​​work, and solutions to achieve protective objectives such as fire prevention, fire spread prevention, rescue, and effective firefighting lead to a wide variety of solutions, each requiring approval from the competent building inspection bureau. Aspects that may influence fire protection measures include, for example: construction method (e.g., location and relationship of buildings on the site), type of construction (e.g., structural conditions such as solid, frame, truss, prefabrication), choice of building materials, location of building (e.g., accessibility), type and number of occupants, dimensions (e.g., size, configuration, and compartmentalization of the building), type and amount of fire load and hazards (e.g., risk of fire and damage spread), risk of fire and / or damage (e.g., source of ignition, conditions, and probability), type of use (e.g., operational and use-related) and type of building (e.g., operational and use-related) (Procedures for use), fire detection (e.g., probability of detection and notification), commencement of rescue and firefighting operations, scope and duration of rescue and firefighting operations, capabilities of emergency response personnel (e.g., firefighters, rescue services, firefighting resources and other emergency response personnel, fire stations, rescue services, provision of fire extinguishing agents, etc.), availability of technical equipment (e.g., fire extinguishing systems, fire alarm systems, smoke and heat exhaust systems, hazard detection systems), scope of operational hazard prevention measures (e.g., fire prevention regulations, hazard prevention plans, training courses, instructions, factory fire stations, fire extinguishing aids, etc.).

[0014] The primary objectives and protective goals of preventative fire prevention are to protect life, health, property, belongings, and the environment.

[0015] From a structural fire prevention perspective, structural measures are very diverse, particularly those involving the building materials and components used, and are regulated in Europe and Germany. For example, reinforced concrete buildings are regulated by DIN EN 13501 and DIN EN 1992-1-2, steel buildings by DIN EN 1993-1-2, and wooden buildings by DIN EN 1995-1-2. Structural fire prevention for industrial buildings (regulated by DIN 18230) is also included in structural measures, as are the planning of evacuation routes and the installation of fire suppression systems within buildings. In structural measures, it is essential to consider above all the fire behavior of building materials and the fire resistance of building components.

[0016] Fire protection is particularly important in the case of steel structures, and in relation to this invention, the term "steel structure" should be understood broadly and include not only pure steel structures but also composite steel structures in which steel elements are used in conjunction with concrete, steel frame structures, and steel building structures.

[0017] Therefore, steel construction is a field of structural engineering in which steel is primarily used in load-bearing structures. Pure steel structures, especially rolled steel girders, structural steel sheets, and pipes, are joined to each other by means such as bolting, welding, or riveting to form structures. As explained above, steel structures include not only pure steel structures but also composite steel structures that use steel elements in combination with concrete, steel frame structures, and steel building structures. Steel structures are usually designed according to Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures (EN 1993). Steel structures have the advantage of relatively short planning and construction times and the advantage of flexible structural realization. This flexibility comes, for example, from the use of relatively light and slender but load-bearing components and the use of highly precise prefabricated materials, which in turn reduces assembly time.

[0018] However, steel components exposed to weathering must be protected from corrosion, for example, by special surface coatings.

[0019] Steel structures and steel (structural) parts are often exposed to high temperatures in a variety of situations and applications. This load may be present permanently or periodically on a schedule, for example, in the area of ​​a heat treatment plant. Alternatively, this load may occur only in exceptional circumstances, such as in the event of a fire in a building. High-temperature steel is typically used for parts subjected to planned thermal loads. The strength of this steel decreases less with the temperature present compared to non-high-temperature steel. However, such high-temperature steel is not suitable at all for structural applications in the building industry. When the thermal load is an exceptional, i.e., unplanned load case, it is not advisable to adapt the steel grade for economic reasons. Instead, attempts are made to protect the part from supercritical thermal loads with additional protective measures. The measures required for this usually provide passive protective systems such as coatings and cladding. However, these measures, which include both the pure application of coatings and the measures necessary to ensure the durability of coatings, cladding, etc., are quite costly. For example, both repairs that may occur as a result of damage during assembly and / or in the course of structural or use-related measures, and ongoing maintenance.

[0020] According to current technological standards, passivation fireproof coatings are particularly used in structural steel engineering to protect steel structures from fire. Such coatings are applied to steel components. Their function is based on the fact that they contain a substance that foams or expands under the heat load of a fire, thereby achieving an insulating effect. In other words, heating of the steel component is prevented for a certain period of time. However, a drawback of these coatings is that their effectiveness is only recognized for a limited period (especially up to 10 years), requiring periodic renewal, which is particularly time-consuming and costly. Furthermore, because fireproof coatings are susceptible to mechanical stress, they must be properly protected from mechanical stress, or if this is impossible or undesirable, inspected for potential damage during a potential event. From a sustainability standpoint, in addition to their limited durability, a lack of recyclability of the materials used is a disadvantage.

[0021] Therefore, the necessary fire protection for steel components is usually ensured by passive measures, particularly fire-resistant cladding or fire-resistant coatings.

[0022] However, steel structures often require special fire protection because the cross-sections of steel components (such as beams) are relatively thin, have high thermal conductivity, and heat up rapidly in the event of a fire. The mechanical properties of steel are highly temperature-dependent; for example, the yield strength of steel at 600°C decreases to half of its value at 20°C as a result of this heating, and the modulus of elasticity (Young's modulus) also decreases as the temperature of the steel rises. Depending on the fire load and the intended use of the structure, the dimensions of steel components can be increased to meet the required fire resistance, and / or special fireproof exteriors or fireproof coatings can be used to ensure the functionality (load-bearing capacity) of the structure for a specified minimum period and prevent premature failure of the structure.

[0023] For fire prevention, each structure must comply with the fire resistance period required by the legislature. This fire resistance period is specified for each general building in the state building codes of the federal states. This required fire resistance period is categorized according to the structure and its use. For example, according to the German standard (DIN 4102: Fire behavior of building materials and components, especially DIN 4102-2:1977-09), it is classified into categories F30, F60, F90, F120, or F180. These numbers define the minimum period (specified in minutes) that the structure must withstand a fire. The standard fire assumed to determine the size of components and thermal insulation fire protection measures is the unit temperature / time curve (also abbreviated as ETK). This represents a temperature / time curve in which the gas temperature rises rapidly to over 600°C within the first few minutes, and then continues to rise slowly and steadily. In this way, all additional measures to protect steel components show their performance profile. On the other hand, the method of increasing size (in accordance with European standards EN 1993-1-2 or DIN EN 13501-2:2016-12) is based on calculations. The starting point is the calculation of the steel temperature in an "ETK fire," and by determining the steel temperature, the mechanical properties required for the design can be determined. The actual design is carried out in a similar manner to the cold design, using heat-affected mechanical properties under a safety factor adapted for fire (this design procedure is calibrated based on testing). In contrast, in the hot design, fire protection is not applied or installed, and instead the dimensions of the parts are increased. That is, the parts are designed to be stronger than required in the cold design. As a result, the larger dimensions of the parts (i.e., the mass of the parts) slow down the heating of the parts under fire load, which reduces the decrease in steel strength and consequently increases the load-bearing capacity.

[0024] For fire protection of pure steel components, increasing the size is often excessive and therefore impractical, or at least not economically viable. Therefore, additional passive and / or active fire protection measures are usually required. Fire protection measures added to steel components generally have thermal insulation, shielding, and / or heat dissipation effects. Examples of thermal insulation, shielding, and / or heat dissipation fire protection measures include exterior or cladding made of cementitious sprayed gypsum such as vermiculite or mineral fiber (usually with the necessary gypsum base), box-shaped exterior materials (e.g., made of gypsum board), thermal insulation layer-forming coatings, room closure systems such as suspended ceilings, and filling cavities in structural steel with thermally free-circulating water that does not rely on pumps. However, these necessary fire protection measures are time-consuming and expensive to install and require the application of further or additional materials and raw materials. This is disadvantageous from an economic, technical, and safety standpoint, as well as from an aesthetic standpoint. It also has negative impacts from a sustainability perspective. [Overview of the Initiative] [Problems that the invention aims to solve]

[0025] Therefore, the fundamental problem of the present invention is to provide the fire resistance (i.e., flame resistance and / or fire resistance) required for steel components in a simple manner, thereby avoiding or at least significantly avoiding the drawbacks of the prior art described above.

[0026] In particular, a method for generating flame resistance and / or fire resistance on a steel component, or a method for imparting flame resistance and / or fire resistance to a steel component, is provided. This allows for the generation of flame resistance and / or fire resistance in a simpler and more cost-effective manner compared to conventional, state-of-the-art structural fire protection measures that can be reliably achieved from a technical standpoint.

[0027] In particular, aspects of sustainability, including planning and execution, process economics and operational reproducibility, and improvements in cost and resource utilization, are also possible within the scope of the present invention. [Means for solving the problem]

[0028] To solve the above-mentioned problems, the present invention 1 According to one aspect, a method for generating flame resistance and / or fire resistance on a steel component and / or a method for imparting flame resistance and / or fire resistance to a steel component is proposed in accordance with claim 1. Furthermore, particularly special and / or advantageous embodiments of the method according to the present invention are the subject of dependent claims of the relevant method.

[0029] Furthermore, the present invention is 2nd According to one aspect, the invention relates to the use of an aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy hot-dip galvanized layer to produce flame resistance and / or fire resistance in accordance with the independent claim (Claim 39) of the use relating thereto. Furthermore, particularly special and / or advantageous embodiments of the use according to the invention are the subject matter of the dependent claims relating thereto.

[0030] Furthermore, the present invention is Third According to the present invention, the present invention relates to the use of hot-dip galvanizing and / or hot-dip galvanizing methods for generating flame resistance and / or fire resistance on a steel component and / or imparting flame resistance and / or fire resistance to a steel component, in accordance with the independent claim (Claim 42) of the related use. Furthermore, particularly special and / or advantageous embodiments of the use according to the present invention are the subject matter of the related dependent claims.

[0031] Furthermore, the present invention is 4th In one aspect, the present invention relates to the use of aluminum to improve and / or enhance the flame resistance and / or fire resistance of hot-dip galvanized steel parts and / or steel parts provided with a hot-dip galvanized layer, in accordance with the independent claim (Claim 44) of the use relating thereto. Furthermore, particularly special and / or advantageous embodiments of the use according to the present invention are the subject of the dependent claims for use in this regard.

[0032] Similarly, the present invention FifthIn one aspect, the invention relates to the use of aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy hot-dip galvanized steel components as structural components to satisfy flame-resistant and / or fire-resistant requirements in accordance with the independent claim (Claim 79) of the relating use. Furthermore, particularly special and / or advantageous embodiments of the use according to the invention are the subject matter of the relating dependent claims.

[0033] Furthermore, the subject matter of the present invention is 6th According to the embodiment, this involves the use of steel components having an aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy hot-dip galvanized layer as structural components of power receiving devices, particularly housings or containers, for energy storage devices or energy converters such as fuel cells, storage batteries, batteries, galvanic elements, etc., particularly for automobiles, preferably satisfying flame-retardant and / or fire-resistant requirements, in accordance with the independent claim (Claim 83) of the related use. Furthermore, particularly special and / or advantageous embodiments of the use according to the present invention are the subject matter of the dependent claims of the related use.

[0034] Similarly, the present invention 7th In some aspects, the present invention relates to a support structure for a building, in particular a building or part of a building, in particular a steel structure, in accordance with the independent claim relating thereto (Claim 86). Furthermore, particularly specific and / or advantageous embodiments of the support structure according to the present invention are the subject matter of the dependent claims relating thereto.

[0035] Furthermore, the present invention is 8th In some aspects, the present invention relates to a building, particularly a building or part of a building, comprising the support structure of the present invention as described in the independent claim (Claim 89) relating thereto. Furthermore, particularly special and / or advantageous embodiments of the structure according to the present invention are the subject matter of the dependent claims relating thereto.

[0036] Finally, the subject matter of the present invention is 9thAccording to the embodiment, this involves the use of an aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy hot-dip galvanized layer for generating flame resistance and / or fire resistance on an iron-based or iron-containing, particularly steel-based or steel-containing, article, and / or imparting flame resistance and / or fire resistance to an iron-based or iron-containing, particularly steel-based or steel-containing, article, in accordance with the independent claim relating thereto (Claim 92). Furthermore, particularly special and / or advantageous embodiments of the structure according to the present invention are the subject of the dependent claims in this regard.

[0037] The designs, embodiments, and advantages described below will be explained in relation to only one aspect of the present invention for the purpose of avoiding repetition, but it will be obvious from the following description that they will also apply to other aspects of the present invention without the need for further mention.

[0038] It should be further noted that all relative or percentage weight-related data described below, particularly relative quantity or weight data, should be selected by those skilled in the art within the scope of the present invention. In selection, all components or materials should be considered, in particular as defined below, so that they always total 100% or 100% by weight. However, this is obvious to those skilled in the art.

[0039] In all other respects, those skilled in the art may, as appropriate, deviate from the scope of the specification set forth below, without departing from the scope of the present invention, depending on the application or individual case.

[0040] Furthermore, all values ​​or parameters listed below can be determined in principle by standardized or explicitly stated determination methods, or by determination or measurement methods well known to those skilled in the art. [Modes for carrying out the invention]

[0041] Based on the above, the present invention will now be described in detail.

[0042] Therefore, the subject matter of the present invention is the present invention 1 According to the embodiment, a method for generating flame resistance and / or fire resistance, in particular flame resistance and / or fire resistance in accordance with DIN EN 13501-2:2016-12 and / or DIN 4102-2:1977-09, on a steel component, and / or a method for imparting flame resistance and / or fire resistance, in particular flame resistance and / or fire resistance, in particular flame resistance and / or fire resistance in accordance with DIN EN 13501-2:2016-12 and / or DIN 4102-2:1977-09, in particular flame resistance and / or fire resistance steel component, in particular DIN EN 13501-2:2016-12 and / or DIN A method for producing flame-resistant and / or fire-resistant steel parts in accordance with 4102-2:1977-09, wherein the steel parts are provided with an aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy hot-dip galvanized layer, and / or the steel parts are hot-dip galvanized using an aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy molten zinc, provided in particular that the steel parts provided with an aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy hot-dip galvanized layer, and / or the steel parts hot-dip galvanized using an aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy galvanizing bath, have a surface emissivity (radiance) ε at temperatures above 500°C, particularly above 550°C, preferably above 600°C, more preferably in the temperature range of 500°C to 850°C, and even more preferably in the temperature range of 500°C to 800°C. m The surface emissivity (radiance) ε is less than 0.7, particularly 0.65 or less, preferably 0.60 or less, more preferably 0.55 or less, and / or the steel part provided with an aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy hot-dip galvanized layer, and / or the steel part hot-dip galvanized using an aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy galvanizing bath, at a temperature in the range of 500°C to 850°C, preferably in the range of 500°C to 800°C. m The value is less than 0.7, particularly in the range of 0.05 or more and less than 0.7, preferably in the range of 0.05 to 0.65, more preferably in the range of 0.05 to 0.60, and even more preferably in the range of 0.05 to 0.55.

[0043] In this case, the applicant has made a truly astonishing discovery: flame resistance and / or fire resistance of steel components (particularly flame resistance and / or fire resistance in accordance with DIN EN 13501-2:2016-12 and / or DIN 4102-2:1977-09) can be efficiently achieved by applying an aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy hot-dip galvanized layer to the steel components. In a completely unexpected way, such an aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy hot-dip galvanized layer significantly reduces and delays the heating of the components in the event of a fire (without requiring additional, expensive structural fire protection measures, as described at the beginning in relation to the technical status).

[0044] Of particular surprise is that the flame resistance or fire resistance of such steel parts with aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy hot-dip galvanized layers is not only significantly improved or enhanced compared to ungalvanized steel parts, but also significantly improved or enhanced compared to conventional galvanized steel parts (i.e., steel parts with a conventional pure zinc galvanized layer, i.e., aluminum-free steel parts). In the context of this invention, the term "pure zinc" means a zinc molten or hot-dip galvanized layer produced from pure or near-pure zinc (i.e., provided without any associated aluminum content, or at least substantially free, preferably (completely) free of aluminum).

[0045] Such remarkable improvements or enhancements in the flame resistance or fire resistance of steel parts having an aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy hot-dip galvanized layer according to the present invention were not foreseeable to those skilled in the art and should be considered entirely astonishing.

[0046] While I do not intend to adhere to any particular theory, the development of flame resistance and / or fire resistance on steel parts, which has been found to be a surprising result of aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy hot-dip galvanized layers, can be explained by the fact that, in the event of a fire or incineration, a transformation occurs from the Zn / Al phase to the Fe / Al phase, particularly by diffusion, resulting in a decrease in emissivity compared to the zinc and / or Fe / Zn phase, and / or the fact that heat-resistant aluminum oxide is formed in the hot-dip galvanized layer during a fire, thereby significantly reducing and / or slowing down the heating of the parts, as the surface of steel parts coated with such aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy hot-dip galvanized layers is efficiently protected from fire and high temperatures.

[0047] As the applicant has made an equally surprising discovery, as detailed below, the presence of aluminum significantly improves or enhances fire resistance, not only when compared to ungalvanized steel parts, but also when compared to conventional galvanized steel parts with a hot-dip galvanized layer based on pure zinc. Furthermore, the aluminum content of the hot-dip galvanized coating allows for a significantly thinner coating thickness compared to conventional galvanized steel parts (resulting in substantial resource and weight savings).

[0048] Furthermore, aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy hot-dip galvanized layers also provide reliable and efficient corrosion protection, which is an improvement over conventional galvanized steel parts (especially when combined with thinner hot-dip galvanized layers).

[0049] The concept of the present invention makes it possible to generate and / or create fire resistance and / or flame resistance in steel components to the extent that further additional structural fire protection measures (such as fire-resistant coatings and fire-resistant cladding) described at the beginning in relation to the prior art being disadvantageous are not required.

[0050] The solution approach of the present invention is largely based on the use of aluminum alloy zinc molten material for galvanizing pieces of steel structural elements, particularly for the purpose of fire prevention and / or a combination of corrosion protection and fire prevention. Specifically, a zinc film is formed from an aluminum content of 250 ppm and / or 500 ppm in the zinc molten material (and thus the resulting hot-dip galvanized layer), which behaves significantly more favorably than an aluminum-free zinc film under the action of the thermal load that typically occurs in the event of a fire.

[0051] In particular, the new inventive solution approach achieves numerous advantages and special features, some of which have already been mentioned above.

[0052] Without limiting them, the following advantages and special features of the present invention should also be mentioned, which represent a significant improvement over the prior art, in addition to the advantages of conventional zinc-plated parts already described above.

[0053] As the Al content of the zinc molten material (and therefore the zinc coating) increases, the emissivity ε (ε=0: perfect reflection, ε=1: perfect absorption), a measure of the ratio of absorbed to reflected thermal radiation, remains at a low level up to high temperatures, and the heating of parts zinc-plated in this manner slows down compared to parts zinc-plated in Al-free (no) and / or nearly Al-free zinc molten material.

[0054] The level of emissivity increase at the start of temperature-induced diffusion under fire load is also lower when using Al alloy zinc molten material (again, compared to parts galvanized with Al-free and / or nearly Al-free zinc molten material), and the heating of the parts is also slower.

[0055] Therefore, the reduction in emissivity achieved according to the method of the present invention results in a lower part temperature after a given fire period compared to parts galvanized in Al-free and / or nearly Al-free zinc molten material, which is associated with higher load-bearing capacity. Alternatively, the same part temperature, and thus the same load-bearing capacity, can be achieved by reducing the cross-section of the steel profile, resulting in a significant saving of the required steel mass.

[0056] Furthermore, the use of Al alloy zinc molten material reduces the thickness of the zinc coating, especially when the Al content in the zinc molten material reaches 1,200 ppm, although it may be even lower. As a result, significantly thinner zinc coatings can be applied to applications where steel structures have no or only low corrosion requirements, such as in the case of corrosion categories C1 or C2 according to DIN EN ISO 12944, which also improves the efficiency of the material and components.

[0057] The use of Al alloy zinc molten materials also leads to the fact that the appearance of the zinc coating becomes increasingly independent of the chemical properties of the steel, especially when the Al content in the zinc molten material is greater than 1,200 ppm (but already below this value). From an Al content of approximately 1,200 ppm, all steels of categories A to D according to DIN EN ISO 14713-2 can be used. The previous limitations of the prior art on categories A and B were necessary to achieve the reduced emissivity down to 500°C by the prior art, and no longer exist in the case of the present invention.

[0058] The use of thin layers, preferably thin layers having a thickness in the range of several nanometers to several micrometers, and especially transparent post-treatment coatings, such as passivation and / or sealing, is also possible within the scope of the present invention and is even more advantageous with respect to the results achieved.

[0059] Therefore, the present invention provides, as described above, a method for generating flame resistance and / or fire resistance, particularly flame resistance and / or fire resistance in accordance with DIN EN 13501-2:2016-12 and / or DIN 4102-2:1977-09, on a steel component, and / or a method for imparting flame resistance and / or fire resistance, particularly flame resistance and / or fire resistance, in accordance with DIN EN 13501-2:2016-12 and / or DIN 4102-2:1977-09, to a steel component, particularly flame resistance and / or fire resistance, particularly to a steel component, particularly to DIN EN 13501-2:2016-12 and / or DIN A method is provided for manufacturing flame-resistant and / or fire-resistant steel parts in accordance with 4102-2:1977-09, wherein the steel parts are provided with an aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy hot-dip galvanized layer, and / or the steel parts are hot-dip galvanized using an aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy molten zinc, however, in particular, the steel parts provided with an aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy hot-dip galvanized layer, and / or the steel parts hot-dip galvanized using an aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy galvanizing bath, and the surface emissivity (radiance) ε at temperatures above 500°C, particularly above 550°C, preferably above 600°C, more preferably in the temperature range of 500°C to 850°C, and even more preferably in the temperature range of 500°C to 800°C. m The surface emissivity (radiance) ε is less than 0.7, particularly 0.65 or less, preferably 0.60 or less, more preferably 0.55 or less, and / or the steel part provided with an aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy hot-dip galvanized layer, and / or the steel part hot-dip galvanized using an aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy galvanizing bath, at a temperature in the range of 500°C to 850°C, preferably in the range of 500°C to 800°C. m The value is less than 0.7, particularly in the range of 0.05 or more and less than 0.7, preferably in the range of 0.05 to 0.65, more preferably in the range of 0.05 to 0.60, and even more preferably in the range of 0.05 to 0.55.

[0060] The terms flame resistance and fire resistance as used in the context of this invention should be understood as synonyms in particular and used in accordance with relevant standards and regulations, especially DIN EN 13501-2:2016-12 and DIN 4102-2:1977-09 (but also including other relevant standards and regulations such as DIN EN 1993-1-2:2006-10 and DIN EN 1991-1-2 / NA:2015-09).

[0061] Therefore, the so-called emissivity (radiance) of the surface ε m This can be used as a measure of the heating of steel parts in the event of a fire and / or a fire.

[0062] In the present invention, the surface emissivity (radiance) ε m This is the surface emissivity ε according to DIN EN 1993-1-2:2006-10. m It means...

[0063] The emissivity (also known as the radiation emission) of an object indicates how much radiation it emits compared to an ideal thermal radiator (i.e., a black body). Therefore, the value of emissivity is always between 0 (no absorption) and 1 (100% absorption). Thus, emissivity is a measure of how strongly a material or object (for example, a steel component in this invention) exchanges thermal radiation with its surroundings.

[0064] The emissivity or radiance ε is a dimensionless physical quantity that provides a measure of how strongly a material and / or its surface emits thermal radiation into its environment. This is because the relevant Eurocodes are based on Kirchhoff's law, which states that a good emitter is also a good absorber, and thus on the approximation that the absorption coefficient α corresponds to the emissivity ε of the object. The emissivity of real objects, and more specifically in the case of the present invention, the emissivity of metal surfaces such as steel parts, depends on many different parameters such as the surface condition, the temperature of the part, the wavelength range, the emission angle, etc., and is thus a very variable physical quantity. The parameter of emissivity ε combines these influencing variables into a single parameter, and in the case of the present invention, this parameter is particularly suitable for characterizing the fire resistance or fireproofness of steel parts designed according to the present invention, respectively.

[0065] The emissivity (radiance) ε of the surface used according to the present invention m The parameter is used in accordance with the aforementioned relevant standard DIN EN 1993-1-2:2006-10.

[0066] [[ID=�]] According to DIN EN 1993-1-2:2006-10, the emissivity of the surface of uncoated structural steel is assumed to be 0.70. In comparison, in the case of conventional galvanized structural steel (i.e., structural steel with a molten zinc coating of pure zinc), the emissivity (radiance) ε of the surface m is assumed to be approximately 0.35 at temperatures below 500°C. However, at temperatures above 500°C, the emissivity (radiance) ε of the surface m is 0.70 or more (i.e., the same as uncoated structural steel) (see also the second draft of project team SC3.T6 of CEN / TC 250 / SC 3 / WG 2 N 82 for the update of EN 1993-1-2 since 2019).

[0067] Quite surprisingly, in the case of the present invention, as a result of the mixing of aluminum into the molten zinc coating and / or as a result of alloying with aluminum associated with the molten zinc coating, the emissivity (radiance) ε of the surface even at temperatures above 500°Cm It was found that this could drop significantly to below 0.70 (meaning that in the event of a fire or blaze, the steel component in question will significantly reduce and delay heating. See also the explanation above).

[0068] According to the present invention, this expression refers to the surface emissivity (radiance) ε m If it is less than 0.7, i.e., ε m This means <0.7, and therefore the value 0.7 itself is excluded (hence the expression "less than").

[0069] Emissivity (radiance) of a steel surface ε m The temperature-dependent parameter can be experimentally determined by routine methods and measurement procedures known to those skilled in the art (especially using thermal sensors, especially infrared sensors, and / or thermocouples). In relation to the present invention, determination by so-called emissivity performance testing is described in detail in C. Gaigl and M. Mensinger, Technical Report “Thermal impact on HDG construction”, Technical University of Munich, February 2018 and M. Mensinger and C. Gaigl, paper “Feuerwiderstand verzinkter Stahlkonstruktionen”, Stahlbau, Vol. 88, pages 3 to 10, January 2019, and has proven particularly useful in this case. Surface emissivity (radiance) ε m This method of determination is used in the present invention, and especially in embodiments thereof. This method of determination is based in particular on experimental records of the temperature curves of steel components during fire and / or fire (for example, in accordance with DIN EN 1993-1-2:2006-10). The relevant steel component or the relevant test specimen is subjected to a continuous or increasing thermal load, respectively. The emissivity can then be determined and / or calculated from this using Planck's law of radiation.

[0070] For evaluating internal steel structures, the so-called uniform temperature-time curve (ETK) is commonly used as a measure of thermal exposure. However, depending on existing building regulations, a natural fire model may also be used. According to DIN EN 1991-1-2, ETK is defined as thermal stress and / or load as follows: T=345log 10 (8t+1)+20[℃] Here, T=combustion chamber temperature [℃], t=time [minutes].

[0071] Regardless of the effects of heat, heat transport during a fire occurs through energy exchange between several systems. In this method, thermal energy is always transported from a higher energy level to a lower energy level. If the parts are not in direct contact, this can occur through two different mechanisms: convection and / or electromagnetic radiation. The temperature rise Δθ of unprotected steel parts a,t This can be calculated using the following equation (1) with a constant time interval Δt < 5 [seconds].

number

[0072] Shading effect correction coefficient k sh , Profile coefficient A m / V, specific heat capacity c a The bulk density of steel p a In addition to these factors, net heat flux h net (H. net ) is reflected in the heating of the component. The latter is the aforementioned convection h net,c (H. net,c ) and radiation h net,r (H. net,r It consists of two parts. See equations (2) to (4) below.

number

[0073] As can be seen from equations (2) to (4), thermal radiation contributes significantly to the heating of the component, especially in regions where the temperature difference between the component and the environment is large. Since heat transfer by radiation is greatly influenced by the surface of the component, this is precisely where the effect of hot-dip galvanizing comes into play.

[0074] Both emissivity values, i.e., the emissivity ε of the part surface. m and the emissivity ε of the combustion chamber f Both affect the radiative component of the heat flux. The relevant Eurocode assumption ε f According to =1.0 (i.e., DIN EN 1993-1-2, Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures, Part 1-2: General regulations, Structural design for fire, and DIN EN 1994-1-2, Eurocode 4: Design of composite structures of steel and concrete, Part 1-2: General regulations, Structural design for fire), the emissivity of the surroundings is assigned the properties of an ideal blackbody. On the other hand, in the case of structural steel, the emissivity ε is not affected by the actual surface properties. m = 0.70 is assumed. This corresponds to 70% of the introduced radiant energy being absorbed as heat.

[0075] Therefore, when an aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy hot-dip galvanized layer is used on a steel part according to the present invention, as described above, the emissivity ε on the surface in the event of fire and incineration is particularly high compared to the corresponding ungalvanized steel part. m Not only does this result in a significant reduction in emissivity ε on the surface in the event of a fire, but it also results in a lower emissivity ε on the surface compared to conventional galvanized steel parts (i.e., those with a hot-dip galvanized layer of pure zinc). m A significant reduction in fire safety is achieved. In this way, within the scope of the present invention, the fire safety requirements of relevant standards and regulations, particularly DIN EN 13501-2:2016-12 and / or DIN 4102-2:1977-09, can be met without additional and / or further structural fire safety measures.

[0076] The aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy hot-dip galvanized coatings used in the present invention and their manufacture and / or production are well known to those skilled in the art from the prior art, and therefore no further explanation is needed in this regard. However, to date, such aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy hot-dip galvanized coatings have been provided in the prior art solely for the purpose of corrosion prevention. That is, the effect on improving flame resistance and / or fire resistance has not been recognized in the prior art and therefore has not been realized. This knowledge and technical teaching have, in a truly remarkable manner, been obtained solely from the applicant of the present invention.

[0077] As a result, the present invention makes it possible to produce flame resistance and / or fire resistance, in particular flame resistance and / or fire resistance in accordance with DIN EN 13501-2:2016-12 and / or DIN 4102-2:1977-09, on steel parts by providing an aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy hot-dip galvanized layer on the steel parts, and / or by hot-dip galvanizing the steel parts using an aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy molten zinc product. Based on the applicant's remarkable discovery that flame resistance and / or fire resistance in accordance with 4102-2:1977-09 can be imparted, however in particular, steel parts provided with an aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy hot-dip galvanized layer, and / or steel parts hot-dip galvanized using an aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy galvanizing bath, at temperatures above 500°C, particularly above 550°C, preferably above 600°C, more preferably in the temperature range of 500°C to 850°C, and even more preferably in the temperature range of 500°C to 800°C, the surface emissivity (radiance) ε mThe surface emissivity (radiance) ε is less than 0.7, particularly 0.65 or less, preferably 0.60 or less, more preferably 0.55 or less, and / or the steel part provided with an aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy hot-dip galvanized layer, and / or the steel part hot-dip galvanized using an aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy galvanizing bath, at a temperature in the range of 500°C to 850°C, preferably in the range of 500°C to 800°C. m The value is less than 0.7, particularly in the range of 0.05 or more and less than 0.7, preferably in the range of 0.05 to 0.65, more preferably in the range of 0.05 to 0.60, and even more preferably in the range of 0.05 to 0.55.

[0078] To achieve the desired flame-retardant and / or fire-resistant effects according to the present invention, a certain minimum thickness of the aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy hot-dip galvanized layer should be provided. On the other hand, for reasons of sustainability, material conservation, and especially the weight of the steel parts, the layer thickness should not exceed a certain upper limit.

[0079] In connection with this, the following has been found to be useful within the scope of the present invention: that is, the aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy hot-dip galvanized layers are applied to steel parts with layer thicknesses ranging from 1 μm to 250 μm, particularly from 1 μm to 200 μm, preferably from 1.5 μm to 150 μm, preferably from 2 μm to 100 μm, more preferably from 2 μm to 80 μm, even more preferably from 2.5 μm to 70 μm, even more preferably from 2.5 μm to 60 μm, even more preferably from 3 μm to 50 μm, even more preferably from 3.5 μm to 30 μm, and most preferably from 4 μm to 25 μm.

[0080] In particular, according to the method of the present invention, the aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy hot-dip galvanized layer is advantageously applied to the steel part with a layer thickness of at least 1 μm, particularly at least 1.5 μm, preferably at least 2 μm, preferably at least 2.5 μm, more preferably at least 3 μm, even more preferably at least 3.5 μm, and even more preferably at least 4 μm.

[0081] Similarly, according to the method of the present invention, the aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy hot-dip galvanized layer is advantageously applied to the steel part with a layer thickness of 250 μm or less, particularly 200 μm or less, preferably 150 μm or less, preferably 100 μm or less, more preferably 80 μm or less, even more preferably 70 μm or less, even more preferably 60 μm or less, even more preferably 50 μm or less, even more preferably 30 μm or less, and most preferably 25 μm or less.

[0082] With the above-described film thickness, particularly good results can be achieved according to the method of the present invention. Nevertheless, it is not impossible to deviate from the above values ​​and ranges without departing from the scope of the present invention, particularly on a case-by-case basis. This is at the discretion of those skilled in the art.

[0083] Similarly, the amount and / or aluminum content of aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy hot-dip galvanized layers used in accordance with the present invention should vary within a certain range, on the one hand, to ensure sufficient flame resistance and / or fire resistance, and on the other hand, to take into consideration and / or comply with aspects of material weight, material economy and sustainability.

[0084] In this regard, the method of the present invention has been found to be particularly useful in the following respects: namely, the aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy hot-dip galvanized layer has an aluminum content in the range of 0.025% to 50% by weight, particularly 0.04% to 45% by weight, preferably 0.05% to 40% by weight, preferably 0.075% to 30% by weight, more preferably 0.1% to 20% by weight, even more preferably 1.5% to 15% by weight, even more preferably 2% to 12.5% ​​by weight, even more preferably 3% to 10% by weight, even more preferably 3.5% to 9% by weight, and most preferably 4% to 8% by weight, based on the aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy hot-dip galvanized layer, and the aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy zinc molten (used to produce the aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy hot-dip galvanized layer) has an aluminum content in the range of 0.025% to 50% by weight, particularly 0.04% to 45% by weight, preferably 0.05% to 40% by weight, preferably 0.075% to 30% by weight, more preferably 0.1% to 20% by weight, even more preferably 1.5% to 15% by weight, even more preferably 2% to 12.5% ​​by weight, even more preferably 3% to 10% by weight, even more preferably 3.5% to 9% by weight, and most preferably 4% to 8% by weight.

[0085] In this regard, according to the method of the present invention, particularly advantageously, the aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy hot-dip galvanized layer has an aluminum content of at least 0.025% by weight, particularly at least 0.04% by weight, preferably at least 0.05% by weight, preferably at least 0.075% by weight, more preferably at least 0.1% by weight, even more preferably at least 1.5% by weight, even more preferably at least 2% by weight, even more preferably at least 3% by weight, even more preferably at least 3.5% by weight, and most preferably at least 4% by weight, based on the aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy hot-dip galvanized layer, and the aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy zinc molten (used to produce the aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy hot-dip galvanized layer) has an aluminum content of at least 0.025% by weight, particularly at least 0.04% by weight, preferably at least 0.05% by weight, preferably at least 0.075% by weight, more preferably at least 0.1% by weight, even more preferably at least 1.5% by weight, even more preferably at least 2% by weight, even more preferably at least 3% by weight, even more preferably at least 3.5% by weight, and most preferably at least 4% by weight.

[0086] Furthermore, in connection with this, the following has been found to be particularly useful within the scope of the present invention: namely, the aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy hot-dip galvanized layer has an aluminum content of 50% by weight or less, particularly 45% by weight or less, preferably 40% by weight or less, preferably 30% by weight or less, more preferably 20% by weight or less, even more preferably 15% by weight or less, even more preferably 12.5% ​​by weight or less, even more preferably 10% by weight or less, even more preferably 9% by weight or less, and most preferably 8% by weight or less, based on the aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy hot-dip galvanized layer, and the aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy zinc molten (used to manufacture the aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy hot-dip galvanized layer) has an aluminum content of 50% by weight or less, particularly 45% by weight or less, preferably 40% by weight or less, preferably 30% by weight or less, more preferably 20% by weight or less, even more preferably 15% by weight or less, even more preferably 12.5% ​​by weight or less, even more preferably 10% by weight or less, even more preferably 9% by weight or less, and most preferably 8% by weight or less.

[0087] Furthermore, according to another embodiment related thereto, it has been found that the following is particularly useful within the scope of the present invention: namely, an aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy hot-dip galvanized layer has an aluminum content in the range of 0.5% to 20% by weight, particularly 1% to 10% by weight, based on the aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy hot-dip galvanized layer, and / or aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy zinc molten (used to produce the aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy hot-dip galvanized layer) has an aluminum content in the range of 0.5% to 20% by weight, particularly 1% to 10% by weight, based on the aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy zinc molten.

[0088] With regard to the composition of the aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy hot-dip galvanized layer and / or aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy zinc molten (used in the manufacture of the aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy hot-dip galvanized layer) applied to flame-resistant and / or fire-resistant steel parts according to the method of the present invention, this composition may vary within a certain range. Herein, with regard to the overall composition of the aluminum alloy and / or aluminum-containing hot-dip galvanized layer and / or aluminum alloy and / or sh molten, a specific breakdown is given based on the enumerated aluminum content.

[0089] Within the scope of the present invention, the following has been found to be particularly useful: namely, an aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy hot-dip galvanized layer and / or aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy zinc molten (used to manufacture an aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy hot-dip galvanized layer) has the following composition, where all amounts described below relate to the aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy hot-dip galvanized layer in the case of the aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy hot-dip galvanized layer, and to the aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy zinc molten (used to manufacture an aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy hot-dip galvanized layer), respectively, selected to total 100% by weight. (i) an amount of zinc (Zn) in the range of 50% to 99.975% by weight, particularly 55% to 99.96% by weight, preferably 60% to 99.95% by weight, preferably 70% to 99.925% by weight, more preferably 80% to 99.1% by weight, even more preferably 85% to 98.5% by weight, even more preferably 87.5% to 98% by weight, even more preferably 90% to 97% by weight, even more preferably 91% to 96.5% by weight, and most preferably 92% to 96% by weight. (ii) an amount of aluminum (Al) in the range of 0.025% to 50% by weight, particularly in the range of 0.04% to 45% by weight, preferably in the range of 0.05% to 40% by weight, preferably in the range of 0.075% to 30% by weight, more preferably in the range of 0.1% to 20% by weight, even more preferably in the range of 1.5% to 15% by weight, even more preferably in the range of 2% to 12.5% ​​by weight, even more preferably in the range of 3% to 10% by weight, even more preferably in the range of 3.5% to 9% by weight, and most preferably in the range of 4% to 8% by weight. (iii) optionally one or more further metals selected from the group of bismuth (Bi), lead (Pb), tin (Sn), nickel (Ni), silicon (Si), magnesium (Mg), and combinations thereof, wherein the amount of the metal is in the range of 0.001% to 10% by weight, particularly in the range of 0.001% to 9% by weight, preferably in the range of 0.01% to 8% by weight, preferably in the range of 0.02% to 6% by weight, more preferably in the range of 0.05% to 5% by weight, even more preferably in the range of 0.1% to 4% by weight, even more preferably in the range of 0.2% to 3.5% by weight, even more preferably in the range of 0.3% to 3% by weight, even more preferably in the range of 0.4% to 2% by weight, and most preferably in the range of 0.5% to 1% by weight, provided that the magnesium content is less than 0.2% by weight, particularly less than 0.15% by weight.

[0090] Furthermore, it has been found that the following is particularly useful within the scope of the present invention: namely, the aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy hot-dip galvanized layer has the following composition, where all amounts described below relate to the aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy hot-dip galvanized layer and are selected to total 100% by weight, and / or the aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy zinc molten (used to produce the aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy hot-dip galvanized layer) has the following composition, where all amounts described below relate to the aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy zinc molten (used to produce the aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy hot-dip galvanized layer) and are selected to total 100% by weight. (i) Zinc (Zn) in amounts ranging from 70% to 99.5% by weight, especially in the range of 90% to 99% by weight. (ii) an amount of aluminum (Al) ranging from 0.5% to 20% by weight, especially in the range of 1% to 10% by weight, (iii) Depending on the case, one or more further metals selected from the group, particularly bismuth (Bi), lead (Pb), tin (Sn), nickel (Ni), silicon (Si), magnesium (Mg), and combinations thereof, in a range of particularly 0.001% to 10% by weight, particularly 0.001% to 6% by weight, provided that the magnesium content is less than 0.2% by weight, particularly less than 0.15% by weight.

[0091] Furthermore, it has been found that the following is particularly useful within the scope of the present invention: namely, the aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy hot-dip galvanized layer has the following composition, where all amounts described below relate to the aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy hot-dip galvanized layer and are selected to total 100% by weight, and / or aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy zinc molten (used to produce the aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy hot-dip galvanized layer) has the following composition, where all amounts described below relate to the aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy zinc molten, and are selected to total 100% by weight. (i) Zinc (Zn) in an amount of 90% to 99% by weight, (ii) Aluminum (Al) in an amount of 1% to 10% by weight, (iii) Depending on the case, one or more further metals selected from the group, particularly bismuth (Bi), lead (Pb), tin (Sn), nickel (Ni), silicon (Si), magnesium (Mg) and combinations thereof, in an amount of 0.001% to 6% by weight, provided that the magnesium content is less than 0.2% by weight, particularly less than 0.15% by weight.

[0092] The composition and / or formation of the aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy hot-dip galvanized layer described above, particularly the aluminum content of the aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy hot-dip galvanized layer, is adjusted and / or controlled within the scope of the present invention by the aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy molten zinc used for hot-dip galvanizing. This is known to those skilled in the art and therefore no further explanation is needed.

[0093] In the present invention, the flame resistance and / or fire resistance that can be provided may be adjusted and / or controlled in particular by the thickness and composition and / or formation of the aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy hot-dip galvanized layer, and in particular by the aluminum content of the aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy hot-dip galvanized layer.

[0094] In particular, in this case, flame resistance and / or fire resistance can be enhanced by increasing the aluminum content of the aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy hot-dip galvanized layer, and / or by increasing the thickness of the aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy hot-dip galvanized layer.

[0095] According to a particularly preferred embodiment of the present invention, the aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy hot-dip galvanized layer is applied to a steel part with a layer thickness ranging from 4 μm to 25 μm.

[0096] In this regard, particularly preferably, the aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy hot-dip galvanized layer has an aluminum content in the range of 4% to 8% by weight based on the aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy hot-dip galvanized layer, and / or the aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy zinc molten (used to manufacture the aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy hot-dip galvanized layer) has an aluminum content in the range of 4% to 8% by weight based on the aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy zinc molten.

[0097] Furthermore, according to the method of the present invention, the aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy hot-dip galvanized layer and / or aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy zinc molten product (used to produce the aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy hot-dip galvanized layer) each have the following composition, where all amounts described below relate to the aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy hot-dip galvanized layer in the case of the aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy hot-dip galvanized layer, and to the aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy zinc molten product (used to produce the aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy hot-dip galvanized layer), and are selected to total 100% by weight. (i) Zinc (Zn) in an amount of 92% to 96% by weight, (ii) Aluminum (Al) in an amount of 4% to 8% by weight, (iii) Depending on the case, one or more further metals selected from the group consisting of bismuth (Bi), lead (Pb), tin (Sn), nickel (Ni), silicon (Si), magnesium (Mg), and combinations thereof, in particular in amounts of 0.001% to 10% by weight, provided that the magnesium content is less than 0.2% by weight, particularly less than 0.15% by weight.

[0098] According to a particular embodiment of the method according to the present invention, the present invention provides a method for generating flame resistance and / or fire resistance, particularly flame resistance and / or fire resistance in accordance with DIN EN 13501-2:2016-12 and / or DIN 4102-2:1977-09, on a steel component, and / or imparting flame resistance and / or fire resistance, particularly flame resistance and / or fire resistance, in accordance with DIN EN 13501-2:2016-12 and / or DIN 4102-2:1977-09, on a steel component, particularly flame resistance and / or fire resistance, on a steel component, particularly flame resistance and / or fire resistance, in accordance with DIN EN 13501-2:2016-12 and / or DIN A method for manufacturing flame-resistant and / or fire-resistant steel parts in accordance with 4102-2:1977-09, particularly relating to the method described above, wherein the steel parts are provided with an aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy hot-dip galvanized layer, and / or the steel parts are hot-dip galvanized using an aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy molten zinc, the aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy hot-dip galvanized layer is applied to the steel parts with a layer thickness in the range of 4 μm to 25 μm, the aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy hot-dip galvanized layer having an aluminum content in the range of 4% to 8% by weight based on the aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy hot-dip galvanized layer, provided that the steel parts provided with the aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy hot-dip galvanized layer, and / or the steel parts hot-dip galvanized using an aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy galvanizing bath, have a surface emissivity (radiance) ε at temperatures in the range of 500°C to 850°C. m However, the surface emissivity (radiance) ε is 0.65 or less, preferably 0.60 or less, and / or, steel parts provided with an aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy hot-dip galvanized layer, and / or steel parts hot-dip galvanized using an aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy galvanizing bath, at temperatures in the range of 500°C to 850°C. m However, it is in the range of 0.05 to 0.65, preferably in the range of 0.05 to 0.60.

[0099] According to this particular embodiment, the aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy hot-dip galvanized layer is particularly preferably having the following composition, where all amounts described below relate to the aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy hot-dip galvanized layer and are selected to total 100% by weight. (i) Zinc (Zn) in an amount of 92% to 96% by weight, (ii) Aluminum (Al) in an amount of 4% to 8% by weight, (iii) Depending on the case, one or more further metals selected from the group consisting of bismuth (Bi), lead (Pb), tin (Sn), nickel (Ni), silicon (Si), magnesium (Mg), and combinations thereof, in particular in an amount of 0.001% to 10% by weight, provided that the magnesium content is less than 0.2% by weight, and especially less than 0.15% by weight.

[0100] According to this particular embodiment, more preferably, the aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy hot-dip galvanized layer has an optional magnesium content of less than 0.2% by weight, and more preferably less than 0.15% by weight, relative to the aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy hot-dip galvanized layer.

[0101] According to a more specific embodiment of the method according to the present invention, the present invention provides a method for generating flame resistance and / or fire resistance, particularly flame resistance and / or fire resistance in accordance with DIN EN 13501-2:2016-12 and / or DIN 4102-2:1977-09, on a steel component, and / or a method for imparting flame resistance and / or fire resistance, particularly flame resistance and / or fire resistance, to a steel component, particularly flame resistance and / or fire resistance in accordance with DIN EN 13501-2:2016-12 and / or DIN 4102-2:1977-09, particularly flame resistance and / or fire resistance to a steel component, particularly DIN EN 13501-2:2016-12 and / or DIN A method for providing flame-resistant and / or fire-resistant steel parts in accordance with 4102-2:1977-09, and more particularly the method described above, wherein the steel parts are provided with an aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy hot-dip galvanized layer, and / or the steel parts are hot-dip galvanized using an aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy molten zinc, the aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy hot-dip galvanized layer is applied to the steel parts with a layer thickness in the range of 4 μm to 25 μm, the aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy hot-dip galvanized layer having an aluminum content in the range of 4% to 8% by weight based on the aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy hot-dip galvanized layer, provided that the steel parts provided with the aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy hot-dip galvanized layer, and / or the steel parts hot-dip galvanized using an aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy galvanizing bath, have a surface emissivity (radiance) ε at temperatures in the range of 500°C to 850°C. m However, the surface emissivity (radiance) ε is 0.65 or less, preferably 0.60 or less, and / or, steel parts provided with an aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy hot-dip galvanized layer, and / or steel parts hot-dip galvanized using an aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy galvanizing bath, at temperatures in the range of 500°C to 850°C. mHowever, the range is 0.05 to 0.65, preferably 0.05 to 0.60, and the aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy hot-dip galvanized layer has the following composition, where all amounts described below relate to the aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy hot-dip galvanized layer and are selected to total 100% by weight. (i) Zinc (Zn) in an amount of 92% to 96% by weight, (ii) Aluminum (Al) in an amount of 4% to 8% by weight, (iii) Depending on the case, one or more further metals selected from the group consisting of bismuth (Bi), lead (Pb), tin (Sn), nickel (Ni), silicon (Si), magnesium (Mg), and combinations thereof, in particular in amounts of 0.001% to 10% by weight, provided that the magnesium content is less than 0.2% by weight, and especially less than 0.15% by weight.

[0102] According to yet another specific embodiment of the method according to the present invention, the present invention provides a method for generating flame resistance and / or fire resistance, particularly flame resistance and / or fire resistance in accordance with DIN EN 13501-2:2016-12 and / or DIN 4102-2:1977-09, on a steel component, and / or imparting flame resistance and / or fire resistance, particularly flame resistance and / or fire resistance, to a steel component, particularly flame resistance and / or fire resistance, particularly flame resistance and / or fire resistance, in accordance with DIN EN 13501-2:2016-12 and / or DIN A method for manufacturing flame-resistant and / or fire-resistant steel parts in accordance with 4102-2:1977-09, particularly relating to the method described above, wherein the steel parts are provided with an aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy hot-dip galvanized layer, and / or the steel parts are hot-dip galvanized using an aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy molten zinc, the aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy hot-dip galvanized layer is applied to the steel parts with a layer thickness in the range of 2.5 μm to 70 μm, the aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy hot-dip galvanized layer has an aluminum content in the range of 1% to 10% by weight based on the aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy hot-dip galvanized layer, provided that the steel parts provided with the aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy hot-dip galvanized layer, and / or the steel parts hot-dip galvanized using an aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy galvanizing bath, have a surface emissivity (radiance) ε at a temperature range of 500°C to 850°C. m However, the surface emissivity (radiance) ε is 0.65 or less, preferably 0.60 or less, and / or, steel parts provided with an aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy hot-dip galvanized layer, and / or steel parts hot-dip galvanized using an aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy galvanizing bath, have a surface emissivity (radiance) ε in the temperature range of 500°C to 850°C. m However, it is in the range of 0.05 to 0.65, preferably in the range of 0.05 to 0.60.

[0103] According to this particular embodiment, the aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy hot-dip galvanized layer is particularly preferably having the following composition, where all amounts described below relate to the aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy hot-dip galvanized layer and are selected to total 100% by weight. (i) Zinc (Zn) in an amount of 90% to 99% by weight, (ii) Aluminum (Al) in an amount of 1% to 10% by weight, (iii) Depending on the case, one or more further metals selected from the group consisting of bismuth (Bi), lead (Pb), tin (Sn), nickel (Ni), silicon (Si), magnesium (Mg), and combinations thereof, in particular in amounts of 0.001% to 6% by weight, provided that the magnesium content is less than 0.2% by weight, and especially less than 0.15% by weight.

[0104] According to this particular embodiment, more preferably, the aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy hot-dip galvanized layer has an optional magnesium content of less than 0.2% by weight, particularly less than 0.15% by weight, relative to the aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy hot-dip galvanized layer.

[0105] According to yet another specific embodiment of the method according to the present invention, the present invention provides a method for generating flame resistance and / or fire resistance, particularly flame resistance and / or fire resistance in accordance with DIN EN 13501-2:2016-12 and / or DIN 4102-2:1977-09, on a steel component, and / or a method for imparting flame resistance and / or fire resistance, particularly flame resistance and / or fire resistance, in accordance with DIN EN 13501-2:2016-12 and / or DIN 41022:1977-09, on a steel component, particularly flame resistance and / or fire resistance, on a steel component, particularly DIN EN 13501-2:2016-12 and / or DIN A method for manufacturing flame-resistant and / or fire-resistant steel parts in accordance with 4102-2:1977-09, particularly relating to the method described above, wherein the steel parts are provided with an aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy hot-dip galvanized layer, and / or the steel parts are hot-dip galvanized using an aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy molten zinc, the aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy hot-dip galvanized layer is applied to the steel parts with a layer thickness in the range of 2.5 μm to 70 μm, the aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy hot-dip galvanized layer has an aluminum content in the range of 1% to 10% by weight based on the aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy hot-dip galvanized layer, provided that the steel parts provided with the aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy hot-dip galvanized layer, and / or the steel parts hot-dip galvanized using an aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy galvanizing bath, have a surface emissivity (radiance) ε at a temperature range of 500°C to 850°C. m However, the surface emissivity (radiance) ε is 0.65 or less, preferably 0.60 or less, and / or, steel parts provided with an aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy hot-dip galvanized layer, and / or steel parts hot-dip galvanized using an aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy galvanizing bath, have a surface emissivity (radiance) ε in the temperature range of 500°C to 850°C. mHowever, the range is 0.05 to 0.65, preferably 0.05 to 0.60, and the aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy hot-dip galvanized layer has the following composition, where all amounts described below relate to the aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy hot-dip galvanized layer and are selected to total 100% by weight. (i) Zinc (Zn) in an amount of 90% to 99% by weight, (ii) Aluminum (Al) in an amount of 1% to 10% by weight, (iii) Depending on the case, one or more further metals selected from the group consisting of bismuth (Bi), lead (Pb), tin (Sn), nickel (Ni), silicon (Si), magnesium (Mg), and combinations thereof, in particular in amounts of 0.001% to 6% by weight, provided that the magnesium content is less than 0.2% by weight, and especially less than 0.15% by weight.

[0106] In the more preferred embodiments described above, particularly good results can be obtained within the desired range of flame resistance and / or fire resistance according to the present invention.

[0107] To achieve particularly good results with respect to flame resistance and / or fire resistance, the following has been found to be advantageous with respect to the method of the present invention: that is, steel parts provided with an aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy hot-dip galvanized layer, and / or steel parts hot-dip galvanized using an aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy galvanizing bath, have a surface emissivity (radiance) ε at temperatures above 500°C, particularly above 550°C, preferably above 600°C, more preferably in the temperature range of 500°C to 850°C, and even more preferably in the temperature range of 500°C to 800°C. m is less than 0.7 (i.e., ε m <0.7), particularly 0.65 or less, preferably 0.60 or less, more preferably 0.55 or less, and most preferably 0.50 or less. In this way, particularly good results can be obtained according to the method of the present invention.

[0108] Furthermore, in the context of the present invention, advantageously, a steel part provided with an aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy hot-dip galvanized layer, and / or a steel part that has been hot-dip galvanized using an aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy galvanizing bath, has a surface emissivity (radiance) ε at temperatures in the range of 500°C to 850°C, particularly in the range of 500°C to 800°C. m The value is less than 0.7, particularly in the range of 0.05 or more and less than 0.7, preferably in the range of 0.05 to 0.65, more preferably in the range of 0.05 to 0.60, and even more preferably in the range of 0.05 to 0.55. Furthermore, particularly good results can be obtained according to the method of the present invention in this way.

[0109] According to a more preferred embodiment of the present invention, a steel part provided with an aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy hot-dip galvanized layer, and / or a steel part that has been hot-dip galvanized using an aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy galvanizing bath, has a surface emissivity (radiance) ε at temperatures in the range of 500°C to 650°C. m The value is 0.40 or less, particularly 0.35 or less, preferably 0.30 or less, and more preferably 0.25 or less. and Steel parts having an aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy hot-dip galvanized layer, and / or steel parts hot-dip galvanized using an aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy galvanizing bath, have a surface emissivity ε at temperatures ranging from 650°C to 850°C. m The value is 0.65 or less, particularly 0.60 or less, and preferably 0.55 or less.

[0110] This more preferred embodiment should be particularly considered in the following cases: • When an aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy hot-dip galvanized layer is applied to a steel part with a layer thickness ranging from 4 μm to 25 μm, and / or The aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy hot-dip galvanized layer has an aluminum content in the range of 4% to 8% by weight, based on the aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy hot-dip galvanized layer, and / or the aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy zinc molten material (used to manufacture the aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy hot-dip galvanized layer) has an aluminum content in the range of 4% to 8% by weight, based on the aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy zinc molten material, and / or The aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy hot-dip galvanized layer has the following composition, where all amounts listed below relate to the aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy hot-dip galvanized layer and are selected to total 100% by weight, and / or the aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy zinc molten (used to manufacture the aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy hot-dip galvanized layer) has the following composition, where all amounts listed below relate to the aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy zinc molten (used to total 100% by weight), (i) Zinc (Zn) in an amount of 92% to 96% by weight, (ii) Aluminum (Al) in an amount of 4% to 8% by weight, (iii) Depending on the case, one or more further metals selected from the group consisting of bismuth (Bi), lead (Pb), tin (Sn), nickel (Ni), silicon (Si), magnesium (Mg), and combinations thereof, in particular in an amount of 0.001% to 10% by weight, provided that the magnesium content is less than 0.2% by weight, and especially less than 0.15% by weight.

[0111] According to another more preferred embodiment of the present invention, a steel part provided with an aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy hot-dip galvanized layer, and / or a steel part hot-dip galvanized using an aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy galvanizing bath, has a surface emissivity (radiance) ε at temperatures in the range of 500°C to 850°C.m The surface emissivity (radiance) ε is 0.65 or less, preferably 0.60 or less, and / or a steel part provided with an aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy hot-dip galvanized layer, and / or a steel part hot-dip galvanized using an aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy galvanizing bath, at temperatures in the range of 500°C to 850°C. m The value is in the range of 0.05 to 0.65, preferably in the range of 0.05 to 0.60.

[0112] In contrast, before applying an aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy hot-dip galvanizing layer, steel parts have a surface emissivity (radiance) ε at temperatures above 500°C, especially in the range of 500°C to 850°C. m The value is 0.7 or higher.

[0113] Emissivity (radiance) ε of the surface of a steel part that has an aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy hot-dip galvanized coating m The term refers to the definition and / or determination of surface emissivity (radiance) ε, in particular, according to DIN EN 1993-1-2:2006-10. m ) corresponds to this.

[0114] Emissivity (radiance) ε of the surface of a steel part that has an aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy hot-dip galvanized coating m This can be determined using methods and / or procedures known to those skilled in the art. In particular, in this regard, the surface emissivity (radiance) ε of steel parts having an aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy hot-dip galvanized layer, especially in accordance with DIN EN 1993-1-2:2006-10. m This is determined and / or evaluated from the temperature profile under continuous and / or increasing heat loads, especially in the case of fire (particularly in accordance with DIN EN 1993-1-2:2006-10). In particular, the surface emissivity (radiance) ε m , in particular, the surface emissivity ε in accordance with DIN EN 1993-1-2:2006-10m This can be determined and / or evaluated by emissivity performance tests in accordance with C. Gaigl und M. Mensinger, Technical Report “Thermal impact on HDG construction”, Technical University Munich, February 2018 and / or M. Mensinger und C. Gaigl, essay “Feuerwiderstand verzinkter Stahl-konstruktionen”, Stahlbau, Vol. 88, pages 3 bis 10, January 2019.

[0115] As described above, steel parts with an aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy hot-dip galvanized layer, and / or steel parts that have been hot-dip galvanized using an aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy galvanizing bath, are flame-resistant and / or fire-resistant.

[0116] Within the scope of the present invention, particularly preferably, steel parts provided with an aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy hot-dip galvanized layer, and / or steel parts hot-dip galvanized using an aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy galvanizing bath, have a fire resistance class of at least F30, particularly at least F60, preferably at least F90, and more preferably at least F120, in accordance with DIN 4102-2:1977-09.

[0117] Furthermore, in the present invention, similarly preferably, steel parts provided with an aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy hot-dip galvanized layer, and / or steel parts hot-dip galvanized using an aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy galvanizing bath, have a fire resistance class in accordance with DIN EN 13501-2:2016-12 of at least R30, particularly at least R60, preferably at least R90, and more preferably at least R120.

[0118] As far as the steel components used in the method of the present invention are concerned, basically any steel component can be used.

[0119] In the present invention, the steel of the steel parts is (i) low-silicon steel, in particular steel with a silicon content of 0.03% by weight or less. and It is particularly advantageous when selected from (ii) low silicon steel with a phosphorus content of less than 0.02 wt%, (ii) Sandelin steel, especially Sandelin steel with a silicon content between 0.03 wt% and 0.14 wt% relative to steel, (iii) Sebisty steel, especially Sebisty steel with a silicon content between 0.14 wt% and 0.25 wt%, (iv) high silicon steel, especially high silicon steel with a silicon content greater than 0.25 wt% relative to steel, and combinations thereof.

[0120] The present invention is particularly advantageous when the steel of the steel component is selected from steels of categories A, B, C and / or D in accordance with DIN EN ISO 14713-2:2020-05 and combinations thereof.

[0121] Furthermore, advantageously with respect to the present invention, the steel components include steel structural elements, steel beams, steel shapes, structural steel, steel plates, steel pipes, and the like.

[0122] In particular, according to the present invention, the steel component may be a steel component for the construction and building industry, and / or the steel component may be a steel structural element or component for the construction and building industry.

[0123] Furthermore, according to the method of the present invention, the steel component may be a steel component intended or designed for the construction and building industry and / or vehicle manufacturing or automobile manufacturing.

[0124] As far as aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy hot-dip galvanized layers applied to steel parts are concerned, this can be done by the hot-dip galvanizing method (synonymous with hot-dip galvanizing) which is known in itself. Therefore, no further explanation is needed on this point.

[0125] Hot-dip galvanizing is perhaps the most important method of protecting steel from corrosion with a metallic coating. However, this method is not yet associated with flame retardancy and / or fire protection. In hot-dip galvanizing, steel is continuously (such as strips or wires) or gradually (such as parts) immersed in a heated tank containing liquid zinc (the melting point of zinc is 419.5°C) at a temperature of approximately 450°C to 600°C. This imparts a durable alloy layer of iron and zinc to the surface of the steel, on which a very firmly bonded layer of pure zinc is formed.

[0126] In hot-dip galvanizing, a distinction is made between discontinuous batch galvanizing (see, for example, DIN EN ISO 1461) and continuous strip galvanizing (see, for example, DIN EN 10143 and DIN EN 10346). Both discontinuous and strip galvanizing are standardized and / or standardized methods. Strip galvanized steel is a pre-production and / or intermediate product (semi-finished product) that is further processed after galvanizing, particularly by forming, punching, and cutting to size. On the other hand, parts need to be protected by piece galvanizing (discontinuous batch galvanizing), which is first fully manufactured and then hot-dip galvanized (protecting the part from corrosion on all sides). Piece galvanizing and strip galvanizing also differ in the thickness of the zinc coating and therefore in the duration of protection. The thickness of the zinc coating on strip galvanized steel sheets is usually 20-25 micrometers or less, while the thickness of the zinc coating on piece galvanized steel parts is usually in the range of 50-200 micrometers or more.

[0127] Hot-dip galvanizing provides both active and passive corrosion protection. Passive protection is provided by the barrier effect of the zinc coating. Active corrosion protection results from the cathodic effect of the zinc coating. For more noble metals in the electrochemical series, such as iron, zinc acts as a sacrificial anode, protecting the underlying iron from corrosion until it itself is completely corroded.

[0128] In so-called piece galvanizing, compliant with DIN EN ISO 1461, hot-dip galvanizing is primarily performed on large steel parts and structures. Steel-based blanks or finished workpieces (parts) are immersed in a hot-dip galvanizing bath after pretreatment. Immersion provides good access to the inner surfaces, weld seams, and hard-to-reach areas of the workpiece and / or parts to be galvanized.

[0129] Conventional hot-dip galvanizing is based on applying a zinc film and / or zinc coating to the surface of iron and / or steel parts, particularly iron and / or steel parts, by immersing them in a molten zinc bath. To ensure the adhesion, tackiness, and uniformity of the zinc film, careful pre-treatment of the parts to be galvanized is usually required. This typically involves degreasing, followed by rinsing, then pickling, followed by rinsing, and finally fluxing and drying.

[0130] Typically, in the present invention, hot-dip galvanizing can be performed at temperatures in the range of 375°C to 750°C, particularly in the range of 380°C to 700°C, preferably in the range of 390°C to 680°C, and more preferably in the range of 395°C to 675°C.

[0131] Furthermore, in the present invention, the hot-dip galvanizing is performed for a time sufficient to provide effective hot-dip galvanizing, particularly in the range of 0.0001 to 60 minutes, preferably in the range of 0.001 to 45 minutes, preferably in the range of 0.01 to 30 minutes, and more preferably in the range of 0.1 to 15 minutes.

[0132] A typical procedure for hot-dip galvanizing carried out according to the method of the present invention is usually as follows:

[0133] In the present invention, hot-dip galvanizing is performed, and in particular, the hot-dip galvanizing includes pre-treatment and / or post-treatment procedures, and in particular includes the following method steps in the order listed below (further steps may be added if necessary, but these are optional): (a) The step of subjecting the steel parts to a degreasing treatment, preferably an alkaline degreasing treatment, in particular in at least one degreasing tank, (b) optionally a step of washing the steel parts degreased in step (a) in particular in at least one rinse tank, (c) A step of subjecting the steel parts that have been degreased in step (a) and cleaned as necessary in step (b) to pickling, preferably with an acidic pickling treatment, in at least one pickling tank, (d) Depending on the case, the step of washing the steel parts pickled in step (c) in particular in at least one rinse tank, (e) A step of fluxing the steel parts that have been pickled in step (c) and, if necessary, cleaned in step (d), using a flux composition in a flux tank, (f) Depending on the case, a step of drying the steel parts that have been flux-treated in step (e), (g) A step of hot-dip galvanizing the steel parts that have been flux-treated in step (e) and optionally dried in step (f), by immersing the steel parts in an aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy zinc molten material, preferably in an aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy zinc molten material.

[0134] If necessary, within the scope of the present invention, a cooling step (h) may be performed after the hot-dip galvanizing carried out in method step (g), and / or the steel parts hot-dip galvanized in method step (g) may undergo a cooling treatment (h), which may optionally be followed by further finishing and / or post-treatment steps (i). In particular, the cooling step (h) and / or cooling treatment (h) may be carried out with and / or in the presence of air, preferably to ambient temperature.

[0135] In the present invention, hot-dip galvanizing is preferably carried out as piece galvanizing, particularly as discontinuous piece galvanizing, and preferably in accordance with DIN 50997:2020-08 (i.e., a zinc / aluminum coating applied to steel by thin-film galvanizing).

[0136] Within the scope of the present invention, more possibly, steel parts provided with an aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy hot-dip galvanized layer, and / or steel parts hot-dip galvanized using an aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy galvanizing bath, and / or the aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy hot-dip galvanized layer may be further finished and / or post-treated, particularly by passivation and / or sealing, preferably by silicate coating or silicate treatment. Such finishing and / or post-treatment methods are known to those skilled in the art and therefore no further explanation is needed for this aspect. In the present invention, the additional post-treatment and / or surface treatment may have a further positive effect on the flame resistance and / or fire resistance of the steel parts.

[0137] A particularly suitable hot-dip galvanizing method according to the present invention using a zinc / aluminum molten material is disclosed, for example, in WO2002 / 042512A1 and equivalent publications related to this patent family (e.g., EP1352100B1, DE60124767T2 and US2003 / 0219543A1). The method disclosed therein can be used to produce a corrosion-resistant coating that is very thin (generally less than 50 micrometers, typically in the range of 2 to 20 micrometers), very light in weight, and cost-effective. The method described therein is commercially used under the name microZINQ® method.

[0138] As a result, the present invention provides an efficient and economical method for imparting and / or upgrading steel components with flame resistance and / or fire resistance, particularly in accordance with DIN EN 13501-2:2016-12 and / or DIN 4102-2:1977-09.

[0139] Furthermore, the present invention is 2nd The present invention relates to the use of aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy hot-dip galvanized layers (in particular, the aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy hot-dip galvanized layers defined above, and / or aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy hot-dip galvanized layers obtained by the above method, respectively, in particular according to the first aspect of the present invention) for generating flame resistance and / or fire resistance, and / or imparting flame resistance and / or fire resistance to steel parts in accordance with the independent claim for use in this regard (claim 39). Furthermore, particularly special and / or advantageous embodiments of the use of the present invention are the subject of the dependent claims for use in this regard (claims 40 and 41 and 46-78), which are described in detail below.

[0140] Therefore, the subject of the present invention, according to a second aspect of the present invention, is to produce flame-resistant and / or fire-resistant steel parts, particularly flame-resistant and / or fire-resistant in accordance with DIN EN 13501-2:2016-12 and / or DIN 4102-2:1977-09, and / or to impart flame-resistant and / or fire-resistant steel parts, particularly flame-resistant and / or fire-resistant in accordance with DIN EN 13501-2:2016-12 and / or DIN 4102-2:1977-09, preferably flame-resistant and / or fire-resistant steel parts, particularly DIN EN 13501-2:2016-12 and / or DIN The use of aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy hot-dip galvanized layers (in particular, the aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy hot-dip galvanized layers defined above, and / or aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy hot-dip galvanized layers obtained by the above method, respectively, in particular according to the first aspect of the present invention) for manufacturing flame-resistant and / or fire-resistant steel components in accordance with 4102-2:1977-09.

[0141] Within the scope of use of the present invention according to a second aspect of the present invention, in particular, a steel part comprising an aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy hot-dip galvanized layer, and / or a steel part being hot-dip galvanized using an aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy molten zinc, provided in particular that a steel part comprising an aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy hot-dip galvanized layer, and / or a steel part being hot-dip galvanized using an aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy galvanizing bath, has a surface emissivity (radiance) ε at temperatures above 500°C, particularly above 550°C, preferably above 600°C, more preferably in the range of 500°C to 850°C, and even more preferably in the range of 500°C to 800°C. mThe surface emissivity (radiance) ε is less than 0.7, particularly 0.65 or less, preferably 0.60 or less, more preferably 0.55 or less, and / or the m The value is less than 0.7, particularly in the range of 0.05 or more and less than 0.7, preferably in the range of 0.05 to 0.65, more preferably in the range of 0.05 to 0.60, and even more preferably in the range of 0.05 to 0.55.

[0142] Further details of the use of the present invention according to a second aspect of the present invention can be found in the above description relating to a first aspect of the present invention, which also applies to the use of the present invention according to a second aspect of the present invention.

[0143] Furthermore, the present invention is Third In some aspects, the present invention relates to the use of hot-dip galvanizing and / or hot-dip galvanizing methods (as described above in particular in relation to the first aspect of the present invention) for generating flame resistance and / or fire resistance on and / or imparting flame resistance and / or fire resistance to steel parts, in accordance with the independent claim of the use relating thereto (claim 42). Furthermore, particularly special and / or advantageous embodiments of the use of the present invention are the subject matter of the dependent claims relating thereto (claims 43 and 46-78), which are described in detail below.

[0144] Therefore, the subject of the present invention, according to a third aspect of the present invention, is a particularly flame-resistant and / or fire-resistant steel part, preferably DIN EN 13501-2:2016-12 and / or DIN 4102-2:1977-09, for generating flame-resistant and / or fire-resistant, in particular in accordance with DIN EN 13501-2:2016-12 and / or DIN 4102-2:1977-09, on a steel part, and / or imparting flame-resistant and / or fire-resistant, in particular in accordance with DIN EN 13501-2:2016-12 and / or DIN 4102-2:1977-09, to a steel part. The use of hot-dip galvanizing and / or hot-dip galvanizing methods (as described above, particularly in relation to a first aspect of the present invention) for producing flame-resistant and / or fire-resistant steel parts in accordance with 4102-2:1977-09, wherein the steel parts are provided with an aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy hot-dip galvanized layer, and / or the steel parts are hot-dip galvanized using an aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy zinc molten product, provided in particular that the steel parts provided with an aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy hot-dip galvanized layer, and / or the steel parts hot-dip galvanized using an aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy zinc galvanizing bath, have a surface emissivity (radiance) ε at temperatures above 500°C, particularly above 550°C, preferably above 600°C, more preferably in the temperature range of 500°C to 850°C, and even more preferably in the temperature range of 500°C to 800°C. m The surface emissivity (radiance) ε is less than 0.7, particularly 0.65 or less, preferably 0.60 or less, more preferably 0.55 or less, and / or the steel part provided with an aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy hot-dip galvanized layer, and / or the steel part hot-dip galvanized using an aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy galvanizing bath, at a temperature in the range of 500°C to 850°C, preferably in the range of 500°C to 800°C. mThe value is less than 0.7, particularly in the range of 0.05 or more and less than 0.7, preferably in the range of 0.05 to 0.65, more preferably in the range of 0.05 to 0.60, and even more preferably in the range of 0.05 to 0.55.

[0145] Further details of the use of the present invention according to a third aspect of the present invention can be found in the above description relating to the first and second aspects of the present invention, which also apply to the use of the present invention according to a third aspect of the present invention.

[0146] Furthermore, the present invention is 4th In one aspect, the invention relates to the use of aluminum to improve and / or enhance the flame resistance and / or fire resistance of hot-dip galvanized and / or hot-dip galvanized steel parts as described in the independent claim of use (claim 44). In this regard, particularly special and / or advantageous embodiments of the use according to the invention are the subject of the dependent claims of the use relating to this (claims 45-78), which are described in detail below.

[0147] Accordingly, the subject matter of the present invention, according to a fourth aspect of the present invention, is the use of aluminum (i.e., the use of aluminum in a hot-dip galvanized layer) to improve and / or enhance the flame resistance and / or fire resistance of hot-dip galvanized steel parts and / or steel parts having a hot-dip galvanized layer, in particular in accordance with DIN EN 13501-2:2016-12 and / or DIN 4102-2:1977-09, in which aluminum is mixed and / or alloyed into the hot-dip galvanized layer in a manner and / or condition in which an aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy hot-dip galvanized layer is obtained and / or in a manner and / or condition in which an aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy hot-dip galvanized layer is provided on a steel part (as described above, particularly under the first aspect of the present invention).

[0148] Within the scope of use of the present invention according to a fourth aspect of the present invention, in particular, steel parts may be provided with an aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy hot-dip galvanized layer, and / or steel parts may be hot-dip galvanized using an aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy molten zinc. However, in particular, steel parts provided with an aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy hot-dip galvanized layer, and / or steel parts hot-dip galvanized using an aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy galvanizing bath, have a surface emissivity (radiance) ε at temperatures above 500°C, particularly above 550°C, preferably above 600°C, more preferably in the temperature range of 500°C to 850°C, and even more preferably in the temperature range of 500°C to 800°C. m The surface emissivity (radiance) ε is less than 0.7, particularly 0.65 or less, preferably 0.60 or less, more preferably 0.55 or less, and / or the steel part provided with an aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy hot-dip galvanized layer, and / or the steel part hot-dip galvanized using an aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy galvanizing bath, at a temperature in the range of 500°C to 850°C, preferably in the range of 500°C to 800°C. m However, it is less than 0.7, particularly in the range of 0.05 or more and less than 0.7, preferably in the range of 0.05 to 0.65, more preferably in the range of 0.05 to 0.60, and even more preferably in the range of 0.05 to 0.55.

[0149] Further details of the use of the present invention according to a fourth aspect of the present invention can be found in the above description relating to the first to third aspects of the present invention, which also apply to the use of the present invention according to a fourth aspect of the present invention.

[0150] Furthermore, with respect to the use of the present invention according to the second, third, and fourth aspects of the present invention, particularly special and / or advantageous common embodiments of these uses of the present invention are the subject of the relevant dependent claims relating to the use (claims 46-78). The special features of these embodiments have already been described in relation to the first aspect of the present invention and are therefore applicable in accordance with the use according to the present invention.

[0151] Similarly, the present invention Fifth In accordance with the independent claim (Claim 79) of the related use, the present invention relates to the use of steel components having an aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy hot-dip galvanized layer as structural components to satisfy requirements for flame resistance and / or fire resistance (in particular, steel components having an aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy hot-dip galvanized layer obtained by the method of the first aspect of the present invention described above). Furthermore, particularly special and / or advantageous embodiments of the use according to the present invention are the subject of the dependent claims (Claim 80-82) of the related use, which are described in detail below.

[0152] Accordingly, the subject of the present invention, according to a fifth aspect of the present invention, is the use of steel components having an aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy hot-dip galvanized layer as structural components to meet the requirements of flame resistance and / or fire resistance, in particular in accordance with DIN EN 13501-2:2016-12 and / or DIN 4102-2:1977-09, in particular steel components obtained by the method according to the present invention described above and having an aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy hot-dip galvanized layer.

[0153] Within the scope of use of the present invention according to a fifth aspect of the present invention, in particular, steel parts having an aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy hot-dip galvanized layer have a surface emissivity (radiance) ε at temperatures above 500°C, particularly above 550°C, preferably above 600°C, more preferably in the temperature range of 500°C to 850°C, and more preferably in the temperature range of 500°C to 800°C. mThe surface emissivity (radiance) ε is less than 0.7, particularly 0.65 or less, preferably 0.60 or less, more preferably 0.55 or less, and / or steel parts having an aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy hot-dip galvanized layer, and / or steel parts hot-dip galvanized using an aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy galvanizing bath, at temperatures in the range of 500°C to 850°C, preferably 500°C to 800°C. m The value is less than 0.7, particularly in the range of 0.05 or more and less than 0.7, preferably in the range of 0.05 to 0.65, more preferably in the range of 0.05 to 0.60, and even more preferably in the range of 0.05 to 0.55.

[0154] According to a specific embodiment of a fifth aspect of the present invention, more preferably, a steel component having an aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy hot-dip galvanized layer may be used in the absence of additional structural fire protection means and devices.

[0155] Further details of the use of the present invention according to a fifth aspect of the present invention can be found in the above description relating to the first to fourth aspects of the present invention, which also apply to the use of the present invention according to a fifth aspect of the present invention.

[0156] Furthermore, the subject matter of the present invention is 6th In this regard, according to the independent claim (claim 83) of the use, steel components having an aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy hot-dip galvanized layer (especially steel components having an aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy hot-dip galvanized layer obtained by the method according to the first aspect of the present invention described above) are used for energy storage devices or energy converters such as fuel cells, storage batteries, batteries, galvanic elements, etc., particularly for automobiles, preferably as structural components of power receiving devices that satisfy the requirements of flame resistance and / or fire resistance, particularly as housings or containers. Furthermore, particularly special and / or advantageous embodiments of the use according to the present invention are the subject of the dependent claims (claims 84 and 85) relating to the use, which are described in detail below.

[0157] Accordingly, the subject of the present invention, according to a sixth aspect of the present invention, is the use of steel components having an aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy hot-dip galvanized layer, particularly as housings or containers, for energy storage devices or energy converters such as fuel cells, storage batteries, batteries, galvanic elements, etc., especially for automobiles, for power receiving devices that preferably satisfy the requirements of flame resistance and / or fire resistance, and especially as steel components having an aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy hot-dip galvanized layer, obtained by the method of the present invention described above.

[0158] Within the scope of use of the present invention according to the sixth aspect of the present invention, in particular, a steel part provided with an aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy hot-dip galvanized layer has a surface emissivity (radiance) ε at temperatures above 500°C, particularly above 550°C, preferably above 600°C, more preferably in the temperature range of 500°C to 850°C, and even more preferably in the temperature range of 500°C to 800°C. m The surface emissivity (radiance) ε is less than 0.7, particularly 0.65 or less, preferably 0.60 or less, more preferably 0.55 or less, and / or the m The value is less than 0.7, particularly in the range of 0.05 or more and less than 0.7, preferably in the range of 0.05 to 0.65, more preferably in the range of 0.05 to 0.60, and even more preferably in the range of 0.05 to 0.55.

[0159] For further details of the use of the present invention according to the sixth aspect of the present invention, one can refer to the above description relating to the first to fifth aspects of the present invention, which also apply to the use of the present invention according to the sixth aspect of the present invention.

[0160] Similarly, the present invention 7th In some aspects, the present invention relates to a support structure for a building, particularly for a building or part of a building, and more particularly for a steel structure, as described in the independent claim relating thereto (claim 86). Furthermore, particularly special and / or advantageous embodiments of the support structure according to the present invention are the subject matter of the dependent claims relating thereto (claims 87 and 88), which are described in detail below.

[0161] Accordingly, the subject matter of the present invention, according to a seventh aspect of the present invention, is a support structure for a building, in particular for a building or part of a building, in particular a steel support structure, wherein the support structure comprises a plurality of structural steel components having an aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy hot-dip galvanized layer, in particular a plurality of components having an aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy hot-dip galvanized layer obtained by the method of the present invention described above, as structural building components to meet the requirements of flame resistance and / or fire resistance, in particular in accordance with DIN EN 13501-2:2016-12 and / or DIN 4102-2:1977-09, wherein the support structure has no additional structural fire protection means and devices and / or the support structure has no additional structural fire protection elements.

[0162] Within the scope of the seventh aspect of the present invention according to the present invention, particularly available is a steel part provided with an aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy hot-dip galvanized layer, wherein the surface emissivity (radiance) ε is at temperatures above 500°C, particularly above 550°C, preferably above 600°C, more preferably in the temperature range of 500°C to 850°C, and even more preferably in the temperature range of 500°C to 800°C. mThe surface emissivity (radiance) ε is less than 0.7, particularly preferably 0.65 or less, preferably 0.60 or less, more preferably 0.55 or less, and / or the steel part provided with an aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy hot-dip galvanized layer, and / or the steel part that has been hot-dip galvanized using an aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy galvanizing bath, is such that the surface emissivity (radiance) ε is less than 0.7, particularly preferably 0.65 or less, preferably 0.60 or less, more preferably 0.55 or less, and / or the surface emissivity (radiance) ε is less than 0.7, particularly preferably 0.65 or less, preferably 0.60 or less, more preferably 0.55 or less, and / or the surface emissivity (radiance) ε is less than 0.7, particularly preferably 0.65 or less, preferably 0.60 or less, preferably 0.55 or less, and even more preferably 0.50 or less. m The value is less than 0.7, particularly in the range of 0.05 or more and less than 0.7, preferably in the range of 0.05 to 0.65, more preferably in the range of 0.05 to 0.60, and even more preferably in the range of 0.05 to 0.55.

[0163] Further details of the seventh aspect of the present invention can be found by referring to the above description relating to the first to sixth aspects of the present invention, which also apply to the seventh aspect of the present invention.

[0164] Furthermore, the present invention is 8th In some aspects, the present invention relates to a building, in particular a building or part of a building, comprising a support structure according to the present invention in accordance with the independent claim (claim 89) relating thereto. Furthermore, particularly special and / or advantageous embodiments of the structure according to the present invention are the subject of the dependent claims (claims 90 and 91) relating thereto, which are described in detail below.

[0165] Therefore, according to the eighth aspect of the present invention, the subject matter of the present invention is a building, in particular a building or a part of a building, that comprises a support structure according to the seventh aspect of the present invention described above.

[0166] In relation to a seventh aspect of the present invention, in particular, it is possible that the building may not have additional structural fire protection means and devices, and / or additional structural fire protection elements.

[0167] Further details of the eighth aspect of the present invention can be found by referring to the above description relating to the first to seventh aspects of the present invention, which also apply to the seventh aspect of the present invention.

[0168] Finally, the subject matter of the present invention is 9th In some aspects, this involves the use of an aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy hot-dip galvanized layer (particularly the aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy hot-dip galvanized layer described or defined above, and / or the aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy hot-dip galvanized layer obtained by the method or use of the present invention, respectively) for generating flame resistance and / or fire resistance in an iron-based or iron-containing, particularly steel-based or steel-containing article, and / or imparting flame resistance and / or fire resistance to an iron-based or iron-containing, particularly steel-based or steel-containing article. Furthermore, particularly special and / or advantageous embodiments of the structure according to the present invention are the subject of a dependent claim (claim 93) in this regard, and are described in detail below.

[0169] Accordingly, the subject of the present invention, according to a ninth aspect of the present invention, is the use of aluminum-containing and / or aluminum alloy hot-dip galvanized coatings for producing flame resistance and / or fire resistance in iron-based or iron-containing articles, particularly steel-based or steel-containing articles, and / or imparting flame resistance and / or fire resistance to iron-based or iron-containing articles, particularly steel-based or steel-containing articles.

[0170] Further details of the ninth aspect of the present invention can be found by referring to the above description relating to the first to eighth aspects of the present invention, which also apply to the ninth aspect of the present invention. [Brief explanation of the drawing]

[0171] The present invention will also be described with reference to further drawings and / or graphic representations, but the relevant descriptions apply to all aspects of the invention and are not in any way limiting. With reference to drawings and / or graphic representations, the following description by exemplary embodiments may also be seen.

[0172] The diagram shows the following:

[0173] [Figure 1] Figure 1 shows the behavior of surface emissivity (radiance) εm as temperature rises for various steel construction parts (low silicon steel, Si content <0.03%, respectively) as a function of aluminum content in the coating (for comparison and / or reference, a hot-dip galvanized coating of pure zinc containing 0% Al, a hot-dip galvanized coating of Al alloy according to the present invention containing 500 ppm Al, and a hot-dip galvanized coating of Al alloy according to the present invention containing 5 wt% Al). The emissivity value decreases significantly with increasing Al content. [Figure 2] Figure 2 shows the temperature changes of various steel components observed in small-scale fire tests (low silicon steel, Si content <0.03%, ungalvanized steel component as comparison and / or reference, hot-dip galvanized film of pure zinc containing 0% Al as comparison and / or reference, hot-dip galvanized film of Al alloy containing 500 ppm Al according to the present invention, and hot-dip galvanized film of Al alloy containing 5 wt% Al) as a function of high-temperature gas temperature. As the aluminum content increases, the degree of heating of the component decreases significantly. [Figure 3] Figure 3 shows the behavior of surface emissivity (radiance) εm of various steel components (low silicon steel, Si content <0.03%) as temperature rises, as a function of additional passivation or sealing. The aluminum content in the coating is constant at 5 wt% (each Al alloy hot-dip galvanized coating contains 5 wt% Al). The emissivity value decreases further with additional passivation or sealing.

[0174] Further embodiments, modifications, and variations of the present invention will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art by reading this specification and can be implemented without departing from the scope of the invention.

[0175] The present invention will be described with reference to the following examples, which are not intended to limit the invention but merely to illustrate exemplary and non-limiting methods and embodiments. [Examples]

[0176] General exam setup and procedures Test setup and test procedures, especially procedures for small-scale fire tests (measurement of temperature behavior during fire, recording of ETK curves, and emissivity (emissivity) of the steel surface ε m The determination of the surface emissivity (radiance) ε is carried out in accordance with the emissivity performance tests described in the general description section, as detailed in C. Gaigl and M. Mensinger, Technical Report “Thermal impact on HDG construction”, Technical University of Munich, February 2018 and M. Mensinger and C. Gaigl, paper “Feuerwiderstand verzinkter Stahlkonstruktionen”, Stahlbau, Vol. 88, pages 3 to 10, January 2019. m The determination procedure uses what is known as an emissivity performance test. Surface emissivity (radiance) ε m (i.e., in accordance with DIN EN 1993-1-2:2006-10) is determined and evaluated from the temperature curve under continuous and / or increasing heat load (see the above explanation in the General Description section).

[0177] Temperature measurements in the small-scale experiment were performed using two infrared (IR) sensors from Optris. The first model, "LT," measured the spectral range of 8–14 μm, while the second pyrometer, model "3MH1," measured the range around a wavelength of 2.3 μm.

[0178] Depending on the spectral range, only specific temperature ranges are covered. Measurements can only be performed at certain wavelengths if the temperature is sufficiently high.

[0179] The higher the radiation intensity, the higher the temperature. Subsequently, the radiation intensity shifts to the short-wave spectral range. At low temperatures, almost no radiation is detected within the range of the 2.3 μm sensor. Above 400°C, the 2.3 μm sensor experiences significantly higher radiation intensity than sensors measuring at longer wavelengths. The higher the radiation intensity, the less susceptible the measurement deviation becomes. For the 3MH1 sensor, only the results occurring at approximately 200°C are important.

[0180] Four thermocouples are used to measure the temperature of the steel specimens during testing; these are inserted into 5mm deep holes in the specimens prepared for this purpose. Three specimens are used for each small-scale fire test.

[0181] The emissivity is adjusted so that the temperature of the pyrometer matches the temperature of the thermocouple. Therefore, the temperature-dependent emissivity can be determined by acquiring measurement data.

[0182] The evaluation of the results begins at a temperature of 200°C. This is because at temperatures lower than this, the IR sensor results do not yet receive sufficient radiation energy.

[0183] Experimental procedure and results A 10mm thick test sheet is zinc-plated in various variations. The emissivity of the various surfaces is then determined through small-scale fire tests.

[0184] Surface and steel variations: [Table 1]

[0185] Behavior of low-Si steel In small-scale fire tests, the behavior of emissivity with increasing temperature, as shown in Figure 1, is expressed as a function of Al content in the zinc molten material or coating, respectively. Therefore, Figure 1 shows the effect of Al content on the behavior of emissivity with increasing temperature (particularly for low-Si content steel). In the case of conventional galvanized steel parts (hot-dip galvanized coating of pure zinc), above 500°C, the emissivity value increases rapidly from at least 530°C, rising to 0.6 at 565°C, and then continuing at a slower rate from 735°C until it exceeds 0.7 (upper curve, not according to the present invention). In contrast, even with a low Al content of only 500 ppm in the hot-dip galvanized layer, on the one hand, the increase in emissivity value shifts significantly toward high temperatures, i.e., 550°C, and on the other hand, the emissivity decreases significantly at high temperatures (middle curve). An emissivity of 0.6 is achieved only at a temperature of 615°C (not 565°C). When the Al content in the zinc molten material beneath the zinc coating is 5% by weight, these positive changes in emissivity values ​​improve significantly again (see curve below).

[0186] Figure 1 shows the effect of Al content on the hot-dip galvanized layer of low-Si steel (Si < 0.03%), indicating that as the Al content increases, the increase in emissivity shifts to the higher temperature side, and the increase becomes smaller.

[0187] To perform high-temperature calculations according to DIN EN 1993-1-2, a constant emissivity can be derived from the test curve for each section, allowing for the calculation of the change in component temperature under a standardized unit fire load. This demonstrates that a decrease in emissivity has the effect of slowing down the heating of the steel profile during a fire.

[0188] Figure 2 (showing the temperature change of a component when various zinc coatings are applied to low-Si steel) compares the temperature changes of an ungalvanized HEM280 structural steel (not according to the present invention = for reference) with three zinc coatings (pure zinc = not according to the present invention, Zn-500ppmAl, and Zn-5%Al). As can be seen from Figure 2, when zinc plating is performed with an Al-containing zinc molten material, the higher the Al content, the slower the heating of the same component. The unprotected (i.e., ungalvanized) profile shown for reference heats up the fastest compared to all the galvanized variations.

[0189] Typical fire resistance classes R30 and R60, in accordance with DIN EN 13501-2:2016-12, require fire resistance of supporting structures for 30 minutes or 60 minutes, respectively, and calculations yield the following temperatures according to the corresponding fire duration.

[0190] [Table 2]

[0191] From a structural analysis perspective, a lower component temperature during the calculation time (30 minutes or 60 minutes, respectively) is advantageous because it allows the steel component under consideration to support higher ultimate loads.

[0192] Alternatively, if the temperature of the component can be maintained, the size of the component under consideration can be reduced, resulting in a reduction in the mass of the steel material.

[0193] In the example above, the savings would be as follows: [Table 3]

[0194] To achieve the same component temperature after being exposed to fire for 30 minutes, the structural steel required can be reduced from HEM280 structural steel to HEB360 structural steel, resulting in a weight reduction of 47 kg / m.

[0195] Behavior of steel containing Si For steels with a Si content in the sebisty range (Si content > 0.12%), small-scale fire tests using coatings formed with Al-containing zinc molten material also show a significant deviation of the emissivity / temperature curve from the curve used as a reference for Al-free zinc coatings. It can be seen that as the Al content increases, the rise in the curve shifts towards higher temperatures. Furthermore, the maximum emissivity value is clearly below 0.7.

[0196] As mentioned earlier regarding low-Si steel, it is also possible to derive a constant emissivity for these structural steels and calculate the temperature change under fire load. The results obtained are then re-determined for structural steel HEM280.

[0197] Therefore, the fire-resistant and / or flame-resistant effects according to the present invention are achieved independently of the steel alloy of the steel component.

[0198] Post-processing effects Regarding the effect of subsequent passivation or sealing applied to the Zn / Al coating, small-scale fire tests have shown that emissivity very similar to that of the untreated system can be obtained. Therefore, with respect to temperature rise, there is a small but existing positive effect (see Figure 3).

Claims

1. In a method for providing fire-resistant steel components, The steel component is a steel component for at least one of the construction and building industries; The steel component is selected from the group consisting of steel structural elements, steel beams, steel profiles, structural steel, steel pipes, and combinations thereof; The steel of the steel component is selected from (i) low-silicon steel having a silicon content of 0.03% by weight or less and a phosphorus content of less than 0.02% by weight, based on the steel; (ii) Sanderin steel having a silicon content between 0.03% by weight and 0.14% by weight, based on the steel; (iii) Sevisty steel having a silicon content between 0.14% by weight and 0.25% by weight, based on the steel; (iv) high-silicon steel having a silicon content greater than 0.25% by weight, based on the steel; and combinations thereof. Fire-resistant steel parts are subjected to hot-dip galvanizing using aluminum-containing molten zinc, thereby providing the steel parts with an aluminum-containing hot-dip galvanized layer; Pickling is performed before the aforementioned hot-dip galvanizing treatment; The aluminum-containing hot-dip galvanized layer is applied to the steel part with a layer thickness in the range of 4 μm to 25 μm, and The aluminum-containing hot-dip galvanized layer has an aluminum content in the range of 4% to 8% by weight, based on the aluminum-containing hot-dip galvanized layer; The hot-dip galvanizing is carried out by the above method, provided that the steel part having the aluminum-containing hot-dip galvanized layer has a surface emissivity εm in the range of 0.05 to 0.60 at a temperature in the range of 500°C to 850°C; The aluminum-containing hot-dip galvanized layer has the following composition, where all amounts described below relate to the aluminum-containing hot-dip galvanized layer and are selected to total 100% by weight. (i) Zinc (Zn) in an amount of 92% to 96% by weight, (ii) Contains 4% to 8% by weight of aluminum (Al); And the aforementioned fire resistance is (i) Thickness of the aluminum-containing hot-dip galvanized layer, (ii) Composition of the aluminum-containing hot-dip galvanized layer, (iii) Formation of an aluminum-containing hot-dip galvanized layer in hot-dip galvanizing, (iv) Aluminum content of the aluminum-containing hot-dip galvanized layer, A method characterized by being adjusted and controlled by at least one of the and combinations thereof.

2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the fire resistance increases with an increase in at least one of the aluminum content and thickness of the aluminum-containing hot-dip galvanized layer.

3. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the steel part having the aluminum-containing hot-dip galvanized layer has a surface emissivity εm in the range of 0.05 to 0.55 at a temperature in the range of 500°C to 850°C.

4. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the steel part having an aluminum-containing hot-dip galvanized layer has a maximum surface emissivity εm of 0.40 at temperatures in the range of 500°C to 650°C, and the steel part having an aluminum-containing hot-dip galvanized layer has a maximum surface emissivity εm of 0.60 at temperatures in the range of 650°C to 850°C.

5. The hot-dip galvanizing is performed at a temperature in the range of 375°C to 750°C, and / or The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the hot-dip galvanizing is performed for a time in the range of 0.0001 to 60 minutes.

6. The hot-dip galvanizing process, including pre-treatment and post-treatment procedures, is performed in the order described. (a) Degreasing of the steel parts in at least one degreasing tank; (b) Rinsing of the degreased steel parts in at least one rinsing tank in step (a); (c) Pickling of steel parts that have been degreased in method step (a) and pickled in method step (b) in at least one pickling tank; (d) Rinsing of the pickled steel parts in method step (c) in at least one rinsing tank; (e) Flux treatment of steel parts that have been pickled in step (c) and rinsed in step (d) using a flux composition in a flux tank; (f) Drying treatment of the flux-treated steel parts in step (e); The method according to claim 1, characterized by having a method step comprising: (g) dipping a steel part that has been flux-treated in method step (e) and dried in method step (f) into an aluminum-containing zinc molten material to hot-dip zinc plate the steel part.

7. A steel support structure for building construction, The steel support structure shall be designed to be used as a support structure for a building or for a part of a building; The aforementioned steel support structure comprises a plurality of structural steel components, each having an aluminum-containing hot-dip galvanized layer, as structural building components to comply with fire resistance requirements; The aforementioned structural steel components for buildings are selected from steel structural elements, steel beams, steel profiles, structural steel, steel pipes, and combinations thereof; The steel support structure shall not have additional structural fire protection means and devices, and the steel support structure shall not include additional structural fire protection elements; Each of the aforementioned steel structural components for buildings having an aluminum-containing hot-dip galvanized layer has a surface emissivity εm in the range of 0.05 to 0.60 at a temperature in the range of 500°C to 850°C. The aluminum-containing hot-dip galvanized layer has the following composition, where all amounts described below relate to the aluminum-containing hot-dip galvanized layer and are selected to total 100% by weight. (i) Zinc (Zn) in an amount of 92% to 96% by weight, (ii) Contains 4% to 8% by weight of aluminum (Al); The steel of the aforementioned structural steel component for building construction is selected from (i) low-silicon steel having a silicon content of 0.03% by weight or less and a phosphorus content of less than 0.02% by weight based on the steel; (ii) Sanderin steel having a silicon content between 0.03% by weight and 0.14% by weight based on the steel; (iii) Sevisty steel having a silicon content between 0.14% by weight and 0.25% by weight based on the steel; (iv) high-silicon steel having a silicon content greater than 0.25% by weight based on the steel; and combinations thereof; a steel support structure for construction.

8. The steel structural component for building construction, provided with the aluminum-containing hot-dip galvanized layer, is characterized in that each component has a surface emissivity εm in the range of 0.05 to 0.55 at a temperature in the range of 500°C to 850°C, as described in claim 7.

9. The steel support structure according to claim 7, characterized in that the steel structural component for building construction provided with the aluminum-containing hot-dip galvanized layer has a surface emissivity εm of 0.40 at a temperature in the range of 500°C to 650°C, and the steel structural component for building construction provided with the aluminum-containing hot-dip galvanized layer has a surface emissivity εm of 0.60 at a temperature in the range of 650°C to 850°C.

10. The support structure is provided according to claim 7, A structure characterized by being a building or a part of a building.

11. The use of an aluminum-containing hot-dip galvanizing layer for generating fire resistance on or over a steel part and for providing a fire-resistant steel part, The steel component is a steel component for at least one of the construction and building industries; The steel component is selected from the group consisting of steel structural elements, steel beams, steel profiles, structural steel, steel pipes, and combinations thereof; The steel of the steel component is selected from (i) low-silicon steel having a silicon content of 0.03% by weight or less and a phosphorus content of less than 0.02% by weight, based on the steel; (ii) Sanderin steel having a silicon content between 0.03% by weight and 0.14% by weight, based on the steel; (iii) Sevisty steel having a silicon content between 0.14% by weight and 0.25% by weight, based on the steel; (iv) high-silicon steel having a silicon content greater than 0.25% by weight, based on the steel; and combinations thereof. A steel component that is to be fire-resistant is provided with a steel component having an aluminum-containing zinc plating layer, which is achieved by galvanizing using an aluminum-containing zinc molten material; The aforementioned zinc plating treatment is performed by pickling; The aforementioned aluminum-containing zinc plating layer is applied to steel parts with a layer thickness in the range of 4 μm to 25 μm, and The aluminum-containing zinc plating layer has an aluminum content in the range of 4% to 8% by weight based on the aluminum-containing zinc plating layer; The steel part is subjected to zinc plating, and the aluminum-containing zinc plating layer is provided, and the reflectance εm of the steel part surface is in the range of 0.05 to 0.60 at a temperature in the range of 500°C to 850°C; The aluminum-containing hot-dip galvanized layer has the following composition, where all amounts described below relate to the aluminum-containing hot-dip galvanized layer and are selected to total 100% by weight. (i) Zinc (Zn) in an amount of 92% to 96% by weight, (ii) Contains 4% to 8% by weight of aluminum (Al); The aforementioned fire resistance is, (i) Thickness of the aluminum-containing hot-dip galvanized layer, (ii) Composition of the aluminum-containing hot-dip galvanized layer, (iii) Formation of an aluminum-containing hot-dip galvanized layer in hot-dip galvanizing, (iv) Aluminum content of the aluminum-containing hot-dip galvanized layer, The use of an aluminum-containing hot-dip galvanized layer characterized by being adjusted and controlled by at least one of the and combinations thereof.

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