A heat-treatable coating with a blocking layer that reduces color shifting.

Abstract

The coated article includes a substrate having a first surface and a second surface and a functional coating applied over the first surface or the second surface. The functional coating includes a blocking layer over at least a portion of the substrate, a metal layer over at least a portion of the blocking layer, and a top layer over at least a portion of the metal layer. The coated article has an optical color shift of 4.5 or less after tempering, as measured by ΔEcmc.

Description

[Technical Field]

[0001] (Cross-reference of related applications) This application claims the interests of U.S. Patent Application No. 17 / 504,968, filed on October 19, 2021, which is incorporated in whole by reference, with respect to U.S. Provisional Application No. 63 / 094,584, filed on October 21, 2020.

[0002] (Technical field) The present invention relates to a blocking layer, and more particularly to a blocking layer that prevents ions such as alkali metals, alkaline earth metal ions, and sodium ions from diffusing from a glass substrate to a medium (e.g., a coating such as a sunlight-controlling coating), or from a medium (e.g., a coating such as a sunlight-controlling coating) to a glass substrate. [Background technology]

[0003] (Technical considerations) Solar-controlled coatings are known in the fields of architectural and automotive transparency. These solar-controlled coatings reduce the amount of solar energy entering a vehicle or building by blocking or filtering electromagnetic radiation within a selected range, such as solar infrared or solar ultraviolet radiation. This reduction in solar energy transmission helps to reduce the load on the cooling units of the vehicle or building.

[0004] These solar control coatings typically include one or more continuous metal layers to provide solar energy reflection, particularly in the solar infrared region. Metal layers deposited to a thickness less than the critical thickness (referred to herein as “subcritical layers”) form discontinuous regions or islands rather than continuous layers. These discontinuous layers absorb electromagnetic radiation through an effect known as surface plasmon resonance. These subcritical layers typically have higher absorbance in the visible region and lower reflectivity of solar energy than continuous layers of the same material.

[0005] When a coated article having a sunlight-controlled coating is heated, undesirable color shifts may occur due to changes in the optical properties of the sunlight-controlled coating layer. It is desirable to manufacture a sunlight-controlled coating in which the absorption of the coating and / or the color of the coated article can be maintained before and after heating. [Overview of the project]

[0006] The present invention relates to a coated article including a substrate. The substrate has a first surface and a second surface opposite to the first surface. A functional coating is applied to the first surface or the second surface. A blocking layer is disposed on at least a portion of the substrate. A metal layer is disposed on at least a portion of the blocking layer. A top layer is disposed on at least a portion of the metal layer.

[0007] The present invention relates to a coated article comprising a substrate having a first surface and a second surface opposite the first surface. A functional coating is applied on the first or second surface. A blocking layer is disposed on at least a portion of the substrate, and the blocking layer comprises a first film, a second film, and a third film, wherein the first film of the blocking layer is a blocking film, and the blocking film comprises silicon oxide, silicon aluminum oxide, silicon oxynitride, silicon aluminum oxynitride, or a combination thereof. A metal layer is disposed on at least a portion of the blocking layer. A top layer is disposed on at least a portion of the metal layer. The coated article is temperable.

[0008] The present invention relates to a method for manufacturing a coated article including a substrate. A substrate is provided having a first surface and a second surface opposite the first surface. A blocking layer is formed on at least a portion of the first surface or the second surface. A metal layer is formed on at least a portion of the blocking layer. A top layer is formed on at least a portion of the metal layer. The coated article has an optical color shift of 4.5 or less, as measured by ΔEcmc after tempering.

[0009] The present invention relates to a method for manufacturing a coated article. A coated article is provided having a first surface and a second surface opposite the first surface. The coated article includes a blocking layer on at least a portion of the first or second surface, a metal layer on at least a portion of the blocking layer, and a top layer on at least a portion of the metal layer. The coated article is tempered. After tempering, the coated article has an optical color shift of 4.5 or less as measured by ΔEcmc.

[0010] The present invention relates to an insulating glass unit comprising a first ply and a second ply. The first ply has a No. 1 surface and a No. 2 surface opposite to the No. 1 surface. The second ply has a No. 3 surface and a No. 4 surface. The second ply is spaced apart from the first ply, and the first and second plies are connected to each other. A functional coating is placed on at least a portion of the No. 3 surface or the No. 4 surface. A blocking layer is placed on at least a portion of the No. 3 surface or the No. 4 surface. A metal layer is placed on at least a portion of the blocking layer. A top layer is placed on at least a portion of the metal layer.

[0011] The present invention relates to a method for reducing dendrite formation in the metal layer of a coated article. A substrate is provided having a first surface and a second surface opposite the first surface. A blocking layer is formed on at least a portion of the first surface or the second surface. A metal layer is formed on at least a portion of the blocking layer. A top layer is formed on at least a portion of the metal layer, thereby forming a coated article. The coated article is tempered. The coated article exhibits reduced dendrite formation in the metal layer after tempering.

[0012] The present invention relates to a method for reducing dendrite formation in the metal layer of a coated article. A coated article is provided having a first surface and a second surface opposite the first surface. The coated article includes a blocking layer on at least a portion of the first or second surface, a metal layer on at least a portion of the blocking layer, and a top layer on at least a portion of the metal layer. The coated article is tempered. The coated article exhibits reduced dendrite formation in the metal layer after tempering.

[0013] The present invention relates to a method for reducing red haze in a coated article. A substrate is provided having a first surface and a second surface opposite the first surface. A blocking layer is formed on at least a portion of the first surface or the second surface. A metal layer is formed on at least a portion of the blocking layer. A top layer is formed on at least a portion of the metal layer, thereby forming a coated article. The coated article is tempered. The coated article exhibits reduced red haze after tempering.

[0014] The present invention relates to a method for reducing red haze in a coated article. A coated article is provided having a first surface and a second surface opposite the first surface. The coated article includes a blocking layer on at least a portion of the first or second surface, a metal layer on at least a portion of the blocking layer, and a top layer on at least a portion of the metal layer. The coated article is tempered. After tempering, the coated article exhibits reduced red haze. [Brief explanation of the drawing]

[0015] [Figure 1A] Figure 1A is a side view (not to scale) of an exemplary insulated glass unit ("IGU") having the coating of the present invention.

[0016] [Figure 1B] Figure 1B is a cross-sectional view of an exemplary transparent body having the coating of the present invention.

[0017] [Figure 2] Figures 2A, 2B, and 2C are cross-sectional views (not to scale) of a single metal coating according to an example of the present invention. Figure 2A is a single metal coating comprising a substrate, a blocking layer, a metal layer, a primer layer, a top layer, and a protective coating. Figure 2B is the same single metal coating as in Figure 2A, showing a blocking layer comprising three films, a top layer comprising two films, and a protective coating comprising two films. Figure 2C is the same single metal coating as in Figure 2A, showing a blocking layer comprising three films, a top layer comprising three films, and a protective coating comprising two films.

[0018] [Figure 3]Figures 3A, 3B, and 3C are cross-sectional views of a double metal coating according to an example of the present invention (not to scale). Figure 3A is a double metal coating including a substrate, a blocking layer, a metal layer, a primer layer, a first intermediate layer, a second metal layer, a primer layer, a top layer, and a protective coating. Figure 3B is the double metal coating of Figure 3A showing a blocking layer including three films, a first intermediate layer including three films, a top layer including two films, and a protective coating including two films. Figure 3C is the double metal coating of Figure 3A showing a blocking layer including three films, a first intermediate layer including three films, a top layer including three films, and a protective coating including two films.

[0019] [Figure 4] Figures 4A, 4B, and 4C are cross-sectional views of a triple metal coating according to an example of the present invention (not to scale). Figure 4A is a triple metal coating including a substrate, a blocking layer, a metal layer, a primer layer, a first intermediate layer, a second metal layer, a second primer layer, a second intermediate layer, a third metal layer, a third primer layer, a top layer, and a protective coating. Figure 4B is the triple metal coating of Figure 4A showing a blocking layer including three films, a first intermediate layer including three films, a second intermediate layer including three films, a top layer including two films, and a protective coating including two films. Figure 4C is the triple metal coating of Figure 4A showing a blocking layer including three films, a first intermediate layer including three films, a second intermediate layer including three films, a top layer including three films, and a protective coating including two films.

[0020] [Figure 5]Figures 5A, 5B, and 5C are cross-sectional views (not to scale) of a quadruple coating according to an example of the present invention. Figure 5A shows a quadruple metal coating comprising a substrate, a blocking layer, a metal layer, a primer layer, a first intermediate layer, a second metal layer, a second primer layer, a second intermediate layer, a third metal layer, a third primer layer, a third intermediate layer, a fourth metal layer, a fourth primer layer, a top layer, and a protective coating. Figure 5B shows the quadruple metal coating of Figure 5A, with a blocking layer comprising three films, a first intermediate layer comprising three films, a second intermediate layer comprising three films, a third intermediate layer comprising three films, a top layer comprising two films, and a protective coating comprising two films. Figure 5C shows the quadruple metallic coating of Figure 5A, which consists of a blocking layer containing three films, a first intermediate layer containing three films, a second intermediate layer containing three films, a third intermediate layer containing three films, a top layer containing three films, and a protective coating containing two films.

[0021] [Figure 6] Figure 6 is a graph showing the color shift of a glass substrate coated with a functional coating having a blocking layer. The blocking layer has a blocking film of silicon aluminum nitride (SiAlN), silicon aluminum oxynitride (SiAlON), or silicon aluminum oxide (SiAlO) of various thicknesses. The baseline glass substrate has a first dielectric layer without a blocking film. [Modes for carrying out the invention]

[0022] Where used herein, spatial or directional terms such as “left,” “right,” “inside,” “outside,” “up,” and “down” relate to the present invention as shown in the drawings. However, it should be understood that the present invention may envision various alternative orientations, and therefore such terms should not be considered limiting. Furthermore, where used herein, all figures used in the specification and claims to represent dimensions, physical properties, processing parameters, amounts of components, reaction conditions, etc., should be understood to be modified in all cases by the term “about.” Therefore, unless otherwise indicated, the figures described in the following specification and claims may vary depending on the desired properties to be obtained by the present invention. At the very least, and not as an attempt to limit the application of the doctrine of equivalents to the claims, each figure should be interpreted by applying ordinary rounding techniques in light of the number of significant figures reported. Furthermore, all scopes disclosed herein should be understood to include the start and end values ​​of the scope, as well as any sub-scopes contained therein. For example, the range described as "1-10" should be understood to include all subranges between (and including) the minimum value of 1 and the maximum value of 10, i.e., all subranges that start with a minimum value of 1 or greater and end with a maximum value of 10 or less, such as 1-3.3, 4.7-7.5, 5.5-10, etc. "A" or "an" refers to one or more.

[0023] Furthermore, as used herein, the terms “formed over,” “deposited over,” or “provided over” mean that something is formed on, deposited on, or provided on a surface, but does not necessarily have to be in contact with the surface. For example, a coating layer “formed on” a substrate does not preclude the presence of one or more other coating layers or films of the same or different composition located between the formed coating layer and the substrate. Furthermore, but not limited to, all documents referenced herein, such as published patents and patent applications, are considered to be “incorporated by reference” in their entirety. As used herein, the term “film” means a coated area of ​​a desired or selected coating composition. A “layer” may include one or more “films,” and a “coating” or “coating stack” may include one or more “layers.” The term “asymmetric reflectance” means that the visible light reflectance of the coating from one side is different from the visible light reflectance of the coating from the opposite side. The term “critical thickness” means a thickness to which, if thicker, the coating material forms a continuous, uninterrupted layer, and if thinner, the coating material forms discontinuous regions or islands of the coating material rather than a continuous layer. The term "subcritical thickness" refers to a thickness below critical, where the coating material forms isolated, disconnected regions within the coating. The term "island-like" refers to a coating material that is not a continuous layer, but rather a deposit of material that forms isolated regions or islands.

[0024] To advance the following description, the coated articles described herein may be described with reference to their use with architectural transparency, such as insulated glass units (IGUs), but are not limited thereto. As used herein, the term “architectural transparency” refers to any transparency placed in a building, such as windows or skylights, but are not limited thereto. However, it should be understood that the coated articles described herein are not limited to their use with such architectural transparency, but may be implemented with transparency in any desired field, such as laminated or unlaminated residential and / or commercial windows, insulated glass units, and / or transparency for land, air, space, water and underwater vehicles. In one aspect or embodiment, the coated articles described herein are transparency for use in vehicles, such as windows or sunroofs. Therefore, it should be understood that the exemplary aspects or embodiments specifically disclosed are merely presented to illustrate the general concept of the invention, and the invention is not limited to these specific exemplary embodiments. Furthermore, while a typical “transparency” may have sufficient visible light transmittance to allow viewing of the material through the transparency, a “transparency” does not need to be transparent to visible light and may be translucent or opaque. In other words, "transparent" means having a visible light transmittance greater than 0% and up to 100%.

[0025] A non-limiting transparent body 10 incorporating the features of the present invention is shown in Figure 1A. The transparent body 10 may have any desired transmittance and / or reflectance of visible light, infrared radiation, or ultraviolet radiation.

[0026] The exemplary transparent body 10 in Figure 1A is in the form of a conventional insulated glass unit and includes a first ply 12 having a first main surface 14 (No. 1 surface) and an opposing second main surface 16 (No. 2 surface). In the illustrated non-limiting embodiments, the first main surface 14 faces outward from the building, i.e., is the outer main surface, and the second main surface 16 faces inward from the building. The transparent body 10 also includes a second ply 18 having an inner (first) main surface 20 (No. 3 surface) and an outer (second) main surface 22 (No. 4 surface), and is spaced apart from the first ply 12. In some embodiments, the insulated glass unit includes a third ply having a first main surface (No. 5 surface) and an opposing second main surface (No. 6 surface). This numbering of the ply surfaces is consistent with conventional practice in window opening technology. The first and second prisms 12, 18 can be connected to each other by any suitable method, for example, by adhesive bonding to a conventional spacer frame 24. A gap or chamber 26 is formed between the two prisms 12 and 18. The chamber 26 can be filled with a selected atmosphere such as air, or a non-reactive gas such as argon or krypton gas. The coating 30 (or any of the other coatings described below) is formed on at least a portion of the No. 3 surface 20, or at least a portion of the No. 4 surface 22, or at least a portion of the No. 5 surface, or at least a portion of the No. 6 surface. The coating 30 is not on at least a portion of the No. 1 surface 14, or at least a portion of the No. 2 surface 16. Examples of insulated glass units can be found, for example, in U.S. Patent Nos. 4,193,228, 4,464,874, 5,088,258 and 5,106,663.

[0027] The illustrative transparent body in Figure 1B is a form of a conventional transparent body 110 for vehicles, such as a window or sunroof. For simplicity, seals, connectors, and opening / closing mechanisms are not shown, nor is a complete vehicle shown. The transparent body includes a first ply 112 having a first main surface 114 (No. 1 surface) and an opposing second main surface 116 (No. 2 surface) attached to the body of a vehicle 118 (partially shown). In the illustrated non-limiting embodiments, the first main surface 114 faces outward from the vehicle and is therefore the outer main surface, and the second main surface 116 faces inward from the vehicle. Non-limiting examples of vehicle bodies include the roof of a car in the case of a sunroof, the door or frame of a car in the case of a car window, or the fuselage of an airplane. As is widely known in vehicle technology, the transparent body can be attached to a mechanism that can open and close the transparent body, such as a car window or sunroof. The coating 130, or any other coating described herein, is shown to be formed on the first surface 114, but may be formed on at least a portion of the second surface 116.

[0028] In a broad embodiment of the present invention, the plies 12, 18, and 112 of the transparent bodies 10 and 110 may be the same or different materials. The plies 12, 18, and 112 may include any desired material having any desired properties. For example, one or more of the plies 12, 18, and 112 may be transparent or translucent to visible light. "Transparent" means having a visible light transmittance greater than 0% and up to 100%. Alternatively, one or more of the plies 12, 18, and 112 may be translucent. "Translucent" means that it allows electromagnetic energy (e.g., visible light) to pass through but diffuses this energy so that objects on the opposite side of the observer are not clearly visible. Examples of suitable materials include, but are not limited to, plastic substrates (e.g., acrylic polymers such as polyacrylate; polyalkyl methacrylates such as polymethyl methacrylate, polyethyl methacrylate, polypropyl methacrylate; polyurethane; polycarbonate; polyalkyl terephthalates such as polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polypropylene terephthalate, polybutylene terephthalate; polysiloxane-containing polymers; or copolymers of any monomers for preparing these, or any mixture thereof); ceramic substrates; glass substrates; or mixtures or combinations of any of the above. For example, one or more of plies 12, 18, and 112 may include conventional soda-lime silicate glass, borosilicate glass, or lead glass. The glass may be clear glass. "Clear glass" means non-tinted glass or uncolored glass. Alternatively, the glass may be tinted glass or otherwise colored glass. The glass may be annealed or heat-treated glass. As used herein, the term “heat-treated” means tempered or at least partially tempered. The glass may be of any type, such as conventional float glass, and may be of any composition having any optical properties, e.g., any values ​​of visible light transmittance, ultraviolet light transmittance, infrared light transmittance, and / or total solar energy transmittance."Float glass" refers to glass formed by the conventional float process, in which molten glass is deposited on a molten metal bath and controlledly cooled to form float glass ribbons. Examples of float glass processes are disclosed in U.S. Patents 4,466,562 and 4,671,155.

[0029] Each of the 12, 18, and 112 may, for example, include clear float glass, tinted glass, or colored glass, or one of the 12 or 18 may be clear glass and the other 12 or 18 may be colored glass. Examples of glass suitable for the first ply 12 and / or the second ply 18 are described in U.S. Patents 4,746,347, 4,792,536, 5,030,593, 5,030,594, 5,240,886, 5,385,872, and 5,393,593. The 12, 18, and 112 may have any desired dimensions, such as length, width, shape, or thickness. In one exemplary automotive transparent material, the first and second plies can each have a thickness of 1 mm to 10 mm, for example, 1 mm to 8 mm, for example, 2 mm to 8 mm, for example, 3 mm to 7 mm, for example, 5 mm to 7 mm, for example, 6 mm.

[0030] In non-limiting embodiments of the coated articles described herein, the coatings 30, 130 of the present invention are deposited on at least a portion of the main surface of at least one of the glass plies 12, 18, 112. In the example shown in Figure 1A, the coating 30 is formed on at least a portion of the inner surface 20 of the inboard glass plies 18, 112; it should be understood that, additionally or alternatively, in non-limiting examples consistent with this disclosure, a sun-controlled coating may be formed on at least a portion of the outer surface 22 of the inboard glass ply 18. As used herein, the term “sun-controlled coating” refers to a coating consisting of one or more layers or films that affect the sun-controlled properties of the coated article (e.g., the amount of solar radiation (e.g., visible, infrared, or ultraviolet radiation) reflected from, absorbed by, or passed through the coated article, but not limited to these; shading coefficient; emissivity, etc.). The solar control coating 30 can block, absorb, or filter selected portions of the solar spectrum, such as, but not limited to, the IR spectrum, UV spectrum, and / or visible spectrum.

[0031] The coatings described herein, such as the solar-controlled coatings 30 and 130, can be deposited by any useful method, including but not limited to conventional chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and / or physical vapor deposition (PVD) methods. Examples of CVD processes include spray pyrolysis. Examples of PVD processes include electron beam deposition and vacuum sputtering (such as magnetron sputter vapor deposition (MSVD)). Other coating methods, such as sol-gel deposition, can also be used, but are not limited to these. In one non-limiting embodiment, the coatings 30 and 130 can be deposited by MSVD. Examples of MSVD coating apparatus and methods are well understood by those skilled in the art and are described, for example, in U.S. Patent Nos. 4,379,040, 4,861,669, 4,898,789, 4,898,790, 4,900,633, 4,920,006, 4,938,857, 5,328,768 and 5,492,750.

[0032] The coated article includes a substrate 210. The substrate 210 may have any desired properties and may have any desired thickness. The substrate 210 may include any suitable transparent material or a plurality of materials, such as the polymer, glass, and / or ceramic substrates described above in relation to the plies 12, 18, and 112, for example, but is not limited to these materials. In an indefinite example, the substrate 210 may include the glass substrate described above in relation to the plies 12, 18, and 112, as shown in Figure 1A or Figure 1B. However, it should be understood that the present invention can also be applied to other substrates, such as substrates used in solar cells.

[0033] Functional coatings 30, 130 may include, for example, a transparent conductive oxide (TCO) as disclosed in U.S. Patent Application Publication 2019 / 0043640. Functional coatings 30, 130 may include stacks as described in any or part thereof of U.S. Patent Application Publications 2017 / 0341977, 2014 / 0272453, 2011 / 0228715, and / or U.S. Patent Application 15 / 669,414.

[0034] The coatings 30, 130 may be a single metal coating 31, 131, e.g., one metal layer; a double metal coating 32, 132 (e.g., two metal layers); a triple metal coating 33, 133 (e.g., three metal layers); or a quadruple metal coating 34, 134 (e.g., four metal layers). Exemplary, non-limiting coatings suitable for a single metal coating 31, 131 are shown in Figures 2A to 2C. Exemplary, non-limiting coatings suitable for a double metal coating 32, 132 are shown in Figures 3A to 3C. Exemplary, non-limiting coatings suitable for a triple metal coating 33, 133 are shown in Figures 4A to 4C. Exemplary, non-limiting coatings suitable for a quadruple metal coating 34, 134 are shown in Figures 5A to 5C.

[0035] Exemplary coatings 30, 130 include one metal layer (i.e., a single metal coating 31, 131), as shown in Figure 2A. The single metal coating 31, 131 includes a blocking layer 220 disposed on or in direct contact with at least a portion of the substrate 210 (e.g., surface No. 4 22 of the second ply 18, or surface No. 3 20 of the second ply 18). The metal layer 228 is disposed on or in direct contact with at least a portion of the blocking layer 220. An optional first primer layer 230 may be disposed on or in direct contact with at least a portion of the metal layer 228. The top layer 300 is disposed on or in direct contact with at least a portion of any first primer layer 230 or metal layer 228. An optional outermost protective coating 320 may be disposed on or in direct contact with at least a portion of the top layer 300.

[0036] Exemplary coatings 30, 130 include two metal layers (i.e., double metal coatings 32, 132) as shown in Figure 3A. The double metal coatings 32, 132 include a blocking layer 220 disposed on or in direct contact with at least a portion of the substrate 210 (e.g., surface No. 4 22 of the second ply 18, or surface No. 3 20 of the second ply 18). A metal layer 228 is disposed on or in direct contact with at least a portion of the blocking layer 220. An optional first primer layer 230 may be disposed on or in direct contact with at least a portion of the metal layer 228. A first intermediate layer 240 is disposed on or in direct contact with at least a portion of the optional first primer layer 230 or the metal layer 228. A second metal layer 248 is disposed on or in direct contact with at least a portion of the first intermediate layer 240. An optional second primer layer 250 is placed on or in direct contact with at least a portion of the second metal layer 248. The top layer 300 is placed on or in direct contact with at least a portion of the optional second primer layer 250 or the second metal layer 248. An optional outermost protective coating 320 may be placed on or in direct contact with at least a portion of the top layer 300.

[0037] Exemplary coatings 30, 130 include three metal layers (i.e., triple metal coatings 33, 133) as shown in Figure 4A. The triple metal coatings 33, 133 include a blocking layer 220 disposed on or in direct contact with at least a portion of the substrate 210 (e.g., surface No. 4 22 of the second ply 18, or surface No. 3 20 of the second ply 18). A metal layer 228 is disposed on or in direct contact with at least a portion of the blocking layer 220. An optional first primer layer 230 may be disposed on or in direct contact with at least a portion of the metal layer 228. A first intermediate layer 240 is disposed on or in direct contact with at least a portion of the optional first primer layer 230 or metal layer 228. A second metal layer 248 is disposed on or in direct contact with at least a portion of the first intermediate layer 240. An optional second primer layer 250 is placed on or in direct contact with at least a portion of the second metal layer 248. A second intermediate layer 260 is placed on or in direct contact with at least a portion of the optional second primer layer 250 or the second metal layer 248. A third metal layer 268 is placed on or in direct contact with at least a portion of the second intermediate layer 260. An optional third primer layer 270 is placed on or in direct contact with at least a portion of the third metal layer 268. A top layer 300 is placed on or in direct contact with at least a portion of the optional third primer layer 270 or the third metal layer 268. An optional outermost protective coating 320 may be placed on or in direct contact with at least a portion of the top layer 300.

[0038] Exemplary coatings 30, 130 include four metal layers (i.e., quadruple metal coatings 34, 134) as shown in Figure 5A. The quadruple metal coatings 34, 134 include a blocking layer 220 disposed on or in direct contact with at least a portion of the substrate 210 (e.g., surface No. 4 22 of the second ply 18, or surface No. 3 20 of the second ply 18). A metal layer 228 is disposed on or in direct contact with at least a portion of the blocking layer 220. An optional first primer layer 230 may be disposed on or in direct contact with at least a portion of the metal layer 228. A first intermediate layer 240 is disposed on or in direct contact with at least a portion of any first primer layer 230 or metal layer 228. A second metal layer 248 is disposed on or in direct contact with at least a portion of the first intermediate layer 240. An optional second primer layer 250 is placed on or in direct contact with at least a portion of the second metal layer 248. A second intermediate layer 260 is placed on or in direct contact with at least a portion of the optional second primer layer 250 or the second metal layer 248. A third metal layer 268 is placed on or in direct contact with at least a portion of the second intermediate layer 260. An optional third primer layer 270 is placed on or in direct contact with at least a portion of the third metal layer 268. A third intermediate layer 280 is placed on or in direct contact with at least a portion of the optional third primer layer 270 or the third metal layer 268. A fourth metal layer 288 is placed on or in direct contact with at least a portion of the third intermediate layer 280. An optional fourth primer layer 290 is placed on or in direct contact with at least a portion of the fourth metal layer 288. The top layer 300 is placed on or in direct contact with at least a portion of any fourth primer layer 290 or fourth metal layer 288. Any outermost protective coating 320 may be placed on or in direct contact with at least a portion of the top layer 300.

[0039] Exemplary and non-limiting functional coatings 30, 130 of the present invention are shown in Figures 2A-2C, 3A-3C, 4A-4C, and 5A-5C. These functional coatings 30, 130 include a blocking layer 220 deposited on at least a portion of the main surface of a substrate 210. The blocking layer 220 prevents the diffusion of zinc, sodium, calcium, magnesium, alkali metal elements, alkaline earth elements, or combinations thereof.

[0040] Functional coatings 30, 130 include a blocking layer 220 on at least a portion of the substrate. The blocking layer 220 may include two or more films of anti-reflective material and / or dielectric material, and may include, for example, but not limited to, metal oxides, oxides of metal alloys, nitrides, oxynitrides, or mixtures thereof. The blocking layer 220 may be transparent to visible light. Examples of metal oxides suitable for the blocking layer 220 include oxides of titanium, hafnium, zirconium, niobium, zinc, bismuth, lead, indium, tin, aluminum, silicon, and mixtures thereof. These metal oxides may contain small amounts of other substances, such as manganese in bismuth oxide or tin in indium oxide. In addition, oxides of metal alloys or metal mixtures can be used, for example, oxides containing zinc and tin (e.g., zinc stannate as defined below), oxides of indium-tin alloys, oxides containing zinc and aluminum, silicon nitrides, silicon aluminum nitrides, or aluminum nitrides. Furthermore, doped metal oxides, such as tin oxide doped with antimony or indium, or silicon oxide doped with nickel or boron, can be used. The blocking layer 220 can be a substantially single-phase film, such as a metal alloy oxide film of zinc stannate, or a mixture of phases composed of zinc and tin oxide, or it can be composed of multiple films.

[0041] As shown in Figures 2B-2C, 3B-3C, 4B-4C, and 5B-5C, the blocking layer 220 may include a first film 222, a second film 224, and a third film 226, where the first film 222 is a blocking film. The blocking film 222 is on at least a portion of the substrate, the second film 224 is on at least a portion of the blocking film 222, and the third film 226 is on at least a portion of the second film 224.

[0042] In exemplary embodiments, the blocking film 222 may include metal oxides, metal nitrides, metal oxynitrides, or combinations thereof. In one non-limiting embodiment, the blocking film 222 may include silicon oxide, silicon aluminum oxide, silicon nitride, silicon aluminum nitride, silicon oxynitride, silicon aluminum oxynitride, titanium oxide, titanium aluminum oxide, or combinations thereof. In another embodiment, the blocking film 222 may include silicon oxide, silicon nitride, silicon aluminum nitride, silicon oxynitride, silicon aluminum oxynitride, titanium oxide, titanium aluminum oxide, or combinations thereof. In yet another embodiment, the blocking film 222 may include silicon aluminum nitride. In yet another embodiment, the blocking film 222 may include silicon aluminum oxynitride.

[0043] The blocking film 222 can be sputtered from two cathodes (e.g., one silicon and one aluminum) or from a single cathode containing both silicon and aluminum. The blocking film 222 may contain 5% to 20% by weight of aluminum and 95% to 80% by weight of silicon, for example, 10% to 20% by weight of aluminum and 90% to 80% by weight of silicon, for example, 20% to 25% by weight of aluminum and 80% to 75% by weight of silicon. In one exemplary embodiment, the blocking film 222 contains silicon and aluminum, specifically 5% by weight of aluminum and 95% by weight of silicon. In another embodiment, the blocking film 222 contains silicon and aluminum, specifically 10% by weight of aluminum and 90% by weight of silicon. In yet another embodiment, the blocking film 222 contains silicon and aluminum, specifically 15% by weight of aluminum and 85% by weight of silicon. In another embodiment, the blocking film 222 comprises silicon and aluminum, with 20% by weight of aluminum and 80% by weight of silicon. In yet another embodiment, the blocking film comprises silicon and aluminum, with 25% by weight of aluminum and 75% by weight of silicon.

[0044] The oxide blocking film 222 is formed by sputtering a metal or metal alloy in an oxygen (O2) atmosphere with a specific flow rate that forms an atmosphere greater than 0% O2 and less than or equal to 100% O2. The flow rate is an approximation of the amount of O2 in the atmosphere, but those skilled in the art will recognize that additional O2 may leak into the coating chamber because the coating chamber is not sealed from the external environment. For example, the O2 flow rate (i.e., the O2 concentration in the atmosphere of the chamber into which the material is deposited) can be in the range of 0% to 50%, e.g., 10% to 50%, e.g., 20% to 30%, e.g., 20% to 40%, e.g., 20% to 50%, e.g., 30% to 40%, e.g., 30% to 50%). The remaining atmosphere can be an inert gas such as argon.

[0045] The nitride blocking layer 222 is formed by sputtering a metal or metal alloy in a nitrogen (N2) atmosphere with a specific flow rate that forms an atmosphere greater than 0% N2 and less than or equal to 100% N2. The flow rate is an approximation of the amount of N2 in the atmosphere, but those skilled in the art will recognize that additional N2 may leak into the coating chamber because the coating chamber is not sealed from the external environment. For example, the N2 flow rate (i.e., the concentration of N2 in the atmosphere of the chamber into which the material is deposited) can be in the range of 0% to 80%, e.g., 1% to 40%, e.g., 3% to 35%, e.g., 5% to 30%, e.g., 5% to 80%. The remaining atmosphere can be an inert gas such as argon.

[0046] The oxynitride blocking layer 222 can be formed by sputtering a metal or metal alloy in an O2 and N2 environment. For example, the N2 flow rate (i.e., the concentration of N2 in the atmosphere of the chamber where the material is deposited) can be 50-100%, and the O2 flow rate (i.e., the concentration of O2 in the atmosphere of the chamber where the material is deposited) can be 50-100%. The N2 flow rate can be 95-50%, and the O2 flow rate can be 5-50%, for example, 90-50% N2 and 10-50% O2, for example, 80-50% N2 and 20-50% O2, for example, 70-50% N2 and 30-50% O2. In one embodiment, the N2 flow rate can be 90% and the O2 flow rate can be 10%. In another embodiment, the N2 flow rate can be 80% and the O2 flow rate can be 20%. In one embodiment, the N2 flow rate can be set to 70% and the O2 flow rate to 30%. In another embodiment, the N2 flow rate can be set to 60% and the O2 flow rate to 40%. In yet another embodiment, the N2 flow rate can be set to 50% and the O2 flow rate to 50%.

[0047] The atomic ratio of oxygen to nitrogen in the metal oxynitride is an approximation based on the flow rates of N2 and O2. The atomic ratio of oxygen to nitrogen in the metal oxynitride can be varied from 0% by weight to 100% by weight, where weight % refers to the ratio of the mass of N or O to the total mass of N+O in the composition, excluding the metal of the metal oxynitride. The metal oxynitride blocking film 222 contains 0% or more by weight of oxygen, and 50% or less by weight of oxygen; 40% or less by weight of oxygen; 30% or less by weight of oxygen; 20% or less by weight of oxygen; 10% or less by weight of oxygen; or 5% or less by weight of oxygen. Non-limiting examples of useful atomic ratios of oxygen and nitrogen in metal oxynitride films include, but are not limited to, 5%-50% O and 95%-50% N; 10-50% O and 90%-50% N; 15%-40% O and 85%-60% N; 20%-50% O and 80%-50% N; 25%-45% O and 75%-55% N; 30%-50% O and 70%-50% N; 40%-50% O and 60%-50% N; or 50% O and 50% N.

[0048] The blocking film 222, such as a film made of silicon aluminum oxynitride according to this disclosure, may have a refractive index of at least 1.4 and 2.3 or less at 550 nm. In one embodiment, the blocking film 222 has a refractive index of at least 1.45 and 2.2 or less. In another embodiment, the blocking film 222 has a refractive index of 1.70 to 1.80, for example, 1.75. It should be understood that the refractive index of the blocking film 222 depends at least in part on the weight percentage of nitrogen present in the blocking film.

[0049] The blocking film 222 can have a total thickness of 50 Å to 350 Å, preferably 50 Å to 300 Å, or most preferably 100 Å to 250 Å.

[0050] In one non-limiting embodiment, the second film 224 of the blocking layer 220 contains zinc stannate. "Zinc stannate" means Zn X Sn 1-X O 2-X(Equation 1) represents the composition, where "x" varies in the range greater than 0 and less than 1. For example, "x" can be any fraction or decimal greater than 0 and less than 1. For example, when x = 2 / 3, Equation 1 is Zn 2 / 3 Sn 1 / 3 O 4 / 3 This is more commonly written as "Zn2SnO4". Zinc stanate-containing films have one or more of the forms of formula 1 in the layers in a predominant amount.

[0051] In one non-limiting embodiment, the third film 226 of the blocking layer 220 may be a zinc / tin alloy oxide. “Zinc / tin alloy oxide” means both true alloys and mixtures of oxides. Zinc oxide can be deposited from a zinc cathode containing other materials to improve the sputtering properties of the cathode. In this way, zinc / tin alloy oxide can be obtained from magnetron sputtering vacuum deposition from zinc and tin cathodes. For example, the zinc cathode may contain small amounts of tin (e.g., up to 20 wt%, up to 15 wt%, up to 10 wt%, or up to 5 wt%) to improve sputtering. In this case, the resulting zinc oxide film will contain small amounts of tin oxide, e.g., up to 10 wt%, or up to 5 wt%. A coating layer deposited from a zinc cathode having up to 10 wt% tin (added to enhance the conductivity of the cathode) is referred to herein as a “zinc oxide film,” even if small amounts of tin may be present. A single non-limiting cathode can contain zinc and tin in a ratio of 5% to 95% by weight of zinc and 95% to 5% by weight of tin, for example, 10% to 90% by weight of zinc and 90% to 10% by weight of tin. However, other ratios of zinc to tin can also be used.

[0052] In one non-limiting embodiment, the third film 226 of the blocking layer 220 is made of aluminum / zinc alloy oxide (Al x Zn 1-xIt can be "oxide". "Aluminum / zinc alloy oxide" means both a true alloy and a mixture of oxides. In this way, the aluminum / zinc alloy oxide can be obtained from magnetron sputtering vacuum deposition from cathodes of zinc and aluminum, and can contain a small amount (for example, less than 10% by weight, for example, more than 0% by weight to 5% by weight) of tin to improve sputtering. In that case, the resulting aluminum zinc oxide film contains a small amount of tin oxide, for example, from 0% by weight to less than 10% by weight, for example, from 0% by weight to 5% by weight. The third film 226 of the blocking layer 220 is Al x Zn 1-x It can contain an oxide, where x ranges from 1% to 25% by weight, preferably from 1% to 15% by weight, more preferably from 1% to 10% by weight, and most preferably from 2% to 5% by weight. In a non-limiting embodiment, x is 3% by weight.

[0053] In a non-limiting embodiment, the blocking film 222 of the blocking layer 220 contains silicon aluminum oxynitride on at least a part of the substrate, the second film 224 of the blocking layer 220 contains zinc stannate on at least a part of the blocking film 222, and the third film 226 of the blocking layer 220 contains zinc oxide or aluminum zinc oxide on at least a part of the second film 224. The second film 224 can contain zinc stannate with a thickness in the range of 50 Å to 400 Å, preferably 80 Å to 300 Å, or most preferably 90 Å to 250 Å. The third film 226 can contain zinc oxide or aluminum zinc oxide with a thickness in the range of 50 Å to 100 Å, preferably 50 Å to 90 Å, and most preferably 60 Å to 90 Å.

[0054] The blocking layer 220 has a total thickness of 150 Å to 850 Å, preferably 250 Å to 600 Å, or most preferably 200 Å to 500 Å (for example, the combined thickness of the first, second, and third films 222, 224, 226).

[0055] The metal layer 228 can be deposited on at least a portion of the blocking layer 220. The metal layer 228 may include, but is not limited to, reflective metals such as metallic gold, copper, palladium, aluminum, silver, or mixtures thereof, alloys thereof, or combinations thereof. In one embodiment, the metal layer 228 includes a metallic silver layer. The metal layer 228 is a continuous layer. "Continuous layer" means that the coating forms a continuous film of material and does not form isolated coated areas.

[0056] The first metal layer 228 can have a thickness in the range of 60 Å to 150 Å, for example 60 Å to 100 Å, or for example 60 Å to 90 Å.

[0057] The first primer layer 230 is placed on top of the metal layer 228. The first primer layer 230 may be a single film or multiple film layers. The first primer layer 230 may include oxygen-scavenging material that may be sacrificed during the deposition process to prevent degradation or oxidation of the metal layer 228 during the sputtering process or subsequent heating process. The first primer layer 230 may also absorb at least a portion of electromagnetic radiation, such as visible light, that passes through the functional coatings 30, 130. Examples of materials useful for the first primer layer 230 include titanium, silicon, silicon dioxide, silicon nitride, silicon oxynitride, nickel, zirconium, zinc, aluminum, cobalt, chromium, alloys thereof, or mixtures thereof. In one non-limiting embodiment, the first primer layer 230 includes titanium, titanium and aluminum, or zinc and aluminum, which are deposited as metals, and at least a portion of the titanium, or titanium and aluminum, or zinc and aluminum, is subsequently oxidized. In another embodiment, the primer layer 230 includes a nickel-chromium alloy such as Inconel. In another embodiment, the primer layer 230 contains a cobalt-chromium alloy such as Stellite®.

[0058] The first primer layer 230 can have a thickness in the range of 5 Å to 50 Å, preferably 10 Å to 35 Å, or more preferably 10 Å to 30 Å.

[0059] The first intermediate layer 240 is disposed on at least a portion of the metal layer 228 (for example, on the first primer layer 230). The first intermediate layer 240 may include one or more metal oxide or metal alloy oxide-containing films, as described above with respect to the blocking layer 220. For example, the first intermediate layer 240 may comprise a first film 242 containing a metal oxide (e.g., zinc oxide or aluminum zinc oxide) deposited on at least a portion of the first primer layer 230, a second film 244 containing a metal oxide (e.g., zinc stanate film) on at least a portion of the first film 242, and a third film 246 containing a metal oxide (e.g., zinc oxide film or aluminum zinc oxide film) on at least a portion of the second film 244.

[0060] In one example, both the first and third films 242 and 246 exist, each having a thickness in the range of 10 Å to 200 Å, for example 50 Å to 200 Å, for example 60 Å to 150 Å, for example 70 Å to 85 Å. The second film 244 can have a thickness in the range of 50 Å to 800 Å, for example 50 Å to 500 Å, for example 100 Å to 300 Å, for example 110 Å to 235 Å, for example 110 Å to 120 Å.

[0061] The first intermediate layer 240 can have a total thickness (for example, the combined thickness of multiple films) in the range of 50 Å to 1000 Å, for example 50 Å to 500 Å, for example 100 Å to 370 Å, for example 100 Å to 300 Å, for example 100 Å to 200 Å, for example 150 Å to 200 Å, for example 180 Å to 190 Å.

[0062] The second metal layer 248 can be formed on at least a portion of the first intermediate layer. The second metal layer 248 may include, but is not limited to, reflective metals such as metallic gold, copper, palladium, aluminum, silver, or mixtures thereof, alloys thereof, or combinations thereof. In one embodiment, the second metal layer 248 includes a metallic silver layer.

[0063] In one embodiment, the second metal layer 248 is a continuous layer formed on at least a portion of the first intermediate layer 240. The second metal layer 248 is a continuous layer having a total thickness of 50 Å to 300 Å, for example 100 Å to 200 Å, for example 150 Å to 200 Å, for example 170 Å to 200 Å, for example 60 Å to 150 Å, for example 60 Å to 100 Å, for example 60 Å to 90 Å.

[0064] In another embodiment, the second metal layer 248 is a discontinuous layer having a subcritical thickness formed on at least a portion of the first intermediate layer 240. The metallic material, e.g., but not limited to metallic gold, copper, palladium, aluminum, silver, or mixtures thereof, alloys thereof, or combinations thereof, is applied with a subcritical thickness such that isolated regions or islands of the material are formed, rather than continuous layers of the material. For silver, the critical thickness has been determined to be less than 50 Å, e.g., less than 40 Å, less than 30 Å, less than 25 Å. For silver, the transition between the continuous layer and the subcritical layer occurs in the range of 25 Å to 50 Å. For copper, the effective thickness has been determined to be up to 90 Å, e.g., 50 Å, 40 Å, e.g., 36 Å, e.g., 26 Å, e.g., 20 Å, e.g., 17 Å, and at least 1 Å, e.g., 2 Å, e.g., 3 Å, e.g., 4 Å, e.g., 5 Å, e.g., 6 Å, e.g., 7 Å. Copper, gold, and palladium are estimated to exhibit similar subcritical behavior in this range. In one non-limiting embodiment, the second metal layer 248 contains island-like silver, with an effective island thickness of up to 70 Å, e.g., up to 40 Å, e.g., up to 35 Å, e.g., up to 30 Å, e.g., up to 25 Å, e.g., up to 20 Å, e.g., up to 17 Å, and at least 1 Å, e.g., at least 2 Å, e.g., at least 4 Å, e.g., at least 5 Å, e.g., at least 7 Å, e.g., at least 10 Å. In another embodiment, the second metal layer 248 contains island-like copper, with an effective island thickness of up to 90 Å, e.g., 50 Å, e.g., 40 Å, e.g., 36 Å, e.g., 26 Å, e.g., 20 Å, e.g., 17 Å, and at least 1 Å, e.g., 2 Å, e.g., 3 Å, e.g., 4 Å, e.g., 5 Å, e.g., 6 Å, e.g., 7 Å. The second metal layer 248 optionally contains island-like silver, the effective thickness of which the islands are up to 70 Å, e.g., up to 40 Å, e.g., up to 35 Å, e.g., up to 30 Å, e.g., up to 25 Å, e.g., up to 20 Å, e.g., up to 17 Å, and at least 1 Å, e.g., at least 2 Å, e.g., at least 4 Å, e.g., at least 5 Å, e.g., at least 7 Å, e.g., at least 10 Å. The second metal layer 248 absorbs electromagnetic radiation according to plasmon resonance theory. This absorption depends at least in part on the boundary conditions at the interface of the metal islands. The second metal layer 248 is not an infrared reflective layer like metal layer 248.In the case of silver and copper, it is estimated that metallic islands or balls of silver and copper metal deposited to a thickness less than the subcritical thickness can have a height of approximately 20 Å to 70 Å, for example, 50 Å to 70 Å. If the subcritical metal layer can be spread uniformly, its thickness is estimated to be approximately 11 Å. Optically, the discontinuous metal layer is estimated to behave as having an effective thickness of 26 Å. When the discontinuous metal layer is deposited on zinc stannate rather than zinc oxide or aluminum zinc oxide, the visible light absorbance of the coating, for example, the discontinuous metal layer, appears to increase.

[0065] The second primer layer 250 is placed on top of the second metal layer 248. The second primer layer 250 can be a single film or a multilayer film. The second primer layer 250 may be any of the materials used for the first primer 230. The second primer layer 250 may have a thickness in the range of 5 Å to 50 Å, preferably 10 Å to 35 Å, or more preferably 10 Å to 30 Å.

[0066] The second intermediate layer 260 is disposed on at least a portion of the second metal layer 248 (for example, on the second primer layer 250). The second intermediate layer 260 may include one or more metal oxide or metal alloy oxide-containing films, as described above with respect to the blocking layer 220. For example, the second intermediate layer 260 may comprise a first film 262 containing a metal oxide (e.g., zinc oxide or aluminum zinc oxide) deposited on at least a portion of the second primer layer 250, a second film 264 containing a metal oxide (e.g., zinc stanate film) on at least a portion of the first film 262, and a third film 266 containing a metal oxide (e.g., zinc oxide film or aluminum zinc oxide film) on at least a portion of the second film 264.

[0067] The second intermediate layer 260 has a total thickness (for example, the combined thickness of multiple layers) in the range of 200 Å to 1000 Å, for example 400 Å to 900 Å, for example 500 Å to 900 Å, for example 650 Å to 800 Å, for example 690 Å to 720 Å.

[0068] In one example, both the first and third films 262 and 266 exist, each having a thickness in the range of 50 Å to 200 Å, for example 75 Å to 150 Å, for example 80 Å to 150 Å, for example 95 Å to 100 Å. The second film 264 can have a thickness in the range of 100 Å to 800 Å, for example 200 Å to 700 Å, for example 300 Å to 600 Å, for example 380 Å to 500 Å, for example 380 Å to 450 Å.

[0069] The third metal layer 268 can be formed on at least a portion of the second intermediate layer 260. The third metal layer 268 may include, but is not limited to, reflective metals such as metallic gold, copper, palladium, aluminum, silver, or mixtures thereof, alloys thereof, or combinations thereof. In one embodiment, the second metal layer 268 includes a metallic silver layer.

[0070] In one embodiment, the third metal layer 268 is a continuous layer formed on at least a portion of the second intermediate layer. The third metal layer 268 is a continuous layer having a total thickness of 25 Å to 300 Å, for example 50 Å to 300 Å, for example 50 Å to 200 Å, for example 70 Å to 200 Å, for example 100 Å to 200 Å, for example 170 Å to 200 Å, for example 60 Å to 150 Å, for example 60 Å to 100 Å, for example 60 Å to 90 Å.

[0071] In another embodiment, the third metal layer 268 is a discontinuous layer having a subcritical thickness formed on at least a portion of the second intermediate layer. Metallic materials, e.g., but not limited to metallic gold, copper, palladium, aluminum, silver, or mixtures thereof, alloys thereof, or combinations thereof, are applied at a subcritical thickness such that isolated regions or islands of material are formed, rather than continuous layers of material. For silver, the critical thickness has been determined to be less than 50 Å, e.g., less than 40 Å, less than 30 Å, less than 25 Å. For silver, the transition between the continuous layer and the subcritical layer occurs in the range of 25 Å to 50 Å. For copper, the effective thickness has been determined to be up to 90 Å, e.g., 50 Å, 40 Å, e.g., 36 Å, e.g., 26 Å, e.g., 20 Å, e.g., 17 Å, and at least 1 Å, e.g., 2 Å, e.g., 3 Å, e.g., 4 Å, e.g., 5 Å, e.g., 6 Å, e.g., 7 Å. Copper, gold, and palladium are estimated to exhibit similar subcritical behavior in this range. In one non-limiting embodiment, the third metal layer 268 comprises island-like silver, with an effective island thickness of up to 70 Å, e.g., up to 40 Å, e.g., up to 35 Å, e.g., up to 30 Å, e.g., up to 25 Å, e.g., up to 20 Å; e.g., up to 17 Å, and at least 1 Å, e.g., at least 2 Å, e.g., at least 4 Å, e.g., at least 5 Å, e.g., at least 7 Å, e.g., at least 10 Å. In another embodiment, the third metal layer 268 comprises island-like copper, with an effective island thickness of up to 90 Å, e.g., 50 Å, e.g., 40 Å, e.g., 36 Å, e.g., 26 Å, e.g., 20 Å, e.g., 17 Å, and at least 1 Å, e.g., 2 Å, e.g., 3 Å, e.g., 4 Å, e.g., 5 Å, e.g., 6 Å, e.g., 7 Å. The third metal layer 268 optionally contains island-like silver, the effective thickness of which the islands are up to 70 Å, e.g., up to 40 Å, e.g., up to 35 Å, e.g., up to 30 Å, e.g., up to 25 Å, e.g., up to 20 Å, e.g., up to 17 Å, and at least 1 Å, e.g., at least 2 Å, e.g., at least 4 Å, e.g., at least 5 Å, e.g., at least 7 Å, e.g., at least 10 Å. The third metal layer 268 absorbs electromagnetic radiation according to plasmon resonance theory. This absorption depends at least in part on the boundary conditions at the interface of the metal islands. The third metal layer 268 is not an infrared reflective layer like the metal layer 228.In the case of silver and copper, it is estimated that metallic islands or balls of silver and copper metal deposited to a thickness less than the subcritical thickness can have a height of approximately 20 Å to 70 Å, for example, 50 Å to 70 Å. If the subcritical metal layer can be spread uniformly, its thickness is estimated to be approximately 11 Å. Optically, the discontinuous metal layer is estimated to behave as having an effective thickness of 26 Å.

[0072] The third primer layer 270 is placed on top of the third metal layer 268. The third primer layer 270 can be a single film or a multilayer film. The third primer layer 270 may be any of the materials used for the first primer layer 230.

[0073] The third primer layer 270 may have a thickness in the range of 5 Å to 50 Å, preferably 10 Å to 35 Å, or more preferably 10 Å to 30 Å.

[0074] The third intermediate layer 280 is disposed on at least a portion of the third metal layer 268 (for example, on the third primer layer). The third intermediate layer 280 may include one or more metal oxide or metal alloy oxide-containing films, as described above with respect to the blocking layer 220. For example, the third intermediate layer may comprise a first film 282 containing a metal oxide (e.g., zinc oxide or aluminum zinc oxide) deposited on at least a portion of the third primer layer 270, a second film 284 containing a metal oxide (e.g., zinc stanate film) on at least a portion of the first film 282, and a third film 286 containing a metal oxide (e.g., zinc oxide film or aluminum zinc oxide film) on at least a portion of the second film 284.

[0075] The third intermediate layer 280 has a total thickness (for example, the combined thickness of multiple layers) in the range of 200 Å to 1000 Å, for example 400 Å to 900 Å, for example 500 Å to 900 Å, for example 650 Å to 800 Å, for example 690 Å to 720 Å.

[0076] In one example, both the first and third films 282 and 286 are present, each having a thickness in the range of 50 Å to 200 Å, for example 75 Å to 150 Å, for example 80 Å to 150 Å, and 95 Å to 100 Å, respectively. The second film 284 can have a thickness in the range of 100 Å to 800 Å, for example 200 Å to 700 Å, for example 300 Å to 600 Å, for example 380 Å to 500 Å, and for example 380 Å to 450 Å.

[0077] The fourth metal layer 288 is formed on at least a portion of the third intermediate layer 280. The fourth metal layer 288 may, but is not limited to, reflective metals such as metallic gold, copper, palladium, aluminum, silver, or mixtures thereof, alloys thereof, or combinations thereof. The fourth metal layer 288 is a continuous layer. In some embodiments, the fourth metal layer 288 includes a metallic silver layer.

[0078] The fourth metal layer 288 is a continuous layer having a total thickness of 60 Å to 150 Å, preferably 60 Å to 100 Å, or most preferably 60 Å to 90 Å.

[0079] The fourth primer layer 290 is placed on top of the fourth metal layer 288. The third primer layer 290 can be a single film or a multilayer film. The fourth primer layer 290 may be any of the materials used for the first primer layer 230. The fourth primer layer 290 may have a thickness in the range of 5 Å to 50 Å, preferably 10 Å to 35 Å, or more preferably 10 Å to 30 Å.

[0080] The top layer 300 is positioned on top of the uppermost metal layer (for example, on top of the uppermost primer layer). In single metal layer functional coatings 31, 131, the top layer 300 is formed on at least a portion of the metal layer 228 (for example, on top of the first primer layer 230). In double metal layer functional coatings 32, 132, the top layer 300 is formed on at least a portion of the second metal layer 248 (for example, on top of the second primer layer 250). In triple metal layer functional coatings 33, 133, the top layer 300 is formed on at least a portion of the third metal layer 268 (for example, on top of the third primer layer 270). In quadruple metal layer functional coatings 34, 134, the top layer 300 is formed on at least a portion of the fourth metal layer 288 (for example, on top of at least a portion of the fourth primer layer 290).

[0081] The top layer 300 may include one or more metal oxide or metal alloy oxide-containing films, as described above with respect to the blocking layer 220. For example, the top layer 300 may comprise a first metal oxide film 302 (e.g., a zinc stanate film) deposited on top of the uppermost metal layer (e.g., on top of the uppermost primer layer) and a second metal oxynitride film 304 (e.g., silicon aluminum oxynitride) deposited on at least a portion of the first metal oxide film 302 (Figures 2B, 3B, 4B, and 5B). In another embodiment, the top layer 300 may comprise a first metal oxide film 302 (e.g., a zinc oxide film or an aluminum zinc oxide film) deposited on top of the uppermost metal layer (e.g., on top of the uppermost primer layer), a second metal alloy film 304 (e.g., a zinc stanate film) deposited on at least a portion of the first film 302, and a third metal alloy oxynitride film 306 (e.g., a silicon aluminum oxynitride film) deposited on top of the second zinc stanate film 304 (Figures 2C, 3C, 4C, and 5C).

[0082] The top layer 300 may have a total thickness (for example, the combined thickness of multiple layers) in the range of 50 Å to 750 Å, preferably 250 Å to 600 Å, more preferably 300 Å to 550 Å, or most preferably 300 Å to 400 Å.

[0083] An optional outermost protective coating 320 is formed on at least a portion of the top layer 300 and is the uppermost layer of the coated article. The outermost protective coating 320 can help protect the underlying functional coating layer from mechanical and / or chemical attack. The outermost protective coating 320 can be an oxygen barrier coating layer to prevent or reduce ambient oxygen from passing through to the layers below the coating, for example, during heating or bending. The outermost protective coating 320 can be any desired material or mixture of materials and can consist of one or more protective films. The outermost protective coating 320 includes a protective layer which includes at least one of Si3N4, SiAlN, SiAlON, TiAlO, titania, alumina, silica, zirconia, or a combination thereof.

[0084] In one embodiment, the outermost protective layer may consist of a first protective film 322 and a second protective film 324 on at least a portion of the first protective film 322. In one embodiment, the first protective film 322 includes a metal nitride film (e.g., silicon aluminum nitride) that is placed on and in contact with the metal oxynitride film of the top layer 300 (e.g., silicon aluminum oxynitride), and the second protective film 324 includes a metal alloy oxide (titanium aluminum oxide) that is placed on and in contact with the first protective film 322.

[0085] In one embodiment, the metal oxynitride film of the top layer 300 is a metal oxynitride of the same metal as the first protective metal nitride film 322 that is in contact with the metal oxynitride film of the top layer 300. In another embodiment, the metal oxynitride film of the top layer 300 is a gradient layer. Here, for example, in the atomic ratio described above, the portion of the metal oxynitride film closest to the topmost metal alloy film of the top layer 300 contains more oxygen, and the opposite portion of the metal oxynitride film (for example, the portion of the metal oxynitride film closest to the first protective metal nitride film 322) contains more nitrogen. In one embodiment, the metal oxynitride film of the top layer 300 and the first protective metal nitride film 322 form a continuous single gradient layer. In another embodiment, the metal oxynitride film of the top layer 300 is applied on top of the metal alloy oxide film and / or between the metal alloy oxide film and the first protective metal nitride film 322. In another embodiment, the first protective metal nitride film 322 is absent, and the metal oxynitride film of the top layer 300 is a gradient layer, where the amount of oxygen in the metal oxynitride film of the top layer 300 decreases with increasing distance from the metal alloy oxide film layer of the top layer 300. For example, the portion of the metal oxynitride film of the top layer 300 closest to the uppermost metal alloy oxide film of the top layer 300 contains more oxygen, and the opposite portion of the oxynitride film of the top layer 300 contains more nitrogen. Here, the atomic ratio of oxygen to nitrogen in the metal oxynitride is an approximation based on the flow rates of N2 and O2. The oxynitride film of the top layer 300 contains 0% or more by weight of oxygen, and 50% or less by weight of oxygen; 40% or less by weight of oxygen; 30% or less by weight of oxygen; 20% or less by weight of oxygen; 10% or less by weight of oxygen; or 5% or less by weight of oxygen. Non-limiting examples of useful atomic ratios of oxygen and nitrogen in the oxynitride film of the top layer 300 include, but are not limited to, 5%-45% O and 95%-55% N; 10%-50% O and 90%-50% N; 15%-40% O and 85%-60% N; 20%-50% O and 80%-50% N; 25%-45% O and 75%-55% N; 30%-50% O and 70%-50% N; 40%-50% O and 60%-50% N; or 50% O and 50% N.

[0086] The metal oxynitride film of the top layer 300 can have a thickness of more than 0 Å to 400 Å, for example, in the range of 70 Å to 400 Å, 100 Å to 400 Å, 280 Å to 330 Å, or 120 Å to 220 Å. In embodiments where the metal oxynitride film of the top layer 300 is a gradient layer, or in embodiments where there is no metal nitride film in the outermost protective coating, it can have a thickness of 200 Å to 400 Å, preferably 225 Å to 390 Å, more preferably 250 Å to 380 Å, and most preferably 280 Å to 375 Å.

[0087] The first protective metal nitride film 322 can have a thickness in the range of greater than 0 Å to 400 Å, for example, 70 Å to 400 Å, 100 Å to 400 Å, 250 Å to 400 Å, 280 Å to 330 Å, 200 Å to 250 Å, 200 Å to 400 Å, or 100 Å to 160 Å. In embodiments where there is no metal oxynitride film in the top layer 300 and / or no second protective film, the first protective metal nitride film 322 can have a thickness in the range of 100 Å to 400 Å, preferably 250 Å to 400 Å, most preferably 280 Å to 330 Å. In embodiments where the top layer 300 has a metal oxynitride film and the outermost protective coating 320 has a second protective film 324, the first protective metal nitride film 322 can have a thickness of 100 Å to 400 Å, preferably 100 Å to 330 Å, more preferably 105 Å to 300 Å, and most preferably 115 Å to 250 Å. In embodiments where the protective coating 320 has both the first protective metal nitride film 322 and the second protective film 324, the metal oxynitride film of the top layer 300 can have a thickness of 50 Å to 280 Å, preferably 75 Å to 260 Å, more preferably 100 Å to 240 Å, and most preferably 120 Å to 220 Å.

[0088] In certain embodiments, the present invention provides a combined thickness of the metal oxynitride film of the top layer 300 (if present) and / or the first protective metal nitride film 322 (if present) between 200 Å and 800 Å, for example, 320 Å to 800 Å, 320 Å to 380 Å, or 280 Å to 370 Å.

[0089] In certain embodiments, the protective coating 300 may include a second protective film 324 containing TiAlO. Non-limiting examples of the second protective film 324 may have thicknesses in the range of, for example, 100 Å to 400 Å, 200 Å to 370 Å, 245 Å to 300 Å, or 285 Å to 300 Å. It should be understood that the second protective film 324 may be applied, for example, as the top layer, to any other configuration of the top layer, metal nitride film, and metal oxynitride film consistent with the present disclosure. Alternatively, an additional functional or protective layer may be applied on the second protective film 324 (not shown). This additional protective film may be any material used to form the protective coating 320 or the second protective film 324, or any material that can be used as a top coat. Similarly, it should be understood that the coated article does not necessarily have to include the second protective film 324.

[0090] The outermost protective coating 320 has a total thickness in the range of 200 Å to 800 Å, preferably 300 Å to 700 Å, more preferably 350 Å to 600 Å, or most preferably 400 Å to 550 Å (i.e., the sum of all thicknesses of the layers or films within the protective coating 320).

[0091] In carrying out the present invention, the absorbed color (e.g., hue) of the coating can be changed by selecting a specific metal for the metal layer, selecting a primer material and thickness, and selecting a dielectric material and thickness. In carrying out the present invention, it is desirable to maintain the color of the coated article before and after tempering.

[0092] Color value (for example, L * a* , b * , C * , and hue 0 ) conforms to the CIELAB color system of 1976 designated by the International Commission on Illumination. L in the specification and claims * a * , and b * The values ​​represent the values ​​at the center point of the color. "Rf" refers to the reflectance of the film, "Rg" refers to the reflectance of the glass, and "T" refers to the transmittance of the item.

[0093] Within the range of normal manufacturing variations, a reference IGU (3 mm or 6 mm) or reference stacked unit incorporating the sunlight-controlled coating of the present invention must, after heat treatment, have a ΔEcmc color difference of less than 4.5 CMC units (i.e., ΔEcmc < 4.5), preferably less than 4 CMC units (i.e., ΔEcmc < 4), compared to the center point value.

[0094] The coated article includes a blocking layer 220 deposited on at least a portion of the main surface of the substrate 210. The blocking layer 220 can reduce dendrite formation in the metal layer after tempering and reduce red haze in the coated article.

[0095] One non-limiting embodiment is a method for reducing dendrite formation within a metal layer. “Dendrite” refers to a branched, tree-like feature within or on a metal layer. For example, a dendrite may be a crystal or a crystalline mass. These dendrites are typically crystalline structures formed within or on a metal layer during a tempering process. A substrate is provided to reduce dendrite formation within a metal layer. The substrate may be any of the substrates described herein. The substrate has a first surface and a second surface opposite the first surface. A blocking layer is formed on at least a portion of the first or second surface. The blocking layer may be any of the blocking layers described herein. A metal layer is formed on at least a portion of the blocking layer. The metal layer may be any of the metal layers described herein. A top layer is formed on at least a portion of the metal layer. The top layer may be any of the top layers described herein. The formation of the blocking layer, the metal layer, and the top layer produces a coated article. The coated article may further include additional layers as described herein. The coated articles are tempered, and dendrite formation within the metal layer is reduced compared to coated articles without a blocking layer.

[0096] Another non-limiting embodiment is a method for reducing red haze in a coated article. Dendrites formed within the metal layer can be light-scattering features, as described herein, and light-scattering features increase haze (i.e., light scattering) in the coated article. The dendrites within the metal layer cause the light waves of electromagnetic energy to propagate more randomly, disrupting the waveguide effect, and increasing the amount of electromagnetic energy that passes through the metal layer into the substrate and then exits from the bottom surface of the substrate. The term "red haze" as used herein relates to the light-scattering effect visible when a coated article is illuminated by bright light in front of a dark background. Red haze is formed as a result of voids (depletion or vacancies) formed within the metal layer during the tempering or heat strengthening process. The migration of alkali metals in the glass and coating stack during heating leads to nucleation and growth, resulting in the formation of dendrites and red haze in the coated substrate. Red haze is reduced by forming a blocking layer on the substrate. The blocking layer may be any of the blocking layers described herein. The metal layer is formed on at least a portion of the blocking layer. The metal layer may be any of the metal layers described herein. A top layer is formed on at least a portion of the metal layer. The top layer may be any of the top layers described herein. The formation of the blocking layer, the metal layer, and the top layer produces a coated article. The coated article may include additional layers as described herein. The coated article is tempered, and the red haze of the coated article is less than that of a coated article without a blocking layer.

[0097] The following numbered clauses illustrate various aspects of the present invention:

[0098] Clause 1: A coated article comprising a substrate having a first surface and a second surface opposite to the first surface, and a functional coating applied to the first surface or the second surface, wherein the functional coating comprises a blocking layer on at least a portion of the substrate, a metal layer on at least a portion of the blocking layer, and a top layer on at least a portion of the metal layer.

[0099] Clause 2: A coated article as described in Clause 1, wherein the coated article is temperable.

[0100] Clause 3: The coated article according to Clause 1 or 2, wherein the blocking layer comprises a first film, a second film, and a third film.

[0101] Clause 4: A coated article as described in any of the preceding clauses, wherein the first film of the blocking layer is a blocking film.

[0102] Clause 5: A coated article as described in any of the preceding clauses, wherein the blocking film includes silicon oxide, silicon aluminum oxide, silicon nitride, silicon aluminum nitride, silicon oxynitride, silicon aluminum oxynitride, titanium oxide, titanium aluminum oxide, or a combination thereof.

[0103] Clause 6: A coated article as described in any of the preceding clauses, wherein the blocking film includes silicon oxide, silicon aluminum oxide, silicon oxynitride, silicon aluminum oxynitride, or a combination thereof.

[0104] Clause 7: A coated article as described in any of the preceding clauses, wherein the blocking film contains silicon aluminum oxynitride.

[0105] Clause 8: The coated article described in any of the preceding clauses, wherein the second film contains zinc stannate on at least a portion of the blocking film, and the third film contains zinc oxide on at least a portion of the second film.

[0106] Clause 9: The coated article as described in Clause 7, wherein the blocking film has an oxygen-to-nitrogen ratio of 0%-50% oxygen to 100%-50% nitrogen, 10%-50% oxygen to 90%-50% nitrogen, 15%-40% oxygen to 85%-60% nitrogen, or 20%-50% oxygen to 80%-50% nitrogen.

[0107] Clause 10: The coated article as described in Clause 7, wherein the blocking film comprises 5% to 20% by weight of aluminum and 95% to 80% by weight of silicon, 10% to 20% by weight of aluminum and 90% to 80% by weight of silicon, or 20% to 25% by weight of aluminum and 80% to 75% by weight of silicon.

[0108] Clause 11: A coated article according to any of Clauses 1 to 8, wherein the blocking film has an oxygen-to-nitrogen ratio of 20% to 50% oxygen to 80% to 50% nitrogen, contains 20% to 25% by weight of aluminum, and contains 80% to 75% by weight of silicon.

[0109] Clause 12: Coated articles as described in Clause 11, having a refractive index of 1.70 to 1.80.

[0110] Clause 13: The coated article according to any of Clauses 3 to 12, wherein the blocking film has a total thickness of 50 Å to 350 Å, preferably 50 Å to 300 Å, or most preferably 100 Å to 250 Å.

[0111] Clause 14: The coated article according to any of the preceding clauses, wherein the blocking layer has a total thickness of 150 Å to 850 Å, preferably 250 Å to 600 Å, or most preferably 200 Å to 500 Å.

[0112] Clause 15: A coated article as described in any of the preceding clauses, in which the metallic layer includes silver, gold, palladium, copper, their alloys, mixtures thereof, or combinations thereof.

[0113] Clause 16: A coated article as described in Clause 15, wherein the metallic layer contains silver.

[0114] Clause 17: A coated article as described in any of the preceding clauses, wherein the metal layer is a continuous metal layer.

[0115] Clause 18: The coated article according to any of the preceding clauses, wherein the metal layer has a total thickness of 60 Å to 150 Å, preferably 60 Å to 100 Å, or most preferably 60 Å to 90 Å.

[0116] Clause 19: A coated article as described in any of the preceding clauses, wherein the top layer comprises a first film and a second film.

[0117] Clause 20: The coated article according to Clause 19, wherein the first film of the top layer comprises zinc stannate on at least a portion of the metal layer, and the second film comprises silicon aluminum oxynitride on at least a portion of the first film.

[0118] Clause 21: The coated article according to any of the preceding clauses, wherein the top layer has a total thickness of 50 Å to 750 Å, preferably 250 Å to 600 Å, more preferably 300 Å to 550 Å, or most preferably 300 Å to 400 Å.

[0119] Clause 22: The coated article according to any of the preceding clauses, further comprising a first primer layer formed on a metal layer.

[0120] Clause 23: The coated article as described in Clause 22, wherein the primer layer is selected from the group consisting of titanium, silicon, nickel, zirconium, zinc, aluminum, cobalt, chromium, aluminum alloys thereof, or mixtures thereof.

[0121] Clause 24: The coated article according to Clause 22, wherein the primer layer has a total thickness of 5 Å to 50 Å, preferably 10 Å to 35 Å, or more preferably 10 Å to 30 Å.

[0122] Clause 25: The coated article described in any of the preceding clauses, further comprising an outermost protective coating including a protective layer, wherein the protective layer comprises at least one of Si3N4, SiAlN, SiAlON, TiAlO, titania, alumina, silica, zirconia, or a combination thereof.

[0123] Clause 26: The coated article according to Clause 25, wherein the protective layer comprises a first protective film and a second protective film, the second protective film being placed on at least a portion of the first protective film.

[0124] Clause 27: The first protective film is a coated article as described in Clause 26, comprising SiAlN.

[0125] Clause 28: The second protective film is a coated article as described in Clause 26, which contains TiAlO.

[0126] Clause 29: The coated article according to Clause 25, wherein the outermost protective coating has a total thickness of 200 Å to 800 Å, preferably 300 Å to 700 Å, more preferably 350 Å to 600 Å, or most preferably 400 Å to 550 Å.

[0127] Clause 30: The functional coating applied to the surface further includes a first intermediate layer on at least a portion of the metal layer and a second metal layer on at least a portion of the intermediate layer, The coated article according to Clause 1, wherein the top layer is located on at least a portion of the second metal layer.

[0128] Clause 31: The coated article according to Clause 30, wherein the first intermediate layer comprises a first film, a second film, and a third film.

[0129] Clause 32: The coated article according to Clauses 30 and 31, wherein the first film of the first intermediate layer comprises zinc oxide on at least a portion of the metal layer, the second film comprises zinc stannate on at least a portion of the first film, and the third film comprises zinc oxide on at least a portion of the second film.

[0130] Clause 33: The coated article according to Clauses 30 to 32, wherein the first intermediate layer has a total thickness of 50 Å to 500 Å, preferably 100 Å to 300 Å, more preferably 100 Å to 200 Å, or most preferably 150 Å to 200 Å.

[0131] Clause 34: The coated article according to Clause 30, wherein the second metal layer is a continuous layer and has a total thickness of 60 Å to 150 Å, preferably 60 Å to 100 Å, or most preferably 60 Å to 90 Å.

[0132] Clause 35: The coated article according to Clause 34, wherein the second metal layer is a discontinuous layer and has a total thickness of less than 90 Å.

[0133] Clause 36: The coated article according to any of Clauses 30 to 35, further comprising a second primer layer formed on the second metal layer.

[0134] Clause 37: The coated article according to Clause 1, wherein the functional coating applied to the surface further comprises a first intermediate layer on at least a portion of the metal layer, a second metal layer on at least a portion of the first intermediate layer, a second intermediate layer on at least a portion of the second metal layer, and a third metal layer on at least a portion of the second intermediate layer, and the top layer is on at least a portion of the third metal layer.

[0135] Clause 38: The coated article according to Clause 37, wherein the second intermediate layer comprises the first film, the second film, and the third film.

[0136] Clause 39: The coated article according to Clauses 37 and 38, wherein the first film of the second intermediate layer contains zinc oxide on at least a portion of the second metal layer, the second film contains zinc stannate on at least a portion of the first film, and the third film contains zinc oxide on at least a portion of the second film.

[0137] Clause 40: The coated article according to Clauses 37-39, wherein the second intermediate layer has a total thickness of 200 Å to 1000 Å, preferably 400 Å to 900 Å, more preferably 650 Å to 800 Å, or most preferably 690 Å to 720 Å.

[0138] Clause 41: The coated article according to Clauses 37-40, wherein the third metal layer is a continuous layer and has a total thickness of 60 Å to 150 Å, preferably 60 Å to 100 Å, or most preferably 60 Å to 90 Å.

[0139] Clause 42: The coated article according to Clauses 37-40, wherein the third metal layer is a discontinuous layer and has a total thickness of less than 90 Å.

[0140] Clause 43: The coated article according to Clauses 37-42, further comprising a third primer layer formed on a third metal layer.

[0141] Clause 44: The coated article according to Clause 1, wherein the coating applied to the surface further comprises a first intermediate layer on at least a portion of the metal layer, a second metal layer on at least a portion of the first intermediate layer, a second intermediate layer on at least a portion of the second metal layer, a third metal layer on at least a portion of the second intermediate layer, a third intermediate layer on at least a portion of the third metal layer, and a fourth metal layer on at least a portion of the third intermediate layer, and the top layer is on at least a portion of the fourth metal layer.

[0142] Clause 45: The coated article according to Clause 44, wherein the third intermediate layer comprises the first film, the second film, and the third film.

[0143] Clause 46: The coated article according to Clauses 44-45, wherein the first film of the third intermediate layer contains zinc oxide on at least a portion of the third metal layer, the second film contains zinc stannate on at least a portion of the first film, and the third film contains zinc oxide on at least a portion of the second film.

[0144] Clause 47: The coated article according to Clauses 44-46, wherein the third intermediate layer has a total thickness of 200 Å to 1000 Å, preferably 400 Å to 900 Å, more preferably 650 Å to 800 Å, or most preferably 690 Å to 720 Å.

[0145] Clause 48: The coated article according to Clause 44, wherein the fourth metal layer is a continuous layer and has a total thickness of 60 Å to 150 Å, preferably 60 Å to 100 Å, or most preferably 60 Å to 90 Å.

[0146] Clause 49: The coated article according to Clauses 44-48, further comprising a fourth primer layer formed on a fourth metal layer.

[0147] Clause 50: A method for manufacturing a coated article, A step of providing a substrate having a first surface and a second surface opposite to the first surface, A step of forming a blocking layer on at least a portion of the first surface or the second surface, A step of forming a metal layer on at least a portion of the blocking layer, A step of forming a top layer on at least a portion of the metal layer, Includes, A method for manufacturing a coated article, wherein the coated article has an optical color shift of 4.5 or less, as measured by ΔEcmc after tempering.

[0148] Clause 51: The method according to Clause 50, wherein the blocking layer comprises a first film, a second film, and a third film.

[0149] Clause 52: The method according to Clause 51, wherein the first film of the blocking layer is a blocking film.

[0150] Clause 53: The method according to Clause 52, wherein the blocking film comprises silicon oxide, silicon aluminum oxide, silicon nitride, silicon aluminum nitride, silicon oxynitride, silicon aluminum oxynitride, titanium oxide, titanium aluminum oxide, or a combination thereof.

[0151] Clause 54: The method according to Clause 52, wherein the blocking film comprises silicon oxide, silicon aluminum oxide, silicon oxynitride, silicon aluminum oxynitride, or a combination thereof.

[0152] Clause 55: The method according to Clause 53 or 54, wherein the blocking film comprises silicon aluminum oxynitride.

[0153] Clause 56: The method according to Clause 51, wherein the second film contains zinc stannate on at least a portion of the blocking film, and the third film contains zinc oxide on at least a portion of the second film.

[0154] Clause 57: The method according to Clause 55, wherein the blocking film has an oxygen-to-nitrogen ratio of 0%-50% oxygen to 100%-50% nitrogen, 10%-50% oxygen to 90%-50% nitrogen, 15%-40% oxygen to 85%-60% nitrogen, or 20%-50% oxygen to 80%-50% nitrogen.

[0155] Clause 58: The method according to Clause 55, wherein the blocking film comprises 5% to 20% by weight of aluminum and 95% to 80% by weight of silicon, 10% to 20% by weight of aluminum and 90% to 80% by weight of silicon, or 20% to 25% by weight of aluminum and 80% to 75% by weight of silicon.

[0156] Clause 59: The method according to any of Clauses 37 to 58, wherein the blocking film has an oxygen-to-nitrogen ratio of 20% to 50% oxygen to 80% to 50% nitrogen, contains 20% to 25% by weight of aluminum, and contains 80% to 75% by weight of silicon.

[0157] Clause 60: The method according to Clause 59, wherein the refractive index is 1.70 to 1.80.

[0158] Clause 61: The method according to any one of Clauses 52 to 60, wherein the blocking film has a total thickness of 50 Å to 350 Å, preferably 50 Å to 300 Å, or most preferably 100 Å to 250 Å.

[0159] Clause 62: The method according to any one of Clauses 50 to 61, wherein the blocking layer has a total thickness of 150 Å to 850 Å, preferably 250 Å to 600 Å, or most preferably 200 Å to 500 Å.

[0160] Clause 63: The method according to Clauses 50-62, wherein the metal layer includes silver, gold, palladium, copper, alloys thereof, mixtures thereof, or combinations thereof.

[0161] Clause 64: The method according to Clause 63, wherein the metal layer comprises silver.

[0162] Clause 65: The method according to Clauses 50-64, wherein the metal layer is a continuous metal layer.

[0163] Clause 66: The method according to Clauses 50 to 65, wherein the metal layer has a total thickness of 60 Å to 150 Å, preferably 60 Å to 100 Å, or most preferably 60 Å to 90 Å.

[0164] Clause 67: The method according to any of Clauses 50 to 66, wherein the top layer comprises a first film and a second film.

[0165] Clause 68: The method according to Clause 67, wherein the first film of the top layer comprises zinc stannate on at least a portion of the metal layer, and the second film comprises silicon aluminum oxynitride on at least a portion of the first film.

[0166] Clause 69: The method according to any one of Clauses 50 to 68, wherein the top layer has a total thickness of 50 Å to 750 Å, preferably 250 Å to 600 Å, more preferably 300 Å to 550 Å, or most preferably 300 Å to 400 Å.

[0167] Clause 70: The method according to Clause 50, wherein the coated article has an optical color shift of 4.0 or less as measured by ΔEcmc after tempering.

[0168] Clause 71: A method for reducing dendrite formation in a metal layer of a coated article, the method being: A step of providing a substrate having a first surface and a second surface opposite to the first surface, A step of forming a blocking layer on at least a portion of the first surface or the second surface, A step of forming a metal layer on at least a portion of the blocking layer, A step of forming a top layer on at least a portion of a metal layer, thereby forming a coated article, The process of tempering coated articles, Includes, A method in which the formation of dendrites within the metal layer is reduced in coated articles after tempering.

[0169] Clause 72: The method according to Clause 71, wherein the blocking layer comprises a first film, a second film, and a third film.

[0170] Clause 73: The method according to Clause 72, wherein the first film of the blocking layer is a blocking film.

[0171] Clause 74: The method according to Clause 73, wherein the blocking film comprises silicon oxide, silicon aluminum oxide, silicon nitride, silicon aluminum nitride, silicon oxynitride, silicon aluminum oxynitride, titanium oxide, titanium aluminum oxide, or a combination thereof.

[0172] Clause 75: The method according to Clause 73, wherein the blocking film comprises silicon oxide, silicon aluminum oxide, silicon oxynitride, silicon aluminum oxynitride, or a combination thereof.

[0173] Clause 76: The method according to Clause 74 or 75, wherein the blocking film comprises silicon aluminum oxynitride.

[0174] Clause 77: The method according to Clause 76, wherein the second film contains zinc stannate on at least a portion of the blocking film, and the third film contains zinc oxide on at least a portion of the second film.

[0175] Clause 78: The method according to Clause 76, wherein the blocking film has an oxygen-to-nitrogen ratio of 0%-50% oxygen to 100%-50% nitrogen, 10%-50% oxygen to 90%-50% nitrogen, 15%-40% oxygen to 85%-60% nitrogen, or 20%-50% oxygen to 80%-50% nitrogen.

[0176] Clause 79: The method according to Clause 76, wherein the blocking film comprises 5% to 20% by weight of aluminum and 95% to 80% by weight of silicon, 10% to 20% by weight of aluminum and 90% to 80% by weight of silicon, or 20% to 25% by weight of aluminum and 80% to 75% by weight of silicon.

[0177] Clause 80: The method according to any of Clauses 71 to 79, wherein the blocking film has an oxygen-to-nitrogen ratio of 20% to 50% oxygen to 80% to 50% nitrogen, contains 20% to 25% by weight of aluminum, and contains 80% to 75% by weight of silicon.

[0178] Clause 81: The method according to Clause 80, wherein the refractive index of light is 1.70 to 1.80.

[0179] Clause 82: The method according to any one of Clauses 73 to 81, wherein the blocking film has a total thickness of 50 Å to 350 Å, preferably 50 Å to 300 Å, or most preferably 100 Å to 250 Å.

[0180] Clause 83: The method according to any one of Clauses 71 to 82, wherein the blocking layer has a total thickness of 150 Å to 850 Å, preferably 250 Å to 600 Å, or most preferably 200 Å to 500 Å.

[0181] Clause 84: The method according to Clauses 71-83, wherein the metal layer includes silver, gold, palladium, copper, alloys thereof, mixtures thereof, or combinations thereof.

[0182] Clause 85: The method according to Clause 84, wherein the metal layer comprises silver.

[0183] Clause 86: The method according to Clauses 71-85, wherein the metal layer is a continuous metal layer.

[0184] Clause 87: The method according to Clauses 71 to 86, wherein the metal layer has a total thickness of 60 Å to 150 Å, preferably 60 Å to 100 Å, or most preferably 60 Å to 90 Å.

[0185] Clause 88: The method according to any of Clauses 71 to 87, wherein the top layer comprises a first film and a second film.

[0186] Clause 89: The method according to Clause 88, wherein the first film of the top layer comprises zinc stannate on at least a portion of the metal layer, and the second film comprises silicon aluminum oxynitride on at least a portion of the first film.

[0187] Clause 90: The method according to any one of Clauses 71 to 89, wherein the top layer has a total thickness of 50 Å to 750 Å, preferably 250 Å to 600 Å, more preferably 300 Å to 550 Å, or most preferably 300 Å to 400 Å.

[0188] Clause 91: A method for reducing red haze of a coated article, the method being: A step of providing a substrate having a first surface and a second surface opposite to the first surface, A step of forming a blocking layer on at least a portion of the first surface or the second surface, A step of forming a metal layer on at least a portion of the blocking layer, A step of forming a top layer on at least a portion of a metal layer, thereby forming a coated article, The process of tempering coated articles, Includes, A method by which coated articles exhibit reduced red haze after tempering.

[0189] Clause 92: The method according to Clause 91, wherein the blocking layer comprises a first film, a second film, and a third film.

[0190] Clause 93: The method according to Clause 92, wherein the first film of the blocking layer is a blocking film.

[0191] Clause 94: The method according to Clause 93, wherein the blocking film comprises silicon oxide, silicon aluminum oxide, silicon nitride, silicon aluminum nitride, silicon oxynitride, silicon aluminum oxynitride, titanium oxide, titanium aluminum oxide, or a combination thereof.

[0192] Clause 95: The method according to Clause 93, wherein the blocking film comprises silicon oxide, silicon aluminum oxide, silicon oxynitride, silicon aluminum oxynitride, or a combination thereof.

[0193] Clause 96: The method according to Clause 94 or 95, wherein the blocking film comprises silicon aluminum oxynitride.

[0194] Clause 97: The method according to Clause 96, wherein the second film contains zinc stannate on at least a portion of the blocking film, and the third film contains zinc oxide on at least a portion of the second film.

[0195] Clause 98: The method according to Clause 96, wherein the blocking film has an oxygen-to-nitrogen ratio of 0%-50% oxygen to 100%-50% nitrogen, 10%-50% oxygen to 90%-50% nitrogen, 15%-40% oxygen to 85%-60% nitrogen, or 20%-50% oxygen to 80%-50% nitrogen.

[0196] Clause 99: The method according to Clause 96, wherein the blocking film comprises 5% to 20% by weight of aluminum and 95% to 80% by weight of silicon, 10% to 20% by weight of aluminum and 90% to 80% by weight of silicon, or 20% to 25% by weight of aluminum and 80% to 75% by weight of silicon.

[0197] Clause 100: The method according to any of Clauses 91 to 99, wherein the blocking film has an oxygen-to-nitrogen ratio of 20% to 50% oxygen to 80% to 50% nitrogen, contains 20% to 25% by weight of aluminum, and contains 80% to 75% by weight of silicon.

[0198] Clause 101: The method according to Clause 100, wherein the refractive index is 1.70 to 1.80.

[0199] Clause 102: The method according to any one of Clauses 93 to 101, wherein the blocking film has a total thickness of 50 Å to 350 Å, preferably 50 Å to 300 Å, or most preferably 100 Å to 250 Å.

[0200] Clause 103: The method according to any one of Clauses 91 to 102, wherein the blocking layer has a total thickness of 150 Å to 850 Å, preferably 250 Å to 600 Å, or most preferably 200 Å to 500 Å.

[0201] Clause 104: The method according to Clauses 91-103, wherein the metal layer includes silver, gold, palladium, copper, alloys thereof, mixtures thereof, or combinations thereof.

[0202] Clause 105: The method according to Clause 104, wherein the metal layer comprises silver.

[0203] Clause 106: The method according to Clauses 91-105, wherein the metal layer is a continuous metal layer.

[0204] Clause 107: The method according to Clauses 91 to 106, wherein the metal layer has a total thickness of 60 Å to 150 Å, preferably 60 Å to 100 Å, or most preferably 60 Å to 90 Å.

[0205] Clause 108: The method according to any of Clauses 91 to 107, wherein the top layer comprises a first film and a second film.

[0206] Clause 109: The method according to Clause 108, wherein the first film of the top layer comprises zinc stannate on at least a portion of the metal layer, and the second film comprises silicon aluminum oxynitride on at least a portion of the first film.

[0207] Clause 110: The method according to any one of Clauses 91 to 109, wherein the top layer has a total thickness of 50 Å to 750 Å, preferably 250 Å to 600 Å, more preferably 300 Å to 550 Å, or most preferably 300 Å to 400 Å.

[0208] Clause 111: Insulated glass unit, A first ply having a No. 1 surface and a No. 2 surface facing the No. 1 surface, A second ply having a No.3 surface and a No.4 surface, Equipped with, The second ply is separated from the first ply, and the first and second plies are connected to each other. The insulated glass unit is, A functional coating on at least a portion of the No.3 surface or the No.4 surface, comprising a functional coating including a blocking layer on at least a portion of the No.3 surface or the No.4 surface, A metal layer on at least a portion of the blocking layer, A top layer on at least a portion of the metal layer, An insulated glass unit equipped with this feature.

[0209] Clause 112: The insulating glass unit according to Clause 111, wherein the blocking layer comprises a first film, a second film, and a third film.

[0210] Clause 113: The insulating glass unit according to Clause 112, wherein the first film of the blocking layer is a blocking film.

[0211] Clause 114: The insulating glass unit according to Clause 113, wherein the blocking film comprises silicon oxide, silicon aluminum oxide, silicon nitride, silicon aluminum nitride, silicon oxynitride, silicon aluminum oxynitride, titanium oxide, titanium aluminum oxide, or a combination thereof.

[0212] Clause 115: The insulating glass unit according to Clause 113, wherein the blocking film comprises silicon oxide, silicon aluminum oxide, silicon oxynitride, silicon aluminum oxynitride, or a combination thereof.

[0213] Clause 116: The insulating glass unit according to Clause 114 or 115, wherein the blocking film comprises silicon aluminum oxynitride.

[0214] Clause 117: The thermal insulation glass unit according to Clause 113, wherein the second film contains zinc stannate on at least a portion of the blocking film, and the third film contains zinc oxide on at least a portion of the second film.

[0215] Clause 118: The insulating glass unit according to Clause 116, wherein the blocking film has an oxygen-to-nitrogen ratio of 0%-50% oxygen to 100%-50% nitrogen, 10%-50% oxygen to 90%-50% nitrogen, 15%-40% oxygen to 85%-60% nitrogen, or 20%-50% oxygen to 80%-50% nitrogen.

[0216] Clause 119: The insulating glass unit according to Clause 116, wherein the blocking film comprises 5% to 20% by weight of aluminum and 95% to 80% by weight of silicon, 10% to 20% by weight of aluminum and 90% to 80% by weight of silicon, or 20% to 25% by weight of aluminum and 80% to 75% by weight of silicon.

[0217] Clause 120: An insulating glass unit according to any of Clauses 111 to 119, wherein the blocking film has an oxygen-to-nitrogen ratio of 20% to 50% oxygen to 80% to 50% nitrogen, contains 20% to 25% by weight of aluminum, and contains 80% to 75% by weight of silicon.

[0218] Clause 121: An insulating glass unit as described in Clause 120, having a refractive index of 1.70 to 1.80.

[0219] Clause 122: The insulating glass unit according to any one of Clauses 113 to 121, wherein the blocking film has a total thickness of 50 Å to 350 Å, preferably 50 Å to 300 Å, or most preferably 100 Å to 250 Å.

[0220] Clause 123: The insulating glass unit according to any one of Clauses 111 to 122, wherein the blocking layer has a total thickness of 150 Å to 850 Å, preferably 250 Å to 600 Å, or most preferably 200 Å to 500 Å.

[0221] Clause 124: The insulated glass unit according to Clauses 111-123, wherein the metal layer includes silver, gold, palladium, copper, alloys thereof, mixtures thereof, or combinations thereof.

[0222] Clause 125: The insulated glass unit as described in Clause 124, wherein the metal layer contains silver.

[0223] Clause 126: The insulated glass unit according to Clauses 111-125, wherein the metal layer is a continuous metal layer.

[0224] Clause 127: The thermal insulation glass unit according to Clauses 111 to 126, wherein the metal layer has a total thickness of 60 Å to 150 Å, preferably 60 Å to 100 Å, or most preferably 60 Å to 90 Å.

[0225] Clause 128: An insulated glass unit according to any of Clauses 111 to 127, wherein the top layer comprises a first film and a second film.

[0226] Clause 129: The thermal insulation glass unit according to Clause 128, wherein the first film of the top layer comprises zinc stannate on at least a portion of the metal layer, and the second film comprises silicon aluminum oxynitride on at least a portion of the first film.

[0227] Clause 130: The thermal insulation glass unit according to any one of Clauses 111 to 129, wherein the top layer has a total thickness of 50 Å to 750 Å, preferably 250 Å to 600 Å, more preferably 300 Å to 550 Å, or most preferably 300 Å to 400 Å.

[0228] Clause 131: A method for manufacturing a coated article, A step of providing a coated article having a first surface and a second surface opposite the first surface, wherein the coated article includes a blocking layer on at least a portion of the first surface or the second surface, a metal layer on at least a portion of the blocking layer, and a top layer on at least a portion of the metal layer. The process of tempering coated articles, Includes, A method for manufacturing a coated article, wherein the coated article has an optical color shift of 4.5 or less as measured by ΔEcmc after tempering.

[0229] Clause 132: The method according to Clause 131, wherein the blocking layer comprises a first film, a second film, and a third film.

[0230] Clause 133: The method according to Clause 132, wherein the first film of the blocking layer is a blocking film.

[0231] Clause 134: The method according to Clause 133, wherein the blocking film comprises silicon oxide, silicon aluminum oxide, silicon nitride, silicon aluminum nitride, silicon oxynitride, silicon aluminum oxynitride, titanium oxide, titanium aluminum oxide, or a combination thereof.

[0232] Clause 135: The method according to Clause 134, wherein the blocking film comprises silicon oxide, silicon aluminum oxide, silicon oxynitride, silicon aluminum oxynitride, or a combination thereof.

[0233] Clause 136: The method according to Clause 134 or 135, wherein the blocking film comprises silicon aluminum oxynitride.

[0234] Clause 137: The method according to Clause 132, wherein the second film contains zinc stannate on at least a portion of the blocking film, and the third film contains zinc oxide on at least a portion of the second film.

[0235] Clause 138: The method according to Clause 136, wherein the blocking film has an oxygen-to-nitrogen ratio of 0%-50% oxygen to 100%-50% nitrogen, 10%-50% oxygen to 90%-50% nitrogen, 15%-40% oxygen to 85%-60% nitrogen, or 20%-50% oxygen to 80%-50% nitrogen.

[0236] Clause 139: The method according to Clause 136, wherein the blocking film comprises 5% to 20% by weight of aluminum and 95% to 80% by weight of silicon, 10% to 20% by weight of aluminum and 90% to 80% by weight of silicon, or 20% to 25% by weight of aluminum and 80% to 75% by weight of silicon.

[0237] Clause 140: The method according to any of Clauses 131 to 139, wherein the blocking film has an oxygen-to-nitrogen ratio of 20% to 50% oxygen to 80% to 50% nitrogen, contains 20% to 25% by weight of aluminum, and contains 80% to 75% by weight of silicon.

[0238] Clause 141: The method according to Clause 136, wherein the refractive index is 1.70 to 1.80.

[0239] Clause 142: The method according to any one of Clauses 133 to 141, wherein the blocking film has a total thickness of 50 Å to 350 Å, preferably 50 Å to 300 Å, or most preferably 100 Å to 250 Å.

[0240] Clause 143: The method according to any one of Clauses 131 to 142, wherein the blocking layer has a total thickness of 150 Å to 850 Å, preferably 250 Å to 600 Å, or most preferably 200 Å to 500 Å.

[0241] Clause 144: The method according to Clauses 131-143, wherein the metal layer includes silver, gold, palladium, copper, alloys thereof, mixtures thereof, or combinations thereof.

[0242] Clause 145: The method according to Clause 144, wherein the metal layer contains silver.

[0243] Clause 146: The method according to Clauses 131-145, wherein the metal layer is a continuous metal layer.

[0244] Clause 147: The method according to Clauses 131 to 146, wherein the metal layer has a total thickness of 60 Å to 150 Å, preferably 60 Å to 100 Å, or most preferably 60 Å to 90 Å.

[0245] Clause 148: The method according to any of Clauses 131 to 147, wherein the top layer comprises a first film and a second film.

[0246] Clause 149: The method according to Clause 148, wherein the first film of the top layer comprises zinc stannate on at least a portion of the metal layer, and the second film comprises silicon aluminum oxynitride on at least a portion of the first film.

[0247] Clause 150: The method according to any one of Clauses 131 to 149, wherein the top layer has a total thickness of 50 Å to 750 Å, preferably 250 Å to 600 Å, more preferably 300 Å to 550 Å, or most preferably 300 Å to 400 Å.

[0248] Clause 151: The method according to Clause 131, wherein the coated article has an optical color shift of 4.0 or less as measured by ΔEcmc after tempering.

[0249] Clause 152: A method for reducing dendrite formation in a metal layer of a coated article, the method being: A process for providing a coated article, wherein the coated article has a first surface and a second surface opposite to the first surface, a blocking layer on at least a portion of the first surface or the second surface, and a metal layer on at least a portion of the blocking layer. The delivery process, including, A step of forming a top layer on at least a portion of the metal layer, The process of tempering coated articles, Includes, A method in which the formation of dendrites within the metal layer is reduced in coated articles after tempering.

[0250] Clause 153: The method according to Clause 152, wherein the blocking layer comprises a first film, a second film, and a third film.

[0251] Clause 154: The method according to Clause 153, wherein the first film of the blocking layer is a blocking film.

[0252] Clause 155: The method according to Clause 154, wherein the blocking film comprises silicon oxide, silicon aluminum oxide, silicon nitride, silicon aluminum nitride, silicon oxynitride, silicon aluminum oxynitride, titanium oxide, titanium aluminum oxide, or a combination thereof.

[0253] Clause 156: The method according to Clause 155, wherein the blocking film comprises silicon oxide, silicon aluminum oxide, silicon oxynitride, silicon aluminum oxynitride, or a combination thereof.

[0254] Clause 157: The method according to Clause 155 or 156, wherein the blocking film comprises silicon aluminum oxynitride.

[0255] Clause 158: The method according to Clause 153, wherein the second film contains zinc stannate on at least a portion of the blocking film, and the third film contains zinc oxide on at least a portion of the second film.

[0256] Clause 159: The method according to Clause 157, wherein the blocking film has an oxygen-to-nitrogen ratio of 0%-50% oxygen to 100%-50% nitrogen, 10%-50% oxygen to 90%-50% nitrogen, 15%-40% oxygen to 85%-60% nitrogen, or 20%-50% oxygen to 80%-50% nitrogen.

[0257] Clause 160: The method according to Clause 157, wherein the blocking film comprises 5% to 20% by weight of aluminum and 95% to 80% by weight of silicon, 10% to 20% by weight of aluminum and 90% to 80% by weight of silicon, or 20% to 25% by weight of aluminum and 80% to 75% by weight of silicon.

[0258] Clause 161: The method according to any of the descriptions in Clauses 153 to 160, wherein the blocking film has an oxygen-to-nitrogen ratio of 20% to 50% oxygen to 80% to 50% nitrogen, contains 20% to 25% by weight of aluminum, and contains 80% to 75% by weight of silicon.

[0259] Clause 162: The method according to Clause 157, wherein the refractive index is 1.70 to 1.80.

[0260] Clause 163: The method according to any one of Clauses 153 to 162, wherein the blocking film has a total thickness of 50 Å to 350 Å, preferably 50 Å to 300 Å, or most preferably 100 Å to 250 Å.

[0261] Clause 164: The method according to any one of Clauses 152 to 163, wherein the blocking layer has a total thickness of 150 Å to 850 Å, preferably 250 Å to 600 Å, or most preferably 200 Å to 500 Å.

[0262] Clause 165: The method according to Clauses 152-164, wherein the metal layer includes silver, gold, palladium, copper, alloys thereof, mixtures thereof, or combinations thereof.

[0263] Clause 166: The method according to Clause 165, wherein the metal layer comprises silver.

[0264] Clause 167: The method according to Clauses 152-166, wherein the metal layer is a continuous metal layer.

[0265] Clause 168: The method according to Clauses 152 to 167, wherein the metal layer has a total thickness of 60 Å to 150 Å, preferably 60 Å to 100 Å, or most preferably 60 Å to 90 Å.

[0266] Clause 169: The method according to any one of Clauses 152 to 168, wherein the top layer includes a first film and a second film.

[0267] Clause 170: The method according to Clause 169, wherein the first film of the top layer contains zinc stannate on at least a part of the metal layer, and the second film contains silicon aluminum oxynitride on at least a part of the first film.

[0268] Clause 171: The method according to any one of Clauses 152 to 170, wherein the top layer has a total thickness of 50 Å to 750 Å, preferably 250 Å to 600 Å, more preferably 300 Å to 550 Å, or most preferably 300 Å to 400 Å.

[0269] Clause 172: A method for reducing the red haze of a coated article, the method comprising: providing a coated article, the coated article having a first surface and a second surface opposite the first surface, and including a blocking layer on at least a part of the first surface or the second surface, and a metal layer on at least a part of the blocking layer, the providing step; forming a top layer on at least a part of the metal layer; annealing the coated article; and, wherein the coated article has reduced dendrite formation in the metal layer after annealing.

[0270] Clause 173: The method according to Clause 172, wherein the blocking layer includes a first film, a second film, and a third film.

[0271] Clause 174: The method according to Clause 173, wherein the first film of the blocking layer is a blocking film.

[0272] Clause 175: The method according to Clause 174, wherein the blocking film comprises silicon oxide, silicon aluminum oxide, silicon nitride, silicon aluminum nitride, silicon oxynitride, silicon aluminum oxynitride, titanium oxide, titanium aluminum oxide, or a combination thereof.

[0273] Clause 176: The method according to Clause 175, wherein the blocking film comprises silicon oxide, silicon aluminum oxide, silicon oxynitride, silicon aluminum oxynitride, or a combination thereof.

[0274] Clause 177: The method according to Clause 175 or 176, wherein the blocking film comprises silicon aluminum oxynitride.

[0275] Clause 178: The method according to Clause 173, wherein the second film comprises zinc stannate on at least a part of the blocking film, and the third film comprises zinc oxide on at least a part of the second film.

[0276] Clause 179: The method according to Clause 177, wherein the blocking film has an oxygen-to-nitrogen ratio of 0% to 50% oxygen to 100% to 50% nitrogen, 10% to 50% oxygen to 90% to 50% nitrogen, 15% to 40% oxygen to 85% to 60% nitrogen, or 20% to 50% oxygen to 80% to 50% nitrogen.

[0277] Clause 180: The method according to Clause 177, wherein the blocking film comprises 5 wt% to 20 wt% aluminum and 95 wt% to 80 wt% silicon, 10 wt% to 20 wt% aluminum and 90 wt% to 80 wt% silicon, or 20 wt% to 25 wt% aluminum and 80 wt% to 75 wt% silicon.

[0278] Clause 181: The method according to any one of Clauses 173 to 180, wherein the blocking film has an oxygen-to-nitrogen ratio of 20% to 50% oxygen to 80% to 50% nitrogen, comprises 20 wt% to 25 wt% aluminum, and comprises 80 wt% to 75 wt% silicon.

[0279] Clause 182: The method according to Clause 177, wherein the refractive index is 1.70 to 1.80.

[0280] Clause 183: The method according to any one of Clauses 173 to 182, wherein the blocking film has a total thickness of 50 Å to 350 Å, preferably 50 Å to 300 Å, or most preferably 100 Å to 250 Å.

[0281] Clause 184: The method according to any one of Clauses 172 to 163, wherein the blocking layer has a total thickness of 150 Å to 850 Å, preferably 250 Å to 600 Å, or most preferably 200 Å to 500 Å.

[0282] Clause 185: The method according to Clauses 172-184, wherein the metal layer includes silver, gold, palladium, copper, alloys thereof, mixtures thereof, or combinations thereof.

[0283] Clause 186: The method according to Clause 185, wherein the metal layer comprises silver.

[0284] Clause 187: The method according to Clauses 172-186, wherein the metal layer is a continuous metal layer.

[0285] Clause 188: The method according to Clauses 172 to 187, wherein the metal layer has a total thickness of 60 Å to 150 Å, preferably 60 Å to 100 Å, or most preferably 60 Å to 90 Å.

[0286] Clause 189: The method according to any of Clauses 172 to 188, wherein the top layer comprises a first film and a second film.

[0287] Clause 190: The method according to Clause 189, wherein the first film of the top layer comprises zinc stannate on at least a portion of the metal layer, and the second film comprises silicon aluminum oxynitride on at least a portion of the first film.

[0288] Clause 191: The method according to any one of Clauses 172 to 190, wherein the top layer has a total thickness of 50 Å to 750 Å, preferably 250 Å to 600 Å, more preferably 300 Å to 550 Å, or most preferably 300 Å to 400 Å.

Example

[0289] [Example 1]

[0290] The substrate was coated with a functional coating according to Table 1. The substrate was glass. The functional layer included a blocking layer disposed on the substrate, and the blocking layer included a blocking film as the first film, a metal layer, a primer layer, a top layer, and optionally a protective film. The blocking film of the blocking layer contained silicon aluminum oxide (SiAlO). The blocking layer further included a zinc stannate film and a zinc oxide film. The top layer contained a zinc stannate film and a silicon aluminum oxynitride film. An optional protective film containing SiAlN or TiAlO was disposed on the silicon aluminum oxynitride film of the top layer, and an optional second protective film containing TiAlO was disposed on the first protective film containing SiAlN. Comparative Examples CE-1, CE-2, CE-3, CE-4, and CE-5 were prepared according to Table 2 without a blocking film.

Table 1

Table 2

[0291] The resulting color characteristics of the coated articles are shown in Table 3.

Table 3

[0292] [Example 2]

[0293] As disclosed in Table 4, the substrate was coated with a functional coating. The substrate was glass. The functional layer included a blocking layer placed on the substrate, which included a blocking film as a first film, a metal layer, a primer layer, a top layer, and optionally a protective film. The blocking film of the blocking layer contained silicon aluminum nitride (SiAlN) or silicon aluminum oxynitride (SiAlON). The blocking layer further included a zinc stanate film and a zinc oxide film. A metal layer was placed on top of the zinc oxide film of the blocking layer. The metal layer was a continuous silver layer. A primer layer was placed on top of the metal layer, and a top layer was placed on top of the primer layer. The top layer contained a zinc stanate film and a silicon aluminum oxynitride film. An optional protective film containing SiAlN was placed on top of the SiAlON film of the top layer. Comparative Examples CE-1 and CE-2 were prepared according to Table 5, without a blocking film, using only the first and second dielectric films of zinc stanate and zinc oxide, respectively. [Table 4] [Table 5]

[0294] The resulting color characteristics of the coated articles are shown in Table 6. [Table 6]

[0295] [Example 3]

[0296] A substrate was coated with a functional coating having a blocking layer. The substrate was glass. The functional coating included a blocking layer disposed on the substrate, which included a blocking film as a first film, a first metal layer, a primer layer, a first intermediate layer, a second metal layer, a second primer layer, a top layer, and a protective layer. The blocking film of the blocking layer contained SiAlN (thickness 50 Å, 150 Å, or 300 Å), SiAlON (thickness 50 Å, 150 Å, or 300 Å), or SiAlO (thickness 150 Å, 200 Å, or 250 Å). The blocking layer further included a zinc stanate film as a second film and a zinc oxide film as a third film. The first metal layer was disposed on the zinc oxide film of the blocking layer. The first metal layer was a continuous silver layer. A first titanium primer layer was placed on top of a first metal layer, and a first intermediate layer was placed on top of the first primer layer. The first intermediate layer contained a first film containing zinc oxide, a second film containing zinc stannate, and a third film containing zinc oxide. A second metal layer was placed on top of the first intermediate layer. The second metal layer was a continuous silver layer. A second titanium primer layer was placed on top of the second metal layer. A top layer was placed on top of the second primer layer. The top layer contained zinc stannate as the first film and a zinc oxide film as the second film. A protective layer containing titanium dioxide was placed on top of the top layer. Comparative examples were prepared without blocking films and had only first and second dielectric films of zinc stannate and zinc oxide, respectively.

[0297] The resulting color characteristics of the coated substrate are shown in Figure 6. A reduction in color shift was observed in both the Rf and Rg attributes due to the use of the blocking film.

[0298] [Example 4]

[0299] The coated substrates were analyzed using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). A baseline substrate with ZnSn on glass was prepared and analyzed using XPS. A sample substrate was prepared with a SiAlN blocking film on glass, and ZnSn on the SiAlN blocking film. This sample substrate was analyzed using XPS. A second sample substrate was prepared with a SiAlO blocking film on glass, and ZnSn on the SiAlO blocking film. This sample substrate was analyzed using XPS. In the baseline substrate, zinc migrated deep into the substrate, and calcium migrated into the coating. In the sample substrates, the migration of zinc towards the glass substrate decreased, and the migration of calcium, magnesium, and sodium from the glass substrate to the coating stack decreased.

[0300] [Example 5]

[0301] Monolithic glass and insulated glass units (IGUs) were prepared using the present invention's coating and a double, triple, or quadruple layer of silver low-e coating (without blocking layer) of the baseline.

[0302] The baseline low-e coating had the following general structure: Glass / dielectric / metal layer + primer layer / dielectric layer. The baseline low e-coatings metal layer is a continuous metal layer and may have at least one primer layer or two primer layers.

[0303] In the case of the monolithic glass in Example 7, the coating of the present invention was applied to a clear glass substrate. In the case of the monolithic glass in Comparative Example 8, the baseline coating was applied to a clear glass substrate.

[0304] The IGU in Example 8 had the following structure: Clear glass void No. 3 Clear glass with the coating of the present invention applied to its surface.

[0305] The IGU of Comparative Example 9 had the following structure: Clear glass void No. 3: Glass with a baseline coating applied to the surface.

[0306] The IGU in Example 9 had the following structure: No. 2 Clear glass with a baseline coating applied to the surface. void No. 4 Glass with the coating of the present invention applied to its surface.

[0307] The IGU of Comparative Example 10 had the following structure: No. 2 Clear glass with a baseline coating applied to the surface. void No. 4 Glass with a baseline coating applied to the surface.

[0308] The obtained color characteristics of the baseline monolithic glass and IGU are shown in Table 7. [Table 7]

[0309] [Example 6]

[0310] Table 8 shows exemplary coated articles of the present invention. [Table 8]

[0311] [Example 7]

[0312] Table 9 shows exemplary coated articles of the present invention. [Table 9]

[0313] [Example 8]

[0314] Table 10 shows exemplary coated articles of the present invention. [Table 10]

[0315] [Example 9]

[0316] Table 11 shows exemplary coated articles of the present invention. [Table 11]

[0317] [Example 10]

[0318] Table 12 shows exemplary coated articles of the present invention. [Table 12]

[0319] [Example 11]

[0320] A glass substrate was coated with a blocking layer, the blocking layer comprising a blocking film, a second film of zinc stannate, and a third film of zinc oxide. The blocking film was either SiAlN (thickness 150 Å, 200 Å, or 300 Å) or SiAlON (thickness 150 Å or 300 Å). The coated substrates were heated and their web rub durability was measured. Glass substrates coated with 150 Å and 200 Å thick SiAlN blocking films showed a decrease in wet rub acceptability after heating. Glass substrates coated with a 300 Å thick SiAlN blocking film maintained a wet rub acceptability of 100% before and after heating. Glass substrates coated with a 150 Å thick SiAlON blocking film maintained a wet red rub acceptability of 100% after heating. A glass substrate coated with a 300 Å thick SiAlON blocking film exhibited 100% wet rub acceptability both before and after heating.

[0321] Those skilled in the art will readily understand that modifications to the present invention can be made without departing from the concepts disclosed in the foregoing description. Accordingly, the specific embodiments described in detail herein are merely illustrative and do not limit the scope of the invention, which extends to the entire scope of the appended claims and all equivalents thereof.

Claims

1. A substrate having a first surface and a second surface opposite to the first surface, A functional coating applied to a first surface or a second surface, A coated article including, Functional coatings are A blocking layer located on and in direct contact with at least a portion of the substrate, A metal layer containing silver is located on at least a portion of the blocking layer, A top layer on at least a portion of the metal layer, Includes, Here, the blocking layer consists of a first film, a second film, and a third film on at least a portion of the substrate. The first film is a blocking film, which is selected from the group consisting of silicon oxide, silicon aluminum oxide, silicon oxynitride, silicon aluminum oxynitride, and combinations thereof, and has a total thickness of 50 Å to 350 Å. The second film is located on at least a portion of the blocking film and contains zinc stannate. The third film is located on at least a portion of the second film and contains zinc oxide. The coated article is a coated article that is temperable.

2. The coated article according to claim 1, wherein, if the blocking film contains silicon aluminum oxynitride, the blocking film has an oxygen-to-nitrogen ratio of 5% to 50% by weight of oxygen to 95% to 50% by weight of nitrogen.

3. The coated article according to claim 1, wherein the blocking film comprises 1% to 25% by weight of aluminum and 99% to 75% by weight of silicon.

4. The coated article according to claim 1, wherein the optical refractive index of the blocking film is 1.4 or more and 2.3 or less at 550 nm.

5. Further comprising a first primer layer formed on a metal layer, The coated article according to claim 1, wherein the primer layer is selected from the group consisting of titanium, silicon, silicon dioxide, silicon nitride, silicon oxynitride, nickel, zirconium, zinc, aluminum, cobalt, chromium, aluminum, alloys thereof, or mixtures thereof.

6. Further includes an outermost protective coating that includes a protective layer, The protective layer is Si ３ N ４ The coated article according to claim 1, comprising at least one of SiAlN, SiAlON, TiAlO, titania, alumina, silica, zirconia, or a combination thereof.

7. The functional coating applied to the aforementioned surface is A first intermediate layer on at least a portion of the metal layer, A second metallic layer containing silver is located on at least a portion of the intermediate layer, Any second primer layer on at least a portion of the second metal layer, It further includes, The coated article according to claim 1, wherein the top layer is on at least a portion of a second metal layer or any second primer layer.

8. The functional coating applied to the aforementioned surface is A first intermediate layer on at least a portion of the metal layer, A second metal layer containing silver is located on at least a portion of the first intermediate layer, A second intermediate layer on at least a portion of the second metal layer, A third metal layer containing silver is located on at least a portion of the second intermediate layer, Any third primer layer on at least a portion of the third metal layer, It further includes, The coated article according to claim 1, wherein the top layer is on at least a portion of a third metal layer or any third primer layer.

9. The coating applied to the aforementioned surface A first intermediate layer on at least a portion of the metal layer, A second metal layer containing silver is located on at least a portion of the first intermediate layer, A second intermediate layer on at least a portion of the second metal layer, A third metal layer containing silver is located on at least a portion of the second intermediate layer, A third intermediate layer on at least a portion of the third metal layer, A fourth metal layer containing silver is located on at least a portion of the third intermediate layer, Any fourth primer layer on at least a portion of the fourth metal layer, It further includes, The coated article according to claim 1, wherein the top layer is on at least a portion of a fourth metal layer or any fourth primer layer.

10. A method for manufacturing a coated article, A step of providing a coated article having a first surface and a second surface opposite the first surface, wherein the coated article includes a blocking layer on and in direct contact with at least a portion of the first surface or the second surface, a silver-containing metal layer on at least a portion of the blocking layer, and a top layer on at least a portion of the metal layer. The process of tempering coated articles, Includes, Here, the blocking layer consists of a first film, a second film, and a third film on at least a portion of the substrate, the first film being a blocking film, the blocking film being selected from the group consisting of silicon oxide, silicon aluminum oxide, silicon oxynitride, silicon aluminum oxynitride, and combinations thereof, and having a total thickness of 50 Å to 350 Å, the second film being on at least a portion of the first film and containing zinc stannate, and the third film being on at least a portion of the second film and containing zinc oxide. A method for manufacturing a coated article, wherein the coated article has an optical color shift of 4.5 or less as measured by ΔEcmc after tempering.

11. A method for reducing red haze on a coated article, the method being: A step of providing a coated article having a first surface and a second surface opposite the first surface, wherein the coated article includes a blocking layer on and in direct contact with at least a portion of the first surface or the second surface, a silver-containing metal layer on at least a portion of the blocking layer, and a top layer on at least a portion of the metal layer. The process of tempering coated articles, Includes, Here, the blocking layer consists of a first film, a second film, and a third film on at least a portion of the substrate, the first film being a blocking film, the blocking film being selected from the group consisting of silicon oxide, silicon aluminum oxide, silicon oxynitride, silicon aluminum oxynitride, and combinations thereof, and having a total thickness of 50 Å to 350 Å, the second film being on at least a portion of the first film and containing zinc stannate, and the third film being on at least a portion of the second film and containing zinc oxide. A method wherein the coated article exhibits reduced red haze after tempering.

Images