Method, multi-part friction disc, and manufacturing device for additive manufacturing of an object

Abstract

The present invention relates to a method for additive manufacturing of an object, comprising the step of optionally preheating and feeding a strand-shaped starting material (7) to a friction arrangement, and comprising the step of accelerating the starting material (7) in an output direction through the friction arrangement in order to apply the starting material (7), in particular layer by layer, to a construction platform and / or to already manufactured regions of the object, in order to manufacture the object. The strand-shaped starting material (7) is at least partly liquefied and / or at least partly plasticised and / or at least partly broken down into particles by the friction arrangement. The friction arrangement has exactly one or at least one friction disc (1) which is in two or more parts. The present invention further relates to a friction disc and to a manufacturing device (300).

Description

[0001] Pirmin Clarkson et al. Description Method, multi-part friction disc and manufacturing device for the additive manufacturing of an object The present invention relates to a method for the additive manufacturing of an object according to claim 1, a friction disc according to claim 23 and a manufacturing device for the additive manufacturing of an object according to claim 31 or according to the respective preambles or generic terms of these claims. Additive manufacturing is sometimes also referred to simply as 3D printing. Additive manufacturing devices are known from the prior art in order to create a desired spatial geometry. Such techniques are also being used more and more frequently in the production of components, e.g. from concrete. In some methods, a hardenable or hardening material, e.g.such as concrete or another (inorganic, mineral or organically bound) material is applied layer by layer to a surface in order to create three-dimensional components or structures (hereinafter also subsumed under “component” purely for example but not limited to this). The concrete or the hardenable or curing material (hereinafter also subsumed under “concrete” purely for example but not limited to this) can be applied to the surface as a ready-made mixture or only finally created on the surface (e.g. by adding an activator or binder such as cement paste to a particle bed). Concrete components, or other hardenable or curing materials such as Pirmin Clarkson et al., e.g. components made of clay or other, optionally mineral-bound components, usually require internal or external reinforcement for tensile and flexural loads, which is incorporated into the concrete component.Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM), for example, is used for the additive manufacturing of reinforcement. Here, reinforcing steel is produced layer by layer using arc welding. According to the current state of the art, the layer by layer production of the reinforcement takes place several layers in advance, before the layer-by-layer application of the hardenable material, such as concrete. One object of the present invention is to provide a further method for the additive manufacturing of an object. Furthermore, a further friction disc and a further manufacturing device for the additive manufacturing of an object are to be provided. The object of the invention is achieved by a method for the additive manufacturing of an object having the features of claim 1, a friction disc having the features of claim 23, and a manufacturing device for the additive manufacturing of an object having the features of claim 31.According to the invention, a method for the additive manufacturing of an object is proposed. The method according to the invention comprises, as one step, feeding a strand-shaped starting material to a friction arrangement. Optionally, preheating of the starting material can be provided in this step and / or the starting material can be preheated. The feeding is preferably carried out by the friction arrangement and / or particularly preferably by at least one (additional) Pirmin Clarkson et al. feeding device. The friction (between the fed starting material and the friction arrangement or parts thereof) within the friction arrangement preferably mediates heating and / or cutting and / or machining of the starting material, as a result of which it preferably loses its strand shape. As a further step, the method according to the invention comprises accelerating the starting material along an output direction by the friction arrangement.The acceleration serves to apply the starting material, in particular layer by layer, to a construction platform and / or to already manufactured areas of the object for production of the object. In this way, a (otherwise manufactured) partial object (alternatively referred to as a semi-finished product) can optionally be further processed and / or completed and / or in this way an at least partially finished or finished object can be treated with at least one layer and / or a coating made of the starting material. The strand-like starting material is at least partially liquefied and / or accelerated and / or heated and / or at least partially plasticized and / or at least partially broken down into particles by the friction arrangement.For this purpose, the friction arrangement has precisely one or at least one friction disc, which is one-part, two-part or multi-part and / or has precisely one or at least one friction plate or element inserted into it and / or at least partially received thereby and / or connected thereto. According to the invention, a friction disc is proposed which is used in a friction arrangement of a manufacturing device for the additive manufacturing of an object Pirmin Clarkson et al., wherein the friction disc according to the invention is preferably two-part or multi-part and / or has precisely one or at least one friction plate or element inserted into it and / or at least partially received thereby and / or connected thereto. According to the invention, a manufacturing device for the additive manufacturing of an object is proposed which has a friction arrangement to which a strand-shaped starting material can be fed.The friction arrangement is designed to accelerate the starting material along a dispensing direction in order to apply the starting material, in particular layer by layer, to a construction platform and / or to already manufactured regions of the object and / or to another object, for example a semi-finished product, for the production of the object. It is further designed to at least partially heat and / or liquefy and / or at least partially plasticize and / or at least partially crush the strand-like starting material into particles. For this purpose, the friction arrangement has precisely one or at least one friction disc according to the invention. The kinetic energy imparted by the acceleration of the starting material can be used in particular to produce a connection between the starting material and already manufactured regions of the object and / or to other objects and / or to semi-finished products.The starting material is preferably applied by a positive connection, in particular by mechanical interlocking due to the kinetic energy of the Pirmin Clarkson et al. accelerated starting material, as well as by deformation when the same impacts the build platform or the already manufactured areas of the object or another object or a semi-finished product and / or by a material connection with already manufactured areas of the object, in particular based on melting and / or plasticizing the starting material and / or the already manufactured areas of the object. The build-up, in particular the layer build-up, is preferably carried out by a combination of thermal energy (optionally only heat) and kinetic energy, or at least predominantly only kinetic energy.This enables additive manufacturing to be achieved using a simple and cost-effective manufacturing device, achieving optimal bonding within the manufactured object. In addition, the kinetic energy of the starting material after acceleration in the friction arrangement preferably results in only minimal or at least reduced heat input into the object and / or into another object and / or into a semi-finished product during production, thereby avoiding or at least reducing damage to the object or, if the object is part of a composite body, to other components of the composite body. Compared to arc welding, the heat input can be reduced in particular, although, depending on the design of the acceleration, a moderate to medium heat input can also be maintained.This moderate to medium heat input can, in some embodiments, depend on the melting temperature of the material, i.e., for example, amount to 20% to 90% of the heat energy to be applied according to the prior art up to the respective melting temperature or can cause this. Finally, according to Pirmin Clarkson et al., in some embodiments, the friction arrangement enables rapid heating and thus a high material throughput, which leads to high speeds during construction, in particular during layer construction. If method steps are mentioned herein, the device according to the invention is configured in some embodiments to carry out one, several or all of these method steps, in particular if these are automatically performable steps, in any combination, or corresponding devices, which are preferably based on the name of the respective method step (e.g.“Feeding” as a method step and “device for feeding” for the device, etc.) and which can also be part of the device(s) according to the invention or can be connected thereto in a signal connection, to be controlled accordingly. When programmed or configured is mentioned here, these terms can be interchangeable in some embodiments. When a signal or communication connection between two components is mentioned here, this can be understood to mean a connection that exists in use. It can also be understood to mean that there is preparation for such a signal connection (wired, wireless or implemented in another way), for example by coupling the two components, for example by means of pairing, etc. Pairing is understood to be a process that takes place in connection with computer networks in order to create an initial Pirmin Clarkson et al.Establishing a link between computer units for the purpose of communication. The best known example of this is establishing a Bluetooth connection, by means of which various devices (e.g. smartphone, headphones) are connected to one another. Pairing is occasionally also referred to as bonding. A control device provided and configured for this purpose can initiate the execution of all or substantially all of the method steps disclosed herein. The method according to the invention can be carried out substantially or entirely by the control device. It can be carried out partially by the control device; in particular, those steps which do not require or involve human intervention and / or provision can be carried out by the control device. The control device can serve as a pure control device or also as a regulating device.In some embodiments, the control device is present in or on the production device, for example, together with other components or devices of the production device in a common housing of the production device. Whenever spatial information, such as "top," "bottom," "left," or "right," is mentioned herein, the person skilled in the art understands this to refer to the arrangement in the figures attached here and / or in the state of use. "Bottom" is closer to the center of the earth or the lower edge of the figure than "top." Pirmin Clarkson et al. Preferably, the normal Cartesian coordinate system applies, with the x- and y-directions preferably extending within the plane of the build platform and the z-axis pointing vertically upwards. When an angle α is mentioned, this describes or relates to a rotation about the z-axis, β a rotation about the x-axis, and γ a rotation about the y-axis.A "friction arrangement" consists of one, two or more rotating friction discs which come into contact with or are in contact with the strand-shaped starting material, or has such. A "starting material" is at least predominantly strand-shaped and consists of at least one material and / or an alloy, such as at least one metal or a polymer, which can optionally be filled or reinforced with short fibers or other particles, for example. A "starting material" can basically consist of any material, any composite material and any material combination which is suitable for being able to be formed at least within certain sections and / or at least predominantly strand-shaped and for forming a friction arrangement with at least one, two or more friction discs.The “build area” is at least one area within the production device in which heated or hot, accelerated particles are decelerated upon impact with a surface and preferably and / or predominantly form a material-locking and / or form-fitting connection with the surface material. Pirmin Clarkson et al. The “process area” is at least the immediate area of ​​a friction arrangement in which the starting material comes into contact with one or at least two friction disks and is heated and / or accelerated in the process. In certain embodiments, the term “process area” can be replaced by the term “contact area” and vice versa. In some embodiments, a “process area” is an extended and / or enlarged area of ​​the “contact area”, preferably at least predominantly in the direction and / or orientation of the dispensing direction.When "friction discs" are mentioned herein, this particularly refers to any type of machine element that has an at least largely rotationally symmetrical design. The "friction discs" are preferably designed to convert kinetic energy into frictional heat through friction against one another and / or against another body, such as, for example, against a supplied starting material for additive manufacturing. Preferably, one "friction disc" or at least two "friction discs" are designed to accelerate supplied starting material to high to very high speeds. In some embodiments, at least one friction disc can have a diameter, outer diameter and / or effective diameter between 30 mm and 400 mm, preferably between 50 mm and 300 mm, more preferably between 80 mm and 260 mm and most preferably between 120 mm and 250 mm, such as, for example, between 150 and 250 mm or between 35 mm and 120 mm.Pirmin Clarkson et al. One or at least two “friction disk(s)” can be designed in any possible diameter and / or effective diameter. In some embodiments, one “friction disk” and / or at least two “friction disks” are fixedly and / or detachably connected to further machine elements, which are designed in particular to introduce the friction power into a preferably strand-shaped starting material within the friction pairing and / or to accelerate at least parts of a strand-shaped starting material and / or to divide them into pieces or particles. A “friction disk” can be designed for this purpose with predefined machining, cutting, and / or scraping devices such as at least one, preferably two or more, preferably regularly, at predefined intervals, replaceable (indexable) cutting plates.A “friction surface” is to be understood herein in particular as that region of a friction disc in which a deliberate and / or predetermined frictional contact is accompanied by heat development or in which a significant interaction between a strand-like starting material and the friction disc takes place at least predominantly. A “friction surface” can be smooth or relatively smooth, such as a polished surface, or it can have a deliberate roughness. A “friction surface” can have at least locally arranged surface structures which preferably promote frictional contact. In some embodiments, such surface structures can be designed as elevations, such as small pyramids, and / or as depressions. A “friction surface” can be a surface coating of a friction disc or a replaceable machine element for application and / or Pirmin Clarkson et al.Introduction, in particular for segmented application and / or introduction, onto and / or into a friction disc. Such replaceable machine elements are also referred to herein as “friction plates”. Machine elements such as (indexable) cutting inserts and / or machine elements which at least resemble indexable inserts (from the milling sector) in terms of appearance and / or function, but which, for example, have no or at least predominantly no cutting effect, but rather a scraping or very strong scraping effect on the starting material, are to be regarded according to the invention as at least one “friction surface”. Machine elements such as (indexable) cutting inserts can, in some embodiments, be at least partially or completely designed and / or arranged within the friction disc in such a way that they exert at least some or predominantly a cutting effect on the starting material.A person skilled in the art understands a "cutting effect" to mean a rake angle greater than 0° and / or a cutting angle less than 90°. The term "starting material" is preferably understood to mean any material in a solid initial state which, through the application of frictional energy and / or machining energy according to the invention, can be converted into a plastic and / or molten state and / or at least partially broken down into particles. In some embodiments, a "starting material" or at least parts thereof are heated within the device and method according to the invention to temperatures that are below the melting point and / or below a plastic temperature range of at least components of the "starting material", and in some cases even far below.A “strand-shaped starting material” is preferably circular or at least predominantly circular in its cross-section with preferred diameters between 0.25 mm and 8 mm. The cross-section can also have other shapes such as an oval, a triangle, a square, a polygon, a polygon or a star shape, whereby the circumference of such shapes preferably has a diameter of less than 15 mm. A “strand-shaped starting material” can also be designed as a tube, such as a round tube or a rectangular tube, i.e. it can have a recess / cutout that extends along the longitudinal direction of the “strand-shaped starting material”. A “strand-shaped starting material” can be provided with grooves, slots, embossings and / or knurling, preferably on its peripheral region.A “strand-like starting material” can have a length of a few centimeters up to several kilometers if it can be stored on or in appropriate devices or processed in another way. A “strand-like starting material” can be produced from any starting material as well as from a combination of starting materials using various processes. For example, it can be produced from two or more materials by coextrusion and / or it can be modified with nanoparticles. A “strand-like starting material” can have at least one coating. A “build platform” is preferably any type of substrate and / or any type of surface suitable for receiving starting material according to the inventive embodiments mentioned herein. In some embodiments, a “build platform” can be flat or nearly flat.In some embodiments, it may have an uneven surface design. In some embodiments, a “build platform” may have locally different textures and / or elements and / or be made of different materials in any combination. A “build platform” may be formed from solid or predominantly solid material, or may be composed of soft and / or loose components, such as granular fills. In some embodiments, a “build platform” may comprise or be a liquid. In some embodiments, a “build platform” may have a smooth or rough surface, at least partially and / or in places. In some embodiments, a “build platform” may be designed in different levels. In some embodiments, a “build platform” may have at least one coating and / or have been subjected to a pretreatment.In some embodiments, a “build platform” can be an at least partially finished object, such as a predetermined semi-finished product or a plurality of predetermined semi-finished products of the same or different design. Pirmin Clarkson et al. An “object” is to be understood in particular as a part or structure in any shape and made of any material that can be manufactured using the method and / or device of this invention. Parts or regions of an entire component or assembly can also be regarded as an “object.” Particularly preferably, an “object” is formed largely from at least one metal or a polymer or contains at least larger proportions of one of them. In some embodiments, an object can be at least one reinforcement or a reinforcement structure within an element or structure made of curable or curing material (such as concrete) and / or within a component.A “component” is in particular any physical structure which can be manufactured at least in part using the method and / or the device according to the invention. A “component” is preferably a combination of a hardenable or hardening material, such as concrete, and / or at least one metal and / or at least one polymer material. According to the invention, a “semi-finished product” can be any type of raw material which does not yet correspond to the final object and / or the final component, preferably not yet corresponding to the final geometry or the final shape. For example, mechanically worn machine elements can be machined according to the invention and are to be understood herein as “semi-finished products”. Pirmin Clarkson et al. An “output direction” preferably describes the movement trajectory of a starting material, in particular in the area between the friction surface and the build platform orin the area between the friction surface and the object. The geometric design of an “output direction” can at least approximately form a line, or represent a more or less planar or three-dimensional spread. The projected material jet of a “output direction” can at least predominantly represent a point or a circular area or an at least partially elliptical shape, or can take on any other geometric shape. In some embodiments, the projected material jet of a “output direction” can also have the cross-sectional shape of a tube. The projected material jet of a “output direction” can be more or less geometrically undefined and thus more comparable to the impact behavior of shotgun pellets. The movement trajectory of a “output direction” can also have a spin and thus at least roughly correspond to a helix.Starting from the friction surfaces, the direction vectors of a "dispensing direction" preferably intersect the surface of the build platform and / or parts of the object. A "dispensing direction" is oriented in particular in the direction of the build platform and / or a semi-finished product to be processed and can preferably assume an angle of 0° to 90° with respect to a perpendicular of the build platform or a semi-finished product. In some embodiments, the direction vectors of a "dispensing direction" are at least largely non-parallel, but rather exhibit certain divergence angles. A significant scattering angle can be formed in one or two dimensions (δ1 and δ2) and each preferably assumes opening angles of up to 90° and particularly preferably of less than 60°, such as less than 45° or less than 30°. In some embodiments, at least one scattering angle is less than 20°, preferably less than 15°, and particularly preferably less than 10°.To determine the scattering angle, only the main material stream should be considered. Outliers, splashes, and / or ricochets should not be taken into account. In certain embodiments, the main material stream contains at least 95% of the corresponding (supplied) starting material, preferably at least 97%, and particularly preferably at least 99%. "Concrete" is understood herein to mean material mixtures consisting of an aggregate (from rocks such as sand, gravel, or aggregates made of other materials such as glass, clay, or wood), a binder such as cement, water, and possibly other additives. The binder is preferably primarily inorganic and / or mineral or organic, such as cement, geopolymer, magnesia binder, or reactive resins.Mortar or fine-grained concrete, which is technically usually defined as such by the choice of a maximum grain size of less than or equal to 4 mm, also falls under the term "concrete" according to the invention. A hardenable material, or curing material, which can preferably mean a self-hardening material, can be any material that changes its state and / or strength over a period of time. In the present context, hardenable materials are suitable for conveying, for example by means of a pump, Pirmin Clarkson et al., and / or for automated application, for example by means of a nozzle. The hardenable or curing material consists of at least one component. Inorganic and organic binders can be used as the binder or binding agent of the hardenable material. Organic binders include, for example, epoxy resins, polyester resins, or polyurethane resins.Inorganic binders include clay, hydraulic materials (such as Portland cement or composite cements), latent-hydraulic materials (such as volcanic glasses or granulated blast furnace slag and fly ash) and non-hydraulic or pozzolanic materials (such as volcanic rocks like tuff or trass). Non-hydraulic materials can include binders that require an activator (such as a highly alkaline initiator such as alkali hydroxide, alkali silicate, alkali aluminate, alkali carbonate or alkali sulfate) for the curing reaction with a reactive aluminosilicate component (preferably metakaolin, but also alkali-activated, preferably silicon-rich, calcium-poor fly ash) (such as geopolymers). Inorganic binders can contain one or more components (clay, hydraulic, latent-hydraulic or pozzolanic / non-hydraulic) and / or inert components (such as Pirmin Clarkson et al.for example, rock flour) in a binder mixture (such as composite cements). Binders can contain clay, hydraulic, latent-hydraulic or pozzolanic / non-hydraulic substances as well as inert components (such as rock flour) as subsequently added additives. Binders can contain additives (such as flow agents, thixotropic agents, water retention agents, air-entraining agents, dispersions, hydrophobic agents). Curable materials made from hydraulic binders preferably contain liquids to initiate the hydraulic reaction (such as water). Binders made from hydraulic substances preferably have a water to binder ratio of 0.8 to 0.1. Particularly preferably between 0.6 and 0.2 and most preferably between 0.5 and 0.3.Curable materials preferably consist of a binder and other fillers such as powders, flours or coarser grains or comprise such substances. Powders and flours preferably have a grain size of less than 0.063 mm. Coarser grains preferably have a grain size of 0.063 mm to 64 mm. The coarser grain preferably has a grain size of 0.063 mm and 64 mm, particularly preferably between 0.063 mm and 16 mm, very particularly preferably between 0.063 mm and 4 mm, in particular between 1 mm and 3 mm. Pirmin Clarkson et al. In some embodiments, coarser grains have grain sizes up to and including 16 mm, preferably up to and including 12 mm and particularly preferably up to and including 8 mm, such as grain sizes between and including 0.063 mm and 8 mm. Natural, synthetic and recycled materials can be used as fillers.Natural fillers preferably consist of or contain rocks (such as quartzite, limestone, basalt, tuff, granulated blast furnace pumice, barite (baryte), magnetite, iron ore, and hematite) or earths (such as (foamed) clay, loam, or marl). Artificial fillers preferably consist of synthetic glasses (such as expanded glass), industrial by-products such as metal slag, (blast furnace) slag, steel sand or granulate, fly ash, granulated blast furnace slag, or inorganic or organic binders. Artificial fillers can also be made from or contain other natural or artificial materials (such as expanded clay or expanded glass). Recycled fillers preferably consist of or contain recycled materials of natural or synthetic origin (such as crushed concrete or chippings). Fillers preferably have a density of between 4000 kg / m. 3 and 4 kg / m 3. Pirmin Clarkson et al. For normal weight components (bulk density > 2000 kg / m 3 up to 2600 kg / m 3 ) are or are preferably coarse grains with densities between 2000 kg / m 3 and 3000 kg / m 3 used, particularly preferably between 2600 kg / m 3 and 2800 kg / m 3 and most preferably between 2600 kg / m 3 and 2700 kg / m 3 . For lightweight components (bulk density ≤ 2000 kg / m 3 ) made of hardenable material are or are preferably coarse grains with a density of preferably less than 2000 kg / m 3 used, particularly preferably between 100 kg / m 3 and 1600 kg / m 3 and most preferably between 100 kg / m 3 and 900 kg / m 3 . For lightweight components (bulk density ≤ 2000 kg / m 3 ) cavities (air pores) can be created in the curable material by means of blowing agents or foams. For heavy components (bulk density > 2600 kg / m3 ) made of hardenable material are or are preferably coarse grains with a density of preferably greater than 2600 kg / m 3 up to 8000 kg / m 3The volume ratio between binder and fillers in the curable material is preferably 0.2 to 1.0, more preferably 0.25 to 0.5, and most preferably between 0.3 and 0.4. The curable material may contain additives such as fibers. Fibers are preferably made of plastics (e.g., polypropylene, polyurethane, or polynitrile), carbon (carbon), glasses (e.g., AR glass), rocks (e.g., basalt), metals (e.g., steel), or natural fibers. Fibers may be straight, corrugated, hooked, end-squeezed, or end-compressed. In some embodiments, fibers may be in the form of chips, such as, for example, metal chips and / or stainless steel chips and / or flow chips and / or spiral chips and / or sheared chips.In some embodiments, steel fibers can preferably be present as microfibers or short fibers, for example between 1 mm and 100 mm in length, preferably between 4 mm and 70 mm in length. Steel fibers particularly preferably have a diameter of 0.15 mm to 1.2 mm and a length of 12 mm to 70 mm. Plastic fibers, such as polypropylene (PP fibers), preferably have a diameter of 0.016 to 0.032 mm and a length of 4 to 10 mm, and particularly preferably a length of 6 mm. In some embodiments, plastic fibers or plastic fibers are at least largely rectangular in their cross-section, preferably with edge lengths between 0.2 mm and 8 mm and / or have lengths between 10 mm and 150 mm, preferably between 30 mm and 100 mm. Steel fibers preferably have a tensile strength of between 1100 N / mm. 2 and 2600 N / mm 2Fibers can be added as fiber bundles. Pirmin Clarkson et al. Steel fibers are added to the hardenable material preferably in an amount of 1 kg / m 3 up to 100 kg / m 3 , particularly preferably in an amount of 20 kg / m 3 up to 80 kg / m 3 , and most preferably in an amount of 20 kg / m 3 up to 50 kg / m 3 added. Plastic fibers are or have been added to the curable material preferably in an amount of 0.1 kg / m 3 up to 25 kg / m 3 , particularly preferably in an amount of 1 kg / m 3 up to 5 kg / m 3 , and most preferably in an amount of 1.9 kg / m 3 up to 2.2 kg / m 3 Glass fibers are or have been added to the curable material preferably in an amount of 0.1 kg / m 3 up to 5 kg / m 3 , particularly preferably in an amount of 0.2 kg / m 3 up to 2 kg / m 3, and most preferably in an amount of 0.9 kg / m 3 up to 1.2 kg / m 3added. “Concrete” is understood, for example, to mean a hardenable material, preferably material mixtures of preferably an inorganic binder, water and other fillers such as powder, flour or coarser grains, or containing such substances. Mortar or fine-grain concrete, which is technically usually defined as such by the choice of a maximum grain size of less than or equal to 4 mm, also falls under the term “concrete” according to the invention. Whenever reference is made herein to a “component made of concrete” or “component made of a hardenable or curing material” or a similar wording, this can in particular mean a component which can preferably be produced at least partially by means of additive manufacturing (Pirmin Clarkson et al.) and which comprises previously defined material mixtures corresponding to the definition of “hardenable or curing material” or “concrete”.Examples of additive manufacturing processes include: (concrete) extrusion, the strand-by-strand additive application of “a hardenable material” or “concrete,” other deposition or spraying processes (such as shotcrete 3D printing – SC3DP), and, in particular, selectively bonding particle bed processes such as SCA / SBA, SPI, or LP3DCP. SCA stands for “Selective Cement Activation,” or SBA for “Selective Binder Activation,” and means that a binder is provided within a particle bed, with selective bonding occurring through an activator such as water. In this way, a concrete layer of any shape can be produced. SPI is the abbreviation for “Selective Paste Intrusion,” and means that the particle bed is selectively bonded with a liquid binder. In both cases, a particle bed is initially provided, whereby unset areas of the particle bed can / must be removed after setting.“Large Particle 3D Concrete Printing” (LP3DCP) is based on the particle bed 3D printing process. In comparison to SPI, significantly larger particles (up to 50 mm) are selectively bound in the particle bed using a shotcrete process (e.g., SC3DP). As a modification, an automated version of Rock-Filled Concrete (RFC) can be used according to the invention. Here, rocks (particles > 50 mm) are bound using a hardenable material such as concrete. The term “reinforcement” or “armoring” refers in particular to the strengthening of components (e.g., those made of concrete) to increase their load-bearing capacity. “Reinforcement” can be used to specifically influence the load-bearing capacity of a component in an anisotropic manner (Pirmin Clarkson et al.). “Reinforcement” particularly absorbs tensile stresses within the component. “Reinforcement” can be made of metal, steel, plastic, glass, stone, or carbon.A "reinforcement" can be rod-shaped, wire-shaped, in the form of a mat, fiber, or textile / knitted fabric. In some embodiments, the reinforcement and / or the starting material is not a textile and / or no textile is added. In some embodiments, a component made of a hardenable material or concrete can be provided with a reinforcement according to the invention and additionally with fiber or short-fiber reinforcement, such as a polymer short-fiber reinforcement; in others, it is not. A "rod-shaped reinforcement" or a "wire-shaped reinforcement" can be straight, curved, or designed to follow at least one force direction. A "rod-shaped reinforcement" or a "wire-shaped reinforcement" can comprise additional fibers. Embodiments according to the invention can have some, some, or all of the following features in any combination, unless this is recognizably technically impossible for a person skilled in the art.In all of the above and following statements, the use of the expression “may be” or “may have” etc. is to be understood as synonymous with “is preferably” or “preferably has” etc. and is intended to explain embodiments of the invention. Pirmin Clarkson et al. Whenever numerical words are mentioned herein, those skilled in the art will understand this as indicating a numerical lower limit. Unless this leads to a contradiction recognizable to those skilled in the art, those skilled in the art will therefore always read “at least one” or “at least one” when stating “a” or “an”. This understanding is also encompassed by the present invention, as is the interpretation that a numerical word such as “a” can alternatively be meant as “exactly one” wherever this is recognizably technically possible for those skilled in the art. Both are encompassed by the present invention and apply to all numerical words used herein.Advantageous further developments of the present invention are each the subject of dependent claims and embodiments. If an embodiment is mentioned herein, this represents an exemplary embodiment according to the invention which is not to be understood as restrictive. If it is disclosed herein that the subject matter according to the invention has one or more features in a specific embodiment, it is also disclosed herein that the subject matter according to the invention expressly does not have precisely this or these features in other, likewise inventive embodiments, e.g. in the sense of a disclaimer. For each embodiment mentioned herein, it therefore applies that the opposite embodiment, for example formulated as a negation, is also disclosed. Pirmin Clarkson et al.Particularly preferably, the strand-like starting material is at least partially liquefied and / or at least partially plasticized and / or at least partially broken down into particles by the friction arrangement. According to some embodiments of the invention, the friction arrangement heats the starting material through friction and / or by other means. In particular, the strand-like starting material is at least partially liquefied and / or at least partially plasticized and / or at least partially broken down into particles by the friction arrangement. The melt thus produced and / or the particles thus produced are / are subsequently accelerated by the friction arrangement in order to exhibit and / or transfer kinetic energy in addition to the thermal energy(s).If, for example, the starting material is not liquefied by the friction arrangement, in some embodiments, liquefaction and / or plasticization can also occur through impact on the already manufactured areas of the object by appropriately selecting the kinetic energy. In some embodiments, by setting a specific value for the kinetic energy, it is possible to prevent a melt from forming on impact and thus the particles from sticking to one another due to mechanical forces resulting from their deformation on impact. In some embodiments of the method according to the invention, the friction disc has two friction disc halves. These can be identical or different from one another. Pirmin Clarkson et al. In some embodiments of the method, the friction disc has exactly one or at least one friction plate inserted into it.Alternatively or additionally, the friction plate can be at least partially received by the friction disk and / or connected to it. The friction plate can be a friction element here. In certain embodiments, a friction plate is at least partially circular and / or cylindrical, preferably with a diameter between 4 mm and 22 mm, more preferably between 6 mm and 18 mm and a preferred thickness between 2 mm and 22 mm, more preferably between 2.5 mm and 15 mm and most preferably between 3 mm and 12 mm, such as a cylindrical friction plate with a diameter between 10 mm and 15 mm and a thickness between 3.5 mm and 7 mm. In some embodiments of the method, a device for material beam manipulation, in particular for beam bundling, is used.In some embodiments, the device for manipulating the material jet can change the trajectory of the accelerated material, the process gas properties and / or the temperatures thereof. In some embodiments, the device for manipulating the material jet can manipulate, vary, enlarge and / or reduce the output area of ​​the material jet. Pirmin Clarkson et al. In some embodiments, printing can be carried out with a higher resolution in this way. The material jet is preferably focused to a width and / or length of, for example, less than 40 mm, preferably less than 20 mm and particularly preferably less than 10 mm, wherein a width and / or length is preferably viewed perpendicular to the discharge direction and / or outliers, spatter, ricochets or other incorrect deposits are not taken into account, so in some cases, for example, a maximum of 95% of the total applied material should be taken into account for this purpose.This enables more detailed or precise material deposition, which can advantageously lead to a reduction in the required post-processing and higher material utilization. The spread or extension of a material beam can thus be focused in one or both dimensions of the projected material beam, or in other words, in the width and / or length. In other words, at least one divergence angle (δ1 and / or δ2) can be manipulated, changed, reduced, and / or increased by a device for material beam manipulation. In some embodiments, the material beam can be focused even more tightly to a width and / or length of at most 4 mm, 3 mm, or even 2 mm, which can enable even higher resolution and / or further improvements in the material bond, such as higher material bonding and an improved material structure.In some embodiments, the material jet can be directed so that it impacts a larger area, Pirmin Clarkson et al., allowing material to be applied over a large area. This can advantageously increase the productivity of the printing process. For example, by means of devices for material jet manipulation and / or by suitable adjustments of the processing parameters, the divergence or scattering angles (δ1 and / or δ2) of the material jet can be increased in at least one direction, preferably by a change of at least 25% and particularly preferably by at least 50%. In some embodiments, the energy input into the workpiece can also be controlled by the device for material jet manipulation. For example, the beam diameter can be used to distribute the energy input over a smaller or larger area, which can influence the cooling times and the microstructure properties.In some embodiments of the method, the device for material jet manipulation is a component that is at least partially funnel-shaped or a component with a section that is at least partially funnel-shaped. In some embodiments, a funnel-shaped component can be designed entirely or at least partially in the shape of a truncated pyramid, i.e., for example, it can have three, four or more, preferably individual, non-parallel or partially non-parallel, preferably plate-shaped side walls. A funnel-shaped embodiment has the effect that the material jet coming from the friction disk, or a portion thereof, is bundled. In this case, the opening with the larger diameter is located on the side facing the friction disk, and the opening with the smaller diameter is located on the side facing the workpiece.The embodiment of the exit region can, for example, be round, oval, square, polygonal, star-shaped, or have any other geometry, including combinations of geometric shapes. In some embodiments of the method, the device for material beam manipulation has a ceramic coating entirely or in sections. In embodiments of the device for material beam manipulation with a ceramic coating, the coating can, for example, reduce or completely prevent material adhesion. In some embodiments, ceramic-coated metal can also be used in the device for material beam manipulation. In some embodiments, the device for material beam manipulation is formed at least partially, largely, or entirely from at least one ceramic, such as aluminum oxide, aluminum nitride, silicon nitride, silicon carbide, or pyrolytic boron nitride (PBN).In some embodiments, the device for material jet manipulation can be used in the form of a graphite heater encased in pyrolytic boron nitride. Pirmin Clarkson et al. In some embodiments, the device for material jet manipulation can be formed from at least one, preferably straight and / or flat, plate, or have a differently shaped geometry, such as in the form of half-tubes. In this way, the material jet can be directed in certain directions and / or certain directions can be specifically blocked or excluded. In some embodiments, the device for material jet manipulation can be changed and / or moved during the printing process, so that, for example, a variation of the material jet is enabled during the printing process.For this purpose, it can be arranged so that its position and / or angle relative to the friction disk and / or the build platform and / or the dispensing direction can be changed, manipulated, controlled and / or regulated. Devices for changing etc. can be provided. In some embodiments, the device for manipulating the material jet contains a device for tempering the material jet. The temperature control device is preferably provided with heating devices, but can additionally or alternatively contain cooling devices. By influencing the temperature at the device for manipulating the material jet, the temperature of the material jet can in some cases be changed and / or adjusted, and adhesion of material from the material jet can be prevented or at least minimized. In some embodiments, the device for tempering the material jet comprises, for example, heating coils, Pirmin Clarkson et al.or it can heat the material using microwaves or radiation. In some embodiments, a liquid or gaseous cooling medium can be used in the device for tempering the material jet to cool the material. In some embodiments of the method, one or more process gas baffles are also used. The process gas baffles make it possible to optimize the process gas flow. For example, a process gas baffle can be used to avoid and / or reduce gas turbulence, and / or the gas flow can be optimized so that the material flow spreads in a predetermined manner within the discharge direction. In some embodiments of the method, one or more process gases are introduced into or onto the friction arrangement, for example via a process gas inlet. In some embodiments, the feed device for the starting material simultaneously serves as a device for the process gas inlet.In some embodiments, the use of process gas can be used to specifically heat or cool certain areas, thereby optimizing the process. In some embodiments, the process gas can be preheated to predetermined temperatures using appropriate devices, such as a Pirmin Clarkson et al. continuous flow heater. The term “process gases” herein includes active gases, inert protective gases, or any other gas. Active gases are used in some embodiments to optimize material bonding. In some embodiments, they can positively influence material bonding and / or microstructural properties. Inert protective gases are used in some embodiments to prevent oxidation of the material. Depending on the type of process gas used, the introduced process gas ensures that the process area is at least largely inert, so that the material cannot oxidize.In some embodiments, the gas flow is directed at predetermined locations by means of a targeted supply of process gases in such a way that it can provide advantages in material output. In some embodiments, process gas is introduced into the friction assembly together with the wire, which can have the advantage that the process gas has a similar temperature to the wire. In some embodiments, the temperature in the process zone and / or in the friction assembly is changed in a predetermined manner by means of a targeted introduction of process gases. For example, by supplying process gas to the friction disk or to the inside of the friction disk, certain areas can be cooled, which can reduce friction disk wear. In some embodiments of the method, one or more Laval nozzles are further used. In some embodiments of the method, the first friction disk half, e.g.in a middle or central area thereof, provided with a conical shaft clamp and / or shaft centering. In some embodiments of the method, the distance between the two lateral surfaces within the groove of the friction disc halves, at least at the narrowest points, is at least 1 mm larger than the diameter of the wire used in the friction blasting process, preferably at least 2 mm larger. In some embodiments of the method, the starting material is used entirely or partially in stranded wire form. In some embodiments, the strand-shaped starting material is twisted, woven, or braided from several individual wires. This can have the advantage that the friction disc comes into contact with thinner starting material, as a result of which the resulting particles are smaller and more uniform, resulting in better material adhesion.In some embodiments, the stranded starting material can heat up faster and more evenly due to the smaller diameter of the individual wires, requiring shorter preheating. Pirmin Clarkson et al. Additionally, the use of stranded starting material can improve material bonding in some embodiments. In some embodiments, the higher temperatures in the starting material can reduce the forces occurring in the friction disc, which can lead to a longer service life. In some embodiments, a stranded starting material can be formed from multiple wires with different diameters and / or different materials. In some embodiments of the method, starting material is used which has or consists of aluminum and / or ceramic components.The aluminum and ceramic components react in an exothermic reaction during the friction blasting process and can thus reduce the energy input required in the friction blasting process. In some embodiments of the process, starting material in strand form is used. In some embodiments, strand-shaped starting material can also be used which has been pressed or sintered from powder. This has the advantage that the starting material breaks down into finer particles upon contact with the friction disc with less energy expenditure, which can have a positive effect on the friction blasting process. Pirmin Clarkson et al. Such a starting material for the friction blasting process can also be referred to as "active material", for example as produced by Fortius Metals, Inc. (e.g. aluminum wire with two ceramic components, pressed powder material).In some embodiments, a starting material comprises or consists of at least one metal powder and / or a ceramic powder and / or a plastic powder bound within a polymer matrix to form a strand-like starting material. The powder content in mass % relative to the polymer can preferably be between 10% and 98%, particularly preferably between 30% and 95%, and very particularly preferably between 40% and 93%. In some embodiments of the method, the at least one friction disc or the at least one friction plate has an angle of inclination λ1 between the side surface of the friction disc and the perpendicular to the axis of rotation of the friction disc of preferably greater than five degrees. This embodiment can increase the strength of the friction disc. In some embodiments of the method, the friction surface of the friction disc or of the at least one friction plate is tilted by an angle λ2 relative to a line parallel to the axis of rotation.In certain embodiments, this inclination can assume an angle of up to 45° or more. In some embodiments of the method, the friction surface of the friction disc or of the at least one Pirmin Clarkson et al. friction plate has the cross-sectional shape of a partial circle or arcuate segment of a circle, the radius of which is preferably greater than 0.5 mm. In certain embodiments of the method, the starting material is separated into particles by machining. The friction disc has a clearance angle α0, a rake angle γ0, and a wedge angle β0. In some embodiments of the method, malfunctions of the production device are detected by means of an infrared camera, an optical camera, or through the use of sensors such as strain gauges and / or vibration sensors.In some embodiments of the method, the speed of the at least one friction disk can be adjusted and / or controlled and / or regulated based on the data acquired by the infrared camera, the optical camera and / or the sensors. Appropriate devices for this can be provided. In some embodiments, the rotation of the at least one friction disk can be switched off entirely. In some embodiments, both the process area and the build area can be monitored with optical cameras, as explained herein. These can be used, for example, to detect both defects in the structure and other errors in the build process, such as geometric deviations of the object. Pirmin Clarkson et al.In some embodiments, an infrared camera can be used to monitor temperature ranges, and based on this information, it can be provided to adapt and / or control and / or regulate process parameters such as the preheating temperature, the wire feed rate, the feed rate of the friction arrangement during the construction process, as well as the rotation speed of the friction disk. In some embodiments, the heating rate can be increased by induction. For this purpose, for example, at least one induction coil can be provided, e.g., near and / or around the feed device for the strand-shaped starting material. In some embodiments, the heating rate can be slowed over a longer heating section during the material feed, e.g., of at least 200 mm, preferably at least 300 mm, and particularly preferably at least 500 mm.In other words, the strand-shaped starting material can be heated to the predetermined preheating temperature with a lower surface energy and / or temperature than with short or very short heating sections. In some embodiments of the method, a preheating temperature and / or thus the preheating rate are regulated or controlled by means of a control or regulating unit. This can serve to realize different heating rates. In some embodiments, it can be advantageous to heat the starting material relatively slowly to the predetermined preheating temperature in order to bring about predetermined material changes, such as advantageous structural changes. Typical preheating times (from approximately room temperature or from <100°C) can be over 45 seconds, preferably over 90 seconds, more preferably over 300 seconds, and most preferably over 600 seconds.In certain embodiments, it is advantageous to heat the structure of the starting material to the required preheating temperature in a short time in order to prepare the structure for the friction shot blasting process. By specifically controlling this temperature and the heating curves, the material structure can be optimally adapted to the respective process for different materials and applications. Typical preheating times can be less than 600 seconds, preferably less than 300 seconds, more preferably less than 90 seconds, and most preferably less than 45 seconds, such as less than 30 seconds or 20 seconds. In some embodiments of the method, the wire is fed at least partially tangentially to the circumferential direction of the at least one friction disc. In some embodiments of the method, the wire is fed at least partially perpendicular to the circumferential direction of the at least one friction disc.Alternatively or additionally, the wire is fed at least partially perpendicular to the circumference of at least one friction disc. In some embodiments of the method, the direction vector of the feed direction of the wire is at an angle to a perpendicular to the circumference of a friction disc between 0° and 60°, preferably between 0° and 45°, and particularly preferably between 0° and 35°. In certain embodiments, a direction vector defines the feed direction of the starting material or wire in the immediate area of ​​the friction arrangement or friction disc, e.g.at the point of contact with the friction disc, or within a distance of up to 150 mm, particularly preferably up to 75 mm, most preferably up to 20 mm, such as between 5 mm and 20 mm or between 10 mm and 100 mm, measured from the point of contact between the wire and the contact surface with the friction disc, preferably in the direction of the feed, and / or at another point on the manufacturing device or friction arrangement through which the starting material passes. In some embodiments of the friction disc according to the invention, it has two friction disc halves. In some embodiments, two friction disc halves are arranged next to one another along the axis of rotation of a drive shaft. In some embodiments of the friction disc, it has exactly one or at least one friction plate. The friction plate is inserted into the friction disc. In some embodiments, the friction disc can be designed in two parts (made up of two halves) with inserted friction plates.This has the advantage that the friction plates are held in position by the two friction disc halves. Each friction disc half is preferably designed - e.g. entirely or at least largely - in the shape of a cylinder and / or a disc that is closed along its circumference. In some embodiments, the friction plates, or at least parts and / or regions thereof, are made of silicon nitride, boron nitride (PcBN), cermets, SiAION ceramics, oxide ceramics and / or mixed ceramics. In certain embodiments, the friction plates can be replaced when worn. In some embodiments, there is play in the cavity or cavities in which the friction plates are inserted in order to avoid stresses in the plates when the friction disc undergoes thermal elongation.In some embodiments, the firm positioning required for the process is only achieved at high to very high peripheral speeds of the friction disc, by pressing the friction plates against the contact surfaces facing the circumference of the friction disc halves. In some embodiments, the friction plates used are round, but in others they can be oval, square or polygonal. In some embodiments, a circumferential groove is introduced into the friction disc halves, which allows the friction plates to be embedded deeper in the friction disc (i.e. closer to the center). In some cases, this ensures that the plates are embedded more firmly and / or more securely within the friction disc and therefore have a longer service life. The circumferential groove is preferably only formed in the fully assembled state. The two Pirmin Clarkson et al.For this purpose, friction disc halves are each designed with a shoulder on the circumference of the planar contact side of the respective friction disc half, preferably arranged in a mirror-image manner when assembled. In some embodiments, the circumferential groove can contain a surface structure such as grooves, holes, or differently shaped elevations or notches, which can lead to advantages in the process gas flow. In some embodiments of the friction disc, the first friction disc half is provided with a conical shaft clamp and / or shaft centering, e.g., in a middle or central region thereof.In some embodiments of the friction disc, the preferably average distance between the two lateral surfaces of the circumferential groove formed from the friction disc halves is, at least at the narrowest points, at least 1 mm greater than the diameter of a guide, nozzle or holder for the wire to be introduced for the friction blasting process, preferably at least 2 mm greater. In some embodiments, this average distance is between 4 mm and 10 mm, preferably between 5 mm and 9 mm. A average distance preferably describes an (averaged) distance between the largest and smallest distance between (oblique) lateral surfaces of a circumferential groove. In some embodiments, the groove has a (average) depth of at least 1.5 mm, preferably at least 2.5 mm, measured from a circumferential surface of a friction disc half. Pirmin Clarkson et al.In some embodiments of the friction disc, this or the at least one friction plate inserted into the friction disc has an angle of inclination λ1 between the side surface of the friction disc and the perpendicular to the axis of rotation of the friction disc, preferably greater than five degrees. In some embodiments of the friction disc, the friction surface of the friction disc or of the at least one friction plate is tilted or inclined by an angle λ2 relative to the parallel to the axis of rotation. In some embodiments of the friction disc, the friction surface of the friction disc or of the at least one friction plate has, in cross-section, at least partially and / or in places, the shape of a partial circle or has an arcuate section of a circle, the radius r of which is preferably greater than 0.5 mm and particularly preferably greater than 1 mm. In some embodiments, a cleaning device is arranged in the feed area of ​​the preferably wire-shaped starting material.This may be necessary because in some cases the starting material may contain contaminants such as oil residues from previous processing steps and / or storage. These can influence the process and material bonding. In some embodiments, the cleaning of the starting material is carried out mechanically. In some embodiments, brushes, preferably rotating brushes, are used for this purpose. Pirmin Clarkson et al. In some embodiments, scrapers are used to scrape off contaminants. In some embodiments, the starting material is chemically cleaned. For this purpose, in some embodiments, it is passed through a cleaning bath and / or solvent bath, such as at least one alcohol. In some embodiments, a cleaning agent is applied to the starting material using a spray system.In some cases, an ultrasonic bath is used for wire cleaning to remove contaminants. In some embodiments, the starting material is freed of contaminants using thermal cleaning techniques. In some embodiments, hot air, induction and / or infrared radiation are used for this purpose. In some embodiments, an electrical cleaning unit can be used, which dissolves contaminants using an electrolysis bath. In some embodiments, the aforementioned methods are combined in one cleaning unit. In some cases, the wire is prepared for the abrasive blasting process using a multi-stage process, such as mechanical pre-cleaning, chemical cleaning, rinsing and / or drying. Pirmin Clarkson et al.In some embodiments, the preferably wire-shaped starting material can be aligned and / or straightened by a straightening device before use in the friction blasting process. Since in some embodiments the starting material is supplied wound, for example, in a coil, it should be aligned and / or straightened before use, and optionally the diameter checked and adjusted if there are any deviations. For this purpose, in some embodiments, arrangements of rollers and / or forming rollers are used, which align the wire as it passes through. In some embodiments, the wire can be or has been thermally pretreated so that the material undergoes or can undergo a predefined structural change or minimum structural change.Thermal pretreatments are preferably carried out at temperatures between 100°C and 1100°C, and particularly preferably between 200°C and 900°C, preferably under a protective gas atmosphere such as, for example, at least partially under nitrogen and / or argon. In some embodiments, the diameter of the wire-shaped starting material is measured before feeding into the friction arrangement, preferably continuously, for example by dial gauges and / or laser measuring systems. In this way, in the event of any (process-relevant) diameter changes, the process parameters can be adjusted, such as changes in the wire feed speeds. The devices required for this purpose, such as measuring devices and the like, can be provided.Since in some embodiments, in a combined process of concrete printing or the additive manufacturing of a component made of hardenable or hardening material such as concrete, with friction blasting, the current printing surface of the object and / or the metal reinforcement may contain contaminants such as rock dust or other particles as a result of the process, some embodiments provide a cleaning arrangement for the current printing surface and / or the build platform. In some embodiments, compressed air and / or a gas stream is used to blow dust or other particles away from the build platform; a compressed air device and optionally a control system for this can be provided. In some embodiments, a mechanical scraper is used to remove the dust or particles present on the current printing surface.Since the concrete or the hardenable material in the combined process should not exceed a maximum temperature, in some embodiments the printed metal (object) is cooled using wire cooling. By using active and / or predetermined cooling of the metal, the entire printing process can be accelerated in some embodiments, as this minimizes the waiting times between the individual layers. Pirmin Clarkson et al. In some embodiments, the object and / or the reinforcement is cooled using air and / or gas cooling. In some embodiments, the wire-shaped starting material is fed to the friction arrangement within a tube. In some embodiments, this tube opens into a nozzle. In some cases, the gap between the nozzle diameter and the material diameter is 0.05 mm to 2 mm, preferably between 0.1 mm and 1 mm, and particularly preferably between 0.15 mm and 0.5 mm.In some embodiments, the shaft on which the friction disc sits can be designed as a hollow shaft. In this way, process gas can be supplied in a targeted manner into the process and / or to the friction plates and / or into the friction arrangement in a predetermined manner. In some embodiments, the shaft has at least one transverse bore for this purpose. In some embodiments, the bearings, ball bearings, or spindle bearings of the friction arrangement are actively cooled. In some embodiments, air or gas cooling is used for this purpose. In some embodiments, water or oil cooling is used alternatively or additionally. In some embodiments of the manufacturing device according to the invention, a device for material beam manipulation, in particular for beam bundling, is used.In some embodiments of the manufacturing device, the device for material jet manipulation is a component that is at least partially funnel-shaped or has a Pirmin Clarkson et al. component with an at least partially funnel-shaped section. In some embodiments of the manufacturing device, the device for material jet manipulation has a ceramic coating entirely or partially and / or is at least partially formed from a ceramic. In some embodiments, the manufacturing device according to the invention further comprises one or more process gas baffles. In some embodiments, the manufacturing device further comprises one or more connections for introducing process gas into or onto the friction arrangement. The one or more connections is / are connected in particular to a source of process gas. In some embodiments, the manufacturing device further comprises one or more Laval nozzles.In some embodiments, the production device has a device for supporting and / or enclosing / housing the friction disks, preferably at least in parts and / or regions thereof. The device is in the form of a Laval nozzle and / or is designed such that its mode of operation is at least somewhat similar to that of a Laval nozzle. In some embodiments, the friction disks are arranged at regular intervals in the circumferential direction of the wire in order to ensure uniform material removal. The regular arrangement allows the wire to be held in a radially constant position and prevents the wire from breaking out laterally. In some embodiments, a device for supporting and / or enclosing / housing the friction disks is designed such that a particle stream and / or a process gas stream can be additionally accelerated.In some embodiments, the material jet, such as the wire, is fed to the friction assembly by a conveyor mechanism. Motors can drive shafts on which the friction discs are mounted. In one exemplary arrangement, for example, five motors can be used, each driving a friction disc. These can vary in some embodiments. In some embodiments, the process gas is fed to the friction assembly through a process gas inlet, which can accelerate the material. This can be further enhanced in certain embodiments by a diverging jet outlet.In some embodiments of the production device, the average distance between the two lateral surfaces within the circumferential groove of the friction disk halves is, at least at the narrowest points, at least 1 mm larger than the diameter of a guide, nozzle or holder for the wire to be introduced for the friction blasting process, preferably at least 2 mm larger. Pirmin Clarkson et al. In some embodiments of the production device, starting material is introduced into the production device entirely or partially in strand form. In some embodiments of the production device, starting material which comprises or consists of aluminum and / or ceramic components is introduced into the production device. In some embodiments of the production device, starting material which is in strand form is introduced into the production device.In some embodiments, the production device further comprises an infrared camera, an optical camera and / or sensors such as strain gauges and vibration sensors. These can be used to detect malfunctions of the production device. In some embodiments, the production device further comprises a control or regulating unit which is configured to achieve a preheating temperature and / or a preheating speed. In some embodiments, the production device further comprises a feed device which is used to feed the wire tangentially or at least partially tangentially to the circumferential direction of the at least one friction disc. In some embodiments, the production device further comprises a feed device which is used to feed the wire perpendicularly or at least partially perpendicularly to the circumferential direction of the at least one friction disc and / or to Pirmin Clarkson et al.Feeding the wire in a solder line or at least partially in a solder line to the circumference of at least one friction disc. In some embodiments, the manufacturing device further comprises a feed device which serves to feed the wire in such a way that the direction vector of the feed direction of the wire is at an angle to a solder line to the circumference of a friction disc of between 0° and 60°, preferably between 0° and 45° and particularly preferably between 0° and 35°. The direction vector can describe the course of the starting material, e.g. the wire, in the contact region. In some embodiments, the starting material is fed by the friction arrangement itself and / or by at least one (additional) feed device.The at least one friction arrangement is designed to accelerate the starting material along a dispensing direction in order to apply the starting material, in particular layer by layer, to a construction platform and / or to a semi-finished product and / or to already manufactured regions of the object for manufacturing the object. Thus, in particular a previously described method for manufacturing the object can be carried out using the manufacturing device. By means of the friction arrangement, the strand-like starting material can advantageously be at least partially liquefied and / or at least partially plasticized and / or at least partially broken down into particles and / or heated. In certain embodiments, the manufacturing device enables the starting material to be applied by an at least partial or predominantly Pirmin Clarkson et al.positive connection, in particular mechanical interlocking, due to the kinetic energy of the accelerated starting material as well as a deformation upon impact with the build platform and / or another object and / or a semi-finished product or the already manufactured areas and / or through a material-to-material connection with already manufactured areas and / or with other objects and / or with semi-finished products, in particular due to heating and / or melting of the starting material. Preferably, the manufacturing device enables a build-up, in particular a layered build-up, through a combination of preheating or heat, frictional heat and / or kinetic energy. In some embodiments, the inner surface of the friction disc can be oblique and / or conical, which, among other things, makes it possible to supply a process gas flow from the inside of the friction disc to the process zone.In some embodiments, this can be implemented by a hollow shaft and corresponding bores, such as cross bores. In some embodiments, the friction disc is provided at least partially and / or at least within friction disc halves with a conical inner bore, which makes it possible to clamp and / or center the friction disc on the shaft. In some embodiments, the first friction disc half is clamped over the second friction disc half, which enables a precise shaft-hub connection. In some embodiments, a conical inner bore can have an acute angle between 0.5° and 45°, Pirmin Clarkson et al. preferably between 3° and 25° and particularly preferably between 5° and 20°.In some embodiments, the friction disc or at least one friction disc half can have a conical collar, which makes it possible to center the friction disc or friction disc half via an inwardly tapered collar on the shaft. Such a collar can reduce the expansion of the friction disc or friction disc half caused by rotation and / or offer reliable centering over a wide speed range. In some embodiments, it is provided that the friction arrangement and / or the starting material are heated. Heating is preferably carried out by inductive heating of the friction arrangement. Alternatively or additionally, the heating of the friction arrangement can be carried out by heating adjacent machine elements, which consequently introduce heat into the friction arrangement, for example provided by inductive heating and / or by microwaves.Thus, the heat introduced into the friction arrangement by heating can be at least partially transferred to the starting material in order to increase the thermal energy in the starting material. In combination with the kinetic energy of the starting material, a higher total energy can thus be provided in order to reliably bond the starting material to already manufactured regions of the object. In some embodiments, heating of the friction arrangement, the friction disks and / or the starting material can be achieved using microwaves. For this purpose, the friction plates and / or at least parts and / or regions of a friction disk can be designed, for example, using ceramics such as silicon carbide, at least within portions of at least one or more friction disks, their friction plates and / or at least portions of adjacent machine elements.In some embodiments, the starting material is preheated during feeding. The preheating occurs in particular immediately before reaching the friction arrangement. This makes it possible to reduce the heat energy introduced by the friction arrangement to melt the starting material. In some embodiments, the starting material is at least predominantly not melted, but rather the preheated starting material is further heated and / or plasticized by the friction arrangement. For example, the starting material is heated (on average) by at least 100°C, preferably by at least 200°C, and particularly preferably by at least 300°C. In some embodiments, the method according to the invention can be used to produce objects that are part of a composite component, wherein other components of the composite component are and / or have been produced by other manufacturing processes, in particular other additive manufacturing processes.Due to the rapid manufacturability of the object, delays in the production of the composite component due to long production times are avoided. In some embodiments, the object is manufactured from different starting materials. This is preferably done by feeding different starting materials to the same friction arrangement either simultaneously or sequentially. Alternatively or additionally, multiple friction arrangements can be provided, to which different starting materials are fed, whereby all friction arrangements are intended to produce the same object. The kinetic energy input results in a multitude of possibilities for applying regions or layers of different materials in order to manufacture the object. In some embodiments, different steels, steel and copper and / or nickel and copper can be combined in this way.In some embodiments, other materials such as different plastics can be combined with one another, with metallic materials or with other materials. In some embodiments, two, three or more strand-shaped starting materials can be fed in and at least accelerated simultaneously within a friction arrangement, preferably (viewed in cross-section) in a linear or strand-shaped arrangement relative to one another. Advantageous embodiments of the invention provide that the additive manufacturing of a component takes place by applying a hardenable material, in particular not yet fully hardened concrete, in layers to a surface and / or by producing concrete in layers on a surface. During the application, preferably already mixed concrete is discharged. In the layer-by-layer production of concrete, the complete Pirmin Clarkson et al.Composition of the components of the concrete layer by layer in the particle bed only where the component is to be created, such as in selectively binding particle bed processes through the selective addition of an activator such as water or a binder or curable material. In some embodiments, an object is produced using a method as described above, wherein the object can preferably be reinforcement within the component, which is manufactured during additive manufacturing of the component using the method according to the invention. In this way, the component represents a composite of a curable material, such as concrete, and reinforcement, which can be manufactured entirely by additive manufacturing, preferably without any of the components being prefabricated. Various geometries can thus be produced.In some embodiments, it is advantageous if the layered build-up of the reinforcement occurs a few layers in advance of the layered build-up of the hardening material, such as concrete, or if this occurs in the reverse order. In some embodiments, the layered build-up of reinforcement always occurs only one layer in advance of the layered build-up of the hardening or hardenable material, such as concrete, or occurs parallel to it. In some embodiments, the production device can alternatively or additionally achieve a material bond within the discharged starting material, such as a metal bond. In some embodiments, the friction arrangement has at least one first friction disc and at least one second Pirmin Clarkson et al. friction disc. The first friction disc and the second friction disc are preferably rotatable in opposite directions of rotation by at least one drive device.In some embodiments, the device can have at least one control and / or regulating device with which technical parameters such as rotational speeds, feed rates, distances between the friction discs, temperatures of the friction discs and temperature of the strand-shaped starting material, process gas flows, forces occurring, vibrations occurring, speeds, and other parameters can be measured, controlled, or regulated. In some embodiments, the method according to the invention is carried out before, overlapping with, or simultaneously with a prior art 3D printing method, for example, an SPI method. In some embodiments, the manufacturing device according to the invention is also suitable or intended to carry out conventional prior art 3D printing methods.Furthermore, conventional 3D printing methods and the method according to the invention can be carried out in combination with a device according to the invention in a production device, one after the other in any order, with temporal overlap, or simultaneously. In some embodiments, the production device according to the invention has a plurality of inputs and / or outputs for build material, including the starting material. Pirmin Clarkson et al. In some embodiments, the production device according to the invention has a plurality of outputs, for example configured as a plurality of print heads. In some embodiments, the distance from the center of at least one friction disc to the surface of the build platform and / or to already manufactured areas of the object is between 25 mm and 200 mm, preferably between 50 mm and 150 mm, particularly preferably between 70 mm and 130 mm, and most preferably between 75 mm and 120 mm.In some embodiments, a friction disc consists at least in part or predominantly of a steel alloy and / or of a nickel-based alloy, wherein the yield strength and / or the yield strength R. p0,2such metals is preferably at least 400 MPa, particularly preferably at least 500 MPa and very particularly preferably at least 600 MPa, such as at least 700 MPa, preferably also at temperatures above 350°C, such as above 450°C, above 550°C or above 650°C, or comprises such an alloy or combination of alloys. In some embodiments, the strand-shaped starting material is preheated within a heating device to a temperature of at least 300°C, preferably of at least 500°C, particularly preferably of at least 700°C and very particularly preferably of at least 750°C, such as between 750°C and 1250°C or between 800°C and 1200°C, preferably before entering the friction arrangement. A maximum temperature, if provided and / or monitored, to which the strand-shaped material can be heated is described in detail in EP 0 643 429 B1.is preheated, can preferably be below the melting temperature and / or below 1250°. In some embodiments, a wire can be the starting material or part thereof. In some embodiments, the production device has only one friction disc. In some embodiments, only a single friction disc is used. In some embodiments, the shaft carrying the friction disc is driven by an electric motor. In some embodiments, the production device has a device for guiding the material or wire. This can include a device for conveying the material or wire. It can, for example, have rollers, discs, wheels, etc. and is preferably electrically driven. In some embodiments, the production device has a heating device for the starting material / wire. It can, for example, be provided between the friction disc and the wire conveying device.In some embodiments, the angle at which, and / or the width with which, the starting material is applied to the object layer can be changed using an adjusting device. In some embodiments, it is provided that the friction arrangement discharges the starting material of Pirmin Clarkson et al. at a rate of at least 5 kg / h, preferably at least 10 kg / h, particularly preferably at least 15 kg / h, such as between 8 kg / h and 100 kg / h or between 12 kg / h and 60 kg / h. The control device can be programmed accordingly, as with any other method step disclosed herein. In certain embodiments, it is provided that an angular velocity of at least one friction disk can be adapted, controlled, and / or regulated to a feed rate of the starting material along the feed direction for wire feed.The angular velocity can be set such that, in particular, the path velocity of the region of a friction disc and / or additional friction discs that comes into contact with the starting material is at least a factor of 10, preferably at least a factor of 100, and particularly preferably at least a factor of 1000 greater than the feed rate of the starting material along the feed direction for wire feed. The path velocity is calculated by multiplying the angular velocity of the first friction disc and / or additional friction discs by the distance from the axis of rotation to the region that comes into contact with the starting material (contact area).In some embodiments, a strand-shaped starting material is conveyed at least temporarily, partially or predominantly at feed speeds of at least 5 mm / s, preferably of at least 10 mm / s and particularly preferably of at least 15 mm / s. In certain embodiments, the strand-shaped starting material preferably has diameters and / or diagonals Pirmin Clarkson et al. between 2 mm and 8 mm, particularly preferably between 3 mm and 6 mm. In some embodiments, at least one friction disk rotates at least temporarily, predominantly or mostly at circumferential speeds and / or cutting speeds of at least 50 m / s, preferably of at least 100 m / s, particularly preferably of at least 125 m / s and very particularly preferably of at least 150 m / s, such as between 100 m / s and 300 m / s or between 150 m / s and 250 m / s. It is designed for this purpose here.The control device can be programmed to rotate it at these speeds. In some embodiments, at least one friction disc is provided or designed to at least temporarily, predominantly or largely operate at speeds of at least 8,000 rpm, preferably at least 12,000 rpm, and particularly preferably at least 16,000 rpm, such as between 14,000 rpm and 40,000 rpm or between 18,000 rpm and 30,000 rpm. It is designed for this purpose here. The control device can be programmed to rotate it at these speeds. Some or all embodiments of the invention can have one, several, or all of the advantages mentioned above and / or below. One advantage of the present invention can be that it enables a reliable, in particular layered, construction of an object without significantly impairing existing areas of the object.This can help to reduce or prevent damage to the objects and thus ensure higher quality of the objects. A further advantage of the present invention can be that by using the friction arrangement to accelerate and / or heat the starting material, the manufacturing device and / or the method for additive manufacturing of an object can be easily adapted to a different starting material. This makes the present invention flexibly applicable, for example, in metal processing, mechanical engineering or the construction industry. With the present invention, no electrical contact, such as for arc welding in the WAAM process, is required for the additive manufacturing of reinforcing steel. This makes an electrical ground connection outside the component and / or to the already manufactured reinforcement as a ground connection unnecessary.This can advantageously contribute to reducing the overall effort and the associated higher costs, as fewer production steps are required. A further advantage of the present invention can be that the very high heat input that occurs during the welding process into the reinforcement and thus in the immediate area of ​​not yet (fully) cured concrete layers can be avoided. In this way, significant damage to the concrete can be avoided, at least in the immediate area of ​​the reinforcement. Pirmin Clarkson et al. The layer-by-layer production of weld layers in some applications can lead to unfavorable material properties within the reinforcement. This is also advantageously avoided with the present invention. When using starting material in strand form, rapid heating of the starting material is possible, which in turn reduces the forces required on the milling cutter.This can advantageously help to save time and money. In addition, using the strand mold produces more uniform, smaller particles, which in turn can advantageously refine the structure of the object to be manufactured and / or increase its quality. Strands can be used in a uniform size and / or shape, or in different sizes and / or shapes. All of the advantages achievable with the inventive methods can also be achieved undiminished in certain inventive embodiments with the inventive devices, and vice versa. Further details, advantages and features of the present invention will become apparent from the following description of exemplary embodiments with reference to the drawings. In the figures: Fig. 1 shows a two-part friction disc in a sectional view; Fig. 2 shows a device with the friction disc of Fig. 1 in a side view; Pirmin Clarkson et al. Fig.3 shows a friction arrangement with a device for beam bundling in a sectional view; Fig. 4 shows a friction arrangement made up of or with five friction discs; Fig. 5 shows a friction arrangement similar to that in Fig. 4 from the side in a sectional view; Fig. 6 shows the friction arrangement of Figs. 4 and 5 from above in a sectional view; Fig. 7 shows one embodiment of a section of a friction disc; Fig. 8 shows another embodiment of a section of a friction disc; Fig. 9 shows another embodiment of a section of a friction disc; and Fig. 10 shows the arrangement of the friction plates on the friction disc of one embodiment in detail; Fig. 11 shows the manufacturing device or parts thereof in a highly simplified side view in a further embodiment and in a first position of use; Fig. 12 shows the manufacturing device of Fig. 11 in a second position of use; Pirmin Clarkson et al. Fig.13 shows a further embodiment of a two-part friction disc in assembly with the shaft, in a sectional view; Fig. 14 shows an embodiment of the mounting structure of a nozzle of a friction arrangement in one embodiment thereof; Fig. 15 shows a schematic representation of the friction arrangement with the associated raw material preparation consisting of or comprising a straightening device; and Fig. 16 shows a schematic representation of a friction arrangement in which the material jet impinges on a semi-finished product. The following figures relate to details of a manufacturing device 300, as shown by way of example in Fig. 4. The manufacturing device 300 is used for the additive manufacturing of an object (not shown) and has a friction arrangement (not shown in Fig. 1) to which a strand-shaped raw material 7 (see Figs. 9 and 10) is fed, for example by means of a feed device of any design (not shown).The strand-shaped starting material 7 can be a metal wire; by way of example, reference is therefore made here to a wire 10, as shown, for example, in Fig. 15. The object can be built up by the manufacturing device 300, in particular layer by layer. Pirmin Clarkson et al. The friction arrangement serves to accelerate the starting material 7 and / or to heat the starting material 7 along a discharge direction 100. The starting material 7 is either melted, plasticized, and / or broken down into solid particles by the friction arrangement, wherein the thus processed starting material 7 impacts a build platform or already manufactured regions of the object. The manufactured regions of the object are preferably already manufactured layers. The starting material 7 can thus preferably be discharged from the friction arrangement as a jet or as shot.By impacting already manufactured areas of the object, the kinetic energy as well as the thermal energy of the starting material 7 are used to create a reliable connection to the already manufactured areas. This can be achieved, for example, by a material-to-material and / or form-fitting connection with the already manufactured areas. If, for example, it is intended to manufacture a component from concrete or generally a hardening or curable material (concrete is therefore to be understood as an example herein as a whole), the object can represent reinforcement for the component. The component is additively manufactured by applying concrete preferably layer by layer using at least one concrete application to a surface or to already manufactured areas.Alternatively, the concrete (or the hardening or hardenable material in general) can also be produced directly, particularly layer by layer, on the surface or on already manufactured areas. In this example, the surface corresponds to the build platform. The reinforcement is manufactured additively by the manufacturing device, with Pirmin Clarkson et al. particularly preferring to first produce one or more layers of reinforcement and then, optionally in addition or alternatively in parallel, one or more layers of the component. The component and the reinforcement can thus be manufactured in any desired shapes and designs, increasing flexibility in the manufacture of components with reinforcement. Due to the friction arrangement for accelerating and optionally heating the starting material 7, the manufacturing device 300 can be manufactured very easily and cost-effectively.At the same time, objects can be manufactured within short production times and with high stability and quality. The starting material 7 to be used is preferably strand-shaped and is therefore cheaper than other types of starting materials 7, such as powdered materials. By combining kinetic energy and thermal energy, not all of the energy required to build up a layer needs to be provided by thermal energy. The waste heat during the production of layers is thus minimized. This is particularly advantageous in the previously described application of reinforcement, since heat transfer to already manufactured layers of the concrete component is minimized during the production of the reinforcement. For example, if alternating layers of the component are made of a hardenable or hardening material, e.g.Concrete, and the reinforcement is made of metal, in some embodiments the concrete is not yet fully hardened when the reinforcement layers are produced. If excessive waste heat were to occur during the production of the reinforcement, this would adversely affect or damage the concrete, which is prevented by the production device 300. The production device 300 has a friction arrangement with at least one friction disk 1. It is coupled via a first shaft 15 to a first drive device, e.g. a motor 14, so that it can be driven in rotation. Analogously, further friction disks can be connected via further shafts to the same or further drive devices. It is provided in particular that the different friction disks can rotate in opposite directions of rotation. The strand-shaped starting material 7 can be a metal wire or a strand-shaped plastic.If the starting material 7 is fed to the friction arrangement 300, the starting material 7 is passed between at least two friction disks 1, in particular between their friction surfaces, or along the friction surface of only one friction disk 1. In this way, friction is created between the starting material 7 and the respective friction disk(s) 1 in contact therewith, specifically between the starting material 7 and the friction surface(s) 9 of the friction disk(s) 1. Particularly advantageously, if more than one friction disk 1 is used, the starting material 7 can be passed between end faces of the friction disks 1 as friction surfaces 9. For this purpose, the friction disks 1 are driven in rotation by the corresponding drive devices. Pirmin Clarkson et al.The passage of the starting material 7 between the rotating friction discs 1 leads in particular to a heating of the starting material 7 and preferably to the at least partial melting and / or plasticizing of the starting material 7. The same applies if, as also encompassed by the present invention, only one friction disc 1 is used; in this case, the wire can be fed, for example, perpendicular to the dispensing direction. In this case, friction would arise at the "cutting edge", possibly even only there. After the starting material 7 has passed the friction disc(s) 1, it is preferably dispensed as a molten jet or as a collection of solid and / or plasticized particles along the dispensing direction to the build platform. Particularly advantageously, the starting material 7 is brought to an elevated temperature level by the friction discs and simultaneously accelerated in the dispensing direction.The angular velocities of the friction discs, the feed rate of the starting material 7 and / or the temperature of the starting material 7, in particular allow the friction energy to be introduced to be adjusted. Fig. 1 shows a two-part friction disc 1 in a sectional view, which consists of or has a first friction disc half 1a and a second friction disc half 1b. In the embodiment of Fig. 1, one or more friction plates 2 are enclosed in or between the two friction disc halves 1a, 1b, which are held in position by a positive connection and / or frictional connection. Pirmin Clarkson et al. In the example of Fig. 1, the two friction disc halves 1a, 1b are optionally provided with a fully or partially circumferential groove 4, which allows the friction plates 2 to sit deeper, i.e. positioned closer to the center, in the friction disc 1, thus ensuring greater stability.1, two or more friction plates 2, which can also be a friction element, are provided, which appear different from one another in section due to their tilting, which serves to achieve a clearance angle. The groove 4, which can be continuous or interrupted several times, is preferably designed such that the distance between the two lateral surfaces, at least at the narrowest points, is at least 1 mm greater than the wire used in the friction blasting process, particularly preferably at least 2 mm greater. This can prevent the wire 10 (not shown in Fig. 1, see Fig. 3) from coming into direct contact with the friction discs 1 in the conveying direction, which could potentially damage them. The first friction disc half 1a is in the embodiment of Fig. 1, e.g.in a middle or central area, preferably with a conical shaft clamp and / or shaft centering 3, which allows the first friction disc half 1a to be clamped over the second friction disc half 1b, thus creating a shaft-hub connection. The acute angle of the cone can preferably be selected between 5° and 20°. The clamping is achieved via the contact surface of the clamp 6 (not shown in Fig. 1, see Fig. 2) Pirmin Clarkson et al., via which the clamping force is transmitted into or onto the friction disc halves 1a, 1b. In some embodiments, this can be achieved by clamping via a disc spring. This has the advantage that the loss of preload, which can occur due to the deformation of the friction disc halves 1a and 1b due to the acting forces, is compensated. In the example in Fig.1, the two friction disk halves 1a, 1b are optionally provided with an inner surface 5 extending conically into the component, which in some embodiments makes it possible to introduce process gas directly into the process area. Fig. 2 shows the friction disk 1 of Fig. 1 in a side view in slight perspective. Reference is made to the explanations for Fig. 1. In the embodiment of Fig. 2, the friction disk 1 is seated on a shaft 15. Fig. 3 shows a friction arrangement with two friction disks 1 with a device 12 for manipulating the beam, e.g. for deflecting it and / or for beam focusing, herein referred to for the sake of simplicity but not limitation as device 12 for beam focusing. In this and the following figures, the direction of rotation of a friction disk 1 or its friction disk halves 1a, 1b is marked with the reference number 200. Pirmin Clarkson et al.The friction arrangement consists of or has two friction disks 1 that rotate in the direction of rotation 200 and thus heat the wire 10, break it down into particles, and / or accelerate it. The material jet emanating from the friction disks 1 moves in the output direction 100 and is focused by the device 12 for beam bundling or material jet manipulation. The device 12 for beam bundling or material jet manipulation allows the material jet to be bundled onto a smaller area, which enables more precise printing. In the embodiment shown in Fig. 3, protective gas or process gas baffles 11 are used. These can make it possible to optimize the process gas flow. The protective gas or process gas baffles 11 surround one, several, or as here all, of the friction disks 1 along their circumference, completely or partially.A distance between the protective gas or process gas guide plates 11 and the friction disks 1 in the radial and axial directions allows the friction disk 1 to rotate unhindered by the protective gas or process gas guide plates 11. When using a process gas guide plate 11, gas turbulence can be avoided and / or reduced, and / or the gas flow can be optimized so that the material flow spreads in a predetermined manner within the discharge direction 100. In the example in Fig. 3, gas is introduced into the friction arrangement through the process gas inlet 13, which ensures that, depending on the process gas used, the process area is at least largely inert, so that the material cannot oxidize or can oxidize only to a small extent. The use of process gas also makes it possible to specifically heat or cool certain areas, thereby optimizing the process.For this purpose, in certain embodiments, the process gas can be preheated to a predetermined temperature, for example, by means of corresponding devices, such as a continuous-flow heater. The protective gas or process gas baffles 11 can form or encompass the process gas inlet 13. The protective gas or process gas baffles 11 can merge into the device 12 for beam bundling and / or be interrupted in the circumferential direction in order to form or allow a fluid transition into the device 12 for beam bundling. Fig. 4 shows a friction arrangement with or comprising five friction disks 1, which in Fig. 4 are surrounded by a device 19 for supporting and / or enclosing / housing the friction disks 1 and are therefore not visible. In the embodiment of Fig. 4, the friction disks 1 are optionally arranged at regular intervals in the circumferential direction of the wire 10, e.g.to ensure uniform material removal and / or to easily hold the wire 10 in a radially constant position and prevent the wire 10 from breaking out sideways. Pirmin Clarkson et al. In the example in Fig. 4, the device 19 for supporting and / or enclosing / housing the friction disks 1 preferably corresponds, at least in parts and / or regions thereof, to the shape of a Laval nozzle and / or is designed such that its mode of operation is at least somewhat similar to that of a Laval nozzle. The device 19 for supporting and / or enclosing / housing the friction disks 1 is designed such that a particle stream and / or a process gas stream can be additionally accelerated. The process gases and the particles contained therein can be accelerated, for example, in a similar way to a rocket engine, e.g. by the converging-diverging Laval nozzle, at sufficiently high gas velocities and pressure differences. In the example in Fig.4, the wire 10 is optionally fed to the friction arrangement by a conveyor mechanism. For example, five motors 14 each drive a shaft 15, on which the friction disks 1 are each seated. In some embodiments, the friction disks 1 can be different from one another and / or offset. In the present example, process gas can be supplied to the friction arrangement through a process gas inlet 13, whereby the material can be accelerated. In some embodiments, this can be further enhanced by a diverging jet outlet 16 (not visible in Fig. 4, see Fig. 5). The divergence results from the cross-sectional area increasing towards the outlet (horizontally in Fig. 5). Pirmin Clarkson et al. The process gas inlet 13 and the inlet for the wire 10 can be identical to one another in some embodiments; in some embodiments, they are concentric to one another. Fig. 5 shows a friction arrangement comparable to that of Fig.4 from the side in a simplified sectional view. Reference is made to the description of Fig. 5. Fig. 6 shows the friction arrangement of Fig. 4 and Fig. 5 from above in a sectional view. Reference is made to the description of Fig. 4 and Fig. 5. Fig. 6 shows the arrangement of the friction discs 1, which in the embodiment of Fig. 6 are arranged at regular intervals in the circumferential direction of the wire 10, which is guided centrally in Fig. 6, as already described as an option for Fig. 4. Fig. 7 shows one of the radial ends including the end face of the friction disc of an embodiment or a section of the circumferential area of ​​the friction disc 1 with a view of the shell side, which merges into the friction surface 9. The axis of rotation R is indicated by the horizontal dashed line in Fig. 7. In the example of Fig. 7, the side surface 8 (ie7, the friction surface 9 is optionally tilted by an angle λ2 relative to the rotation axis R. In some embodiments, this inclination can be an angle of up to 45°. Fig. 8 shows a section of the circumferential area of ​​a further embodiment of a friction disc 1 in the basic representation of Fig. 7. In the example of Fig. 8, the friction surface 9 has the cross-section of a radius or pitch circle, wherein the radius r thereof is preferably greater than 0.5 mm. Figs. 7 and 8 show the radial end of the friction disc 1. In some embodiments, the above-mentioned information alternatively applies to the radial end of a friction plate or friction element 2 Fig.9 shows yet another embodiment of one of the radial ends of a friction disc 1. Unlike in FIGS. 7 and 8, the axis of rotation R is perpendicular to the plane of the drawing. In the embodiment of FIG. 9, the friction disc 1 has friction plates 2 which have a clearance angle α0, a rake angle γ0 and a wedge angle β0. With the present embodiment, the starting material 7 is separated into particles by machining during the friction blasting process. Pirmin Clarkson et al. FIG. 10 shows the arrangement of the friction plates 2 on the friction disc 1 in detail. The friction plates 2 in the example of FIG. 10 have a transverse axis a and a longitudinal axis b, wherein the longitudinal extent of the friction plates 2 is greater than their transverse extent. The longitudinal axes b of the friction plates 2 run radially in the exemplary embodiment of FIG. 10 and the friction plates 2 are arranged at equal spacing on the outer circumference of the friction disc 1. Fig.11 shows the manufacturing device 300 or parts thereof in a highly simplified side view in an exemplary embodiment. Its use is shown in a first position of use. Shown is a friction disc 1, which can be used as the only friction disc, on a central shaft 15, driven by a motor (not shown), in particular an electric motor. A device 20 for material or wire guidance is provided to convey the starting material, here, for example, a wire 10, towards the friction disc 1. This can be done using a device 23 for material or wire conveying. It can, for example, have rollers, discs, wheels, etc. and is preferably electrically driven. A heating device 21 for the starting material / wire 10 is also optionally provided. It can, for example, be provided between the friction disc 1 and the device 23 for wire conveying.Reference numeral 22 denotes the object layer applied to a build platform 25. By means of the production device 300, the starting material is processed as disclosed herein and gradually applied as preheated wire or preheated starting material 24 to the object, as shown here with reference to the object layer 22. The angle at which and / or the width with which this occurs can be changed by means of an adjustment device, which can change the orientation of one, several, or all of the devices 20, 21, 23 relative to a horizontal. Fig. 11 shows a horizontal orientation of the devices 20, 21, 23, or parallel to the direction in which the object layer 22 is applied. The distance between a contact area 26, in which the starting material, here the wire 10, comes into contact with the surface of the friction disc 1, and the surface of the build platform is denoted by reference numeral 600.The reference numeral 700 represents the distance between the friction disk or a surrounding surface and the build platform 25 or the last applied object layer 22. Fig. 12 shows the production device 300 or parts thereof from Fig. 11 in a second position of use. Pirmin Clarkson et al. The second position of use differs from the first by the angle, designated in Fig. 12 by the reference numeral 800, at which the starting material strikes the friction disk 1 or is fed to it. The feed direction, which deviates significantly from the horizontal in Fig. 12 and can be measured using the angle 800, leads, with otherwise unchanged conditions, to the distance 600 changing or having changed compared to Fig. 11. With a changed distance 600, a different geometry of the area in which the plasticized, liquefied, etc. starting material is applied to the object layer 22 can result.The temperature at which the starting material comes into contact with the object layer 22 due to the rubbing process can also vary depending on the position of use (first, second, further as well as those lying between these positions of use). This can be advantageously used when carrying out the method according to the invention. The present invention is not limited to the embodiments described above. These are merely for illustrative purposes. Fig. 13 shows an embodiment of the two-part friction disc in assembly with the shaft in a sectional view. The illustrated embodiment of the friction disc consists of the first friction disc half 1a and the second friction disc half 1b, or has them, which Pirmin Clarkson et al. together form the friction disc 1 or are involved in its formation. The two friction disc halves 1a, 1b are optionally, e.g.connected to one another in a rotationally secure manner by means of one or more dowel pins 27. The two friction disc halves are optionally pressed, e.g. with a shaft nut 28, against a conical shaft collar 29, which optionally centers the two friction disc halves 1a, 1b, preferably with high precision, and preferably ensures that the expansion of the friction disc 1, which can occur due to the high rotational speed, is minimized or prevented. In the embodiment shown, the shaft 15 has a longitudinal bore 13 and a transverse bore 30, e.g. at the level of the joint between the two friction disc halves 1a, 1b, through which process gas can be guided from the interior of the shaft 15 and the friction disc 1 into the process area. The process gas is guided to the circumference, e.g. through the inclined inner surfaces.In some embodiments, additional milling grooves leading from the center outwards can promote gas guidance to the outside and / or allow for more precise metering and / or positioning, for example, leading exactly to the cavities for the friction plates. Fig. 14 shows an embodiment of the holder construction or nozzle holder of a friction arrangement of the production device with a nozzle 31. The wire 10 is fed to the friction arrangement through the nozzle 31. Due to the rubbing and / or fragmentation and / or machining of the wire 10 by the friction plates 2, mechanical forces act on the nozzle 31, which are fully or partially absorbed by a nozzle holder 32. Since the wire 10 is intended for the process with high temperatures, thermal insulation 33 is preferably used to reduce thermal losses.By thermally insulating the nozzle 31, heat conduction to the nozzle holder 32 and radiation losses are reduced. Fig. 15 shows a schematic representation of the friction assembly disclosed herein with the associated starting material preparation in an optional embodiment. The material preparation consists of or includes a straightening device 35 that straightens or at least deforms the wire 10 before the process. The wire 10 is wound onto a wire spool 34 and, due to its storage shape, has a bend or curvature after unwinding, which can be removed by an optional straightening device 35. This straightening device 35 can, for example, consist of or include one or more rollers. In the illustrated embodiment, the wire 10 passes through an optional cleaning device 36 before it impacts the friction disk 1.This can consist of rotating brushes or have brushes that mechanically remove dirt and / or grease from the wire. Predetermined cleaning of the wire 10 minimizes material contamination that would impair the material bond and / or damage the heating device 21. Pirmin Clarkson et al. Fig. 16 shows a schematic representation of a friction arrangement in which a material jet 39 strikes a semi-finished product 37, which here lies, by way of example, on a plane 38. A material jet 39 preferably diverges in two planes, creating a divergence angle δ1 in the plane of rotation, and a divergence angle δ2 perpendicular to the plane of rotation can be measured. In some embodiments, the divergence angles δ1 and / or δ2 can be up to 45°, preferably up to 30°, particularly preferably up to 20°, and most particularly preferably less than 10°.

[0002] Pirmin Clarkson et al. List of reference symbols 1 friction disc 1a first friction disc half 1b second friction disc half 2 friction plate 3 conical shaft clamping and / or shaft centering 4 circumferential groove 5 inclined inner surface 6 contact surface clamping 7 starting material 8 side surface 9 friction surface 10 wire 11 process gas baffles 12 device for beam bundling 13 process gas inlet, e.g. B. Longitudinal bore 14 Motor 15 Shaft 16 Diverging jet outlet 19 Device for supporting and / or enclosing / housing the friction discs 20 Device for wire guidance 21 Heating device for starting material / wire 22 Object layer 23 Device for wire feeding 24 Preheated wire or preheated starting material 25 Build platform 26 Contact area between strand-shaped starting material or wire and friction surface 27 Dowel pin 28 Shaft nut 29 Conical shaft collar Pirmin Clarkson et al.30 Cross hole 31 Nozzle 32 Nozzle holder 33 Thermal insulation 34 Wire spool 35 Straightening device 36 Cleaning device 37 Semi-finished product 38 Plane 39 Material jet 100 Output direction 200 Rotation direction 300 Manufacturing device 400 Feed direction of a first axis 500 Feed direction for wire feed 600 Distance from the friction area to the build platform surface and / or to already manufactured areas of the object 700 Distance from the outer diameter / effective diameter of the friction disc to the build platform and / or to already manufactured areas of the object 800 Angle for feeding the starting material or the wire measured between a perpendicular to the friction disc and a direction vector 900 Direction vector α0 Clearance angle γ0 Rake angle β0 Wedge angle λ1 (Inclination) angle of the side surface λ2 (Inclination) angle of the friction surface δ1 Divergence or scattering angle in rotation plane Pirmin Clarkson et al.δ2Divergence or scattering angle perpendicular to the plane of rotation a Transverse axis b Longitudinal axis r Radius of the friction surface R Axis of rotation.

Claims

Pirmin Clarkson et al. Claims 1. A method for the additive manufacturing of an object, comprising the steps of - feeding an optionally preheated, strand-like starting material (7) to a friction assembly, and - accelerating the starting material (7) along a discharge direction by the friction assembly in order to apply the starting material (7), in particular layer by layer, to a construction platform and / or to already manufactured regions of the object for manufacturing the object, wherein the strand-like starting material (7) is at least partially liquefied and / or at least partially plasticized and / or at least partially broken down into particles by the friction assembly, and wherein the friction assembly has precisely one or at least one friction disc (1) which is two-part or multi-part and / or has precisely one or at least one friction plate (2) or element inserted into it and / or at least partially received by it and / or connected to it. 2.Method according to claim 1, wherein the friction disc (1) has two friction disc halves (1a, 1b).

3. Method according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the friction disc (1) has a plurality of friction plates (2). Pirmin Clarkson et al.

4. The method according to one of the preceding claims, wherein a device (19) for material beam manipulation, in particular for beam bundling, is used.

5. The method according to claim 4, wherein the device (19) for material beam manipulation comprises a component that is at least partially funnel-shaped or provided with directed elements, e.g., plates, or a component with an at least partially funnel-shaped section.

6. The method according to one of claims 4 or 5, wherein the device (19) for material beam manipulation has a ceramic coating entirely or in sections and / or consists at least partially or entirely of ceramic.

7. The method according to one of the preceding claims, wherein one or more process gas baffles (11) are further used.

8. The method according to one of the preceding claims, wherein one or more process gases are further introduced into or onto the friction arrangement. 9.Method according to one of the preceding claims, wherein one or more Laval nozzles are further used.

10. Method according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the first friction disc half (1a), e.g., in a middle or central region thereof, is provided with a conical shaft clamp and / or shaft centering device (3). Pirmin Clarkson et al. or a conically extending section or passage for corrugated clamping.

11. Method according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the distance between the two lateral surfaces of the friction disc halves (1a, 1b), at least at the narrowest points, is at least 1 mm greater than the diameter of the wire (10) used in the friction blasting process, preferably at least 2 mm greater.

12. Method according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the starting material (7) is used entirely or partially in strand form.

13. Method according to one of the preceding claims, wherein starting material (7) is used which comprises or consists of aluminum and / or ceramic components.

14. Method according to one of the preceding claims, wherein starting material (7) is used in strand form. 15.Method according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the at least one friction disc (1) or the at least one friction plate (2) has an angle of inclination λ1 between the side surface (8) of the friction and the perpendicular to the rotational axis (R) of the friction disc (1) of preferably greater than five degrees.

16. Method according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the friction surface (9) of the friction disc (1) or of the at least one friction plate (2) is tilted by an angle λ2 relative to the parallel to the rotational axis (R). Pirmin Clarkson et al.

17. The method according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the friction surface (9) of the friction disc (1) or of the at least one friction plate (2) has the shape of a partial circle or arcuate segment of a circle in cross section, wherein the radius r thereof is preferably greater than 0.5 mm.

18. The method according to one of the preceding claims, wherein malfunctions of the production device (300) are detected by means of an infrared camera, an optical camera, or through the use of sensors such as strain gauges and vibration sensors.

19. The method according to one of the preceding claims, wherein a preheating temperature and / or thus the preheating speed are regulated or controlled by means of a control or regulating unit.

20. The method according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the wire (10) is fed at least partially tangentially to the circumferential direction of the at least one friction disc (1). 21.Method according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the wire (10) is fed at least partially perpendicular to the circumferential direction of the at least one friction disc (1) and / or the wire (10) is fed at least partially perpendicular to the circumference of the at least one friction disc (1).

22. Method according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the direction vector of the feed direction of the wire (10) is in. Pirmin Clarkson et al. an angle to a normal to the circumference of a friction disc (1) between 0° and 60°, preferably between 0° and 45° and particularly preferably between 0° and 35°.

23. Friction disc (1) for use in a friction arrangement of a manufacturing device (300) for the additive manufacturing of an object, wherein the friction disc (1) is two-part or multi-part and / or has exactly one or at least one friction plate (2) or element inserted into it and / or at least partially received by it and / or connected to it.

24. Friction disc (1) according to claim 23, wherein the friction disc (1) has two friction disc halves (1a, 1b).

25. Friction disc (1) according to one of claims 23 to 24, wherein the friction disc (1) has a plurality of friction plates (2).

26. Friction disc (1) according to one of claims 23 to 25, wherein the first friction disc half (1a), e.g.in a middle or central region thereof, is provided with a conical shaft clamping and / or shaft centering (3).

27. Friction disc (1) according to one of claims 23 to 26, wherein the distance between the two lateral surfaces of the friction disc halves (1a, 1b), at least at the narrowest points, is at least 1 mm greater than the diameter of a guide or holder for the. Pirmin Clarkson et al. Friction blasting process wire (10), preferably at least 2 mm larger.

28. Friction disc (1) according to one of claims 23 to 27, wherein the at least one friction disc (1) or the at least one friction plate (2) has an angle of inclination λ1 between the side surface (8) of the friction of the perpendicular to the axis of rotation (R) of the friction disc (1) of preferably greater than five degrees.

29. Friction disc (1) according to one of claims 23 to 28, wherein the friction surface (9) of the friction disc (1) or of the at least one friction plate (2) is tilted or inclined by an angle λ2 relative to the parallel to the axis of rotation (R).

30. Friction disc (1) according to one of claims 23 to 29, wherein the friction surface (9) of the friction disc (1) or of the at least one friction plate (2) has, in cross-section, the shape of a partial circle or arcuate segment of a circle, the radius r of which is preferably greater than 0.5 mm. 31.Manufacturing device (300) for the additive manufacturing of an object, comprising a friction arrangement to which a strand-shaped starting material (7) can be fed, wherein the friction arrangement is designed to accelerate the starting material (7) along a dispensing direction (100) in order to apply the starting material (7), in particular layer by layer, to a construction platform and / or to already manufactured regions of the object for manufacturing the object, wherein the friction arrangement is designed to apply the strand-shaped starting material (7). Pirmin Clarkson et al. at least partially liquefies and / or at least partially plasticizes and / or at least partially breaks down into particles, wherein the friction arrangement comprises precisely one or at least one friction disc (1) according to one of claims 23 to 30.

32. Manufacturing device (300) according to claim 31, wherein a device (19) for material jet manipulation, in particular for jet bundling, is used.

33. Manufacturing device (300) according to one of claims 31 to 32, wherein the device (19) for material jet manipulation comprises a component that is at least partially funnel-shaped or a component with an at least partially funnel-shaped section or with directed sections.

34. Manufacturing device (300) according to one of claims 32 to 33, wherein the device (19) for material jet manipulation has a ceramic coating entirely or in sections or is formed entirely or partially from at least one ceramic. 35.Manufacturing device (300) according to one of claims 31 to 34, further comprising one or more process gas baffles (11).

36. Manufacturing device (300) according to one of claims 31 to 35, further comprising one or more connections for introducing process gas into or onto the friction arrangement, in particular connected to a source of process gas. Pirmin Clarkson et al.

37. The manufacturing device (300) according to any one of claims 31 to 36, further comprising one or more Laval nozzles.

38. The manufacturing device (300) according to any one of claims 31 to 36, wherein the distance between the two lateral surfaces of the friction disk halves (1a, 1b), at least at the narrowest points, is at least 1 mm greater than the diameter of a guide or holder for the wire (10) to be introduced for the friction blasting process, preferably at least 2 mm greater.

39. The manufacturing device (300) according to any one of claims 31 to 38, wherein starting material (7) is introduced into the manufacturing device (300) entirely or partially in stranded form.

40. The manufacturing device (300) according to any one of claims 31 to 39, wherein starting material (7) is introduced into the manufacturing device (300) which comprises or consists of aluminum and / or ceramic components. 41.The manufacturing device (300) according to any one of claims 31 to 40, wherein starting material (7) is introduced into the manufacturing device (300) in strand form.

42. The manufacturing device (300) according to any one of claims 31 to 42, further comprising an infrared camera, an optical camera, and / or sensors such as strain gauges and vibration sensors for detecting malfunctions of the manufacturing device (300). Pirmin Clarkson et al.

43. The manufacturing device (300) according to any one of claims 31 to 42, further comprising a control or regulating unit configured to achieve a preheating temperature and / or a preheating speed.

44. The manufacturing device (300) according to any one of claims 31 to 43, further comprising a feed device for feeding the wire (10) tangentially or at least partially tangentially to the circumferential direction of the at least one friction disc (1).

45. The manufacturing device (300) according to any one of claims 31 to 44, further comprising a feed device for feeding the wire (10) perpendicularly or at least partially perpendicularly to the circumferential direction of the at least one friction disc (1) and / or for feeding the wire (10) perpendicularly or at least partially perpendicularly to the circumference of the at least one friction disc (1). 46.Manufacturing device (300) according to one of claims 31 to 45, further comprising a feed device for feeding the wire (10) such that the direction vector of the feed direction of the wire (10) is at an angle to a perpendicular to the circumference of a friction disk (1) between 0° and 60°, preferably between 0° and 45° and particularly preferably between 0° and 35°.

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