Improved feedstocks, growth media, and drinking water

Abstract

Disclosed herein are compositions containing one or more siloxane compounds useful for promoting the growth and health of an animal. The compositions are useful for promoting growth in livestock, aquatic animals, as well as to increase egg production, hatch rate, and overall animal size.

Description

[0001]Attorney Docket No. 11002-015WO1 IMPROVED FEEDSTOCKS, GROWTH MEDIA, AND DRINKING WATER CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Applications 63 / 518,972, filed August 11, 2023, and 63 / 621,215, filed January 16, 2024, the contents of each are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties. FIELD OF THE INVENTION The invention is directed to additives for feedstocks, growth media, and drinking water for promoting health and vigorous growth, improved meat production, improved milk production, improved egg production, and the like. BACKGROUND Production of animal feedstocks can be an expensive process; thus, alternative economical high-quality ingredients are desired to supplement conventional feedstocks to meet the growing demands. In addition to the basic energy supply needed growth, feedstocks and drinking water also effect health, overall animal physiology and product quality and quantity, immunological health, milk quality and production yield, egg quality and quantity, disease and pathogen resistance, gut function, and feed conversion. The remains a need for improved feedstocks, growth media, and drinking water, including improved feedstocks, growth media, and drinking water for cattle, poultry, fish, crustaceans, and pigs. There remains a need for improved feedstocks, growth media, and drinking water that provide enhanced growth without also requiring an increase in energy supplied. There remains a need for feedstocks, growth media, and drinking water that promote improved meat quality and quantity. There remains a need for feedstocks, growth media, and drinking water that promote improved egg quality and quantity. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES Figure 1 depicts the effect of K21 on zebrafish weight (column 1) vs control (column 2). Figure 2 depicts the effect of K21 on male zebrafish weight (column 1) vs control (column 2). Attorney Docket No. 11002-015WO1 Figure 3 depicts the effect of K21 on female zebrafish weight (column 1) vs control (column 2). Figure 4 depicts the effect of K21 on zebrafish length (column 1) vs control (column 2). Figure 5 depicts the effect of K21 on male zebrafish length (column 1) vs control (column 2). Figure 6 depicts the effect of K21 on female zebrafish length (column 1) vs control (column 2). Figure 7 depicts bone scans of K21-raised adult zebrafish vs. control. Figure 8 depicts the effect of K21 on adult zebrafish. Figure 9 depicts the effect of K21 on adult zebrafish. Figure 10 depicts iodine staining for K21-raised adult zebrafish vs. control. Figure 11 depicts iodine staining for K21-raised juvenile zebrafish vs. control. Figure 12 depicts individual weight data for K21-raised chickens. DETAILED DESCRIPTION Before the present methods and systems are disclosed and described, it is to be understood that the methods and systems are not limited to specific synthetic methods, specific components, or to particular compositions. It is also to be understood that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting. As used in the specification and the appended claims, the singular forms “a,” “an” and “the” include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Ranges may be expressed herein as from “about” one particular value, and / or to “about” another particular value. When such a range is expressed, another embodiment includesfrom the one particular value and / or to the other particular value. Similarly, when values are expressed as approximations, by use of the antecedent “about,” it will be understood that the particular value forms another embodiment. It will be further understood that the endpoints of each of the ranges are significant both in relation to the other endpoint, and independently of the other endpoint. Attorney Docket No. 11002-015WO1 “Optional” or “optionally” means that the subsequently described event or circumstance may or may not occur, and that the description includes instances where said event or circumstance occurs and instances where it does not. Throughout the description and claims of this specification, the word “comprise” and variations of the word, such as “comprising” and “comprises,” means “including but not limited to,” and is not intended to exclude, for example, other additives, components, integers or steps. “Exemplary” means “an example of” and is not intended to convey an indication of a preferred or ideal embodiment. “Such as” is not used in a restrictive sense, but for explanatory purposes. Disclosed are components that can be used to perform the disclosed methods and systems. These and other components are disclosed herein, and it is understood that when combinations, subsets, interactions, groups, etc. of these components are disclosed that while specific reference of each various individual and collective combinations and permutation of these may not be explicitly disclosed, each is specifically contemplated and described herein, for all methods and systems. This applies to all aspects of this application including, but not limited to, steps in disclosed methods. Thus, if there are a variety of additional steps that can be performed it is understood that each of these additional steps can be performed with any specific embodiment or combination of embodiments of the disclosed methods. When a range of values is listed, it is intended to encompass each value and sub-range within the range. For example, "C1-6 alkyl" is intended to encompass C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, C1-6, C1-5, C1-4, C1-3, C1-2, C2-6, C2-5, C2-4, C2-3, C3-6, C3-5, C3-4, C4-6, C4-5, and C5-6alkyl. The term "alkyl" refers to a radical of a straight-chain or branched hydrocarbon group having a specified range of carbon atoms (e.g., a "C1-16 alkyl" can have from 1 to 16 carbon atoms). In some embodiments, an alkyl group has 1 to 9 carbon atoms ("C1-9 alkyl"). An alkyl group can be saturated or unsaturated, i.e., an alkenyl or alkynyl group as defined herein. Unless specified to the contrary, an “alkyl” group includes both saturated alkyl groups and unsaturated alkyl groups. In some embodiments, an alkyl group has 1 to 8 carbon atoms ("C1-8alkyl"). In some embodiments, an alkyl group has 1 to 7 carbon atoms ("C1-7 alkyl"). In some embodiments, an alkyl group has 1 to 6 carbon atoms ("C1-6 alkyl"). In some embodiments, an alkyl group has 1 to 5 carbon atoms ("C1-5alkyl"). In some embodiments, an alkyl group has 1 to 4 carbon atoms ("C1-4alkyl"). In some embodiments, an alkyl group has 1 to 3 carbon atoms ("C1-3alkyl"). In Attorney Docket No. 11002-015WO1 some embodiments, an alkyl group has 1 to 2 carbon atoms ("C1-2alkyl"). In some embodiments, an alkyl group has 1 carbon atom ("C1 alkyl"). In some embodiments, an alkyl group has 2 to 6 carbon atoms ("C2-6 alkyl"). Examples of C1-6 alkyl groups include methyl (C1), ethyl (C2), propyl (C3) (e.g., n-propyl, isopropyl), butyl (C4) (e.g., n-butyl, tert-butyl, sec-butyl, iso-butyl), pentyl (C5) (e.g., n-pentyl, 3-pentanyl, amyl, neopentyl, 3- methyl-2-butanyl, tertiary amyl), and hexyl (C6) (e.g., n-hexyl). Additional examples of alkyl groups include n-heptyl (C7), n-octyl (C8), and the like. Unless otherwise specified, each instance of an alkyl group is independently unsubstituted (an "unsubstituted alkyl") or substituted (a "substituted alkyl") with one or more substituents (e.g., halogen, such as F). In certain embodiments, the alkyl group is an unsubstituted C1-10alkyl (such as unsubstituted C1-6alkyl, e.g., -CH3(Me), unsubstituted ethyl (Et), unsubstituted propyl (Pr, e.g., unsubstituted n-propyl (n-Pr), unsubstituted isopropyl (i-Pr)), unsubstituted butyl (Bu, e.g., unsubstituted n-butyl (n-Bu), unsubstituted tert-butyl (tert-Bu or t- Bu), unsubstituted sec-butyl (sec-Bu), unsubstituted isobutyl (i-Bu)). In certain embodiments, the alkyl group is a substituted C1-10alkyl (such as substituted C1-6alkyl, e.g., -CF3, Bn). Compounds disclosed herein may be provided in the form of acceptable salts. Examples of such salts are acid addition salts formed with inorganic acids, for example, hydrochloric, hydrobromic, sulfuric, phosphoric, and nitric acids and the like; salts formed with organic acids such as acetic, oxalic, tartaric, succinic, maleic, fumaric, gluconic, citric, malic, methanesulfonic, p-toluenesulfonic, napthalenesulfonic, and polygalacturonic acids, and the like; salts formed from elemental anions such as chloride, bromide, and iodide; salts formed from metal hydroxides, for example, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, lithium hydroxide, and magnesium hydroxide; salts formed from metal carbonates, for example, sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate, calcium carbonate, and magnesium carbonate; salts formed from metal bicarbonates, for example, sodium bicarbonate and potassium bicarbonate; salts formed from metal sulfates, for example, sodium sulfate and potassium sulfate; and salts formed from metal nitrates, for example, sodium nitrate and potassium nitrate. Quaternary nitrogen atoms disclosed herein are understood to bear a cationic charge, even if not explicitly designated in the chemical formula. Such compounds should be understood to include a sufficient number of physiological acceptable anionic species to maintain electroneutrality, even if the anionic species are not formally depicted. In some embodiments, the anion is the conjugate base of one or more of the following acids: sulfuric acid, hydrochloric Attorney Docket No. 11002-015WO1 acid, hydrobromic acid, phosphoric acid, acetic acid, succinic acid, citric acid, lactic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, cholic acid, pamoic acid, mucic acid, glutamic acid, camphoric acid, glutaric acid, glycolic acid, phthalic acid, tartaric acid, formic acid, lauric acid, stearic acid, salicylic acid, methanesulfonic acid, benzenesulfonic acid, sorbic acid, picric acid, benzoic acid, or cinnamic acid, Suitable counter ions include fluorides, chlorides, bromides, iodides, sulfates, nitrates, phosphates, acetates, oxalates, tartrates, succinates, maleates, fumarates, gluconorates, citrates, malates, mesylates, tosylates, napthalenesulfonates, and the like. Preferred counterions include chloride, bromide, fluoride, iodide, sulfate, mesylate, and phosphate. Unless a specific counter anion is designated, the depiction of a quaternary nitrogen atom is intended to cover all counterions. Disclosed herein are additives for feedstocks, growth media, and drinking water. The additives disclosed herein include a compound having a quaternary amine moiety covalently bound to a siloxane. In some embodiments, the compound is an oligomer, polymer, or particle component. In certain embodiments, the additive includes one or more compounds of Formula 1: [Formula (1)], wherein: a is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10; b is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10; c is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10; d is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10; A1has the formula –(CH2)e-Ra; wherein e is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10, preferably 2, 3, or 4, most preferably 3 Attorney Docket No. 11002-015WO1 Rais selected from H, ORo, or a group having the formula: , wherein Ra1, Ra2, and Ra3are each from C1-25alkyl, wherein any two or more of Ra1, Ra2, and Ra3may together form a ring; A2has the formula –(CH2)f-Rb; wherein f is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10, preferably 2, 3, or 4, most preferably 3; Rbis selected from H, ORo, or a group having the formula: , wherein Rb1, Rb2, and Rb3are each from C1-25alkyl, wherein any two or more of Rb1, Rb2, and Rb3may together form a ring; A3has the formula –(CH2)g-Rc; wherein g is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10, preferably 2, 3, or 4, most preferably 3; Rcis selected from H, ORo, or a group having the formula: , wherein Rc1, Rc2, and Rc3are each from C1-25alkyl, wherein any two or more of Rc1, Rc2, and Rc3may together form a ring; A4has the formula –(CH2)h-Rd; wherein h is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10, preferably 2, 3, or 4, most preferably 3; Rdis selected from H, ORo, or a group having the formula: , wherein Rd1, Rd2, and Rd3are each from C1-25alkyl, wherein any two or more of Rd1, Rd2, and Rd3may together form a ring; and Rois in each case independently selected from H, CH3, CH2CH3, or CH(CH3)2. Attorney Docket No. 11002-015WO1 In certain embodiments, each of a, b, and c is 0, and each of A1, A2, and A3is ORo. In such embodiments, A4has the formula –(CH2)h-Rdwherein Rdhas the formula: . In other embodiments, each of a, b, Rois each case is H, e, f, g, and h are each 1, 2, 3, or 4; and each of Ra, Rb, Rc, and Rdhave the formula: , wherein R1, R2, and R3are each from C1-25alkyl, wherein any two or more of R1, R2, and R3may together form a ring. Such embodiments are compound of Formula (1a): [Formula (1a)]. The skilled nitrogen formally bears a cationic charge (not depicted), and as such will be balanced by a suitable number or kind of anionic species, as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R1and R2are each C1-3alkyl, or R1and R2together with the nitrogen atom form a 5-7 membered ring, and R3is C3-25alkyl, preferably C6-25alkyl, more preferably, C10-25alkyl, and even more preferably C14-22alkyl. In some preferred embodiments, R1and R2are each methyl. In certain implementations of the compound Formula (1a), R0is in each case H, R1and R2are each methyl, and R3is selected from C14-n-alkyl, C15-n-alkyl, C16-n-alkyl, C17-n-alkyl, C18-n-alkyl, C19-n-alkyl, C20-n-alkyl, C21-n-alkyl, or C22-n-alkyl, preferably C17-n-alkyl, C18-n- alkyl, or C19-n-alkyl, and most preferably C18-n-alkyl. Such a compound may be designated as K21. In certain embodiments, the additive can be in particulate form, for instance as a particle including a portion of groups having the formula –(CH2)p-Rpcovalently bonded to a silica particle, wherein p is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10, preferably 2, 3, or 4, most preferably 3, and Rphas the formula: Attorney Docket No. 11002-015WO1 , wherein R1, R2, and R3are each independently selected from C1-25alkyl, wherein any two or more of R1, R2, and R3may together form a ring. In certain embodiments, R1and R2are each C1-3alkyl, or R1and R2together with the nitrogen atom form a 5-7 membered ring, and R3is C3-25alkyl, preferably C6-25alkyl, more preferably, C10-25alkyl, and even more preferably C14-22alkyl. In some preferred embodiments, R1and R2are each methyl. In some embodiments, the groups having the formula –(CH2)p-Rpwill be more or less homogenously distributed throughout the particle. In other embodiments, the portion of groups having the formula –(CH2)p-Rpwill be largely contained on the outer surface of the particle. For example, the particle can be a core-shell particle containing an interior core of SiO2, and an exterior core of silicon atoms covalently bonded to groups having the formula –(CH2)p-Rp. In some embodiments, the particle has the formula: , wherein the bracketed portion reflects number of siloxane units forming a core, and Rzis independently chosen from H, CH3, CH2CH3, and groups having the formula –(CH2)p- Rp. The skilled person will understand that such a particle may include portions of incompletely bonded silicon atoms in the core, the above depiction is not intended to exclude such possibilities from the invention. In certain embodiments, the additive can be a compound (or mixture of compounds) prepared by reacting a compound having the formula Si(ORo1)4with a compound of Formula (2): [Formula (2)], wherein Ro1is H, CH3, CH2CH3, Ro2is is H, CH3, CH2CH3, or CH(CH3)2, and is preferably CH3, n is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6, preferably 2, 3, or 4, most preferably 3. The molar ratio of compound having the formula Si(ORo1)4 to the compound of Formula (2) can be from 100:1 to 50:1, from 75:1 to 25:1, from 50:1 to 25:1, from 40:1 to 20:1 from 25:1 Attorney Docket No. 11002-015WO1 to 10:1, from 10:1 to 1:10, from 5:1 to 1:5, from 2.5:1 to 1:2.5, from 1.5:1 to 1:1.5, from 10:1 to 5:1, from 7.5:1 to 2.5:1, from 2.5:1 to 1:1, from 1:1 to 1:2.5, from 1:2.5 to 1:7.5, from 1:5 to 1:10, from 1:10 to 1:20, from 1:15 to 1:25, from 1:20 to 1:40, from 1:25 to 1:50, from 1:25 to 1:75, or from 1:50 to 1:100. In certain embodiments, the compound having the formula Si(ORo1)4 can be combined with the compound of Formula (2) in the presence of an acid reagent or base reagent. The acid reagent can be a strong acid (pKain water < 1), for example HCl, HBr, HI, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, nitric acid, and the like. The acid reagent can be a weak acid (pKa in water > 1), for example a carboxylic acid like acetic acid, propionic acid, benzoic acid, and the like. The base reagent can be KOH, NaOH, sodium methoxide, sodium ethoxide, triethylamine, diisopropylethylamine and the like. In certain embodiments, the compound having the formula Si(ORo1)4 can be combined with the compound of Formula (2) in a mixture having a pH less than about 1, greater than about 12, or from about 7-12, from about 8-12, from about 8-11, from about 8-10, from about 9-10, from about 9-12, from about 9-11, from about 9-10, from about 1-7, from about 1-5, from about 1-4, from about 1-3, from about 1-2, from about 2-5, from about 2-4, from about 3-5, or from about 4-6. When the compound having the formula Si(ORo1)4 can be combined with the compound of Formula (2) in an acidic aqueous mixture, or a basic aqueous mixture, the amount water can be present in an amount (relative to the total wt. of the mixture) from about 5-100 wt.%, from about 1-20 wt.%, from about 5-25 wt.%, from about 10-30 wt.%, from about 10-40 wt.%, from about 10-50 wt.%, from about 25-50 wt.%, from about 25-75 wt.%, from about 50-100 wt.%, from about 100-250 wt.%, from about 100-500 wt.%, or greater than 500 wt.%. In some embodiment, a mixture including the compound having the formula Si(ORo1)4 and compound of Formula (2) can be heated to form the feedstock additives disclosed herein. For example, the mixture can be heated to a temperature between 25-100° C., between 25-100° C., between 25-75° C., between 50-75° C., between 50-100° C., between 75-125° C., between 100-150° C., or to a temperature greater than 150° C. In some embodiments, the compound having the formula Si(ORo1)4 and compound of Formula (2) can be combined in the absence of a solvent (except for incidental solvent used to deliver an acid or base reagent, e.g., 1 M HCl solution). In other embodiments, the compound having the formula Si(ORo1)4and compound of Formula (2) can be combined with a solvent, for Attorney Docket No. 11002-015WO1 example a polar protic solvent such as water and lower alcohols such as methanol, ethanol, or propanol; a polar aprotic solvent like acetone, ethyl acetate, DMSO, DMF, THF, or methylene chloride. The solvent can be present in an amount to give a mixture having a concentration (wt / v) of about 0.01-0.1%, 0.1-1%, 0.1-5%, 1-20%, 5-25%, 5-50%, 25-50%, or 25-75%. In certain embodiments, the compound having the formula Si(ORo1)4 can be combined with one or more compounds having the formula: [Formula (2a)], [Formula (2b)] [Formula (2d)], e is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10, preferably 2, 3, or 4, most preferably 3; f is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10, preferably 2, 3, or 4, most preferably 3; g is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10, preferably 2, 3, or 4, most preferably 3; h is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10, preferably 2, 3, or 4, most preferably 3; wherein Ra1, Ra2, and Ra3are each independently selected from C1-25alkyl, wherein any two or more of Ra1, Ra2, and Ra3may together form a ring; Rb1, Rb2, and Rb3are each independently selected from C1-25alkyl, wherein any two or more of Rb1, Rb2, and Rb3may together form a ring; Rc1, Rc2, and Rc3are each independently selected from C1-25alkyl, wherein any two or more of Rc1, Rc2, and Rc3may together form a ring; Rd1, Rd2, and Rd3are each independently selected from C1-25alkyl, wherein any two or more of Rd1, Rd2, and Rd3may together form a ring. In certain embodiments, Ra1and Ra2are each methyl, and Ra3is a C14-22alkyl group; Rb1and Rb2together with the nitrogen atom form a 5-7 membered ring, and Rb3is a C14-22alkyl group; Rc1, Rc2, and Rc3are each independently a C1-4alkyl group, for example methyl, ethyl, or propyl, for example Rc1, Rc2, and Rc3are each methyl, or Rc1and Rc2are each methyl and Rc3is Attorney Docket No. 11002-015WO1 isopropyl, and Rd1, Rd2, and Rd3are each independently a C3-11alkyl group, or Rd1and Rd2are each methyl and Rdis a C5-15alkyl group. In other embodiments, the compound of having the formula Si(ORo1)4 is combined with one or more compounds of Formulas (2a), (2b), (2c) and (2d). The molar ratio of compound having the formula Si(ORo1)4 to total amount of the compounds of Formulas (2a), (2b), (2c) and (2d) can be from 100:1 to 50:1, from 75:1 to 25:1, from 50:1 to 25:1, from 40:1 to 20:1 from 25:1 to 10:1, from 10:1 to 1:10, from 5:1 to 1:5, from 2.5:1 to 1:2.5, from 1.5:1 to 1:1.5, from 10:1 to 5:1, from 7.5:1 to 2.5:1, from 2.5:1 to 1:1, from 1:1 to 1:2.5, from 1:2.5 to 1:7.5, from 1:5 to 1:10, from 1:10 to 1:20, from 1:15 to 1:25, from 1:20 to 1:40, from 1:25 to 1:50, from 1:25 to 1:75, or from 1:50 to 1:100. The individual compounds of Formulas (2a), (2b), (2c) and (2d) can be combined as follows (molar ratios): Formula (2a) Formula (2b) Formula (2c) Formula (2d) Attorney Docket No. 11002-015WO1 33.3 33.3 33.3 0 25-50 25-50 0-25 25-50 In certain implementations, the additive can include K21, a compound of Formula (1) having the formula: When the additive includes a particulate component, the particle can be substantially spherical, or can be non-spherical with an average aspect ratio greater than 1:1.25, greater than 1:1.5, greater than 1:1.75, greater than 1:2.0, greater than 1:2.25, or greater than 1:2.5. Attorney Docket No. 11002-015WO1 The particles can have a BET surface area of at least 100 m2 / g, at least 200 m2 / g, at least 300 m2 / g, at least 400 m2 / g, at least 500 m2 / g, at least 750 m2 / g, or at least 1,000 m2 / g. In other embodiments, the particles can have a BET surface area no greater than 100 m2 / g, no greater than 75 m2 / g, no greater than 50 m2 / g, no greater than 25 m2 / g, no greater than 10 m2 / g, no greater than 5 m2 / g, or no greater than 1 m2 / g. In some embodiments, the particles can have a BET surface area between 1-100 m2 / g, between 50-250 m2 / g, between 250-500 m2 / g, between 500-1,000 m2 / g, or between 250-750 m2 / g. The particles can have an average particle size from 1-10,000 μm, from 100-500 μm, from 1-100 μm, from 1-50 μm, from 50-250 μm, from 250-500 μm, from 500-1,000 μm, from 1,000-5,000 μm, from 1,000-10,000 μm, or from 5,000-1,000 μm. In other embodiments, the particles can have an average particle size from 1-10,000 nm, from 1-5,000 nm, from 1-1,000 nm, from 1-500 nm, from 1-250 nm, from 1-100 nm, from 50-250 nm, from 250-750 nm, from 500-1,000 nm, from 750-1,500 nm, from 1,000-2,500 nm, from 2,500-7,500 nm, or from 5,000- 10,000 nm. When the additive is used in aqeuous growth media or drinking water it may have a particle size form 1-1,000 nm, from 1-500 nm, from 1-250 nm, form 1-150 nm, from 1-100 nm, from 1-50 nm, from 1-25 nm, from 1-10 nm, from 10-50 nm, from 25-75 nm, or from 50-100 nm. The additive may be included in feedstocks, growth media, and drinking water at varying concentrations. For example, the additive compounds may be included at a concentration of 0.001-2.0 wt.%, 0.001-0.005 wt.%, 0.005-0.05 wt.%, 0.005-2.0 wt.%, 0.01-2.0 wt.%, 0.05-2.0 wt.%, 0.05-1.0 wt.%, 0.05-0.75 wt.%, 0.05-0.5 wt.%, 0.05-0.25 wt.%, 0.1-2.0 wt.%, 0.1-1.5 wt., 0.1-1.0 wt.%, 0.1-0.5 wt.%, 0.1-0.25 wt.%, 0.15-0.35 wt.%, 0.25-0.5 wt.%, 0.25-0.75 wt.%, 0.5- 0.75 wt.%, 0.5-1.0 wt.%, 0.5-1.5 wt.%, 0.75-1.75 wt.%, or 1.0-2.0 wt.%. For embodiments in which more than one additive is included, the given concentrations refer to the sum total of all the additives. When the additive is used in aqueous growth media or drinking water, it may be present at a concentration from 1 µg / ml to 500 µg / ml, from 1 µg / ml to 250 µg / ml, from 1 µg / ml to 100 µg / ml, from 1 µg / ml to 50 µg / ml, from 1 µg / ml to 25 µg / ml, from 1 µg / ml to 10 µg / ml, from 5 µg / ml to 25 µg / ml, from 10 µg / ml to 50 µg / ml, from 25 µg / ml to 75 µg / ml, or from 50 µg / ml to 100 µg / ml. Attorney Docket No. 11002-015WO1 In certain implementations, a solution including one or more additives as described above can further include one or more C1-4alkyl alcohols, for example ethanol. In certain implementations the C1-4alkyl alcohol can be present at a concentration from 5-50 wt.%. In other implementations, the solution can include the C1-4alkyl alcohol in an amount less than 5 wt.%, less than 2.5 wt.%, less than 1.0 wt.%, less than 0.5 wt.%, or less than 0.1 wt.%. In certain implementations, the additive compounds may be included at a concentration from 0.1 g / kg to 10 g / kg, from 0.5 g / kg to 10 g / kg, from 1 g / kg to 10 g / kg, from 2 g / kg to 10 g / kg, from 5 g / kg to 10 g / kg, from 0.1 g / kg to 5 g / kg, from 1 g / kg to 5 g / kg, or from 1 g / kg to 2.5 g / kg. For embodiments in which more than one additive is included, the given concentrations refer to the sum total of all the additives. As used herein, the term “feedstock” refers to any natural or artificial diet, one meal, or ingredients of the meal that an animal eats, ingests, and digests or which is suitable therefor. Feedstocks will typically include a of components, including proteins, carbohydrates, fats, and nutrients. Types of the feed are not particularly limited, and any feeds commonly used in the art may also be used. Feedstocks may include such as grains, root vegetables, food processing byproducts, algae, fibers, pharmaceutical byproducts, oils, starches, Cucurbitaceae vegetables, or byproducts of grains; and animal feeds such as proteins, inorganic substances, oils and fats, minerals, single-cell proteins, animal planktons, or foods. These feeds may be used alone or in a combination of at least two thereof. In some embodiments, the feedstock additives are added to conventional feedstocks used in commercial agriculture. For example, the additive can be included in Total Mixed Ration, Milk Production Ration, and the like. Typical feed components which are useful in the production of pellets according to the invention comprise straight feeds of vegetable or animal origin, such as, for example, cereal by- products, wheat bran shorts, wheat bran; extracted meals, pomace, dried molassed beet pulp, fish meal, meat-and-bone meals; and / or straight mineral feeds, such as, for example, carbonates, phosphates, sulfates, propionates. Others which are suitable are cereals such as wheat, rye, barley, oats, corn, millet or triticale; cereal by-products (by-products of milling) such as brans, feeds, wheat feeds, bran shorts or middlings; by-products of oil production (extracted meals, expellers, cake); by-products of sugar production (molasses, dry beet chips, feeding sugar, pulp, potato starch, maize gluten, wheat gluten); by-products of the fermentation industry, brewer's Attorney Docket No. 11002-015WO1 grains, yeast, malt culms, stillage; and feedstuffs of animal and other origin, such as blood meal, fish meal, pressed must, potato protein. In certain embodiments, the feedstock can include corn or a component of corn (corn meal, corn fiber, corn hulls, silage, ground corn, corn germ, corn gluten, corn oil, or any other portion of a corn plant); soy or a component of soy (soy oil, soy meal, soy hulls, soy silage, ground soy, or any other portion of a soy plant); wheat or any component of wheat (wheat meal, wheat fiber, wheat hulls, wheat chaff, ground wheat, wheat germ, or any other portion of a wheat plant); canola or any other portion of a canola plant, (canola oil, canola meal, canola protein, canola hulls, ground canola, or any other portion of a canola plant); sunflower or a component of a sunflower plant; sorghum or a component of a sorghum plant; sugar beet or a component of a sugar beet plant; cane sugar or a component of a sugarcane plant; barley or a component of a barley plant; palm oil, palm kernel or a component of a palm plant; glycerol; corn steep liquor; a waste stream from an agricultural processing facility; lecithin; rumen protected fats; molasses; soy molasses; flax; peanuts; peas; oats; grasses, such as orchard grass and fescue, and alfalfa and / or clover used for silage or hay, and various combinations thereof. In certain preferred embodiments, the feed includes one or more of wheat, grain corn, barley, oats; soybeans; cereal meals such as wheat or corn meal, soybean meal, molassed beet chips, wheat feed, wheat middlings, corn gluten feed, extracted soybean meal, extracted rapeseed meal, brewer's grains, cereal stillage, beet molasses, oat bran; sugars such as glucose and sugar alcohols, furthermore proteinaceous components such as soybean concentrate, fish meal, glutens such as corn or wheat gluten, oils and fats, and nutraceuticals such as, for example, free amino acids, their salts, vitamins (such as, for example, A, D, E) and trace elements (such as, for example, Cu as CuSO4), mineral constituents such as calcium carbonate, sodium chloride; phosphates and optionally processing aids, for example glidants, inert fillers and the like, and optionally preservatives. Milk Production Ration compositions can include, for example, corn, wheat, barley, oats, rye, citrus pomace, extracted soybean meal, extracted rapeseed meal, soybean husks, palm kernel expellers, DDGS, corn gluten feed, sugarbeet chips, wheat feeds, wheat bran, linseed, molasses, lime, salt, vitamin and trace element premix. Feedstocks may include one or more proteins. Illustrative examples of protein sources may include one or more grains and / or oilseed meals. The grain is generally not limited by this Attorney Docket No. 11002-015WO1 disclosure and may be any edible grain, or combination of grains, that is used as a protein source. Illustrative examples of grains include cereal grains such as barley, wheat, spelt wheat, rye, oats, triticale, rice, corn, buck wheat, quinoa, amaranthus, sorghum, and the like. Oilseed meal is generally derived from residue that remains after reserved oil is removed from oilseeds. The oilseed meal may be rich in protein and variable in residual fats and oils. Illustrative examples of oilseed meal includes rapeseed meal, soybean meal, sunflower meal, cottonseed meal, camelina meal, mustard seed meal, crambe seed meal, safflower meal, rice meal, peanut meal, corn gluten meal, corn gluten feed, distillers dried grains, distillers dried grains with solubles, wheat gluten, and / or the like. The protein component may contain any type of protein or combination of proteins, and is not limited by this disclosure. In some embodiments, the protein component may generally contain a protein that is suitable for animal feeds and supplements. In some embodiments, the protein component may include an oilseed meal. Oilseed meal is generally derived from residue that remains after reserved oil is removed from oilseeds. The oilseed meal may be rich in protein and variable in residual fats and oils. Illustrative examples of oilseed meal include soy meal, bean meal, rapeseed meal, soybean meal, sunflower meal, coconut meal, olive meal, linseed meal, grapeseed meal, cottonseed meal, camelina meal, mustard seed meal, crambe seed meal, safflower meal, rice meal, peanut meal, corn gluten meal, corn gluten feed, distillers dried grains, distillers dried grains with solubles, wheat gluten, and / or the like. In some embodiments, the additional ingredient may include a carbohydrate component, which may include cellulosic material. The cellulosic material may generally provide a source of fiber for the ruminant to lower cholesterol levels and promote proper digestive function. Illustrative examples of cellulosic materials include wheat bran, wheat middlings, wheat mill run, oat hulls, oat bran, soya hulls, grass meal, hay meal, alfalfa meal, alfalfa, straw, hay, algae, algae meal, microalgae and / or the like. The carbohydrate is not limited by this disclosure and may include any carbohydrates, particularly those used in animal feed. In some embodiments, the carbohydrate may generally provide a source of energy for the feed ingredient. Illustrative examples of carbohydrates may include molasses, sugar beet pulp, sugarcane, wheat bran, oat hulls, grain hulls, soybean hulls, peanut hulls, wood, brewery byproducts, beverage industry byproducts, forages, roughages, silages, molasses, sugars, starches, cellulose, hemicellulose, wheat, corn, oats, sorghum, millet, barley, barley fiber, barley hulls, barley middlings, barley bran, malting barley screenings, Attorney Docket No. 11002-015WO1 malting parley and fines, malt rootlets, maize bran, maize middlings, maize cobs, maize screenings, maize fiber, millet, rice, rice bran, rice middlings, rye, triticale, brewers grain, coffee grinds, tea leaf fines, citrus fruit pulp, rind residues, algae, algae meal, microalgae, and / or the like. Examples of the feed ingredients (feed materials) other than cashew nut shell liquid and bacterial cells include optional ingredients such as an ingredient effective in growth promotion, nutritional supplement ingredients, and an ingredient for enhancing storage stability. Examples of the optional ingredients include enzymes, such as amylase and lipase; vitamins, such as L- ascorbic acid, choline chloride, inositol, and folic acid; minerals, such as potassium chloride, ferric citrate, magnesium oxide, and phosphoric acid salts; amino acids, such as D,L-alanine, D,L-methionine, and L-lysine hydrochloride; organic acids, such as fumaric acid, butyric acid, lactic acid, and acetic acid, and salts thereof; antioxidants, such as ethoxyquin and dibutyl hydroxy toluene; fungicides, such as calcium propionate; thickeners, such as carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), sodium caseinate, and sodium polyacrylate; emulsifiers, such as glycerin fatty acid esters and sorbitan fatty acid esters; pigments, such as asthaxanthin and canthaxanthin; and flavors, such as various esters, ethers, and ketones. The feedstock, growth media, and drinking water of the invention may include a sugar (for example, lactose or trehalose), maize, milo, wheat bran, rice bran, defatted bran, dried bran, steam-rolled barley, steam-rolled corn, soybean cake, corn flour, rice flour, soybean flour, or the like. The feedstock, growth media, and drinking water may include an oil, for instance a vegetable oil such as soybean oil, rapeseed oil, or corn oil, liquid animal oil, and water-soluble high molecular compounds such as polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinylpyrrolidone, water soluble polysaccharide, or polyacrylic acid may be used as a liquid carrier to facilitate the mixing of all the feed ingredients. Water-soluble polysaccharides include alginic acid, sodium alginate, xanthan gum, sodium caseinate, gum arabic, guar gum, or tamarind seed polysaccharide In some embodiments, the feedstock, growth media, and drinking water may include at least one of glycerol, propylene glycol, molasses, propionate, glycerin, propane diol, calcium propionate, propionic acid, octanoic acid, steam-exploded sawdust, steam-exploded wood chips, steam-exploded wheat straw, algae, algae meal, microalgae, or combinations thereof. Such compounds can prevent or reduce gluconeogenesis from occurring a ruminant's body. Attorney Docket No. 11002-015WO1 The feedstock, growth media, and drinking water may include one or more antioxidants. The antioxidant is not limited by this disclosure and may include any antioxidants or combination of antioxidants, particularly those used in animal feed and mineral lick compositions. Illustrative examples of antioxidants may include alpha-carotene. beta-carotene, ethoxyquin, butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), cryptoxanthin, lutein, lycopene, zeaxanthin, vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin E, selenium, alpha-lipoic acid, and / or the like. In some embodiments, the feedstock, growth media, and drinking water may include carnitine. Carnitine may be included in the feed ingredient to aid in the breakdown of fatty acids to generate metabolic energy in the ruminant. In some embodiments, the carnitine may be obtained from a premix composition. The feedstock, growth media, and drinking water may further include one or more amino acids. In some embodiments, the amino acid may be an essential amino acid, including any combination of leucine, lysine, histidine, valine, arginine, threonine, isoleucine, phenylalanine, methionine, tryptophan, and / or any derivative thereof. In some embodiments, the amino acid may be a non-essential amino acid, including any combination of alanine, asparagine, aspartate, cysteine, glutamate, glutamine, glycine, proline, serine, tyrosine, and / or any derivative thereof. The amino acid and / or any derivative thereof may also include amino acids and derivatives of both non-essential and essential amino acids. Accordingly, in a particular embodiment, in addition to the compound, the feedstock, growth media, and drinking water may comprise or contain at least one fat-soluble vitamin, and / or at least one water- soluble vitamin, and / or at least one trace mineral. Also at least one macro mineral may be included. The feedstock, growth media, and drinking water may include one or more minerals. In various embodiments, the mineral may be any mineral that is a generally recognized as safe (GRAS) mineral or a combination of such minerals. The mineral may further be obtained from any mineral source that provides a bioavailable mineral. In some embodiments, the mineral may be one or more of calcium, sodium, magnesium, potassium, phosphorous, zinc, selenium, manganese, iron, cobalt, copper, iodine, molybdenum, and / or the like. In some embodiments, the mineral may be selected from one or more of a sodium salt, a calcium salt, a magnesium salt, a cobalt salt, a manganese salt, a potassium salt, an iron salt, a zinc salt, copper sulfate, copper Attorney Docket No. 11002-015WO1 oxide, selenium yeast, a chelated mineral, and / or the like. Illustrative examples of sodium salts include monosodium phosphate, sodium acetate, sodium chloride, sodium bicarbonate, disodium phosphate, sodium iodate, sodium iodide, sodium tripolyphosphate, sodium sulfate, sodium selenite, and / or the like. Illustrative examples of calcium salts include calcium acetate, calcium carbonate, calcium chloride, calcium gluconate, calcium hydroxide, calcium iodate, calcium iodobehenate, calcium oxide, anhydrous calcium sulfate, calcium sulfate dehydrate, dicalcium phosphate, monocalcium phosphate, tricalcium phosphate, and / or the like. Illustrative magnesium salts include magnesium acetate, magnesium carbonate, magnesium oxide, magnesium sulfate, and / or the like. Illustrative cobalt salts include cobalt acetate, cobalt carbonate, cobalt chloride, cobalt oxide, cobalt sulfate, and / or the like. Illustrative examples of manganese salts include manganese carbonate, manganese chloride, manganese citrate, manganese gluconate, manganese orthophosphate, manganese oxide, manganese phosphate, manganese sulfate, and / or the like. Illustrative examples of potassium salts include potassium acetate, potassium bicarbonate, potassium carbonate, potassium chloride, potassium iodate, potassium iodide, potassium sulfate, and / or the like. Illustrative examples of iron salts include iron ammonium citrate, iron carbonate, iron chloride, iron gluconate, iron oxide, iron phosphate, iron pyrophosphate, iron sulfate, reduced iron, and / or the like. Illustrative examples of zinc salts include zinc acetate, zinc carbonate, zinc chloride, zinc oxide, zinc sulfate, and / or the like. The feedstock, growth media, and drinking water may also include one or more vitamins, for example fat soluble vitamins and / or water soluble vitamins. In various embodiments, the vitamin may include any combination of vitamin A, vitamin B, vitamin C, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin K, and / or the like. Specific examples of vitamin B include thiamine (vitamin B1), riboflavin (vitamin B2), niacin (vitamin B3), pantothenic acid (vitamin B5), pyridoxine (vitamin B6), biotin (vitamin B7), folic acid (vitamin B9), cobalamin (vitamin B12), and choline (vitamin Bp). Examples of fat-soluble vitamins are vitamin A, D3, E, and vitamin K, e.g., vitamin K3. Examples of water-soluble vitamins are vitamin B12, biotin and choline, vitamin B1, vitamin B2, vitamin B6, niacin, folic acid and panthothenate, e.g., Ca-D-panthothenate. Examples of trace minerals are manganese, zinc, iron, copper, iodine, selenium, and cobalt. Examples of macro minerals are calcium, phosphorus and sodium. Attorney Docket No. 11002-015WO1 The feedstock may include a forage component. As used herein, “forages” include the cut aerial portion of a plant material, both monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous, used as animal feed. Examples include, without limitation, orchardgrass, timothy, tall fescue, ryegrass, alfalfa, sainfoin, clovers and vetches. The feedstock may include a free-flowing agent. Free-flowing agents are inert, particulate substances that are added to feedstock to prevent it from packing down. In some instances, the feedstock can include sodium aluminosilicate. According to certain embodiments, the feed matter may comprise at least 8% fiber by weight. According to other embodiments, the feed matter may comprise from 8% to 80% fiber by weight. In certain embodiments, at least a portion of the fiber in the feed matter may be a forage-based fiber, such as, for example alfalfa meal, alfalfa leaf meal, clover, fescue, timothy, ryegrass, orchard grass or other forage grasses, grain based forages such as corn and wheat, crop residues such as rice or wheat straw, soybean straw or corn stover, and processed by-products such as distillers grains, distillers solubles, wheat middlings, wheat bran, soy hulls, rice hulls, cottonseed hulls, corn gluten feed, corn fiber, beetpulp, citrus pulp, fruit pulps (such as, but not limited to, grape residue or apple pomace) and vegetable residues from food processing (such as, but not limited to, tomato, carrot and broccoli processing). In some embodiments, the feedstock includes a mixture of hay (2-10 wt.%), haylage (20- 40 wt.%), corn silage (25-50 wt.%), ground corn (10-20 wt.%), and protein supplement (5-15 wt.%). In certain embodiments, the feedstock includes a mixture of 46% corn silage (40-60 wt. %), about 10% alfalfa silage (5-15 wt.%), and ground corn (7.5-15 wt.%). In further embodiments, the feed stock can include, in addition to grains, 17 to 25% of protein, 3 to 10% of fat, 2 to 18% of fiber, 12 to 20% of ash, 0.5 to 5% of calcium, and 0.1 to 1.3% of phosphorus. In further embodiments, the feedstock can include 30% to 60% by weight yellow corn, 20% to 30% by weight soy flour, 10% to 30% by weight wheat, 5% to 30% by weight sunflower meal, 1% to 8% by weight loma bark, by weight 1% to 8% oyster shell, 1 to 8% by weight vegetable oil, 1 to 2% by weight dicalcium phosphate, 1 to 3% by weight bone powder, 1 to 2% by weight wheat bran, 0.2 to 0.4% by weight salt, 0.15 to 0.35% by weight mineral mixture, 0.01 to 0.12% by weight lysine hydrochloride, 20 to 25% by weight of Zinc sulfate, 30-500 mg by Attorney Docket No. 11002-015WO1 weight of niacin, 1 to 3% by weight of lysine hydroxide, 0.1 to 0.4% by weight DL methionine, vitamin A in the range of 0.15 to 0.35% by weight in the range of 1.52 mg to 4.52 mg by weight, vitamin B 1 in the range of 0.23 mg to 0.69 mg by weight, vitamin B2 in the range of 1.1 mg to 1.9 mg by weight, niacin in the range of 10.23 mg to 15.86 mg by weight, pantothenic acid in the range of 2.32 mg to 4.43 mg by weight, vitamin B6 from 0.7 mg to 3 mg by weight, 0.01 mg to 0.09 mg by weight of biotin, 40mg to 90mg by weight of choline, vitamin B12 from 0.001 mg to 0.007 mg by weight, vitamin B9 from 0.11 mg to 0.29 mg by weight, vitamin E from 4.4 mg to 9.9 mg by weight, vitamin blend containing vitamin KB between 0.22 mg and 0.99 mg by weight and providing protection against microbial diseases by supporting growth, development and regeneration of tissues, Synthetic folic acid supporting 90% to 96% by weight of new cell formation and DNA synthesis, 1 mg to 20 mg copper by weight, 1 mg to 30 mg zinc by weight. The feedstock, growth media, and drinking water may include one or more therapeutic / prophylactic agents, including antibiotics, antifungals, antivirals, coccidiostats, and other anti-parasitics. In certain embodiments, the use of the feedstocks additives disclosed herein allow for the use of reduced levels of therapeutic / prophylactic agents than normal. In some embodiments, the feedstock additives disclosed herein provide synergistic benefits when combined with one or more therapeutic / prophylactic agents. In some embodiments, the feedstock includes a bacteriocidal agent and / or a bacteriostatic agent. In some embodiments, the feedstock includes one or more aminoglycosides, peptides, cephalosporins, bambermycins, lincosamides, β-lactams, ionophores, macrolides, quinolones, streptogramins, tetracyclines, and sulfonamide. In some embodiments, the coccidiostat includes monensin, lasalocid, amprolium, and / or salinomycin. In some embodiments, the feedstock includes fenbendazole and / or leviamisole. In some embodiments, the antibiotic include penicillin, bacitracin, chlortetracycline, and / or oxytetracycline. The feedstocks can include aspirin (acetyl salicylic acid), copper sulfate, The additive compounds disclosed herein may be combined with a variety of feedstocks, especially feedstocks for chicks. Common feedstock for chicken are grains, soybean meal, sesame meal, fish meal, cottonseed meal and the like. Preferably, the feedstock comprises more than 15 wt %, like for example between 15 and 23 wt % protein. Furthermore, preferably the feedstock comprises calcium, in an amount of about 2 wt % or more, preferably about 3 wt % or more, and more preferably about 4 wt % or more. The feedstock preferably also comprises about 1-2 wt % linoleic acid (preferably as glycerol ester). Additionally, the feed preferably comprises Attorney Docket No. 11002-015WO1 vitamins like vitamin A (preferably more than 10000 IU), vitamin D (preferably more than 2000 IU) and a sufficient amount of biotin, cholin, antioxidants, manganese, zinc, and trace materials. In some embodiments, the feedstock can contain, in addition to grains, 13 to 25% of protein, 2.5 to 10% of fat, 2 to 10% of fiber, 2 to 10% of ash, 0.7 to 5% of calcium, and 0.1 to 1.2% of phosphorus. In some embodiments, the feedstock can contain, in addition to grains, 20 to 30% of protein, 5 to 15% of fat, 5 to 15% of fiber, 2 to 10% of ash, 0.6 to 5% of calcium, 0.1 to 1.5% of phosphorus and 1.65 to 5% of lysine. Exemplary feedstocks are depicted below (in each case, additional components not specifically listed may also be present): Component Wt.% An exemplary feedstock for swine may include: Component Wt.% An exemplary feedstock for ruminants may include: Attorney Docket No. 11002-015WO1 Component Wt.% Additive compound(s) 0.01-2.0 An exemplary feed y Component Wt.% The additive animals. For example, the additives may be used in feedstocks for domestic animals, such as pets (dogs, cats, guinea pigs, hamsters, chinchillas, hedgehogs, and the like), working animals (horses, oxen, donkeys, and the like), livestock (beef cattle, dairy cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, chickens, turkeys, llamas, alpacas, and the like), pisciculture (carp, salmon, catfish, tilapia, and the like) as well as aquatic pets. Examples of animals that can be fed and / or otherwise administered the disclosed combination include, but are not limited to, ruminant species, such as a sheep, goat, bovine (such as a cow, bull, steer, heifer, calf, bison, or buffalo), deer, bison, buffalo, elk, alpaca, camel or llama; ungulates, such as a horse, donkey, or pig; avians, such as chickens, including laying hens and broilers, turkey, goose, duck, Cornish game hen, quail, partridge, pheasant, guinea-fowl, ostrich, emu, swan, or pigeon, particularly a chicken or turkey; aquatic animals, such as an aquaculture species, such as fish (e.g., salmon, trout, tilapia, sea bream, carp, cod, halibut, snapper, herring, catfish, flounder, hake, smelt, anchovy, lingcod, moi, perch, orange roughy, bass, tuna, mahi, mackerel, eel, barracuda, marlin, Atlantic ocean perch, Nile perch, Arctic char, haddock, hoki, Alaskan Pollock, turbot, freshwater drum, walleye, skate, sturgeon, Dover sole, common sole, wolfish, sablefish, American shad, John Dory, grouper, monkfish, pompano, lake Attorney Docket No. 11002-015WO1 whitefish, tilefish, wahoo, cusk, bowfin, kingklip, opah, mako shark, swordfish, cobia, croaker, or hybrids thereof, and the like), crustaceans (e.g., lobster, shrimp, prawns, crab, krill, crayfish, barnacles, copepods, and the like), or molluscs (e.g., squid, octopus, abalone, conchs, rock snails, whelk, clams, oysters, mussels, cockles, and the like). Additionally, or alternatively, the animal may be a companion animal, such as canines; felines; rabbits; rodents, such as a rat, mouse, hamster, gerbil, guinea pig or chinchilla; birds, such as parrots, canaries, parakeets, finches, cockatoos, macaws, parakeets or cockatiel; reptiles, such as snakes, lizards, tortoises or turtles; fish; crustaceans; and amphibians, such as frogs, toads and newts. The additive may be included in feedstocks used at multiple stages in the animal’s lifecycle. In the context of chickens, the additives may be included in a starter feedstock, a grower feedstock, layer feedstock (for layer hens), finisher feedstock (for broiler chickens) and feedstocks for broiler-breeders. In the context of dairy cows, the additive may be included in TMR (total mixed ration, including hay, silage, maize silage, grains, and pulp). The additive may be included in growth media for aquatic animals, including fish, shrimp and the like, to promote egg hatching efficiency. The additive may be included in growth media for aquatic animals, including fish, shrimp and the like, to promote growth and health. The additive may be provided at a concentration from 0.1-1,000 µg / ml, from 0.1-500 µg / ml, from 0.1-250 µg / ml, from 0.1-100 µg / ml, from 0.1-10 µg / ml, from 0.1-1 µg / ml, from 0.01-0.1 µg / ml, from 1-100 µg / ml, from 1-50 µg / ml, from 1-25 ug / ml, from 1-10 µg / ml, from 5-25 ug / ml, from 10-100 µg / ml, from 50-250 µg / ml, from 50-500 µg / ml, or from 100-1,000 µg / ml. The compounds of the invention, which are able to enhance animal performance if a low protein diet is used and / or improve nitrogen digestibility of low protein diets as for example inorganic phosphates or exogenous enzymes may be designated as an animal feed additive. Such an additive always comprises the compound in question, preferably in the form of stabilized liquid or dry compositions. The additive may also comprise other components or ingredients of animal feed. The so-called pre-mixes for animal feed are particular examples of such animal feed additives. Pre-mixes may contain the compound(s) in question, and in addition at least one vitamin and / or at least one mineral. Examples of the non-human monogastric animals to which the feedstock additives may be given includes poultry, cattle, lambs, and / or pigs. Examples of poultry include chickens, quails, and turkeys. The chickens may be egg-laying chickens or chickens for meat. Attorney Docket No. 11002-015WO1 Examples of the chickens for meat include chickens of the White Cornish, White Plymouth Rock, Barred Plymouth Rock, Rhode Island Red, New Hampshire, UK Chunky, US Chunky, Cobb, Avian, Arbor Acres, Hinai-Jidori, Satsuma-Jidori, and Nagoya breeds. Examples of the egg-laying chickens include chickens of the Julia, Julia-Lite, Babcock B400, Novogen White, Novogen Brown, and Sonia breeds. The egg-laying chickens may be not only the original or parent breeds of the above egg-laying chickens but also be commercial chicken breeds, crossbreeds, and improved breeds, which are developed from the above egg- laying chickens by genetic breeding programs. Examples of the egg-laying chickens include chickens of the White Leghorn, ISA Brown, Dekalb-Warren Sex-Sal-Link, Hubbard-Comet, Shaver Star Cross 579, Black Minorca, Barred Plymouth Rock, White Plymouth Rock, Rhode Island Red, New Hampshire, Araucana, Silky Fowl, Polish, Nagoya-Cochin, Hinai-Jidori, Boris Brown, Julia, Julia-Lite, Sonia, Maria, Laura, Novogen White, Novogen Brown, Elbe, Sakura, and Momiji breeds and may also include crossbreeds and improved breeds from the above breeds. In certain implementations, the compounds may be used to promote development, growth, and egg-laying of chickens. In certain implementations, the compounds may be provided to fertilized eggs, either by coating and / or direct injection. In certain implementations the compounds may be provided to egg laying hens. In certain implementations, the compounds may be provided to broiler chickens from hatching and beyond. The compounds may be provided admixed into feed compositions and / or drinking water. The compounds may be administered by spraying with a solution including the compounds. The compounds may be provided to increase growth rate, to increase size, to increase feed conversion (e.g., feed mass consumed to body mass gained), to increase egg production, to reduce lameness, to reduce mortality, to increase life span, to increase resistance to pathogens, to increase hatchability, e.g., hatch rate,(including in older hens), and / or to reduce hatch time. Examples of the quails include White Quail, Red Quail, King Quail, California Quail, Stripe-faced Wood Quail, Spot-winged Wood Quail, Long-tailed Wood Partridge, Mountain Quail, Northern Bobwhite, Grey Partridge, Montezuma Quail, Ocellated Quail, Scaled Quail, Common Quail, Yucatan Bobwhite, Crested Bobwhite, Gambel's Quail, Elegant Quail, Long- tailed Wood Partridge, Marbled Wood Quail, and Spotted Wood Quail. Attorney Docket No. 11002-015WO1 Examples of the pigs include pigs of the Large White, Middle White, Landrace, Duroc, Berkshire, and Hampshire breeds and may also include crossbreeds and improved breeds from the above breeds. In certain implementations, the additive can be in the culture of crustaceans, including shrimp, crabs, and lobster. In some implementations, the additive can be in the culture of Natantia group shrimp. In some implementations the additive can be in the culture of brine shrimp. The compounds may be provided to increase growth rate, to increase size (including length and / or mass), to increase egg production, to reduce mortality, to increase life span, to increase resistance to pathogens, to increase hatchability, and / or to reduce hatch time. EXAMPLES The following examples are for the purpose of illustration of the invention only and are not intended to limit the scope of the present invention in any manner whatsoever. Example 1 – Zebrafish The effect of K21 on the growth of Zebrafish was evaluated in a two-arm trial. Wildtype fish were divided into two groups. The test group was exposed to K21 spiked media (10 µg / ml) (same concentration was used for each step described below) for two weeks. Individual males and females were selected for breeding pairs, and kept under breeding conditions with K21 exposure. Individual females produced over 100 eggs, which were fertilized in the K21 system water. The embryos were allowed to hatch for seven days and separated from unhatched eggs and debris. K21 media was refreshed on a daily basis. After 72 hours after fertilization, the embryos hatched into larvae. Larval food was provided at the six day stage, and the larvae were fed until the fifteen day stage, at which point they were moved to a fish facility system for further growth. The same sequence (minus K21 additive) was performed for the control group. As shown in the Figures, fish (both male and female) were substantially larger when exposed to K21 media. Adult and juvenile fish were sacrificed and preserved in 10% formalin, then imaged using microCT for hard tissue and iodine staining for organ structure. The vertebral bone density and fish width (rib-to-rib distance) were not significantly different between the groups. No differences in eye size, organ patterns, or phenotypes other than size were observed. The adult Attorney Docket No. 11002-015WO1 K21 fish were statistically longer and taller (rib length) than the control fish (p < 0.05). The average size of the K21 vertebra was larger than the control vertebra (14 vertebra were analyzed) (p < 0.001). The vertebral bone density and fish width (rib-to-rib distance) were not significantly different between the two groups. (p > 0.05). The juvenile K21 fish were not statistically different from the control fish (p > 0.05). The average size of the K21 vertebra was larger than the control vertebra (14 vertebra were analyzed) (p < 0.001). The lack of statistical differences is due to the very small sample size. Example 2 – Chicken Experimental chicks were raised on Dumar 20% Chick Starter Grower, augmented with K21 at a concentration of about 2 g / kg. Control chicks were raised under identical conditions with Dumar 20% Chick Starter Grower, without K21 fortification. Chicks raised on fortified meal gained more weight, had fluffier down feather, sat on their roost earlier, could fly earlier, and consumed more feed and water. Individual weight data is reported in Figure 12. Example 3 – Brine shrimp Brine shrimp eggs, obtained from Brine Shrimp Direct, were placed in ZF System water containing K21 (10 µg / ml, 50 nm particle size). As shown in the table below, K21 treated brine shrimp exhibit greater hatching efficiency. Parameters K21 Treated K21 Non-Treated T l V l 1000 l 1000 l ) K21 Treated K21 Non-Treated The compositions and methods of the appended claims are not limited in scope by the specific compositions and methods described herein, which are intended as illustrations of a few Attorney Docket No. 11002-015WO1 aspects of the claims and any compositions and methods that are functionally equivalent are intended to fall within the scope of the claims. Various modifications of the compositions and methods in addition to those shown and described herein are intended to fall within the scope of the appended claims. Further, while only certain representative compositions and method steps disclosed herein are specifically described, other combinations of the compositions and method steps also are intended to fall within the scope of the appended claims, even if not specifically recited. Thus, a combination of steps, elements, components, or constituents may be explicitly mentioned herein or less, however, other combinations of steps, elements, components, and constituents are included, even though not explicitly stated. The term “comprising” and variations thereof as used herein is used synonymously with the term “including” and variations thereof and are open, non-limiting terms. Although the terms “comprising” and “including” have been used herein to describe various embodiments, the terms “consisting essentially of” and “consisting of” can be used in place of “comprising” and “including” to provide for more specific embodiments of the invention and are also disclosed. Other than in the examples, or where otherwise noted, all numbers expressing quantities of ingredients, reaction conditions, and so forth used in the specification and claims are to be understood at the very least, and not as an attempt to limit the application of the doctrine of equivalents to the scope of the claims, to be construed in light of the number of significant digits and ordinary rounding approaches.

Claims

Attorney Docket No. 11002-015WO1 CLAIMS 1. A feedstock, comprising an additive comprising one or more compounds having a quaternary amine moiety covalently bound to a siloxane.

2. The feedstock according to claim 1, wherein the additive is present in an amount of 0.001-2.0 wt.%, 0.001-0.005 wt.%, 0.005-0.05 wt.%, 0.005-2.0 wt.%, 0.01-2.0 wt.%, 0.05-2.0 wt.%, 0.05-1.0 wt.%, 0.05-0.75 wt.%, 0.05-0.5 wt.%, 0.05-0.25 wt.%, 0.1-2.0 wt.%, 0.1-1.5 wt., 0.1-1.0 wt.%, 0.1-0.5 wt.%, 0.1-0.25 wt.%, 0.15-0.35 wt.%, 0.25-0.5 wt.%, 0.25-0.75 wt.%, 0.5-0.75 wt.%, 0.5-1.0 wt.%, 0.5-1.5 wt.%, 0.75-1.75 wt.%, or 1.0-2.0 wt.%, relative to the total weight of the feedstock.

3. The feedstock according to any of claims 1-2, wherein the additive is a compound having the formula: ], wherein:a is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10; b is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10; c is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10; d is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10; A1has the formula –(CH2)e-Ra; wherein e is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10, preferably 2, 3, or 4, most preferably 3 Rais selected from H, ORo, or a group having the formula: ,Attorney Docket No. 11002-015WO1 wherein Ra1, Ra2, and Ra3are each independently selected from C1-25alkyl, wherein any two or more of Ra1, Ra2, and Ra3may together form a ring; A2has the formula –(CH2)f-Rb; wherein f is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10, preferably 2, 3, or 4, most preferably 3; Rbis selected from H, ORo, or a group having the formula: , wherein Rb1, Rb2, and Rb3are eachselected from C1-25alkyl, wherein any two or more of Rb1, Rb2, and Rb3may together form a ring; A3has the formula –(CH2)g-Rc; wherein g is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10, preferably 2, 3, or 4, most preferably 3; Rcis selected from H, ORo, or a group having the formula: , wherein Rc1, Rc2, and Rc3are eachselected from C1-25alkyl, wherein any two or more of Rc1, Rc2, and Rc3may together form a ring; A4has the formula –(CH2)h-Rd; wherein h is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10, preferably 2, 3, or 4, most preferably 3; Rdis selected from H, ORo, or a group having the formula: , wherein Rd1, Rd2, and Rd3are eachselected from C1-25alkyl, wherein any two or more of Rd1, Rd2, and Rd3may together form a ring; and Rois in each case independently selected from H, CH3, CH2CH3, or CH(CH3)2.

4. The feedstock according to any of claims 1-3, wherein the compound has the formula:Attorney Docket No. 11002-015WO1 , wherein R1, R2, and R3are 25alkyl, wherein any two or more of R1, R2, and R3may together form a ring 5. The feedstock according to claim 4 wherein R1and R2are each C1-3alkyl.

6. The feedstock according to claim 4 or 5, wherein R1and R2together with the nitrogen atom form a 5-7 membered ring.

7. The feedstock according to any of claims 4-6, wherein R3is C3-25alkyl, preferably C6-25alkyl, more preferably, C10-25alkyl, and even more preferably C14-22alkyl.

8. The feedstock according to any preceding claim, wherein R1and R2are each methyl.

9. The feedstock according to any of claims 4-8, wherein R0is each case hydrogen.

10. The feedstock according to claim 1, wherein the additive comprises a silica particle comprising a quaternary amine covalently bonded to the particle.

11. The feedstock according to claim 10, wherein the additive comprises a silica particle comprising groups having the formula –(CH2)p-Rpcovalently bonded to a silica particle, wherein p is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10, preferably 2, 3, or 4, most preferably 3, and Rphas the formula: , wherein R1, R2, and R3are eachfrom C1-25alkyl, wherein any two or more of R1, R2, and R3may together form a ring.

12. The feedstock according to claim 11, wherein R1and R2are each C1-3alkyl, or R1and R2together with the nitrogen atom form a 5-7 membered ring.

13. The feedstock according to claim 11 or 12, wherein R3is C3-25alkyl, preferably C6-25alkyl, more preferably, C10-25alkyl, and even more preferably C14-22alkyl.

14. The feedstock according to any of claim 11-13, R1and R2are each methyl.

15. The feedstock according to claim 1, wherein the additive is a silica particle having the formula:Attorney Docket No. 11002-015WO1 , wherein the bracketed portion number of siloxane unitsforming a core, and Rzis independently chosen from H, CH3, CH2CH3, and groups having the formula –(CH2)p-Rp.

16. The feedstock according to any of claims 1-15, wherein the additive is prepared by a process comprising reacting a compound having the formula Si(ORo1)4 with a compound of Formula (2): [Formula (2)], wherein Ro1is and is prefero2ably CH2CH3, R is is H, CH3, CH2CH3, or CH(CH3)2, and is preferably CH3, n is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6, preferably 2, 3, or 4, most preferably 3.

17. The feedstock according to claim 16, wherein the molar ratio of compound having the formula Si(ORo1)4to the compound of Formula (2) can be from 100:1 to 50:1, from 75:1 to 25:1, from 50:1 to 25:1, from 40:1 to 20:1 from 25:1 to 10:1, from 10:1 to 1:10, from 5:1 to 1:5, from 2.5:1 to 1:2.5, from 1.5:1 to 1:1.5, from 10:1 to 5:1, from 7.5:1 to 2.5:1, from 2.5:1 to 1:1, from 1:1 to 1:2.5, from 1:2.5 to 1:7.5, from 1:5 to 1:10, from 1:10 to 1:20, from 1:15 to 1:25, from 1:20 to 1:40, from 1:25 to 1:50, from 1:25 to 1:75, or from 1:50 to 1:

100.

18. The feedstock according to claim 16 or 17, wherein the additive is prepared by a process comprising reacting a compound having the formula Si(ORo1)4with a compound of Formula (2a), Formula (2b), Formula (2c), Formula (2d), or a combination thereof: [Formula (2a)], [Formula (2b)[Formula (2d)],Attorney Docket No. 11002-015WO1 wherein e is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10, preferably 2, 3, or 4, most preferably 3; f is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10, preferably 2, 3, or 4, most preferably 3; g is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10, preferably 2, 3, or 4, most preferably 3; h is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10, preferably 2, 3, or 4, most preferably 3; wherein Ra1, Ra2, and Ra3are each independently selected from C1-25alkyl, wherein any two or more of Ra1, Ra2, and Ra3may together form a ring; Rb1, Rb2, and Rb3are each independently selected from C1-25alkyl, wherein any two or more of Rb1, Rb2, and Rb3may together form a ring; Rc1, Rc2, and Rc3are each independently selected from C1-25alkyl, wherein any two or more of Rc1, Rc2, and Rc3may together form a ring; and Rd1, Rd2, and Rd3are each independently selected from C1-25alkyl, wherein any two or more of Rd1, Rd2, and Rd3may together form a ring.

19. The feedstock according to claim 18, wherein Ra1and Ra2are each methyl, and Ra3is a C14-22alkyl group.

20. The feedstock according to claim 18 or 19, wherein Rb1and Rb2together with the nitrogen atom form a 5-7 membered ring, and Rb3is a C14-22alkyl group.

21. The feedstock according to any of claims 18-20, wherein Rc1, Rc2, and Rc3are each independently a C1-4alkyl group, for example methyl, ethyl, or propyl, for example Rc1, Rc2, and Rc3are each methyl, or Rc1and Rc2are each methyl and Rc3is isopropyl.

22. The feedstock according to any of claims 18-21, wherein Rd1, Rd2, and Rd3are each independently a C3-11alkyl group, or Rd1and Rd2are each methyl and Rdis a C5-15alkyl group R1and R2are each C1-3alkyl, or R1and R2together with the nitrogen atom form a 5-7 membered ring.

23. The feedstock according to any of claims 18-22, wherein the molar ratio of the compound of formula Si(ORo1)4to the compounds of Formula (2a), Formula (2b), Formula (2c), and Formula (2d) is from 100:1 to 50:1, from 75:1 to 25:1, from 50:1 to 25:1, from 40:1 to 20:1 from 25:1 to 10:1, from 10:1 to 1:10, from 5:1 to 1:5, from 2.5:1 to 1:2.5, from 1.5:1 to 1:1.5, from 10:1 to 5:1, from 7.5:1 to 2.5:1, from 2.5:1 to 1:1, from 1:1 to 1:2.5, fromAttorney Docket No. 11002-015WO1 1:2.5 to 1:7.5, from 1:5 to 1:10, from 1:10 to 1:20, from 1:15 to 1:25, from 1:20 to 1:40, from 1:25 to 1:50, from 1:25 to 1:75, or from 1:50 to 1:

100.

24. The feedstock according to any of claims 18-23, wherein the compound of formula Si(ORo1)4is combined with the compounds of Formula (2a), Formula (2b), Formula (2c), and Formula (2d) in a molar ratio according to the following table: Formula (2a) Formula (2b) Formula (2c) Formula (2d) 100 0 0 0Attorney Docket No. 11002-015WO1 10-70 10-50 10-50 10-50 25 25 25 2525. The feedstock according to any of claims 1-24, wherein the feedstock further comprises corn or a component of corn (corn meal, corn fiber, corn hulls, silage, ground corn, corn germ, corn gluten, corn oil, or any other portion of a corn plant); soy or a component of soy (soy oil, soy meal, soy hulls, soy silage, ground soy, or any other portion of a soy plant); wheat or any component of wheat (wheat meal, wheat fiber, wheat hulls, wheat chaff, ground wheat, wheat germ, or any other portion of a wheat plant); canola or any other portion of a canola plant, (canola oil, canola meal, canola protein, canola hulls, ground canola, or any other portion of a canola plant); sunflower or a component of a sunflower plant; sorghum or a component of a sorghum plant; sugar beet or a component of a sugar beet plant; cane sugar or a component of a sugarcane plant; barley or a component of a barley plant; palm oil, palm kernel or a component of a palm plant; glycerol; corn steep liquor; a waste stream from an agricultural processing facility; lecithin; rumen protected fats; molasses; soy molasses; flax; peanuts; peas; oats; grasses,Attorney Docket No. 11002-015WO1 such as orchard grass and fescue, and alfalfa and / or clover used for silage or hay, or combinations thereof.

26. The feedstock according to any of claims 1-25, wherein the feedstock further comprises proteins, carbohydrates, oils, vitamins, minerals, anti-oxidants, therapeutic agents, prophylactic agents, or a combination thereof.

27. A method of promoting growth in an animal, comprising feeding the animal a feedstock according to any of claims 1-26.

28. The method according to claim 27, wherein the animal is a poultry animal, a ruminant animal, a swine animal, an avian animal, or an aquatic animal.

29. The method according to claim 27, wherein the animal is a chicken or turkey.

30. The method according to claim 29, wherein the animal is a layer chicken or a broiler chicken.

31. The method according to claim 30, wherein the additive increases growth rate, increases size, increases feed conversion, increases egg production, reduces lameness, reduces mortality, increases life span, increases resistance to pathogens, increases hatchability, reduces hatch time, or a combination thereof.

32. The method according to any of claims 27-30, wherein the feedstock comprises drinking water, animal feed, or sprayer solution.

33. An aqeuous solution comprising an additive comprising one or more compounds having a quaternary amine moiety covalently bound to a siloxane.

34. The solution according to claim 33, wherein the additive is present in an amount of 0.001-2.0 wt.%, 0.001-0.005 wt.%, 0.005-0.05 wt.%, 0.005-2.0 wt.%, 0.01-2.0 wt.%, 0.05-2.0 wt.%, 0.05-1.0 wt.%, 0.05-0.75 wt.%, 0.05-0.5 wt.%, 0.05-0.25 wt.%, 0.1-2.0 wt.%, 0.1-1.5 wt., 0.1-1.0 wt.%, 0.1-0.5 wt.%, 0.1-0.25 wt.%, 0.15-0.35 wt.%, 0.25-0.5 wt.%, 0.25-0.75 wt.%, 0.5-0.75 wt.%, 0.5-1.0 wt.%, 0.5-1.5 wt.%, 0.75-1.75 wt.%, or 1.0-2.0 wt.%, relative to the total weight of the feedstock.

35. The solution according to claim 33 or 34, wherein the additive is a compound having the formula:Attorney Docket No. 11002-015WO1 [Formula (1)],a is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10; b is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10; c is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10; d is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10; A1has the formula –(CH2)e-Ra; wherein e is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10, preferably 2, 3, or 4, most preferably 3 Rais selected from H, ORo, or a group having the formula: , wherein Ra1, Ra2, and Ra3are eachselected from C1-25alkyl, wherein any two or more of Ra1, Ra2, and Ra3may together form a ring; A2has the formula –(CH2)f-Rb; wherein f is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10, preferably 2, 3, or 4, most preferably 3; Rbis selected from H, ORo, or a group having the formula: , wherein Rb1, Rb2, and Rb3are eachselected from C1-25alkyl, wherein any two or more of Rb1, Rb2, and Rb3may together form a ring; A3has the formula –(CH2)g-Rc; wherein g is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10, preferably 2, 3, or 4, most preferably 3;Attorney Docket No. 11002-015WO1 Rcis selected from H, ORo, or a group having the formula: , wherein Rc1, Rc2, and Rc3are each selected from C1-25alkyl, wherein anytwo or more of Rc1, Rc2, and Rc3may together form a ring; A4has the formula –(CH2)h-Rd; wherein h is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10, preferably 2, 3, or 4, most preferably 3; Rdis selected from H, ORo, or a group having the formula: , wherein Rd1, Rd2, and Rd3are eachselected from C1-25alkyl, wherein any two or more of Rd1, Rd2, and Rd3may together form a ring; and Rois in each case independently selected from H, CH3, CH2CH3, or CH(CH3)2.

36. The solution according to claim 35, wherein the compound has the formula: , wherein R1, R2, and R3are25alkyl, wherein any two or more of R1, R2, and R3may together form a ring 37. The solution according to claim 36, wherein R1and R2are each C1-3alkyl.

38. The solution according to claim 35 or 36, wherein R1and R2together with the nitrogen atom form a 5-7 membered ring.

39. The solution according to any of claims 36-38, wherein R3is C3-25alkyl, preferably C6-25alkyl, more preferably, C10-25alkyl, and even more preferably C14-22alkyl.

40. The solution according to any of claims 36-39, wherein R1and R2are each methyl.

41. The solution according to any of claims 36-40, wherein R0is in each case hydrogen.

42. The solution according to claim 33, wherein the additive comprises a silica particle comprising a quaternary amine covalently bonded to the particle.Attorney Docket No. 11002-015WO1 43. The solution according to claim 42, wherein the additive comprises a silica particle comprising groups having the formula –(CH2)p-Rpcovalently bonded to a silica particle, wherein p is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10, preferably 2, 3, or 4, most preferably 3, and Rphas the formula: , wherein R1, R2, and R3are eachselected from C1-25alkyl, wherein any two or more of R1, R2, and R3may together form a ring.

44. The solution according to claim 43, wherein R1and R2are each C1-3alkyl, or R1and R2together with the nitrogen atom form a 5-7 membered ring.

45. The solution according to claim 43 or 44, wherein R3is C3-25alkyl, preferably C6-25alkyl, more preferably, C10-25alkyl, and even more preferably C14-22alkyl.

46. The solution according to any of claims 43-45, R1and R2are each methyl.

47. The solution according to claim 33, wherein the additive comprises a silica particle having the formula: , wherein the bracketednumber of siloxane units forming a core, and Rzis independently chosen from H, CH3, CH2CH3, and groups having the formula –(CH2)p-Rp.

48. The solution according to claim 33, wherein the additive is prepared by a process comprising reacting a compound having the formula Si(ORo1)4with a compound of Formula (2): [Formula (2)], wherein Ro1isand is preferably CH2CH3, Ro2is is H, CH3, CH2CH3, or CH(CH3)2, and is preferably CH3, n is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6, preferably 2, 3, or 4, most preferably 3.Attorney Docket No. 11002-015WO1 49. The solution according to claim 48, wherein the molar ratio of compound having the formula Si(ORo1)4 to the compound of Formula (2) can be from 100:1 to 50:1, from 75:1 to 25:1, from 50:1 to 25:1, from 40:1 to 20:1 from 25:1 to 10:1, from 10:1 to 1:10, from 5:1 to 1:5, from 2.5:1 to 1:2.5, from 1.5:1 to 1:1.5, from 10:1 to 5:1, from 7.5:1 to 2.5:1, from 2.5:1 to 1:1, from 1:1 to 1:2.5, from 1:2.5 to 1:7.5, from 1:5 to 1:10, from 1:10 to 1:20, from 1:15 to 1:25, from 1:20 to 1:40, from 1:25 to 1:50, from 1:25 to 1:75, or from 1:50 to 1:

100.

50. The solution according to claim 48 or 49, wherein the additive is prepared by a process comprising reacting a compound having the formula Si(ORo1)4 with a compound of Formula (2a), Formula (2b), Formula (2c), Formula (2d), or a combination thereof:[Formulawherein e is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10, preferably 2, 3, or 4, most preferably 3; f is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10, preferably 2, 3, or 4, most preferably 3; g is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10, preferably 2, 3, or 4, most preferably 3; h is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10, preferably 2, 3, or 4, most preferably 3; wherein Ra1, Ra2, and Ra3are each independently selected from C1-25alkyl, wherein any two or more of Ra1, Ra2, and Ra3may together form a ring; Rb1, Rb2, and Rb3are each independently selected from C1-25alkyl, wherein any two or more of Rb1, Rb2, and Rb3may together form a ring; Rc1, Rc2, and Rc3are each independently selected from C1-25alkyl, wherein any two or more of Rc1, Rc2, and Rc3may together form a ring; and Rd1, Rd2, and Rd3are each independently selected from C1-25alkyl, wherein any two or more of Rd1, Rd2, and Rd3may together form a ring.Attorney Docket No. 11002-015WO1 51. The solution according to claim 50, wherein Ra1and Ra2are each methyl, and Ra3is a C14-22alkyl group.

52. The solution according to claim 50 or 51, wherein Rb1and Rb2together with the nitrogen atom form a 5-7 membered ring, and Rb3is a C14-22alkyl group.

53. The solution according to any of claims 50-52, wherein Rc1, Rc2, and Rc3are each independently a C1-4alkyl group, for example methyl, ethyl, or propyl, for example Rc1, Rc2, and Rc3are each methyl, or Rc1and Rc2are each methyl and Rc3is isopropyl.

54. The solution according to any of claims 50-53, wherein Rd1, Rd2, and Rd3are each independently a C3-11alkyl group, or Rd1and Rd2are each methyl and Rdis a C5-15alkyl group R1and R2are each C1-3alkyl, or R1and R2together with the nitrogen atom form a 5-7 membered ring.

55. The solution according to any of claims 50-54, wherein the molar ratio of the compound of formula Si(ORo1)4 to the compounds of Formula (2a), Formula (2b), Formula (2c), and Formula (2d) is from 100:1 to 50:1, from 75:1 to 25:1, from 50:1 to 25:1, from 40:1 to 20:1 from 25:1 to 10:1, from 10:1 to 1:10, from 5:1 to 1:5, from 2.5:1 to 1:2.5, from 1.5:1 to 1:1.5, from 10:1 to 5:1, from 7.5:1 to 2.5:1, from 2.5:1 to 1:1, from 1:1 to 1:2.5, from 1:2.5 to 1:7.5, from 1:5 to 1:10, from 1:10 to 1:20, from 1:15 to 1:25, from 1:20 to 1:40, from 1:25 to 1:50, from 1:25 to 1:75, or from 1:50 to 1:

100.

56. The solution according to any of claims 50-55, wherein the compound of formula Si(ORo1)4is combined with the compounds of Formula (2a), Formula (2b), Formula (2c), and Formula (2d) in a molar ratio according to the following table: Formula (2a) Formula (2b) Formula (2c) Formula (2d)Attorney Docket No. 11002-015WO1 -75 0-25 0-25 25-75 0 0 0 50Attorney Docket No. 11002-015WO1 1-5 90-97 1-5 1-5 1-5 1-5 90-97 1-5 57. A metho, viding the animal with drinking water comprising the solution according to any of claims 33-56.

58. A method for promoting growth in a terrestrial animal, comprising spraying the animal with the solution according to any of claims 33-56.

59. A method for increasing the viability of poultry eggs, comprising contacting the eggs with the solution according to any of claims 33-56.

60. The method according to claim 59, wherein contacting the eggs comprises spraying the eggs with the solution, injecting the solution into the eggs, or disposing the eggs in a media comprising the solution.

61. The method according to claim 57, wherein the terrestrial animal is a chicken, turkey, duck, cow, pig, goat, sheep, horse, dog, or cat.

62. A method for promoting growth in an aquatic animal, comprising disposing the animal, or eggs thereof, in the solution according to any of claims 33-56.

63. The method according to claim 62, wherein the concentration of the compound in the solution is from 0.1-1,000 µg / ml, from 0.1-500 µg / ml, from 0.1-250 µg / ml, from 0.1-100 µg / ml, from 0.1-10 µg / ml, from 0.1-1 µg / ml, from 0.01-0.1 µg / ml, from 1-100 µg / ml, from 1-50 µg / ml, from 1-25 ug / ml, from 1-10 µg / ml, from 5-25 ug / ml, from 10-100 µg / ml, from 50-250 µg / ml, from 50-500 µg / ml, or from 100-1,000 µg / ml.Attorney Docket No. 11002-015WO1 64. The method according to claim 57, wherein the terrestrial animal is a dairy cattle, highland cattle, beef cattle, Galloway cattle, or limousin cattle.

65. A method for aquaculture, comprising disposing an aquatic animal, the eggs of an aquatic animal, or a combination thereof, in the solution according to any of claims 33-56.

66. The method according to claim 65, wherein the aquatic animal is a fish or crustacean.

67. The method according to claim 65, wherein the aquatic animal is a catfish, channel catfish, amur catfish, tilapia, Nile tilapia, carp, common carp, Indian carp, crucian carp, milkfish, roho labeo, grass carp, black carp, northern snakehead silver carp, salmon, Atlantic salmon, trout, rainbow trout, sturgeon, artic char, Wuchang bream, yellow perch, tuna, cod, or combination thereof.

68. The method according to claim 65, wherein the aquatic animal is a shrimp.

69. The method according to any of claims 65-68, wherein the concentration of the compound in the solution is from 0.1-1,000 µg / ml, from 0.1-500 µg / ml, from 0.1-250 µg / ml, from 0.1-100 µg / ml, from 0.1-10 µg / ml, from 0.1-1 µg / ml, from 0.01-0.1 µg / ml, from 1-100 µg / ml, from 1-50 µg / ml, from 1-25 ug / ml, from 1-10 µg / ml, from 5-25 ug / ml, from 10-100 µg / ml, from 50-250 µg / ml, from 50-500 µg / ml, or from 100-1,000 µg / ml.

70. The feedstock according to any of claims 1-26, comprising K21.

71. The method according to any of claims 27-32, wherein the feedstock comprises K21.

72. The solution according to any of claims 33-56, comprising K21.

73. The solution according to any of claims 33-56 or 72, further comprising a C1-4alkyl alcohol.

74. The solution according to any of claims 33-56 or 72, wherein the solution comprises a C1- 4alkyl alcohol in an amount less than 5 wt.%, less than 2.5 wt.%, less than 1.0 wt.%, less than 0.5 wt.%, or less than 0.1 wt.%.

75. The method according to any of claims 57-69, wherein the solution comprises K21.

76. The method according to claim 75, the concentration of K21 in the solution is from 0.1- 1,000 µg / ml, from 0.1-500 µg / ml, from 0.1-250 µg / ml, from 0.1-100 µg / ml, from 0.1-10 µg / ml, from 0.1-1 µg / ml, from 0.01-0.1 µg / ml, from 1-100 µg / ml, from 1-50 µg / ml, from 1-25 ug / ml, from 1-10 µg / ml, from 5-25 ug / ml, from 10-100 µg / ml, from 50-250 µg / ml, from 50-500 µg / ml, or from 100-1,000 µg / ml.

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