Photoresist compositions and pattern formation methods

Abstract

A photoresist composition including one or more non-solvent alkali-insoluble base materials present in a combined amount of greater than 50 wt%, based on total solids of the photoresist composition; a non-polymeric ionic photoacid generator compound including an anion and an iodonium or sulfonium cation, wherein the anion is represented by Formula (1) as defined herein; and a solvent, wherein the photoresist composition is free of a photoacid generator that generates a photoacid having a higher acidity than a photoacid generated by the non-polymeric ionic photoacid generator compound.

Description

PHOTORESIST COMPOSITIONS AND PATTERN FORMATION METHODSCROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONSThis application claims priority to and the benefit of US Prov. App. Ser. No. 65 / 533,270, filed August 17, 2023, the entire content of which is incorporated herein by reference.FIELD

[0001] The present invention relates to photoresist compositions and to pattern formation methods using such photoresist compositions. The invention finds particular applicability in lithographic applications in the semiconductor manufacturing industry.BACKGROUND

[0002] Photoresist compositions are photosensitive materials used to transfer a pattern to one or more underlying layers, such as a metal, semiconductor, or dielectric layer disposed on a substrate. Positive-tone chemically amplified photoresist compositions are conventionally used for high-resolution processing. Such resist compositions typically include a polymer having acid-labile groups and a photoacid generator (PAG). A layer of the photoresist composition is pattern- wise exposed to activating radiation and the PAG generates an acid in the exposed regions. During post-exposure baking, the acid causes cleavage of the polymer's acid-labile groups and a resulting polarity-switch of the polymer in the exposed regions. This creates a difference in solubility characteristics between exposed and unexposed regions of the photoresist layer in a developer solution. In a positive tone development (PTD) process, exposed regions of the photoresist layer become soluble in a developer, typically an aqueous base developer, and are removed from the substrate surface while unexposed regions remain on the substrate to form a positive relief image. Alternatively, in a negative tone development (NTD) process, unexposed regions of the photoresist layer can be removed with an organic solvent developer, typically n- butyl acetate, while the exposed regions remain on the substrate to form a negative relief image. The resulting relief image permits selective processing of the substrate.

[0003] A property of the photoresist composition that can directly impact semiconductor manufacturing cost is photosensitivity, i.e., sensitivity to the activating radiation generated by the exposure tool, with a higher sensitivity corresponding to a higher process throughput for a given feature size. For increasing photosensitivity, it is desirable that the PAG generates an acid of sufficiently high strength to cleave the acid-labile groups on the polymer. For this purpose, typical are ionic PAG compounds having a photoactive cation and an anion with a fluorinated sulfonate group, wherein fluorine atoms and / or fluoroalkyl groups are in close proximity to the sulfonate group, typically bonded as substituents to one or more alkylene carbon atoms bondedto the sulfonate anion group. Upon exposure to activating radiation, the photoactive cation undergoes a cascade of photochemical and chemical processes that leads to the formation of a fluorinated sulfonic acid. Certain fluorinated PAGs in this class of compounds, while allowing for photoacids high in acidity, are becoming of increased interest by the semiconductor manufacturing industry and governmental regulatory bodies for replacement with more sustainable alternatives.

[0004] Examples of existing fluorine-free PAGs include p-toluenesulfonate anions and camphorsulfonic anions. These anions, however, have relatively low acid-dissociation constants (e.g., about 18 orders of magnitude smaller than that of tris(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)methane), which limits their usefulness in photoresists requiring a higher- strength photoacid. It would therefore be desirable to have a photoresist composition containing an ionic photoacid generator compound that generates a sulfonic acid of sufficient strength that does not rely on particular fluorine substitution for the increased acidity.

[0005] There is a continuing need for photoresist compositions that address one or more problems associated with the state of the art, and for patterning methods using such photoresist compositions.SUMMARY

[0006] An aspect provides a photoresist composition including one or more non-solvent alkali- insoluble base materials present in a combined amount of greater than 50 weight percent, based on total solids of the photoresist composition; a non-polymeric ionic photoacid generator compound including an anion and an iodonium or sulfonium cation, wherein the anion is represented by Formula (1):wherein, in Formula (1), Ar1is a monocyclic or polycyclic C3-60 aromatic group; each E1is independently a single bond or one or more divalent linking groups, wherein E1is free of fluorine; each R1is independently halogen, hydroxyl, substituted or unsubstituted C1-30 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C3-30 cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C3-30 cycloalkene, substituted or unsubstituted C3-30 heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted Ce-30 aryl,substituted or unsubstituted C7-30 arylalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C7-30 alkylaryl, substituted or unsubstituted Ce-30 aryloxy, substituted or unsubstituted C3-30 heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted C4-30 alkylheteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted C4-30 heteroarylalkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted C3-30 heteroaryloxy; each R1optionally further comprises one or more divalent linking groups as part of its structure; each Z1independently comprises an anion stabilizing group, wherein at least one Z1is configured to form an intramolecular non-covalent bond with the sulfonate anion group to form a ring having from 5 to 8 atoms, and wherein Z1is independently chosen from -OH, -C(O)OH, -SH, -C(O)SH, - NHS(O)2R2, -S(O)2R2, -S(O)2NHS(O)2R2, -CH(=NOH), or -B(R3)2; each Z1optionally further comprises one or more divalent linking groups as part of its structure; each R2is independently chosen from fluorine, hydroxyl, substituted or unsubstituted Ci-2o alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C1-20 heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted Ce-30 aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted C3-30 heteroaryl; each R3is independently chosen from hydrogen, fluorine, hydroxyl, substituted or unsubstituted C1-20 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted Ci-2o heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted Ce-30 aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted C3-30 heteroaryl; two R1together optionally form a fused ring with Ar1, wherein the fused ring optionally further comprises one or more divalent linking groups as part of its structure; and one Z1and one R1together optionally form a fused ring with Ar1, wherein the fused ring optionally further comprises one or more divalent linking groups as part of its structure, each a is independently 1 or 2; b is an integer from 0 to 4; and c is an integer from 1 to 3; and a solvent, wherein the photoresist composition is free of a photoacid generator that generates a photoacid having a higher acidity than a photoacid generated by the non-polymeric ionic photoacid generator compound.

[0007] Another aspect provides a patterning method including applying a layer of the photoresist composition on a substrate to provide a photoresist composition layer; pattern-wise exposing the photoresist composition layer to activating radiation to provide an exposed photoresist composition layer; and developing the exposed photoresist composition layer to provide a resist relief image.DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0008] Reference will now be made in detail to exemplary embodiments, examples of which are illustrated in the present description. In this regard, the present exemplary embodiments may have different forms and should not be construed as being limited to the descriptions set forth herein. Accordingly, the exemplary embodiments are merely described below, by referring to the figures, to explain aspects of the present description. As used herein, the term "and / or"includes any and all combinations of one or more of the associated listed items. Expressions such as "at least one of," when preceding a list of elements, modify the entire list of elements and do not modify the individual elements of the list.

[0009] As used herein, the terms “a,” “an,” and “the” do not denote a limitation of quantity and are to be construed to cover both the singular and the plural, unless otherwise indicated herein or clearly contradicted by context. “Or” means “and / or” unless clearly indicated otherwise. The modifier “about” used in connection with a quantity is inclusive of the stated value and has the meaning dictated by the context (e.g., includes the degree of error associated with measurement of the particular quantity). All ranges disclosed herein are inclusive of the endpoints, and the endpoints are independently combinable with each other. The suffix “(s)” is intended to include both the singular and the plural of the term that it modifies, thereby including at least one of that term. “Optional” or “optionally” means that the subsequently described event or circumstance can or cannot occur, and that the description includes instances where the event occurs and instances where it does not. The terms “first,” “second,” and the like, herein do not denote an order, quantity, or importance, but rather are used to distinguish one element from another. When an element is referred to as being “on” another element, it may be directly in contact with the other element or intervening elements may be present therebetween. In contrast, when an element is referred to as being “directly on” another element, there are no intervening elements present. It is to be understood that the described components, elements, limitations, and / or features of aspects may be combined in any suitable manner in the various aspects.

[0010] Unless otherwise defined, all terms (including technical and scientific terms) used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. It will be further understood that terms, such as those defined in commonly used dictionaries, should be interpreted as having a meaning that is consistent with their meaning in the context of the relevant art and the present disclosure, and will not be interpreted in an idealized or overly formal sense unless expressly so defined herein.

[0011] As used herein, “actinic rays” or “radiation” means, for example, a bright line spectrum of a mercury lamp, far ultraviolet rays represented by an excimer laser, extreme ultraviolet rays (EUV light), X-rays, particle rays such as electron beams and ion beams, or the like. In addition, in the present invention, “light” means actinic rays or radiation. The krypton fluoride laser (KrF laser) is a particular type of excimer laser, which is sometimes referred to as an exciplex laser. “Excimer” is short for “excited dimer,” while “exciplex” is short for “excited complex.” An excimer laser uses a mixture of a noble gas (argon, krypton, or xenon) and a halogen gas (fluorine or chlorine), which under suitable conditions of electrical stimulation and highpressure, emits coherent stimulated radiation (laser light) in the ultraviolet range. Furthermore, “exposure” in the present specification includes, unless otherwise specified, not only exposure by a mercury lamp, far ultraviolet rays represented by an excimer laser, X-rays, extreme ultraviolet rays (EUV light), or the like, but also writing by particle rays such as electron beams and ion beams.

[0012] As used herein, the term “hydrocarbon” refers to an organic compound or group having at least one carbon atom and at least one hydrogen atom; “alkyl” refers to a straight or branched chain saturated hydrocarbon group having the specified number of carbon atoms and having a valence of one; “alkylene” refers to an alkyl group having a valence of two; “hydroxyalkyl” refers to an alkyl group substituted with at least one hydroxyl group (-OH); “alkoxy” refers to “alkyl-O-”; “carboxyl" and "carboxylic acid group” refer to a group having the formula “-C(O)- OH”; “cycloalkyl” refers to a monovalent group having one or more saturated rings in which all ring members are carbon; “cycloalkylene” refers to a cycloalkyl group having a valence of two; “alkenyl” refers to a straight or branched chain, monovalent hydrocarbon group having at least one carbon-carbon double bond; “alkenoxy” refers to “alkenyl-O-“; “alkenylene” refers to an alkenyl group having a valence of two; “cycloalkenyl” refers to a non-aromatic cyclic divalent hydrocarbon group having at least three carbon atoms, with at least one carbon-carbon double bond; “alkynyl” refers to a monovalent hydrocarbon group having at least one carbon-carbon triple bond; the term “aromatic group” refers to a monocyclic or polycyclic aromatic ring system that satisfies Huckel’s Rule (4n+2 7t electrons) and includes carbon atoms in the ring; the term “hetero aromatic group” refers to an aromatic group that includes one or more heteroatoms (e.g., 1-4 heteroatoms) selected from N, O, and S instead of a carbon atom in the ring; “aryl” refers to a monovalent monocyclic or polycyclic aromatic ring system where every ring member is carbon, and may include a group with an aromatic ring fused to at least one cycloalkyl or heterocycloalkyl ring; “arylene” refers to an aryl group having a valence of two; “alkylaryl” refers to an aryl group that has been substituted with an alkyl group; “arylalkyl” refers to an alkyl group that has been substituted with an aryl group; “aryloxy” refers to “aryl-O-”; and “arylthio” refers to “aryl-S-”.

[0013] The prefix “hetero” means that the compound or group includes at least one member that is a heteroatom (e.g., 1, 2, 3, or 4 or more heteroatom(s)) instead of a carbon atom, wherein the heteroatom(s) is each independently N, O, S, Si, or P; “heteroatom-containing group” refers to a substituent group that includes at least one heteroatom; “heteroalkyl” refers to an alkyl group having at least one heteroatom instead of carbon; “heterocycloalkyl” refers to a cycloalkyl group having 1-4 heteroatoms as ring members instead of carbon; “heterocycloalkylene” refers to aheterocycloalkyl group having a valence of two; “heteroaryl” refers to an aromatic 4-8 membered monocyclic, 8-12 membered bicyclic, or 11-14 membered tricyclic ring system having 1-4 heteroatoms (if monocyclic), 1-6 heteroatoms (if bicyclic), or 1-9 heteroatoms (if tricyclic) that are each independently selected from N, O, S, Si, or P (e.g., carbon atoms and 1-3, 1-6, or 1-9 heteroatoms of N, O, or S, if monocyclic, bicyclic, or tricyclic, respectively). Examples of heteroaryl groups include pyridyl, furyl (furyl or furanyl), imidazolyl, benzimidazolyl, pyrimidinyl, thiophenyl or thienyl, quinolinyl, indolyl, thiazolyl, and the like; and “heteroarylene” refers to a heteroaryl group having a valence of two.

[0014] The term “halogen” means a monovalent substituent that is fluorine (fluoro), chlorine (chloro), bromine (bromo), or iodine (iodo). The prefix "halo" means a group including one or more of a fluoro, chloro, bromo, or iodo substituent instead of a hydrogen atom. A combination of halo groups (e.g., bromo and fluoro), or only fluoro groups may be present. For example, the term "haloalkyl" refers to an alkyl group substituted with one or more halogens. As used herein, "substituted Ci-s haloalkyl" refers to a Ci-s alkyl group substituted with at least one halogen, and is further substituted with one or more other substituent groups that are not halogens. It is to be understood that substitution of a group with a halogen atom is not to be considered a heteroatom-containing group, because a halogen atom does not replace a carbon atom.

[0015] Each of the foregoing substituent groups optionally may be substituted unless expressly provided otherwise. The term “optionally substituted” refers to being substituted or unsubstituted. “Substituted” means that at least one hydrogen atom of the chemical structure or group is replaced with another terminal substituent group that is typically monovalent, provided that the designated atom’s normal valence is not exceeded. When the substituent is oxo (i.e., O), then two geminal hydrogen atoms on the carbon atom are replaced with the terminal oxo group. It is further noted that the oxo group is bonded to carbon via a double bond to form a carbonyl (C=O), where the carbonyl group is represented herein as -C(O)-. Combinations of substituents or variables are permissible. Exemplary substituent groups that may be present on a “substituted” position include, but are not limited to, nitro (-NO2), cyano (-CN), hydroxyl (-OH), oxo (O), amino (-NH2), mono- or di-(Ci-6)alkylamino, alkanoyl (such as a C2-6 alkanoyl group such as acyl), formyl (-C(O)H), carboxylic acid or an alkali metal or ammonium salt thereof; esters (including acrylates, methacrylates, and lactones) such as C2-6 alkyl esters (-C(O)O-alkyl or -OC(O)-alkyl) and C7-13 aryl esters (-C(O)O-aryl or -OC(O)-aryl); amido (-C(O)NR2 wherein R is hydrogen or C1-6 alkyl), carboxamido (-CH2C(O)NR2 wherein R is hydrogen or C1-6 alkyl), halogen, thiol (-SH), C1-6 alkylthio (-S-alkyl), thiocyano (-SCN), C1-6 alkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6 alkynyl, C1-6 haloalkyl, C1-9 alkoxy, C1-6 haloalkoxy, C3-12 cycloalkyl, C5-18 cycloalkenyl, C2-18heterocycloalkenyl, Ce-12 aryl having at least one aromatic ring (e.g., phenyl, biphenyl, naphthyl, or the like, each ring either substituted or unsubstituted aromatic), C7-19 arylalkyl having 1 to 3 separate or fused rings and from 6 to 18 ring carbon atoms, arylalkoxy having 1 to 3 separate or fused rings and from 6 to 18 ring carbon atoms, C7-12 alkylaryl, C3-12 heterocycloalkyl, C3-12 heteroaryl, C1-6 alkyl sulfonyl (-S(O)2-alkyl), C6-12 arylsulfonyl (-S(O)2-aryl), or tosyl (CH3C6H4SO2-).

[0016] As used herein, when a definition is not otherwise provided, a "divalent linking group" refers to a divalent group including one or more of -O-, -S-, -Te-, -Se-, -C(O)-, -C(O)O-, -N(R )- , -C(O)N(R )-, -S(O)-, -S(O)2-, -C(S)-, -C(Te)-, -C(Se)-, substituted or unsubstituted C1-30 alkylene, substituted or unsubstituted C3-30 cycloalkylene, substituted or unsubstituted C3-30 heterocycloalkylene, substituted or unsubstituted Ce-30 arylene, substituted or unsubstituted C3-30 heteroarylene, or a combination thereof, wherein each R is independently hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted C1-20 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C1-20 heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted Ce-30 aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted C3-30 heteroaryl. Typically, the divalent linking group includes one or more of -O-, -S-, -C(O)-, -C(O)O-, -N(R’)-, -C(O)N(R )-, -S(O)-, - S(O)2-, substituted or unsubstituted C1-30 alkylene, substituted or unsubstituted C3-30 cycloalkylene, substituted or unsubstituted C3-30 heterocycloalkylene, substituted or unsubstituted Ce-30 arylene, substituted or unsubstituted C3-30 heteroarylene, or a combination thereof, wherein R’ is hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted C1-20 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C1-20 heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C6-30 aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted C3-30 heteroaryl. More typically, the divalent linking group includes at least one of -O-, -C(O)-, -C(O)O-, -N(R )-, -C(O)N(R’)-, substituted or unsubstituted C1-10 alkylene, substituted or unsubstituted C3-10 cycloalkylene, substituted or unsubstituted C3-10 heterocycloalkylene, substituted or unsubstituted C6-10 arylene, substituted or unsubstituted C3-10 heteroarylene, or a combination thereof, wherein R is hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted Ci- 10 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C1-10 heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C6-10 aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted C3-10 heteroaryl.

[0017] As used herein, an “acid-labile group” refers to a group in which a bond is cleaved by the action of an acid, optionally and typically with thermal treatment, resulting in formation of a polar group, such as a carboxylic acid or alcohol group. In some instances, the acid-labile group may be formed on a polymer, and optionally and typically with a moiety connected to the cleaved bond becoming disconnected from the polymer. In other systems, a non-polymeric compound may include an acid-labile group that may be cleaved by the action of an acid, resulting in formation of a polar group, such as a carboxylic acid or alcohol group on a cleavedportion of the non-polymeric compound. Such acid is typically a photo-generated acid with bond cleavage occurring during post-exposure baking (PEB); however, embodiments are not limited thereto, and, for example, such acid may be thermally generated. Suitable acid-labile groups include, for example: tertiary alkyl ester groups, secondary or tertiary ester groups having aryl groups, secondary or tertiary ester groups having a combination of alkyl and aryl groups, tertiary alkoxy groups, acetal groups, or ketal groups. Acid-labile groups are also commonly referred to in the art as “acid-cleavable groups,” “acid-cleavable protecting groups,” “acid-labile protecting groups,” “acid-leaving groups,” “acid-decomposable groups,” and “acid-sensitive groups.”

[0018] Sensitivity of photoresist performance is often correlated to the final device production throughput. In particular, high resolution lithographic techniques, such as 193 nm lithography (ArF), tend to struggle with photoresists having optimal sensitivity. To achieve good sensitivity, many photoresists employ photoacid generators (PAGs) containing an anion belonging to the class of sulfonate coupled with a polymer containing a low activation energy leaving group (e.g., an ester acetal or acetal-ester). In the last decade, many sulfonate derivatives have been developed for this purpose, with the example of fluorinated sulfonate being an example. This class of compounds, which have excelled in lithography thanks to their remarkably high acidity, are considered for replacement worldwide in favor of more sustainable alternatives. There remains a continuing need for PAG anions with good acidity and better sustainability.

[0019] The present inventors have discovered photoacid generators that include an anionic core that includes an aromatic group substituted with a sulfonate anion group and an anion- stabilizing group that is configured to stabilize the sulfonate anion group with an intramolecular non- covalent bond. In other words, the anion stabilizing group is configured to form an intramolecular non-covalent bond with the sulfonate anion group. For example, without wishing to be bound to theory, the anion stabilizing group is capable of forming an intramolecular non- covalent bond with the sulfonate anion group, or, for example, the anion- stabilizing group may form an intramolecular non-covalent bond with the sulfonate anion group. In some embodiments, the intramolecular non-covalent bond may be formed in-situ, such as when the non-polymeric ionic photoacid generator compound is included in the photoresist composition. When used in photoresist compositions, PAGs in accordance with the invention can lead to suitable lithographic properties, such as for sizing energy (Esize), exposure latitude% (EE%), and / or linewidth roughness.

[0020] Provided is a photoresist composition including one or more non-solvent alkali-insoluble base materials present in a combined amount of greater than 50 weight percent (wt%) based on total solids of the photoresist composition, a non-polymeric ionic photoacid generator compoundincluding an anion and an iodonium or sulfonium cation, wherein the anion is represented by Formula (1):and a solvent, wherein the photoresist composition is free of a photoacid generator that generates a photoacid having a higher acidity than a photoacid generated by the ionic photoacid generator compound. It will be understood that total solids include the one or more non-solvent alkali- insoluble base materials, the non-polymeric ionic photoacid generator compound, and other nonsolvent components.

[0021] In Formula (1), Ar1is a monocyclic or polycyclic C3-60 aromatic group. For example, the monocyclic or polycyclic C3-60 aromatic group may be a monocyclic C3-60 aromatic group or a polycyclic C6-60 aromatic group. In an embodiment, the monocyclic or polycyclic C3-60 aromatic group may be a monocyclic or polycyclic arylCen6e-60 group or a monocyclic or polycyclic C3- 60 heteroarylene group, typically a monocyclic or polycyclic Ce-30 arylene group or a monocyclic or polycyclic C3-30 heteroarylene group.

[0022] It is to be understood that when the “monocyclic or polycyclic arylene groCup6-”60 is polycyclic, the number of carbon atoms is sufficient for the group to be chemically feasible. For example, the “monocyclic or polycyclic arylCen6-e60 group” may refer to “a monocyclic Ce arylene group or a polycyclic C10-60 arylene group”; or, for example “a monocyclic Ce arylene group or a polycyclic C10-30 arylene group”. Similarly, when the “monocyclic or polycyclic C3-60 heteroarylene group” is polycyclic, the number of carbon atoms is sufficient for the group to be chemically feasible. For example, the “monocyclic or polycyclic C3-60 heteroarylene group” may refer to “a monocyclic C3-6 heteroarylene group or a polycyclic C5-60 heteroarylene group”; or, for example “a monocyclic C3-6 heteroarylene group or a polycyclic C5-30 heteroarylene group”.

[0023] Exemplary monocyclic or polycyclic C3-60 aromatic groups include, but are not limited to, benzene, naphthalene, anthracene, phenanthrene, pyrene, coronene, triphenylene, chrysene, phenalene, benz[a] anthracene, dibenz [a, h] anthracene, or benzo[a]pyrene.

[0024] In Formula (1), each L1is independently a single bond or one or more divalent linking groups, wherein L1is free of fluorine. In other words, when L1is one or more divalent linkinggroups, then L1is free of fluorine.

[0025] Each of the one or more divalent linking groups may be substituted or unsubstituted. Exemplary divalent linking groups may each independently be selected from -O-, -C(O)-, - C(O)O-, -S-, -S(O)-,-S(O)2-, -N(R )-, -C(O)N(R’)-, substituted or unsubstituted C1-30 alkylene, substituted or unsubstituted C3-30 cycloalkylene, substituted or unsubstituted C3-30 heterocycloalkylene, substituted or unsubstituted Ce-30 arylene, substituted or unsubstituted C3-30 heteroarylene, or a combination thereof, wherein R may be hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted C1-20 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C1-20 heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted Ce-30 aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted C3-30 heteroaryl. Typically, L1may be a single bond or substituted or unsubstituted C1-20 alkylene, preferably a single bond or substituted or unsubstituted C1-10 alkylene, wherein L1does not include an a-carbon atom covalently bonded directly to the sulfur atom of the sulfonate anion group that is substituted with a fluorine atom or a fluoroalkyl group.

[0026] In Formula (1), each R1is independently halogen, hydroxyl, substituted or unsubstituted Ci-30 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C3-30 cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C3-30 cycloalkene, substituted or unsubstituted C3-30 heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted Ce- 30 aryl, substituted or unsubstituted C7-30 arylalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C7-30 alkylaryl, substituted or unsubstituted Ce-30 aryloxy, substituted or unsubstituted C3-30 heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted C4-30 alkylheteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted C4-30 heteroarylalkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted C3-30 heteroaryloxy. For example, each R1may independently be hydroxyl, substituted or unsubstituted C1-30 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C3-30 cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C3-30 cycloalkene, substituted or unsubstituted C3-30 heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted Ce-30 aryl, substituted or unsubstituted C7-30 arylalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C7-30 alkylaryl, substituted or unsubstituted Ce-30 aryloxy, substituted or unsubstituted C3-30 heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted C4-30 alkylheteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted C4-30 heteroarylalkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted C3-30 heteroaryloxy. In some embodiments, at least one R1is a substituted Ce-30 aryl or a substituted C7-30 arylalkyl.

[0027] In Formula (1), each R1optionally further comprises one or more divalent linking groups as part of its structure. Each of the one or more divalent linking groups may be substituted or unsubstituted. Exemplary divalent linking groups may be selected from -O-, -C(O)-, -C(O)O-, - S-, -S(O)-, -S(O)2-, -N(R )-, -C(O)N(R’)-, substituted or unsubstituted C1-30 alkylene, substituted or unsubstituted C3-30 cycloalkylene, substituted or unsubstituted C3-30 heterocycloalkylene, substituted or unsubstituted Ce-30 arylene, substituted or unsubstituted C3-30 heteroarylene, or acombination thereof, wherein R may be hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted C1-20 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C1-20 heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted Ce-30 aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted C3-30 heteroaryl.

[0028] In some embodiments, one or more R1may each independently include an acid-labile group, a lactone-containing group, a base-solubilizing group, or the like, or a combination thereof.

[0029] In Formula (1), each Z1independently comprises an anion stabilizing group, wherein at least one Z1is configured to form an intramolecular non-covalent bond with the sulfonate anion group to form a ring having from 5 to 8 atoms, and wherein Z1is independently chosen from -OH, -C(O)OH, -SH, -C(O)SH, -NHS(O)2R2, -S(O)2R2, -S(O)2NHS(O)2R2, -CH(=NOH), or -B(R3)2, wherein R2and R3are each as defined herein. Typically, each anion stabilizing group Z1may be independently chosen from -OH, C(O)OH, SH, or -B(OH)2, and preferably at least one anion stabilizing group Z1comprises -OH.

[0030] For example, each Z1may be configured to form an intramolecular non-covalent bond with the sulfonate anion group to form a ring having 6 or 7 atoms. It is to be understood that when the monocyclic or polycyclic C3-60 aromatic group Ar1includes two or more anion stabilizing groups Z1, then at least one of the anion stabilizing groups Z1is configured to form an intramolecular non-covalent bond with at least one sulfonate anion group to form a ring having from 5 to 8 atoms.

[0031] As used herein, the “anion stabilizing group” refers to any suitable group that may stabilize the sulfonate anion group via an intramolecular non-covalent bond, as provided herein. As such, the anion stabilizing group is configured to form an intramolecular non-covalent bond with the sulfonate anion group, or, in other words, the anion stabilizing group is capable of forming an intramolecular non-covalent bond with the sulfonate anion group. As used herein, the “non-covalent bond” may refer to any non-covalent bonding interaction between the anion stabilizing group and the sulfonate anion group. As noted above, the non-covalent bonding interaction is intramolecular, where the anion stabilizing group and the sulfonate anion group are on the same molecule. Exemplary non-covalent bonding includes hydrogen bonding or ionic bonding. The anion-stabilizing group may include a group that is protic. For example, the intramolecular non-covalent bond may be an intramolecular hydrogen bond between a suitable hydrogen atom of the anion stabilizing group and the sulfonate anion group. For example, in some embodiments, the anion-stabilizing group may be configured to form an intramolecular hydrogen bond with the sulfonate anion group, and, for example, in some embodiments, the anion-stabilizing group may form an intramolecular hydrogen bond with the sulfonate aniongroup. In some embodiments, the intramolecular non-covalent bonding includes dipole-dipole interactions, ion-dipole interactions, or a combination thereof. As used herein, “non-covalent bond” does not include bonding based solely on Van der Waals forces.

[0032] In some embodiments, the anion-stabilizing group may have a pKa of 25 or less, typically 20 or less, or 18 or less, and preferably 16 or less.

[0033] In some embodiments, each anion stabilizing group comprises a group that is protic. For example, when the anion stabilizing group is protic, then each Z1may be independently chosen from -OH, -C(O)OH, -SH, -C(O)SH, -NHS(O)2R2, -S(O)2R2a, -S(O)2NHS(O)2R2, -CH(=NOH), or -B(R3a)2, wherein each R2is independently chosen from fluorine, hydroxyl, substituted or unsubstituted C1-20 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted Ci-2o heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted Ce-30 aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted C3-30 heteroaryl; each R2ais hydroxyl; and each R3ais independently chosen from hydrogen, fluorine, hydroxyl, substituted or unsubstituted C1-20 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted Ci-2o heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted Ce-30 aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted C3-30 heteroaryl, provided that at least one R3ais hydrogen or hydroxyl.

[0034] In Formula (1), each Z1optionally further comprises one or more divalent linking groups as part of its structure. Each of the one or more divalent linking groups may be substituted or unsubstituted. Exemplary divalent linking groups may be selected from -O-, -C(O)-, -C(O)O-, - S-, -S(O)-, -S(O)2-, -N(R )-, -C(O)N(R’)-, substituted or unsubstituted C1-30 alkylene, substituted or unsubstituted C3-30 cycloalkylene, substituted or unsubstituted C3-30 heterocycloalkylene, substituted or unsubstituted Ce-30 arylene, substituted or unsubstituted C3-30 heteroarylene, or a combination thereof, wherein R may be hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted C1-20 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted Ci-2o heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted Ce-30 aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted C3-30 heteroaryl. Typically, Z1may optionally further include one or more divalent linking groups selected from -O-, -C(O)-, -C(O)O-, -S(O)-, -S(O)2-, -N(R )-, - C(O)N(R’)-, substituted or unsubstituted C1-10 alkylene, substituted or unsubstituted C3-10 cycloalkylene, substituted or unsubstituted C3-10 heterocycloalkylene, substituted or unsubstituted Ce-30 arylene, substituted or unsubstituted C3-30 heteroarylene, or a combination thereof, wherein R may be hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted C1-20 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C1-20 heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted Ce-30 aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted C3-30 heteroaryl. In some embodiments, each Z1may independently not include a divalent linking group, such that the anion stabilizing group is directly bonded to Ar1.

[0035] In Formula (1), each R2is independently chosen from fluorine, hydroxyl, substituted or unsubstituted C1-20 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted Ci-2o heteroalkyl, substituted orunsubstituted Ce-30 aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted C3-30 heteroaryl.

[0036] In Formula (1), each R3is independently chosen from hydrogen, fluorine, hydroxyl, substituted or unsubstituted C1-20 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C1-20 heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted Ce-30 aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted C3-30 heteroaryl.

[0037] In Formula (1), two R1together optionally form a fused ring with Ar1, wherein the fused ring optionally further comprises one or more divalent linking groups as part of its structure. Each of the one or more divalent linking groups is substituted or unsubstituted, and the fused ring is substituted or unsubstituted.

[0038] In Formula (1), one Z1and one R1together optionally form a fused ring with Ar1, wherein the fused ring optionally further comprises one or more divalent linking groups as part of its structure. Each of the one or more divalent linking groups is substituted or unsubstituted, and wherein the fused ring is substituted or unsubstituted. The fused ring that is formed with Ar1may be aliphatic or aromatic.

[0039] In Formula (1), each a is independently 1 or 2.

[0040] In Formula (1), b is an integer from 0 to 4. Typically, b is an integer from 0 to 2, preferably b is 0 or 1.

[0041] In Formula (1), c is an integer from 1 to 3. Typically, c is 1 or 2, preferably c is 1. For example, in some embodiments, a may be 1 or 2 and c may be 1. In some embodiments, c may be 1 and L1is a single bond.

[0042] In some embodiments, the anion may be free of trifluoromethyl groups and difluoromethylene groups. In other words, in some embodiments, the anion of Formula (1) may be free of trifluoromethyl groups and difluoromethylene groups. For example, in some embodiments, the anion does not include fluorine (the anion of Formula (1) may be free of fluorine).

[0043] In some embodiments, Ar1may be a monocyclic C3-60 aromatic group and at least one Z1is located at an ortho position to the group represented by TJ-SCE'. For example, Ar1may be a monocyclic C3-6 aromatic group and at least one Zi may be located at an ortho position to the group represented by -L^SCF'. In some embodiments, Ar1may be a monocyclic C3-6 aromatic group, L1is a single bond, and at least one Zi may be located at an ortho position to the group represented by TJ-SCE'.

[0044] In some embodiments, Ar1may be a polycyclic aromatiCc6 g-6r0oup and at least one Z1group may be bonded to a ring carbon atom of Ar1located at an ortho position on a same ring to the group represented by TJ-SCE'. For example, Ar1may be a polycyclic aromatic grCou6-p60, L1is a single bond, and at least one Z1group may be bonded to a ring carbon atom of Ar1located at an ortho position on a same ring to the group represented by -L1-SO3-

[0045] In some embodiments, in Formula (1), Ar1may be a polycyclic aromatic grCo6u-6p0 and at least one Z1group may be bonded to a ring carbon atom of Ar1that is at a beta position with respect to a ring carbon atom to which -L1-SO3- is bonded, and the at least one Z1group and -L1- SO3‘ are bonded to different rings of the polycyclic aromatic group. As used herein, the term “substituent groups at a beta position” refers to substituent groups that are bonded to a respective aromatic ring carbon atom on different rings of the polycyclic ring system, which ring carbon atoms are separated by a joined ring carbon atom.

[0046] In some embodiments, a conjugate acid of the photoacid generator compound may have a pKa of 0 or less. Typically, the conjugate acid of the photoacid generator compound may have a pKa of -2 or less, preferably -5 or less. The conjugate acid of the photoacid generator compound may, for example, have a pKa from -15 to 0 or from -15 to -2.

[0047] In some embodiments, the anion of Formula (1) may be represented by Formula (la):

[0048] In Formula (la), Ar1is a monocyclic or polycyclic C3-60 aromatic group, as defined in Formula (1).

[0049] In Formula (la), each Z1independently includes an anion stabilizing group as defined in Formula (1).

[0050] In Formula (la), each R1is independently as defined in Formula (1).

[0051] In Formula (la), a is 1 or 2, and b is an integer from 0 to 4.

[0052] In some embodiments, the anion of Formula (1) may be represented by one of Formulae (2a) to (2f):

[0053] In Formulae (2a) to (2f), each Z1independently includes an anion stabilizing group as defined in Formula (1).

[0054] In Formulae (2a) to (2f), each R1is independently as defined for Formula (1).

[0055] In Formulae (2a) to (2f), a is 1 or 2, and b is an integer from 0 to 4.

[0056] In some embodiments, the anion of Formula (1) may be represented by one of Formulae(3a) to (3n):

[0057] In Formulae (3a) to (3n), each Z1independently includes an anion stabilizing group as defined in Formula (1).

[0058] In Formulae (3a) to (3n), each R1is independently as defined for Formula (1).

[0059] In Formulae (3a) to (3n), b is an integer from 0 to 4.

[0060] Exemplary groups wherein at least one Zi is located at an ortho position to the group represented by L1-SO3-’ include, but are not limited to, those represented by Formulae (3a), (3b), (3c), (3d), (3f), (3g), (3h), (3j), (3k), and / or (31).

[0061] Exemplary groups wherein Ar1is a fused polycyclCic6-60 aromatic group and at least one Z1group is bonded to a ring carbon atom of Ar1that is at a beta position with respect to a ring carbon atom to which the - L1-SO3- is bonded, and the at least one Z1group and L1-SO3- are bonded to different rings of the fused polycyclCic6-60 aromatic group, include, but are not limited to, those represented by Formulae (3e), (3i), (3m), and / or (3n).

[0062] In still other embodiments, Ar1may be a fused polycyclCic6-60 aromatic group, wherein at least one Z1group is bonded to a ring carbon atom of Ar1located at an ortho position on a same ring to the group represented by L1-SO3- , and at least one Z1group is bonded to a ring carbon atom of Ar1that is at a beta position with respect to a ring carbon atom to which L1-SO3- is bonded, and the at least one Z1group and L1-SO3- f are bonded to different rings of the fused polycyclCic6-60 aromatic group. Structures having both at least one Zi that is located at an ortho position to the group represented by L1-SO3- and wherein Ar1is a polycycliCc6-60 aromatic group and at least one Z1group that is bonded to a ring carbon atom of Ar1that is at a beta position with respect to a ring carbon atom to which the second substituent (with sulfonate, -L1- SO3’) is bonded include, but are not limited to, Formulae (3f) and (3h).

[0063] Exemplary anions represented by Formula (1) of the non-polymeric ionic photoacid generator compound include the following:

[0064] The anions of the non-polymeric ionic photoacid generator compound may be obtained from commercial sources or prepared by any suitable method. For example, such anions may be prepared as described in the Examples herein.

[0065] As explained above, the anion stabilizing group is configured to form an intramolecular non-covalent bond with the sulfonate anion group. For example, without wishing to be bound to theory, the anion stabilizing group is capable of forming an intramolecular non-covalent bond with the sulfonate anion group, or, for example, the anion- stabilizing group may form an intramolecular non-covalent bond with the sulfonate anion group. In some embodiments, the intramolecular non-covalent bond may be formed in- situ, such as when the non-polymeric ionic photoacid generator compound is included in the photoresist composition. In some aspects, the intramolecular non-covalent bond may be formed, such as an intramolecular hydrogen bond, between the anion stabilizing group and the sulfonate anion. The resulting intramolecular hydrogen bonded structure may form a ring having 5-8 atoms, and most preferably 6-8 atoms. For example, an exemplary intramolecular hydrogen bonding interaction between an anion stabilizing group and the sulfonate anion group is shown below in Formula (I), where theintramolecular hydrogen bonded structure forms a ring having 6 atoms, but embodiments are not limited thereto:

[0066] The non-polymeric ionic photoacid generator compound further includes an iodonium or sulfonium cation. In some embodiments, the cation may be a sulfonium cation of Formula (4a) or an iodonium cation of Formula (4b):

[0067] In Formulae (4a) and (4b), R30to R34are each independently substituted or unsubstituted Ci-30 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C3-30 cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C2-30 alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted C2-30 alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted Ce-30 aryl, substituted or unsubstituted C3-30 heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted C7-30 arylalkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted C4-30 heteroarylalkyl, or combinations thereof. Each of R30to R34may be either separate or connected to another group R30to R34via a single bond or a divalent linking group to form a ring. Each of R30to R34optionally may include as part of its structure a divalent linking group. Each of R30to R34independently may optionally comprise an acid-labile group chosen, for example, from tertiary alkyl ester groups, secondary or tertiary aryl ester groups, secondary or tertiary ester groups having a combination of alkyl and aryl groups, tertiary alkoxy groups, acetal groups, or ketal groups.

[0068] Exemplary sulfonium cations of Formula (4a) may include one or more of the following:

[0070] The cations for the non-polymeric ionic photoacid generator compounds may be obtained from commercial sources or prepared using common synthetic procedures.

[0071] Suitable non-polymeric ionic photoacid generator compounds include those resulting from any combination of the above-described anions and cations. The non-polymeric ionic photoacid generator compounds may be prepared by combining the anion and the cation species under appropriate conditions.

[0072] The non-polymeric ionic photoacid generator compound may be included in the photoresist composition in an amount from 1 to 65 weight percent (wt%), more typically from 15 to 30%, 8 to 14 wt%, or from 2 to 7 wt%, based on total solids of the photoresist composition. In some embodiments, the photoresist composition may include two or more different non-polymeric ionic photoacid generator compounds as described herein. For example, the photoresist composition may include one or more non-polymeric ionic photoacid generator compounds in a combined amount from 1 to 65 wt%, more typically from 15 to 30%, 8 to 14 wt%, or from 2 to 7 wt%, based on total solids of the photoresist composition.

[0073] The photoresist composition may further include an additional photoacid generator. The additional PAG may be in ionic or non-ionic form, provided that the photoresist composition is free of a photoacid generator that generates a photoacid having a higher acidity than a photoacid generated by the non-polymeric ionic photoacid generator compound described above. The additional PAG may be in polymeric or non-polymeric form. In polymeric form, the additional PAG may be present as a moiety in a repeating unit of a polymer that is derived from a polymerizable PAG monomer.

[0074] Suitable additional PAG compounds maybe of the formula G+A", wherein G+is a photoactive cation and A" is an anion that can generate a photoacid. The photoactive cation is preferably chosen from onium cations, preferably iodonium or sulfonium cations such as those described above with respect to the inventive non-polymeric ionic photoacid generator compounds (e.g., those of Formulae (4a) and / or (4b)). Particularly suitable anions include those whose conjugated acids have a pKa of from -15 to 0, or from -14 to 0, or from -13 to 0. The anion is typically an organic anion having a sulfonate group or a non-sulfonate-type group, such as sulfonamidate, sulfonimidate, methide, arsenate, or borate. In some embodiments, the additional PAG may have an anion having a structure of Formula (1) as defined for the anion of the non-polymeric ionic photoacid generator compound, wherein the anion of the additionalPAG compound does not include a group Z1that is an anion stabilizing group.

[0075] In some aspects, the anion of the additional PAG does not include and is free of -F, -CF3, or -CF2- groups. It should be understood that “free of -F, -CF3, or -CF2- groups” means that the anion of the additional PAG excludes groups such as -CH2CF3 and -CH2CF2CH3. In still other aspects, the anion of the additional PAG is free of fluorine (i.e., does not contain a fluorine atom and is not substituted by a fluorine-containing group). In some aspects, the additional PAG is free of fluorine (i.e., both the photoactive cation and the anion are free of fluorine).

[0076] Exemplary onium salts may include, for example, triphenylsulfonium trifluoromethanesulfonate, (p-tert-butoxyphenyl)diphenylsulfonium trifluoromethanesulfonate, tris(p-tert-butoxyphenyl)sulfonium trifluoromethanesulfonate, triphenylsulfonium p- toluenesulfonate; di-t-butyphenyliodonium perfluorobutanesulfonate, and di-t- butyphenyliodonium camphorsulfonate. Other useful additional PAG compounds are known in the art of chemically amplified photoresists and include, for example: non-ionic sulfonyl compounds, for example, 2-nitrobenzyl-p-toluenesulfonate, 2,6-dinitrobenzyl-p- toluenesulfonate, and 2,4-dinitrobenzyl-p-toluenesulfonate; sulfonic acid esters, for example,1.2.3-tris(methanesulfonyloxy)benzene, 1 ,2,3-tris(trifluoromethanesulfonyloxy)benzene, and1.2.3-tris(p-toluenesulfonyloxy)benzene; diazomethane derivatives, for example, bis(benzenesulfonyl)diazomethane, bis(p-toluenesulfonyl)diazomethane; glyoxime derivatives, for example, bis-O-(p-toluenesulfonyl)-a-dimethylglyoxime, and bis-O-(n-butanesulfonyl)-a- dimethylgly oxime; sulfonic acid ester derivatives of an N-hydroxy imide compound, for example, N-hydroxysuccinimide methanesulfonic acid ester, N-hydroxysuccinimide trifluoromethanesulfonic acid ester; and halogen-containing triazine compounds, for example, 2- (4-methoxyphenyl)-4,6-bis(trichloromethyl)- 1 ,3,5-triazine, and 2-(4-methoxynaphthyl)-4,6- bis(trichloromethyl)-l,3,5-triazine. Suitable additional PAGs are further described in U.S. Patent Nos. 8,431,325 and 4,189,323.

[0077] Typically, when the photoresist composition includes an additional non-polymeric PAG, the additional PAG is present in the photoresist composition in an amount of from 0.1 to 55 wt%, more typically 1 to 25 wt%, based on total solids of the photoresist composition. When present in polymeric form, the additional PAG is typically included in a polymer in an amount from 1 to 25 mol%, more typically from 1 to 8 mol%, or from 2 to 6 mol%, based on total repeating units in the polymer.

[0078] The photoresist composition also includes one or more non-solvent alkali-insoluble base materials present in a combined amount of greater than 50 weight percent, based on total solids of the photoresist composition. The one or more non-solvent alkali-insoluble base materials,which may alternatively be referred to herein as a matrix material, may be polymeric or non- polymeric. Suitable alkali -insoluble base materials will be apparent to the person of skill in the art and based on the description provided herein. In some embodiments, the alkali-insoluble base material does not include a phenolic hydroxyl group, such as a phenolic hydroxyl group- containing novolac resin. In some embodiments, the alkali-insoluble base material does not include a carboxylic acid group. In some embodiments, the alkali-insoluble base material may include a phenolic hydroxyl group and / or a carboxylic acid group provided alkali insolubility of the base material is maintained.

[0079] To determine if a particular base material is alkali insoluble, the base material may be subjected to solubility testing with an aqueous alkali developer solution such as 0.26 normal (N) aqueous tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH). The alkali solubility may, for example, be determined using the following method. A film of the base material may be applied to the surface of a Si substrate by spin-coating and an initial film thickness measured. The film of the base material may be immersed in 0.26 N TMAH aqueous solution at room temperature for 60 seconds, followed by DI water rinse and air drying, which are typical development conditions, and then the thickness of the film is measured again. Alkali insolubility is indicated by a change in thickness of less than 2 nanometers (nm), preferably less than 1 nm, less than 0.5 nm, less than 0.1 nm, or 0 nm.

[0080] In some embodiments, the base material may comprise a polymer, a metal-containing material, or a combination thereof. It is to be understood that “base material” does not define the material as being basic (e.g., the base material is not necessarily basic according to the definition of acid / base chemistry).

[0081] The polymer of the photoresist composition may be a homopolymer or a copolymer that includes two or more structurally different repeating units. For example, the polymer may include one or more repeating units that include a functional group selected from a hydroxyaryl group, an acid-labile group, a base- solubilizing group, a lactone-containing group, a sultone- containing group, a polar group, a crosslinkable group, a crosslinking group, or the like, or a combination thereof.

[0082] In one or more embodiments, the polymer may include a repeating unit formed from a monomer that includes an acid-labile group. Suitable acid-labile groups include, for example, tertiary ester, acetal, ketal, and tertiary ether groups.substituted or unsubstituted C3-6 cycloalkyl.

[0083] When a repeating unit having an acid-labile group is present in the polymer, it is typically present in an amount from 25 to 75 mol%, more typically from 25 to 50 mol%, still more typically from 30 to 50 mol%, based on total repeating units in the polymer.

[0084] In some embodiments, the polymer may include a repeating unit derived from one or more lactone-containing monomers. Suitable lactone-containing monomers include, for example:wherein Rdis hydrogen, halogen (e.g., F, Cl, Br, I), substituted or unsubstituted C1-6 alkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted C3-6 cycloalkyl.

[0085] When a repeating unit derived from one or more lactone-containing monomers is present in the polymer, it is typically present in an amount from 0.5 to 75 mol%, more typically from 1 to 50 mol%, still more typically from 5 to 50 mol%, based on total repeating units in the polymer.

[0086] In some embodiments, the polymer may include a repeating unit having a basesolubilizing group and / or having a pKa of less than or equal to 12. Exemplary base- solubilizing groups may comprise a fluoroalcohol group, a carboxylic acid group, a carboximide group, a sulfonamide group, or a sulfonimide group.

[0087] Non-limiting examples of monomers including a base- solubilizing include the following:wherein R1is hydrogen, halogen (e.g., F, Cl, Br, I), substituted or unsubstituted Ci-6 alkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted C3-6 cycloalkyl.

[0088] When a repeating unit having a base-solubilizing group and / or having a pKa of less than or equal to 12 is present in the polymer, it is typically present in an amount from 0.5 to 30 mol%, more typically from 15 to 25 mol%, still more typically from 5 to 10 mol%, based ontotal repeating units in the polymer.

[0089] The polymer may further optionally include one or more aromatic group-containing repeating units. For example, such repeating units may include one or more of the following:wherein Rbis hydrogen, halogen (e.g., F, Cl, Br, I), substituted or unsubstituted Ci-6 alkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted C3-6 cycloalkyl.

[0090] When present, the polymer typically comprises an aromatic group-containing repeating unit in an amount from 1 to 80 mol%, more typically from 5 to 75 mol%, still more typically from 5 to 50 mol%, based on total repeating units in the polymer.

[0091] In some embodiments, the polymer may optionally include a repeating unit derived from an acetal monomer that does not include an ester acetal, for example a monomer of Formula (5):

[0092] In Formula (5), Xbis a polymerizable group that may be a carbon-carbon unsaturated vinylic group; L2is a divalent linking group chosen from substituted or unsubstituted Ci-10 alkylene, substituted or unsubstituted C3-10 cycloalkylene, substituted or unsubstituted C3-10 heterocycloalkylene, substituted or unsubstituted Ce 12 arylene, substituted or unsubstituted C4-12 heteroarylene, or a combination thereof.

[0093] In Formula (5), R7and R8are each independently hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted Ci-20 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C3-20 cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C3-20 heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted Ce 20 aryl, substituted or unsubstituted C7-30 arylalkyl, substituted orunsubstituted C7-30 alkylaryl, substituted or unsubstituted C3-20 heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted C4 30 heteroarylalkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted C4-30 alkylheteroaryl. Preferably, R7and R8are each independently hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted Ci-20 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C3-20 cycloalkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted C3-20 heterocycloalkyl. Each of R7and R8optionally further comprises a divalent linking group as part of their structure.

[0094] In Formula (5), R9is substituted or unsubstituted Ci-20 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C3-20 cycloalkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted C3-20 heterocycloalkyl. R9optionally further comprises a divalent linking group as part of its structure.

[0095] In Formula (5), one of R7or R8optionally may form a heterocyclic ring together with R9via a single bond or a divalent linking group, wherein the ring is substituted or unsubstituted. The ring may be monocyclic, non-fused polycyclic, or fused polycyclic, and is typically monocyclic when formed. mples of monomers represented by Formula (5) include:wherein Rdis hydrogen, fluorine, cyano, substituted or unsubstituted Ci-10 alkyl.

[0097] When present, polymer typically comprises a repeating unit having an acetal monomer that does not include an ester acetal in an amount from 1 to 80 mol%, more typically from 5 to 75 mol%, still more typically from 5 to 50 mol%, based on total repeating units in the polymer.

[0098] The polymer may further optionally include one or more additional repeating units. The additional repeating units may be, for example, one or more additional units for purposes of adjusting properties of the photoresist composition, such as etch rate and solubility. Exemplary additional units may include those derived from one or more of (meth)acrylate, vinyl aromatic, vinyl ether, vinyl ketone, and / or vinyl ester monomers. The one or more additional repeating units, if present in the polymer, may be used in an amount of up to 50 mol%, typically from 3 to 50 mol%, based on total repeating units of the polymer.

[0099] Non-limiting exemplary polymers of the present invention include one or more of the following:wherein a, b, and c represent the mole fractions for the respective repeating units of the polymer and a + b + c = 1. It is to be understood that the mole fractions of a, b, and c are selected such that the polymer is alkali insoluble.

[0100] In some embodiments, the non-solvent alkali-insoluble base material may include a chain-scissionable polymer, an unzipping polymer, or a combination thereof.

[0101] Chain- seis sionable polymers can undergo chain scission reactions under suitable conditions. Any suitable chain-scissionable polymer may be used. Exemplary direct photolysis, chain-scissionable polymers include, for example, copolymers of oc-substituted styrene(s) and substituted oc-halogen acrylates, for example, cx-methylstyrene / methyl-cx-chloroacrylate copolymer, 2-trifluoroethyl-oc-chloroacrylate / (x-methyl-4-fluorostyrene copolymer, or the like, or a combination thereof.

[0102] Unzipping polymers include polymers having unzipping polymer end group upon suitable stimulation (photoinduced or chemically induced stimulus) which triggers breaking the polymer backbone into smaller parts. Typically, the unzipping polymer is chosen such that stimulating a first chemical modification or degradation event triggers an unzipping effect that is partial or total. Any suitable unzipping polymer may be used.

[0103] The polymer typically has a weight average molecular weight (Mw) from 1,000 to 200,000 Dalton (Da), preferably from 10,000 to 150,000 Da, more preferably 15,000 to 150,000 Da, and still more preferably from 25,000 to 150,000 Da or from 50,000 to 150,000 Da. The polydispersity index (PDI) of the first polymer, which is the ratio of Mwto number average molecular weight (Mn) is typically from 1.1 to 3, and more typically from 1.1 to 2. Molecular weight values are determined by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) using polystyrene standards.

[0104] The polymer may be prepared using any suitable method(s) in the art. For example, one or more monomers corresponding to the repeating units described herein may be combined, or fed separately, using suitable solvent(s) and initiator, and polymerized in a reactor. For example, the polymers may be obtained by polymerization of the respective monomers under any suitable conditions, such as by heating at an effective temperature, irradiation with actinic radiation at an effective wavelength, or a combination thereof.

[0105] In some embodiments, the one or more non-solvent alkali-insoluble base materials may be a metal-containing material. Exemplary metal-containing materials include metalorganic resists (e.g., photoinduced crosslinkable metalorganic resists, or the like), metal oxide resists, or the like, or a combination thereof. In some embodiment, the metal-containing material may include Sn, Zr, Hf, Si, Ge, Se, Cr, Mo, W, V, Nb, Ta, P, Sb, Ti, Ce, Ru, Sb, Y, Ga, Cr, Fe, Co, Ru, Al, In, Sc, Bi, Fa, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Eu, Zn, Co, Ni, Mn, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, or a combination thereof. Typically, the metal-containing material may include Sn, Zr, Hf, Si, Ge, Se, or a combination thereof.

[0106] The one or more non-solvent alkali-insoluble base materials is / are present in a combined amount of greater than 50 wt% based on total solids of the photoresist composition. Forexample, the one or more non-solvent alkali-insoluble base materials may be present in a combined amount from 50 wt% to 99 wt%, typically from 60 wt% to 95 wt%, or from 70 wt% to 90 wt%, based on total solids of the photoresist composition.

[0107] The photoresist composition further includes a solvent for dissolving the components of the composition and to facilitate its coating on a substrate. Preferably, the solvent is an organic solvent conventionally used in the manufacture of electronic devices. Suitable solvents include, for example: aliphatic hydrocarbons such as hexane and heptane; aromatic hydrocarbons such as toluene and xylene; halogenated hydrocarbons such as dichloromethane, 1 ,2-dichloroethane and 1 -chlorohexane; alcohols such as methanol, ethanol, 1 -propanol, iso-propanol, tert-butanol, 2- methyl-2-butanol, 4-methyl-2-pentanol, and diacetone alcohol (4-hydroxy-4-methyl-2- pentanone) (DAA); propylene glycol monomethyl ether (PGME); ethers such as diethyl ether, tetrahydrofuran, 1,4-dioxane, and anisole; ketones such as acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl iso-butyl ketone, 2-heptanone, and cyclohexanone (CHO); esters such as ethyl acetate, n-butyl acetate, propylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate (PGMEA), ethyl lactate (EL), hydroxyisobutyrate methyl ester (HBM), and ethyl acetoacetate; lactones such as gammabutyrolactone (GBL) and epsilon-caprolactone; lactams such as N-methyl pyrrolidone; nitriles such as acetonitrile and propionitrile; cyclic or non-cyclic carbonate esters such as propylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, diphenyl carbonate, and propylene carbonate; polar aprotic solvents such as dimethyl sulfoxide and dimethyl formamide; water; or a combination thereof. Of these, preferred solvents are PGME, PGMEA, EL, GBL, HBM, CHO, DAA, or a combination thereof.

[0108] The total solvent content (i.e., cumulative solvent content for all solvents) in the photoresist compositions is typically from 40 to 99 wt%, for example, from 60 to 99 wt%, or from 85 to 99 wt%, based on total solids of the photoresist composition. The desired solvent content will depend, for example, on the desired thickness of the coated photoresist layer and coating conditions.

[0109] In some aspects, the photoresist composition may further include a material that comprises one or more base-labile groups (a “base-labile material”). As referred to herein, base- labile groups are functional groups that can undergo cleavage reaction to provide polar groups such as hydroxyl, carboxylic acid, sulfonic acid, and the like, in the presence of an aqueous alkaline developer after exposure and post-exposure baking steps. The base-labile group will not react significantly (e.g., will not undergo a bond-breaking reaction) prior to a development step of the photoresist composition that comprises the base-labile group. Thus, for instance, a base- labile group will be substantially inert during pre-exposure soft-bake, exposure, and post-exposure bake steps. By “substantially inert” it is meant that ^5%, typically ^1%, of the base- labile groups (or moieties) will decompose, cleave, or react during the pre-exposure soft-bake, exposure, and post-exposure bake steps. The base-labile group is reactive under typical photoresist development conditions using, for example, an aqueous alkaline photoresist developer such as a 0.26 normal (N) aqueous solution of tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH). For example, a 0.26 N aqueous solution of TMAH may be used for single puddle development or dynamic development, e.g., where the 0.26 N TMAH developer is dispensed onto an imaged photoresist layer for a suitable time such as 10 to 120 seconds (s). An exemplary base-labile group is an ester group, typically a fluorinated ester group. Preferably, the base-labile material is substantially not miscible with and has a lower surface energy than the first and / or second polymers and other solid components of the photoresist composition. When coated on a substrate, the base-labile material can thereby segregate from other solid components of the photoresist composition to a top surface of the formed photoresist layer.

[0110] In some aspects, the base-labile material may be a polymeric material, also referred to herein as a base-labile polymer, which may include one or more repeating units comprising one or more base-labile groups. For example, the base-labile polymer may comprise a repeating unit comprising 2 or more base-labile groups that are the same or different. A preferred base-labile polymer includes at least one repeating unit comprising 2 or more base-labile groups, for example a repeating unit comprising 2 or 3 base-labile groups.

[0111] The base-labile polymer may be prepared using any suitable methods in the art, including those described herein for the first and second polymers. For example, the base-labile polymer may be obtained by polymerization of the respective monomers under any suitable conditions, such as by heating at an effective temperature, irradiation with actinic radiation at an effective wavelength, or a combination thereof. Additionally, or alternatively, one or more base- labile groups may be grafted onto the backbone of a polymer using suitable methods.

[0112] In some aspects, the base-labile material is a single molecule comprising one more base- labile ester groups, preferably one or more fluorinated ester groups. The base-labile materials that are single molecules typically have a Mwin the range from 50 to 1,500 Da.

[0113] When present, the base-labile material is typically present in the photoresist compositions in an amount of from 0.01 to 10 wt% or 2 to 7 w%, typically from 1 to 5 wt%, based on total solids of the photoresist composition.

[0114] Additionally, or alternatively, to the base-labile polymer, the photoresist compositions may further include one or more polymers in addition to and different from the non-solvent alkali-insoluble base material as described above. For example, the photoresist compositionsmay include an additional polymer as described above but different in composition. Additionally, or alternatively, the one or more additional polymers may include those well known in the photoresist art, for example, those chosen from polyacrylates, polyvinylethers, polyesters, polynorbomenes, polyacetals, polyethylene glycols, polyamides, polyacrylamides, polyphenols, novolacs, styrenic polymers, polyvinyl alcohols, or combinations thereof.

[0115] The photoresist composition may further include one or more additional, optional additives. For example, optional additives may include actinic and contrast dyes, anti- striation agents, plasticizers, speed enhancers, sensitizers, photo-decomposable quenchers (PDQ) (and, also known as photo-decomposable bases), basic quenchers, thermal acid generators, surfactants, and the like, or combinations thereof. If present, the optional additives are typically present in the photoresist compositions in an amount of from 0.01 to 10 wt%, based on total solids of the photoresist composition.

[0116] PDQs generate a weak acid upon irradiation. The acid generated from a photo- decomposable quencher is not strong enough to react rapidly with acid-labile groups that are present in the resist matrix. Exemplary photo-decomposable quenchers include, for example, photo-decomposable cations, and preferably those also useful for preparing strong acid generator compounds, paired with an anion of a weak acid (pKa > 1) such as, for example, an anion of a C 1-20 carboxylic acid or C1-20 sulfonic acid. Exemplary carboxylic acids include formic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, tartaric acid, succinic acid, cyclohexanecarboxylic acid, benzoic acid, salicylic acid, and the like. Exemplary sulfonic acids include p-toluene sulfonic acid, camphor sulfonic acid and the like. In a preferred embodiment, the photo-decomposable quencher is a photo-decomposable organic zwitterion compound such as diphenyliodonium-2- carboxylate.

[0117] The photo-decomposable quencher may be in non-polymeric or polymer-bound form. When in polymeric form, the photo-decomposable quencher is present in polymerized units on the first polymer or second polymer. The polymerized units containing the photo-decomposable quencher are typically present in an amount from 0.1 to 30 mole%, preferably from 1 to 10 mole% and more preferably from 1 to 2 mole%, based on total repeating units of the polymer.

[0118] Exemplary basic quenchers include, for example, linear aliphatic amines such as tributylamine, trioctylamine, triisopropanolamine, tetrakis(2-hydroxypropyl)ethylenediamine:n- tert-butyldiethanolamine, tris(2-acetoxy-ethyl) amine, 2,2' ,2" ,2"'-(ethane-l ,2- diylbis(azanetriyl))tetraethanol, 2-(dibutylamino)ethanol, and 2,2',2"-nitrilotriethanol; cyclic aliphatic amines such as l-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-4-hydroxypiperidine, tert-butyl 1- pyrrolidinecarboxylate, tert-butyl 2-ethyl-lH-imidazole-l -carboxylate, di-tert-butyl piperazine-1,4-dicarboxylate, and N-(2-acetoxy-ethyl)morpholine; aromatic amines such as pyridine, di- tert-butyl pyridine, and pyridinium; linear and cyclic amides and derivatives thereof such as N,N-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)pivalamide, N,N-diethylacetamide, N1,N1,N3,N3-tetrabutylmalonamide, l-methylazepan-2-one, l-allylazepan-2-one, and tert-butyl l,3-dihydroxy-2- (hydroxymethyl)propan-2-ylcarbamate; ammonium salts such as quaternary ammonium salts of sulfonates, sulfamates, carboxylates, and phosphonates; imines such as primary and secondary aldimines and ketimines; diazines such as optionally substituted pyrazine, piperazine, and phenazine; diazoles such as optionally substituted pyrazole, thiadiazole, and imidazole; and optionally substituted pyrrolidones such as 2-pyrrolidone and cyclohexyl pyrrolidine.

[0119] The basic quenchers may be in non-polymeric or polymer-bound form. When in polymeric form, the quencher may be present in repeating units of the polymer. The repeating units containing the quencher are typically present in an amount of from 0.1 to 30 mole%, preferably from 1 to 10 mole% and more preferably from 1 to 2 mole%, based on total repeating units of the polymer.

[0120] Exemplary surfactants include fluorinated and non-fluorinated surfactants and can be ionic or non-ionic, with non-ionic surfactants being preferable. Exemplary fluorinated non-ionic surfactants include perfluoro C4 surfactants such as FC-4430 and FC-4432 surfactants, available from 3M Corporation; and fluorodiols such as POLYFOX PF-636, PF-6320, PF-656, and PF- 6520 fluorosurfactants from Omnova. In an aspect, the photoresist composition further includes a surfactant polymer including a fluorine-containing repeating unit.

[0121] Patterning methods using the photoresist compositions of the invention will now be described. Suitable substrates on which the photoresist compositions can be coated include electronic device substrates. A wide variety of electronic device substrates may be used in the present invention, such as: semiconductor wafers; polycrystalline silicon substrates; packaging substrates such as multichip modules; flat panel display substrates; substrates for light emitting diodes (LEDs) including organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs); and the like, with semiconductor wafers being typical. Such substrates are typically composed of one or more of silicon, polysilicon, silicon oxide, silicon nitride, silicon oxynitride, silicon germanium, gallium arsenide, aluminum, sapphire, tungsten, titanium, titanium-tungsten, nickel, copper, and gold. Suitable substrates may be in the form of wafers such as those used in the manufacture of integrated circuits, optical sensors, flat panel displays, integrated optical circuits, and LEDs. Such substrates may be any suitable size. Typical wafer substrate diameters are 200 to 300 millimeters (mm), although wafers having smaller and larger diameters may be suitably employed according to the present invention. The substrates may include one or more layers orstructures which may optionally include active or operable portions of devices being formed.

[0122] Typically, one or more lithographic layers such as a hardmask layer, for example, a spin- on-carbon (SOC), amorphous carbon, or metal hardmask layer, a CVD layer such as a silicon nitride (SiN), a silicon oxide (SiO), or silicon oxynitride (SiON) layer, an organic or inorganic underlayer, or combinations thereof, are provided on an upper surface of the substrate prior to coating a photoresist composition of the present invention. Such layers, together with an overcoated photoresist layer, form a lithographic material stack.

[0123] Optionally, a layer of an adhesion promoter may be applied to the substrate surface prior to coating the photoresist compositions. If an adhesion promoter is desired, any suitable adhesion promoter for polymer films may be used, such as silanes, typically organosilanes such as trimethoxyvinylsilane, triethoxyvinylsilane, hexamethyldisilazane, or an aminosilane coupler such as gamma-aminopropyltriethoxysilane. Particularly suitable adhesion promoters include those sold under the AP™ 3000, AP™ 8000, and AP™ 9000S designations, available from DuPont Electronics & Industrial (Marlborough, Massachusetts).

[0124] The photoresist composition may be coated on the substrate by any suitable method, including spin coating, spray coating, dip coating, doctor blading, or the like. For example, applying the layer of photoresist may be accomplished by spin coating the photoresist in solvent using a coating track, in which the photoresist is dispensed on a spinning wafer. During dispensing, the wafer is typically spun at a speed of up to 4,000 rotations per minute (rpm), for example, from 200 to 3,000 rpm, for example, from 1,000 to 2,500 rpm, for a period from 15 to 120 seconds to obtain a layer of the photoresist composition on the substrate. It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the thickness of the coated layer may be adjusted by changing the spin speed and / or the total solids of the composition. A photoresist composition layer formed from the compositions of the invention typically has a dried layer thickness from 1 nanometer (nm) to 120 micrometers (pm), preferably from greater than 5 nm to 110 pm, and more preferably from 6 to 100 pm. In some embodiments, the photoresist composition layer formed from the compositions may have a dried layer thickness from 10 nm to 5 pm, or from 3 to 20 pm.

[0125] The photoresist composition is typically next soft-baked to minimize the solvent content in the layer, thereby forming a tack-free coating and improving adhesion of the layer to the substrate. The soft bake is performed, for example, on a hotplate or in an oven, with a hotplate being typical. The soft bake temperature and time will depend, for example, on the photoresist composition and thickness. The soft bake temperature is typically from 80 to 170°C, and more typically from 90 to 150°C. The soft bake time is typically from 10 seconds to 20 minutes, moretypically from 1 to 10 minutes, and still more typically from 1 to 2 minutes. The heating time can be readily determined by one of ordinary skill in the art based on the ingredients of the composition.

[0126] The photoresist layer is next pattern-wise exposed to activating radiation to create a difference in solubility between exposed and unexposed regions. Reference herein to exposing a photoresist composition to radiation that is activating for the composition indicates that the radiation can form a latent image in the photoresist composition. The exposure is typically conducted through a patterned photomask that has optically transparent and optically opaque regions corresponding to regions of the resist layer to be exposed and unexposed, respectively. Such exposure may, alternatively, be conducted without a photomask in a direct writing method, typically used for e-beam lithography. The activating radiation typically has a wavelength of sub-400 nm, sub-300 nm or sub-200 nm, with 248 nm (KrF), 193 nm (ArF), 13.5 nm (EUV) wavelengths or e-beam lithography being preferred. Preferably, the activating radiation is 248 nm radiation. The methods find use in immersion or dry (non-immersion) lithography techniques. The exposure energy is typically from 1 to 200 millijoules per square centimeter (mJ / cm2), preferably from 10 to 100 mJ / cm2and more preferably from 20 to 50 mJ / cm2, dependent upon the exposure tool and components of the photoresist composition.

[0127] Following exposure of the photoresist layer, a postexposure bake (PEB) of the exposed photoresist layer is performed. The PEB can be conducted, for example, on a hotplate or in an oven, with a hotplate being typical. Conditions for the PEB will depend, for example, on the photoresist composition and layer thickness. The PEB is typically conducted at a temperature from 70 to 150°C, preferably from 75 to 120°C, and a time from 30 to 120 seconds. A latent image defined by the polarity- switched (exposed regions) and unswitched regions (unexposed regions) is formed in the photoresist.

[0128] The exposed photoresist layer is then developed with a suitable developer to selectively remove those regions of the layer that are soluble in the developer while the remaining insoluble regions form the resulting photoresist pattern relief image. In the case of a positive-tone development (PTD) process, the exposed regions of the photoresist layer are removed during development and unexposed regions remain. Conversely, in a negative-tone development (NTD) process, the exposed regions of the photoresist layer remain, and unexposed regions are removed during development. Application of the developer may be accomplished by any suitable method such as described above with respect to application of the photoresist composition, with spin coating being typical. The development time is for a period effective to remove the soluble regions of the photoresist, with a time of from 5 to 60 seconds being typical. Development istypically conducted at room temperature.

[0129] Suitable developers for a PTD process include aqueous base developers, for example, quaternary ammonium hydroxide solutions such as tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH), preferably 0.26 normal (N) TMAH, tetraethylammonium hydroxide, tetrabutylammonium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate, and the like. Suitable developers for an NTD process are organic solvent-based, meaning the cumulative content of organic solvents in the developer is 50 wt% or more, typically 95 wt% or more, 98 wt% or more, or 100 wt%, based on total weight of the developer. Suitable organic solvents for the NTD developer include, for example, those chosen from ketones, esters, ethers, hydrocarbons, and mixtures thereof. The developer is typically 2-heptanone or n-butyl acetate.

[0130] A coated substrate may be formed from the photoresist compositions of the invention. Such a coated substrate includes: (a) a substrate having one or more layers to be patterned on a surface thereof; and (b) a layer of the photoresist composition over the one or more layers to be patterned.

[0131] The photoresist pattern may be used, for example, as an etch mask, thereby allowing the pattern to be transferred to one or more sequentially underlying layers by known etching techniques, typically by dry etching such as reactive ion etching. The photoresist pattern may, for example, be used for pattern transfer to an underlying hardmask layer which, in turn, is used as an etch mask for pattern transfer to one or more layers below the hardmask layer. If the photoresist pattern is not consumed during pattern transfer, it may be removed from the substrate by known techniques, for example, oxygen plasma ashing. The photoresist compositions may, when used in one or more such patterning processes, be used to fabricate semiconductor devices such as memory devices, processor chips (CPUs), graphics chips, optoelectronic chips, LEDs, OLEDs, as well as other electronic devices.

[0132] The invention is further illustrated by the following non-limiting examples.EXAMPLES

[0133] All reactions were carried out under ambient atmospheric conditions. All chemicals were used directly from the supplier. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra for all compounds were obtained on a 400 MHz spectrometer unless otherwise noted. The chemical shifts are reported in 8 (parts per million, ppm) values relative to internal deuterated chloroform residual signal. Multiplicities are indicated by s (singlet), d (doublet), t (triplet), m (multiplet), dd (doublet of doublets), dt (doublet of triplets), tt (triplet of triplets), br (broad singlet).Synthesis of potassium 4-carboxy-2-hydroxybenzenesulfonate.3

[0134] 3-hydroxybenzoic acid (50 grams (g)) was dissolved in sulfuric acid (100 milliliters (mL)) and heated to 90°C, and then a 30% SO3 solution in H2SO4 (20 mL) was added dropwise thereto. The reaction mixture was held at 90°C for 16 hours (h), cooled to room temperature, and quenched with the addition of ice water (120 mL). A 25 wt% KOH solution in water (150 mL) was added thereto, and the resulting solid was filtered, co-distilled with toluene (3 x 100 mL), washed with acetone (2 x 100 mL), and dried at 50°C for 8 h to to afford potassium 4-carboxy- 2-hydroxybenzenesulfonate as a light brown solid (68 g, 73%).1H-NMR (400 MHz, dimethylsulfoxide-d6 (DMSO-d6)): 5 10.6 ppm (broad singlet, 1H), 7.54 ppm (d, J= 8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.37 ppm (dd, J= 8.0, 1.6 Hz, 1H), and 7.28 ppm (d, J= 1.6 Hz, 1H); Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESLMS): [M-K]': 217.16.Synthesis of potassium 4-(butoxycarbonyl)-2-hydroxybenzenesulfonate.g

[0135] Concentrated H2SO4 (1.5 mL) and n-butanol (54 mL, n-BuOH) were added to a stirring solution of potassium 4-(butoxycarbonyl)-2-hydroxybenzenesulfonate (15 g) in toluene (150 mL), which was fitted with Dean Stark apparatus, and the resulting mixture was heated at reflux at 100°C for 48 h. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and the resulting solid was filtered, the filtrate was concentrated under a reduced pressure, dissolved in ethyl acetate (300 mL), washed with water (3 x 100 mL), washed with brine (100 mL), dried over Na2SO4, and then concentrated under a reduced pressure. The crude product was purified by washing with n-pentane (50 mL) followed by acetonitrile (50 mL) and concentrated under a reduced pressure to afford potassium 4-(butoxycarbonyl)-2-hydroxybenzenesulfonate as a pale-yellow solid (6.0 g, 33%). ^-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6): 5 10.6 ppm (s, 1H), 7.57 ppm (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.39 ppm (dd, J = 8.0, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 7.30 ppm (d, J= 1.6 Hz, 1H), 4.25 ppm (t, J= 6.4 Hz, 2H), 1.72-1.65 ppm (m, 2H), 1.44-1.38 ppm (m, 2H), and 0.93 ppm (t, J= 7.6 Hz, 3H); ESIMS: [M-K]': 273.22.Synthesis of triphenyl sulfonium 4- (butoxy carbonyl) -2-hydroxybenzenesulfonate (PAG-1).triphenylsulfonium bromide (10.0 g) were added to water (50 mL) and dichloromethane (200 mL, DCM), and the resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 4 h. The reaction mixture was diluted with dichloromethane (200 mL) and washed with water (3 x 100 mL) followed by brine (100 mL), dried over Na2SO4, and concentrated under a reduced pressure to afford triphenyl sulfonium 4-(butoxycarbonyl)-2-hydroxybenzenesulfonate (PAG-1) as a viscous oil (13.0 g, 83%). ^-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6): 3 10.65 ppm (s, 1H), 7.89-7.77 ppm (m, 15H), 7.58 ppm (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.39 ppm (dd, J = 8.0, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 7.30 ppm (d, J = 1.6 Hz, 1H), 4.25 ppm (t, J = 6.8 Hz, 2H), 1.71-1.64 ppm (m, 2H), 1.45-1.38 ppm (m, 2H), and 0.92 ppm (t, J= 7.6 Hz, 3H); ESI-MS: [M]’: 273.13 and [M]+: 263.25.Synthesis of Bis(4-(tert-butyl)phenyl)iodonium 4-(butoxycarbonyl)-2- hydroxybenzenesulfonate (PAG-2).(PAG-2)

[0137] Sodium 4-(butoxycarbonyl)-2-hydroxybenzenesulfonate (9.78 g) and bis(4-(tert- butyl)phenyl)iodonium acetate (13.6 g) were added to water (300 mL) and dichloromethane (300 mL), and the resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 16 h. The organic fraction was washed with water (4 x 300 mL) and concentrated under a reduced pressure to remove most of the volatiles, and the remaining solution was slowly poured into methyl t-butyl ether (700 mL). A precipitate was collected and dried under vacuum to afford bis(4-(tert- butyl)phenyl)iodonium 4-(butoxycarbonyl)-2-hydroxybenzenesulfonate (PAG-2) as a white solid (13.0 g, 59%). ’ H NMR (499 MHz, acetone-de) 5 10.70 ppm (s, 1H), 8.26 - 8.15 ppm (m, 4H), 7.64 - 7.57 ppm (m, 4H), 7.56 - 7.51 ppm (m, 1H), 7.41 - 7.31 ppm (m, 2H), 4.29 ppm (t, J = 6.5 Hz, 2H), 1.75 ppm (dd, J= 9.0, 7.8, 6.5 Hz, 2H), 1.57 - 1.45 ppm (m, 2H), 1.32 ppm (s, 18H), and 0.99 ppm (t, J = 7.4 Hz, 3H).Synthesis of potassium 4-((heptyloxy)carbonyl)-2-hydroxybenzenesulfonate.

[0138] Concentrated H2SO4 (1.0 mL) and n-heptanol (45.7 mL) were added to a stirring solution of potassium 4-(butoxycarbonyl)-2-hydroxybenzenesulfonate (10 g) in toluene (100 mL), which was fitted with Dean Stark apparatus, and heated at reflux at 100°C for 32 h. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and the resulting solid was filtered, the filtrate was concentrated under a reduced pressure, dissolved in ethyl acetate (600 mL), washed with water (3 x 150 mL), washed with brine (150 mL), dried over Na2SO4, and concentrated under a reduced pressure. The crude product was purified by washing with acetonitrile (40 mL) and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford potassium 4-((heptyloxy)carbonyl)-2- hydroxybenzenesulfonate as an off-white solid (8.0 g, 58%).1H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-de): 3 10.64 ppm (s, 1H), 7.57 ppm (d, J= 8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.38 ppm (dd, J = 8.0, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 7.29 ppm (d, J = 1.2 Hz, 1H), 4.25 ppm (t, J = 6.8 Hz, 2H), 1.73-1.66 ppm (m, 2H), 1.40-1.27 ppm (m, 8H), and 0.86 ppm (t, J = 4.0 Hz, 3H); ESI-MS: [M-K]’: 315.26.Synthesis of triphenylsulfonium 4-((heptyloxy)carbonyl)-2-hydroxybenzenesulfonate(PAG-3)

[0139] Potassium 4-((heptyloxy)carbonyl)-2-hydroxybenzenesulfonate (4.0 g) and triphenylsulfonium bromide (4.12 g) were dissolved in water (20 mL) and dichloromethane (80 mL), and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 4 h. The reaction mixture was diluted with CH2Q2 (200 mL), washed with water (5 x 75 mL), washed with brine (75 mL), dried over Na2SO4, and concentrated under a reduced pressure to afford triphenylsulfonium 4- ((heptyloxy)carbonyl)-2-hydroxybenzenesulfonate (PAG-3) as a viscous oil (5.5 g, 82%).1H- NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6): 3 10.65 ppm (s, 1H), 7.88-7.77 ppm (m, 15H), 7.57 ppm (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.38 ppm (dd, J= 8.0, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 7.30 ppm (d, J= 1.6 Hz, 1H), 4.25 ppm (t, J = 6.8 Hz, 2H), 1.73-1.66 ppm (m, 2H), 1.39-1.27 ppm (m, 8H), and 0.86 ppm (t, J= 6.8 Hz, 3H);ESI-MS: [M]’: 315.26, [M]+: 263.21.Synthesis of adamantanemethanol.

[0140] 2 M lithium aluminium hydride in tetrahydrofuran (THF) (46 mL) was added dropwise to a solution of adamantane- 1 -carboxylic acid (5 g) in THF (100 mL) at 0 °C under nitrogen, slowly warmed to room temperature, and stirred for an additional 16 h. The reaction mixture was then cooled to 0°C, quenched with cold saturated aqueous Na2SO4 (50 mL), diluted with ethyl acetate (50 mL), and stirred for 15 min. The resulting solution was filtered through Celite and washed with ethyl acetate (20 mL). The filtrate was separated, and the ethyl acetate layer was washed with brine (30 mL), dried over Na2SO4, and concentrated under a reduced pressure to afford adamantanemethanol as an off white solid (4.1 g, 88.9%). ’ H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-de): d 4.27 ppm (t, J= 5.6 Hz, 1H), 2.95 ppm (dd, J = 5.6 Hz, 2H), 1.92 ppm (m, 3H),1.68-1.65 ppm (m, 3H), 1.60-1.56 ppm (m, 3H), and 1.43 ppm (d, J = 2.4 Hz, 6H).Synthesis of 4-(((adamantan-l-yl)methoxy)carbonyl)-2-hydroxybenzenesulfonate (PAG-4).

[0141] Adamantanemethanol (3.1 g) in toluene (20 mL), followed by p-toluenesulfonic acid-H2O (0.15 g), were added to a stirring solution of triphenyl sulfonium 4-(butoxycarbonyl)-2- hydroxybenzenesulfonate (2.0 g) at room temperature, and the reaction mixture was heated to 140°C for 3 days with a Dean-stark apparatus attached to the reaction apparatus. After cooling to room temperature, the reaction mixture was concentrated under a reduced pressure, dissolved in dichloromethane (20 mL), washed with 10% NaHCOa solution (10 mL), washed with brine (10 mL), dried over Na2SO4, and concentrated under a reduced pressure. The crude product was washed with THF:petroleum ether (2 x 1:2, 20 mL : 40 mL) and concentrated under a reduced pressure to afford 4-(((adamantan-l-yl)methoxy)carbonyl)-2-hydroxybenzenesulfonate (PAG-4) as an off-white solid (1.4 g, 59.8%). ^-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6): 5 10.67 ppm (s, 1H), 7.88- 7.76 ppm (m, 15H), 7.59 ppm (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H) 7.41 ppm (dd, J = 8.0, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 7.31 ppm (d, J = 1.6 Hz, 1H) 3.87 ppm (s, 2H), 1.97 ppm (m, 3H), 1.71-1.63 ppm (m, 6H), and 1.58 ppm (d, J = 2.4 Hz, 6H). LC-MS [M]+=263.21, [M] -=365.31.Synthesis of triphenylsulfonium 4-carboxy-2-hydroxybenzenesulfonate (

[0142] Triphenylsulfonium 4-((heptyloxy)carbonyl)-2-hydroxybenzenesulfonate (10 g) was dissolved in 6 N HC1 (100 mL) and heated to 90°C with stirring for 16 h. After cooling to room temperature, the reaction mixture was concentrated under a reduced pressure, co-distilled with toluene (2 x 50 mL), concentrated under a reduced pressure, washed with THF:hexane (1:2, 150 mL), filtered, and dried to afford triphenylsulfonium 4-carboxy-2-hydroxybenzenesulfonate (PAG-5) as off-white solid (7.5 g, 84%). ^-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6): 3 12.98 ppm (s, 1H), 10.61 ppm (s, 1H), 7.88-7.76 ppm (m, 15H), 7.54 ppm (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.36 ppm (dd, J = 8.0, 1.2 Hz, 1H), and 7.28 ppm (d, J = 1.2 Hz, 1H); ESI-MS: [M]': 217.16, [M]+: 263.25.Synthesis of (3-chloropropyl)diphenylsulfonium tetrafluoroborate.

[0143] Silver tetrafluoroborate (4.18 g) was added to a solution of diphenylsulfide (5.0 g) and 1- chloro-3-iodopropane (18.67 g) in nitromethane (10 ml), and the resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 16 h. The reaction mixture was then diluted with dichloromethane (50 mL), filtered through a pad of Fluorosil, and washed with CH2Q2 (25 mL). The filtrate was concentrated under a reduced pressure and washed with diethyl ether (20 mL), washed with petroleum ether (20 mL), and dried to afford (3-chloropropyl)diphenylsulfonium tetrafluoroborate as an off-white solid (6.2 g, 66%). ’ H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-de): 3 8.12- 8.09 ppm (m, 4H), 7.83-7.81 ppm (m, 2H), 7.79-7.73 ppm (m, 4H), 4.43 ppm (t, J= 7.6 Hz, 2H), 3.80 ppm (t, J = 6.4 Hz, 2H), and 2.17-2.11 ppm (m, 2H). ESI-MS: [M-BF4]+: 263.17.Synthesis of cyclopropyldiphenylsulfonium tetrafluoroborate.aH (850 mg) was added to a solution of (3-chloropropyl)diphenylsulfonium tetrafluoroborate (6.2 g) in THF (124 mL) at 0°C, and the reaction mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature and then stirring was continued for a total of 16 h. Then, 48 wt% aqueousHBF4 (1.3 mL), followed by NaBF4 (0.78 g) in water (21 mL) were added thereto, and the resulting mixture was stirred for an additional 30 minutes. The reaction mixture was diluted with dichloromethane (60 mL) washed with water (2 x 30 mL), the aqueous layers were extracted with dichloromethane (30 mL), and the combined organic layers were dried over Na2SO4 and concentrated under a reduced pressure. The crude product was washed with diethyl ether (20 mL), filtered, and dried to afford cyclopropyldiphenylsulfonium tetrafluoroborate as an off- white solid (2.7 g, 48%). ^-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6): 3 8.05-8.03 ppm (m, 4H), 7.85-7.75 ppm (m, 6H), 3.89 ppm (m, 1H), 1.63-1.59 ppm (m, 2H), and 1.55-1.49 ppm (m, 2H). ESLMS: [M-BF4]+: 227.21.Synthesis of cyclopropyldiphenylsulfonium 4-(butoxycarbonyl)-2- hydroxybenzenesulfonate (PAG-6).

[0145] Potassium 4-(butoxycarbonyl)-2-hydroxybenzenesulfonate (2.48 g) and cyclopropyldiphenylsulfonium tetrafluoroborate (2.5 g) were dissolved in dichloromethane (50 mL) and water (12.5 mL), and the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 4 h. The reaction mixture was diluted with dichloromethane (120 mL), washed with water (5 x 30 mL), washed with brine (30 mL), dried over Na2SO4, and concentrated under a reduced pressure to afford cyclopropyldiphenylsulfonium 4-(butoxycarbonyl)-2-hydroxybenzenesulfonate (PAG-6) as a light brown liquid (3.8 g, 95%). ^-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6): 3 10.65 ppm (s, 1H), 8.05- 8.03 ppm (m, 4H), 7.84-7.75 ppm (m, 6H), 7.58 ppm (d, J= 8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.39 ppm (dd, J= 8.0, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 7.30 ppm (d, J= 1.6 Hz, 1H), 4.26 ppm (t, J = 6.8 Hz, 2H), 3.94-3.89 ppm (m, 1H), 1.71-1.59 ppm (m, 4H), 1.57-1.50 ppm (m, 2H), 1.48-1.42 ppm (m, 2H), and 0.93 ppm (t, J = 7.2 Hz, 3H). ESLMS: [M]’: 273.36, [M]+: 227.26.Synthesis of 2,4-dihydroxybenzenesulfonic acid.

[0146] Chloro sulfonic acid (0.61 mL) was added dropwise to a solution of resorcinol (1.0 g) in nitrobenzene (10 mL) at 0°C. The reaction mixture was warmed to room temperature and stirred an additional 4 h, filtered, and the solid was washed with petroleum ether (50 mL), dried, dissolved in THF (20 mL), concentrated under a reduced pressure, washed with ethyl acetate:petroleum ether (1:3, 20 mL) and dried to afford 2,4-dihydroxybenzenesulfonic acid asbrown liquid which was used directly in the next step (0.9 g, 52%). ESI-MS: [M]’: 189.08.Synthesis of triphenylsulfonium 2,4-dihydroxybenzenesulfonate (PAG-7).

[0147] Silver oxide (0.74 g) was added to a solution of triphenylsulfonium bromide (1.0 g) in methanol (20 mL), and the reaction mixture was stirred for 16 h at room temperature. The reaction mixture was then filtered through Celite and washed with methanol (10 mL). 2,4- dihydroxybenzenesulfonic acid (0.66 g) was added to the combined methanol layers, the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 h, concentrated under a reduced pressure, washed with ethyl acetate (2 x 10 mL), and dried to afford triphenylsulfonium 2,4- dihydroxybenzenesulfonate (PAG-7) as a grey solid (1.2 g, 91.6%). ’ H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-de): 3 10.53 ppm (s, 1H), 9.48 ppm (s, 1H), 7.88-7.76 ppm (m, 15H), 7.21 ppm (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 1H), 6.19 ppm (dd, J = 8.4, 2.4 Hz, 1H), and 6.10 ppm (d, J = 2.0 Hz, 1H); ESI-MS: [M]’: 189.08 and [M]+: 263.25.Synthesis of potassium l-hydroxynaphthalene-2-sulfonate.

[0148] 1-hydroxynaphthalene (5.0 g) was dissolved in acetic acid (2.5 mL, AcOH) and heated to 55°C for 10 minutes. Then, H2SO4 (2.8 mL) was added dropwise thereto, and the reaction mixture was held between 55°C and 60°C for an additional 16 h. Next, potassium chloride (15 g) in water (50 mL) was added to the reaction mixture at 60°C, followed by cooling to 20°C. The resulting solid was filtered, washed with ethyl acetate (50 mL), dried, and recrystallized from water (3 x 50 mL) to afford potassium l-hydroxynaphthalene-2- sulfonate as an off white solid (1.7 g, 18.7%). ^-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6): 3 11.60 ppm (s, 1H), 8.15-8.17 ppm (m, 1H), 7.82-7.80 ppm (m, 1H), 7.55-7.46 ppm (m, 3H), 7.31 ppm (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 1H), and 7.31 ppm (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 1H); ESI-MS: [M-K]’: 223.16.Synthesis of triphenylsulfonium l-hydroxynapthylene-2-sulfonate (PAG-8).

[0149] Triphenylsulfonium bromide (1.96 g) and potassium l-hydroxynapthylene-2- sulfonate (1.5 g) were dissolved in dichloromethane (30 mL) and water (15 mL), and the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 16 h. The layers were separated, and the aqueous layer was extracted with dichloromethane (30 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with water (5 x 10 mL) and concentrated under a reduced pressure. The resulting product was washed with ethyl acetate and petroleum ether (1:3, 40 mL) and dried to afford triphenylsulfonium 1- hydroxynapthylene-2- sulfonate (PAG-8) as an off-white solid (2.8 g, 30.7%). ' H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6): 3 11.61 ppm (s, 1H), 8.16 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.88-7.76 ppm (m, 16H), 7.54- 7.46 ppm (m, 3H), and 7.31 ppm (d, J= 8.8 Hz, 1H); ESI-MS: [M]’: 223.21 and [M]+: 263.25.Synthesis of potassium 3,4-dicarboxy-2-hydroxybenzenesulfonate and potassium 3,4- dicarboxy-2-hydroxybenzenesulfonate.

[0150] Chloro sulfonic acid (17.5 mL) was added to 4-hydroxyisobenzofuran- 1,3-dione (3.5 g) at 0°C, the reaction mixture was warmed to room temperature, and then stirred for 8 days at room temperature. Then reaction mixture then was cooled to 0°C and quenched with ice water (35 mL), then a 50% KOH solution in water (7.5 g, 15 mL) was added thereto and the mixture was stirred for 30 minutes. The resulting solid was filtered, washed with THF (20 mL), washed with petroleum ether (80 mL), and dried afford a mixture of potassium 3,4-dicarboxy-2- hydroxybenzenesulfonate and potassium 3,4-dicarboxy-2-hydroxybenzenesulfonate (4.8 g, 75%) as an off-white solid that was used directly in the next step. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS): [M-K] =261.07, [M-K]+=245.12.Synthesis of potassium 3,4-bis(butoxycarbonyl)-2-hydroxybenzenesulfonate.

[0151] Para-toluenesulfonic acid monohydrate (300 mg, PTSA) was added to a mixture of potassium 3,4-dicarboxy-2-hydroxybenzenesulfonate and potassium 3,4-dicarboxy-2- hydroxybenzenesulfonate (3.5 g) in 1-butanol (40 mL), and the reaction mixture was heated to 100°C for 6 days. The reaction mixture was then cooled to room temperature, filtered, washed with petroleum ether (70 mL), and dried under a reduced pressure to afford potassium 3,4- bis(butoxycarbonyl)-2-hydroxybenzenesulfonate (2.6 g, 54.1%) as an off-white solid that was used directly in the next step. LC-MS: [M-K]’=373.27.Synthesis of triphenylsulfonium 3,4-bis(butoxycarbonyl)-2-hydroxybenzenesulfonate (PAG-9).

[0152] Potassium 3,4-bis(butoxycarbonyl)-2-hydroxybenzenesulfonate (2.3 g) and triphenylsulfonium bromide (1.60 g) were dissolved in dichloromethane (50 mL) and water (25 mL), and the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 16 h. The reaction mixture was diluted with dichloromethane (50 mL), washed with 10 wt% aqueous sodium bicarbonate (2 x 30 mL), washed with water (5 x 30 mL), dried over Na2SO4, and concentrated under a reduced pressure. The crude compound was suspended in THF (15 mL), stirred for 10 min, filtered, washed with additional THF (15 mL), and dried under a reduced pressure to afford triphenylsulfonium 3,4-bis(butoxycarbonyl)-2-hydroxybenzenesulfonate (PAG-9) as an off- white solid (2.4 g, 67.6%). ^-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6): d 10.36 ppm (s, 1H), 7.88-7.76 ppm (m, 15H), 7.65 ppm (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 1H), 6.90 ppm (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 1H), 4.12 ppm (t, J = 6.4 Hz, 2H), 4.02 ppm (t, J= 6.8 Hz, 2H), 1.61-1.53 ppm (m, 4H), 1.41-1.31 ppm (m, 4H), and 0.91 ppm (m, 6H); LC-MS: [M]+= 263.23, [M]’ =373.39.Synthesis of sodium 5-fluoro-2-hydroxybenzenesulfonate.

[0153] Sulfuric acid (45.9 g) was added to 4-fluorophenol (15 g) at -10 °C. The reaction mixture was slowly warmed to room temperature, stirred for 16 h, and then diluted with cold water (30 mL). Then aqueous NaOH (1.0 eq) was added thereto, and the mixture was stirred for 30 minutes. The resulting solid was filtered and dried under a reduced pressure to afford sodium 5- fluoro-2-hydroxybenzenesulfonate as a white solid (26 g, 90%).1H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO- de): 5 7.12 ppm (dd, J = 8.8, 3.2 Hz, 1H), 6.79 ppm (td, J= 8.8, 3.6 Hz, 1H), and 6.63-6.60 ppm (m, 1H). ESI-MS: [M-Na]’: 191.23.Synthesis of triphenylsulf onium 5-fluoro-2-hydroxybenzenesulf onate (PAG- 10).(PAG-10)

[0154] Sodium 5-fluoro-2-hydroxybenzenesulfonate (10.0 g) and triphenylsulfonium chloride (12.5 g) were dissolved in dichloromethane (200 mL) and water (100 mL), and the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 4 h. The reaction mixture was diluted with dichloromethane (400 mL), washed with water (5 x 100 mL), and concentrated under a reduced pressure. The crude product was washed with hexane (50 mL), filtered, and dried under a reduced pressure to afford 7.5 g of a white solid that showed excess triphenylsulfonium cation by ^-NMR.

[0155] Impure triphenylsulfonium 5-fluoro-2-hydroxybenzenesulfonate synthesized by the above method (21.0 g) and sodium 5-fluoro-2-hydroxybenzenesulfonate (9.89 g) were dissolved in dichloromethane (420 mL) and water (210 mL), and the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 4 h. The reaction mixture was diluted with dichloromethane (400 mL) and washed with water (5 x 200 mL). The organic layer was concentrated under a reduced pressure, washed with methyl t-butyl ether (250 mL), filtered, dried, and dissolved in ethanol (40 mL) where hexanes was added (160 mL) under vigorous stirring. The resulting solid was filtered and dried to afford triphenylsulfonium 5-fluoro-2-hydroxybenzenesulfonate (PAG-10) as a white solid (20.1 g). ^-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6): d 10.2 ppm (s, 1H), 7.80-7.76 ppm (m, 15H), 7.14 ppm (dd, J = 8.4, 3.2 Hz, 1H), 7.09-7.04 ppm (m, 1H), and 6.78 ppm (dd, J = 9.2, 4.8 Hz, 1H). ESI-MS: [M-Na]’: 191.21 and [M]+: 263.29.Synthesis of butyl 3,5-dihydroxybenzoate.

[0156] Para-toluenesulfonic acid monohydrate (2.5 g) was added to a solution of 3,5- dihydroxybenzoic acid (10.0 g) in 1-butanol (20 mL) and toluene (100 mL), and the reaction mixture was heated to 120°C for 16 h. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, quenched with ice water, and then extracted with ethyl acetate. The combined organic layers were washed with 10% aqueous NaHCOa (2 x 100 mL) and concentrated under a reduced pressure. The crude product was washed with ethyl acetate and pet-ether (100 mL, 1:9 v / v) followed by dichloromethane and petroleum ether (100 mL, 1:9 v / v), and then dried to affordbutyl 3,5-dihydroxybenzoate as a brown viscous oil (10.1 g, 74%). ' H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO- de): 3 9.60 ppm (s, 2H), 6.82 ppm (d, J =2.4 Hz, 2H), 6.43 ppm (d, J= 2.4 Hz, 1H), 4.21 ppm (t, J= 6.8 Hz, 2H), 1.69-1.62 (m, 2H), 1.45-1.36 ppm (m, 2H), and 0.93 (t, J = 7.4 Hz, 3H). LC- MS [M-H] =209.25.Synthesis of sodium 4- (butoxy carbonyl) -2, 6-dihydroxybenzenesulfonate.

[0157] Chloro sulfonic acid (7.6 mL) was added to a solution of butyl 3,5-dihydroxybenzoate (20.0 g) in nitrobenzene (400 mL) at 0+5 °C and stirred for 5 days at room temperature. The reaction mixture was cooled to 0+5 °C, quenched with cold water (200 mL), aqueous sodium hydroxide (2 eq) was added thereto, the product was extracted with petroleum ether (4 x 200 mL), and the organic layers were discarded. The aqueous layer was extracted with ethyl acetate and methanol (9:1, 3 x 200 mL), and the combined organic layers were concentrated under a reduced pressure. The resulting crude product was washed with ethyl acetate and petroleum ether (1:1, 200 mL) followed by ethyl acetate and methanol (19:1, 200 mL) to afford sodium 4- (butoxycarbonyl)-2,6-dihydroxybenzenesulfonate as an off-white solid (9.0 g, 30%).1H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-de): 3 9.93 ppm (s, 2H), 6.84 ppm (s, 2H), 4.23 ppm (t, J = 6.4 Hz, 2H), 1.70-1.63 ppm (m, 2H), 1.45-1.35 ppm (m, 2H), and 0.93 ppm (t, J= 7.4 Hz, 3H). LC-MS [M- Na] =289.26.Synthesis of triphenylsulfonium 4-(butoxycarbonyl)-2,6-dihydroxybenzenesulfonate (PAG-

[0158] Triphenylsulfonium bromide (8.2 g) and sodium 4-(butoxycarbonyl)-2,6- dihydroxybenzenesulfonate (7.3 g) were dissolved in dichloromethane (150 mL) and water (80 mL), and the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 16 h. The organic layer was washed with water (3 x 100 mL) and concentrated under a reduced pressure to afford triphenylsulfonium 4-(butoxycarbonyl)-2,6-dihydroxybenzenesulfonate (P AG-11) as a viscous brown oil (12.3 g, 95%). ^-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6): 3 9.92 ppm (s, 2H), 7.89 -7.76 ppm (m, 15H), 6.85 ppm (s, 2H), 4.23 ppm (t, J= 6.4 Hz, 2H), 1.70-1.63 ppm (m, 2H), 1.43-1.37 ppm (m, 2H), and 0.92 ppm (t, J= 7.6 Hz, 3H). LC-MS: [M]+=263.33, [M] =289.26.Synthesis of 4-(4-(tert-butyl)phenyl)-l,4-oxathian-4-ium 4-(butoxycarbonyl)-2,6-

[0159] 4-(4-(tert-butyl)phenyl)-l,4-oxathian-4-ium triflate (6.80 g) and sodium 4-(butoxycarbonyl)-2,6-dihydroxybenzenesulfonate (5.0 g) were mixed in dichloromethane (160 mL) and water (160 mL), and the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 16 h. The organic layer was washed with water (7 x 400 mL) and concentrated under a reduced pressure to afford 4-(4-(tert-butyl)phenyl)- 1 ,4-oxathian-4-ium 4-(butoxycarbonyl)-2,6- dihydroxybenzenesulfonate (PAG-12) as a white solid (6.80 g, 81%). ’ H-NMR (499 MHz, acetone-de): 5 10.13 - 9.87 ppm (m, 2H), 8.20 - 8.04 ppm (m, 2H), 7.93 - 7.75 ppm (m, 2H), 6.95 ppm (s, 2H), 4.54 - 4.42 ppm (m, 2H), 4.27 ppm (t, J = 6.6 Hz, 2H), 4.25 - 4.15 ppm (m, 2H), 4.14 - 3.95 ppm (m, 4H), 1.79 - 1.70 ppm (m, 2H), 1.55 - 1.43 ppm (m, 2H), 1.38 ppm (s, 9H), and 0.98 ppm (t, J = 7.4 Hz, 3H).Synthesis of 3-(butylthio)phenol.

[0160] 3-mercaptophenol (10 g) in methanol (50 mL) was added dropwise to a solution of sodium hydroxide (3.3 g) in methanol (50 mL), and the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 30 min. Then 1 -bromobutane (8.8 mL) was added dropwise at room temperature, and the reaction mixture was heated to 70°C and stirred for 2 h. The reaction mixture was then cooled to room temperature, concentrated under a reduced pressure, dissolved in ethyl acetate (200 mL), washed with water (100 mL), concentrated under a reduced pressure, and purified by flash column chromatography to afford 3-(butylthio)phenol as a viscous brown oil (13.5 g, 93.5%). ^-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6): 3 9.48 ppm (s, 1H), 7.08 ppm (t, J= 8 Hz, 1H), 6.71-6.68 ppm (m, 2H), 6.57-6.54 ppm (m, 1H), 2.89 ppm (t, J= 7.2 Hz, 2H), 1.58-1.51 ppm (m, 2H), 1.44-1.34 ppm (m, 2H), and 0.87 ppm (t, J = 7.2 Hz, 3H). LC-MS [M+H]+=183.28.Synthesis of 3-(butylsulfonyl)phenol.

[0161] 30 wt% of H2O2 in water (55 mL) was added to 3-(butylthio)phenol (11.0 g) in acetic acid (55 mL), and the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 days. Then reaction mixture was quenched with cold water (100 mL), extracted with ethyl acetate (2 x 220 mL), washed with 10% aqueous NaHCOa (5 x 200 mL), washed with water (5 x 200 mL), dried over Na2SO4, and concentrated under a reduced pressure to afford 3-(butylsulfonyl)phenol as a viscous brown oil (11.5 g, 89%). ’ H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-de): 3 10.21 ppm (s, 1H), 7.45 ppm (t, J = 8 Hz, 1H), 7.31-7.28 ppm (m, 1H), 7.23 ppm (t, J = 2.0 Hz, 1H), 7.12-7.09 ppm (m, 1H), 3.25 ppm (t, J= 8.0 Hz, 2H), 1.53-1.46 ppm (m, 2H), 1.37-1.33 ppm (m, 2H), and 0.82 ppm (t, J = 7.6 Hz, 3H). LC-MS [M-H] =213.25.Synthesis of sodium 4-(butylsulfonyl)-2-hydroxybenzenesulfonate.

[0162] Fuming sulfuric acid (10 mL) was added to a solution of 3-(butylsulfonyl)phenol (9.0 g) in H2SO4 (5 mL) at 50°C, and the reaction mixture was heated to 80°C for 16 h. The reaction mixture was then cooled to 0°C, diluted with cold water (50 mL), titrated to a pH of 7-8 with sodium hydroxide, and further stirred for 30 minutes. The resulting solid was filtered, washed with THF (100 mL), washed with ethyl acetate (100 mL), and dried under a reduced pressure to afford sodium 4-(butylsulfonyl)-2-hydroxybenzenesulfonate as an off-white solid ( 9.5 g, 72%). ^-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6): 3 10.86 ppm (s, 1H), 7.69 ppm (d, J= 8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.30 ppm (dd, J= 8.0, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 7.24 ppm (t, J = 1.6 Hz, 1H), 3.28 ppm (t, J= 8.0, Hz, 2H), 1.50-1.47 ppm (m, 2H), 1.35-1.29 ppm (m, 2H), and 0.82 ppm (t, J = 7.2 Hz, 3H). LC-MS [M-Na]’ =293.22.Synthesis of triphenylsulfonium 4-(butylsulfonyl)-2-hydroxybenzenesulfonate (PAG-13).

[0163] Triphenylsulfonium bromide (8.2 g) and sodium 4-(butylsulfonyl)-2- hydroxybenzenesulfonate (7.5 g) were dissolved in dichloromethane (160 mL) and water (160 mL), and the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature of 16 h. The organic layer was separated and washed with water (3 x 150 mL), concentrated under a reduced pressure, and triturated with hexane and ethanol (3:1, 100 mL) to afford triphenylsulfonium 4-(butylsulfonyl)-2-hydroxybenzenesulfonate (PAG-13) as a white solid (12.3 g, 94%). ' H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6): d 10.87 ppm (s, 1H), 7.88-7.76 ppm (m, 15H), 7.70 ppm (d, J = 8 Hz, 1H), 7.31 ppm (dd, J = 8.0, 2.0 Hz, 1H), 7.24 ppm (d, J = 2.0 Hz, 1H), 3.29 ppm (m, 2H), 1.52-1.44 ppm (m, 2H), 1.35-1.29 ppm (m, 2H), and 0.82 ppm (t, J = 7.2 Hz, 3H). LC-MS: [M]+263.33, [M]’ =293.22.Synthesis of 4-(4-(tert-butyl)phenyl)-l,4-oxathian-4-ium 4-(butylsulfonyl)-2- hydroxybenzenesulfonate (PAG-14).

[0164] 4-(4-(tert-butyl)phenyl)-l,4-oxathian-4-ium Inflate (6.8 g) and sodium 4-(butylsulfonyl)- 2-hydroxybenzenesulfonate (5.1 g) were dissolved in dichloromethane (160 mL) and water (160 mL), and the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature of 16 h. The organic layer was separated and washed with water (3 x 250 mL) and concentrated under a reduced pressure to afford 4-(4-(tert-butyl)phenyl)- 1 ,4-oxathian-4-ium 4-(butylsulfonyl)-2-hydroxybenzenesulfonate (PAG-14) as a white solid (1.7 g, 20%). ’ H-NMR (499 MHz, acetone-de) 5 11.28 ppm (s, 1H),8.18 - 8.07 ppm (m, 2H), 7.89 - 7.84 ppm (m, 2H), 7.81 ppm (dd, J = 8.0, 1.2 Hz, 2H), 7.30 ppm (dd, J = 8.0, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 7.26 ppm (d, J = 1.8 Hz, 1H), 4.56 - 4.41 ppm (m, 2H), 4.25 -4.18 ppm (m, 2H), 4.15 - 4.00 ppm (m, 4H), 3.22 - 3.16 ppm (m, 2H), 1.69 - 1.58 ppm (m, 2H), 1.44 ppm (dt, J = 14.8, 7.4 Hz, 2H), 1.39 ppm (s, 9H), and 0.90 ppm (t, J = 7.4 Hz, 3H).Synthesis of sodium 2,4,6-trihydroxybenzenesulfonate.

[0165] Fuming sulfuric acid (6 mL) was added to a solution of benzene- 1,3, 5-triol (10.0 g) in acetonitrile (200 mL) at 0°C. Then reaction mixture was warmed to room temperature, stirred for 4 h, diluted with cold water (200 mL), extracted with methyl t-butyl ether (4 x 100 mL), and the organic layers discarded. The aqueous layer was adjusted to pH of 7-8 with aqueous sodium hydroxide at 0°C, and the resulting solid was filtered and dried to afford sodium 2,4,6- trihydroxybenzenesulfonate (13.6 g, 83%) which was used directly in the next step without further purification.Synthesis of triphenylsulf onium 2,4,6-trihydroxybenzenesulfonate (PAG- 15).

[0166] Triphenylsulfonium bromide (8.0 g) and sodium 2,4,6-trihydroxybenzenesulfonate (10.0 g) were dissolved in dichloromethane (250 mL) and water (125 mL), and the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 16 h. The organic layer was washed with water (3 x 125 mL) and concentrated under a reduced pressure to afford triphenylsulfonium 2,4,6- trihydroxybenzenesulfonate (PAG-15) as a viscous brown oil (5.2 g, 25%). Further purification was achieved by washing with hexanes and ethanol (2:1). ' H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-de) 3 9.61 ppm (s, 2H), 9.46 ppm (s, 1H), 7.89-7.77 ppm (m, 15 H), and 5.70 ppm (s, 2H). LC-MS: [M]+= 263.33, [M]’ = 205.21.Synthesis of triphenylsulf onium 2-sulfobenzoic acid (PAG- 16).(PAG-16)

[0167] Triphenylsulfonium bromide (33.98 g) and ammonium 2-sulfobenzoic acid (23.87 g) were dissolved in dichloromethane (550 mL) and water (550 mL), and the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 16 h. The organic layer was washed with water (6 x 500 mL) and concentrated under a reduced pressure to afford triphenylsulfonium 2-sulfobenzoic acid (PAG- 16) as a white solid (16.6 g, 36%). ^-NMR (499 MHz, DMSO-d6) 5 14.21 ppm (s, 1H), 7.92 - 7.72 ppm (m, 17H), 7.56 ppm (td, J = 7.6, 1.5 Hz, 1H), and 7.50 ppm (td, J = 7.5, 1.5 Hz, 1H).Synthesis of 4-(tert-butyl)phenyl)diphenylsulfonium 2-sulfobenzoic acid (PAG-17).

[0168] (4-(tert-butyl)phenyl)diphenylsulfonium bromide (47.93 g) and ammonium 2- sulfobenzoic acid (31.57 g) were dissolved in dichloromethane (600 mL) and water (600 mL), and the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 16 h. The organic layer was washed with water (6 x 500 mL) and concentrated under a reduced pressure to afford 4-(tert-butyl)phenyl)diphenylsulfonium 2- sulfobenzoic acid (PAG- 17) as a gummy solid (37.5 g, 60%). ^-NMR (499 MHz, acetone-d6) 5 15.09 ppm (s, 1H), 8.02 ppm (dd, J = 7.6, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 7.97 ppm (dd, J = 7.6, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 7.95 - 7.80 ppm (m, 14H), 7.52 ppm (td, J = 7.5, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 7.47 ppm (td, J = 7.5, 1.5 Hz, 1H), and 1.38 ppm (s, 9H).Synthesis of sodium 4-carboxy-2-hydroxybenzenesulfonate.

[0169] Sulfur trioxide trimethylamine (SO3.TMA, 5 g ) was added to a solution of 3- hydroxybenzoic acid (50.2 g) in H2SO4 (100 mL), heated to 90°C and stirred for 16 h. The reaction mixture was cooled to 0°C and diluted with water (500 mL). Sodium hydroxide (29 g) in water (100 mL) was added at 0°C, and the resulting mixture was stirred for 30 min. The precipitate was washed with acetone (600 mL), ethyl acetate (200 mL), and petroleum ether (500 mL) in the stated order, and then dried to afford sodium 4-carboxy-2-hydroxybenzenesulfonate (82.5 g, 94.9%) as an off-white solid.1H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-de): 5 12.93 (1H, broad singlet), 10.58 (1H, S), 7.55 (d, J= 8 Hz, 1H), 7.37 (dd, J = 8, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 7.29 (d, J= 1.6 Hz, 1H).Synthesis of sodium 2-hydroxy-4-(methoxycarbonyl)benzenesulfonate.

[0170] PTSA-H2O (5 g) was added to a solution of sodium 4-carboxy-2- hydroxybenzenesulfonate (50.0 g) in MeOH (500 mL) and heated to 70°C for 3 days. The reaction mixture was concentrated to half volume, cooled to 0°C and stirred for 30 min. The resulting solid was filtered, washed with methanol (200 mL) and petroleum ether (500 mL), and then dried to afford sodium 2-hydroxy-4-(methoxycarbonyl)benzenesulfonate (37.0 g, 70%) as an off-white solid. ’ H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6): 5 10.63 (1H, S) 7.57 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H),7.39 (dd, J = 8.0, 2.0 Hz, 1H), 7.30 (d, J = 1.6 Hz, 1H), 3.83 (3H, S).Synthesis of triphenylsulfonium 2-hydroxy-4-(methoxycarbonyl)benzenesulfonate (PAG- 18).

[0171] Triphenylsulfonium bromide (8.2 g) and sodium 2-hydroxy-4-(methoxycarbonyl) benzenesulfonate (10.3 g) were dissolved in water (100 mL) and DCM (200 mL), and themixture was stirred at room temperature for 16 h. Then, the organic layer was washed with 10% NaHCOa in water (100 mL) and then the organic layer was washed with water (5 x 100 mL). The organic layer was concentrated under a reduced pressure, washed with THF: petroleum ether (1:3,100 mL) and dried to afford triphenylsulfonium 2-hydroxy-4- (methoxycarbonyl)benzenesulfonate (18 g, 92.5%) as an off-white solid.!H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6): <5 10.64 (1H, S), 7.88-7.76 (m, 15H), 7.57 (d, J= 8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.39 (dd, J= 8.0, 2.0 Hz, 1H), 7.30 (d, J= 1.6 Hz, 1H), 3.83 (3H, S).Synthesis of bis(4-(tert-butyl)phenyl)iodonium 2-hydroxy-4-(methoxycarbonyl)

[0172] Sodium 4-(methoxycarbonyl)-2-hydroxybenzenesulfonate (16.8 g) and bis(4-(tert- butyl)phenyl)iodonium acetate (27.1 g) were added to water (600 mL) and DCM (600 mL), and the resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 16 h. The organic fraction was washed with water (5 x 500 mL) and concentrated under a reduced pressure to remove the solvent, and the remaining solution was slowly poured into methyl t-butyl ether (700 mL). A precipitate was collected and dried under vacuum to afford bis(4-(tert-butyl)phenyl)iodonium 4- (methoxycarbonyl)-2-hydroxybenzenesulfonate as a white solid (28.5 g, 69%).1H NMR (499 MHz, DMSO-d6) 5 10.66 (s, 1H), 8.19 - 8.13 (m, 3H), 7.61 - 7.52 (m, 4H), 7.40 (dd, J = 8.1, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 7.32 (d, J = 1.7 Hz, 1H), 3.84 (s, 2H), 1.26 (s, 14H).Synthesis of 4-(4-(tert-butyl)phenyl)-l,4-oxathian-4-ium 4-(butoxycarbonyl)-2- hydroxybenzenesulfonate (PAG-20).

[0173] 4-(4-(tert-butyl)phenyl)-l,4-oxathian-4-ium triflate (34.8 g) and sodium 4- (butoxycarbonyl)-2-hydroxybenzenesulfonate (29.6 g) were dissolved in DCM (450 mL) and water (450 mL), and the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 16 h. The organic layer was washed with water (7 x 500 mL) and concentrated under a reduced pressure to remove the solvent, and the remaining solution was slowly poured into methyl t-butyl ether (700 mL). The precipitate was collected and dried under vacuum to afford 4-(4-(tert-butyl)phenyl)-l,4- oxathian-4-ium 4-(butoxycarbonyl)-2-hydroxybenzenesulfonate as a white solid (39.1 g, 78%). ’ H NMR (499 MHz, acetone-d6) 5 8.17 - 8.11 (m, 2H), 7.89 - 7.82 (m, 2H), 7.70 (dd, J = 8.0,1.1 Hz, 1H), 7.45 - 7.37 (m, 2H), 4.49 (dt, J = 14.0, 3.8 Hz, 2H), 4.32 - 4.19 (m, 4H), 4.16 - 4.03 (m, 4H), 3.14 (s, 1H), 2.84 - 2.77 (m, 2H), 1.80 - 1.71 (m, 2H), 1.55 - 1.44 (m, 2H), 1.39 (s, 8H), 1.14 (s, 3H), 0.99 (t, J = 7.4 Hz, 3H).Synthesis of sodium 4-(ethoxycarbonyl)-2-hydroxybenzenesulfonate.

[0174] Concentrated hydrochloric acid (200 mL) was added to a solution of sodium 4-carboxy- 2-hydroxybenzenesulfonate (100 g) in ethanol (2 L), and the resulting mixture was heated at reflux for 32 h. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, concentrated under a reduced pressure, dissolved in water (300 mL), extracted with 5% methanol in ethyl acetate (2 x 500 mL), and concentrated under a reduced pressure. The resulting crude product was further purified by washing with acetonitrile and dried to afford sodium 4-(ethoxycarbonyl)-2- hydroxybenzenesulfonate as an off-white solid (50.0 g, 45%)1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-de): 5 10.6 (s, 1H), 7.58 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.39 (dd, J = 8.0, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 7.31 (d, J= 1.6 Hz, 1H), 4.29 (q, J= 7.2 Hz, 2H), 1.31 (t, J= 7.2 Hz, 3H).Synthesis of triphenylsulfonium 4-(ethoxycarbonyl)-2-hydroxybenzenesulfonate (PAG-21).

[0175] Sodium 4-(ethoxycarbonyl)-2-hydroxybenzenesulfonate (15.0 g) and triphenylsulfonium bromide (15.3 g) were dissolved in water (150 mL) and DCM (300 mL), and the resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 16 h. The organic layer was washed with saturated sodium bicarbonate in water (100 mL) followed by water (3 x 100 mL), and then concentrated under a reduced pressure to afford triphenylsulfonium 4-(ethoxycarbonyl)-2- hydroxybenzenesulfonate as a light brown oil (14 g, 49%)1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-de): d 10.64 (s, 1H), 7.88-7.63 (m, 15H), 7.57 (d, J= 8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.39 (dd, J= 8.0, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 7.30 (d, J= 1.6 Hz, 1H), 4.29 (q, J = 7.2 Hz, 2H), 1.31 (t, 7= 7.2 Hz, 3H).Synthesis of Bis(4-(tert-butyl)phenyl)iodonium 4-(butoxycarbonyl)-2,6- dihydroxybenzenesulfonate (PAG-22).

[0176] Sodium 4-(butoxycarbonyl)-2,6-hydroxybenzenesulfonate (50.6 g) and bis(4-(tert- butyl)phenyl)iodonium acetate (55.7 g) were added to water (800 mL) and DCM (800 mL), and the resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 16 h. The organic fraction was washedwith water (6 x 700 mL) and concentrated under a reduced pressure to remove the solvent, and the remaining solution was slowly poured into methyl t-butyl ether (700 mL). The resulting precipitate was collected and dried under a reduced pressure to afford bis(4-(tert- butyl)phenyl)iodonium 4-(butoxycarbonyl)-2,6-dihydroxybenzenesulfonate as a white solid (69.4 g, 82.2%).JH NMR (400 MHz, acetone-d6) 5 8.31 - 8.24 (m, 2H), 7.71 - 7.65 (m, 2H), 6.94 (s, 1H), 4.27 (t, J = 6.5 Hz, 1H), 2.85 - 2.78 (m, 4H), 1.79 - 1.69 (m, 1H), 1.54 - 1.43 (m, 1H), 1.34 (s, 2H), 1.34 (s, 7H), 1.14 (s, 1H), 0.98 (t, J = 7.4 Hz, 2H).Synthesis of Bis(4-(tert-butyl)phenyl)iodonium 4-(ethoxycarbonyl)-2-(PAG-23)

[0177] Sodium 4-(ethoxycarbonyl)-2-hydroxybenzenesulfonate (40.2 g) and bis(4-(tert- butyl)phenyl)iodonium acetate (61.7 g) were added to water (600 mL) and DCM (600 mL), and the resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 16 h. The organic fraction was washed with water (7 x 500 mL) and concentrated under a reduced pressure to remove the solvent, and the remaining solution was slowly poured into methyl t-butyl ether (700 mL). A precipitate was collected and dried under a reduced pressure to afford bis(4-(tert-butyl)phenyl)iodonium 4- (ethoxycarbonyl)-2-hydroxybenzenesulfonate as a white solid (67.0 g, 77 %).1H NMR (400 MHz, acetone-d6) 5 7.97 - 7.82 (m, 6H), 7.44 - 7.36 (m, 1H), 4.28 (t, J = 6.5 Hz, 1H), 3.14 (s, 1H), 2.80 (t, J = 1.0 Hz, 1H), 1.79 - 1.70 (m, 1H), 1.55 - 1.43 (m, 1H), 1.39 (s, 4H), 1.14 (s, 3H), 0.98 (t, J = 7.4 Hz, 1H).Synthesis of (4-(tert-butyl)phenyl)diphenylsulfonium 4-(butoxycarbonyl)-2- hydroxybenzenesulfonate (PAG-24).

[0178] Sodium 4-(butoxycarbonyl)-2-hydroxybenzenesulfonate (47.5 g) and (4-(tert- butyl)phenyl)diphenylsulfonium bromide (51.5 g) were added to water (640 mL) and DCM (640 mL), and the resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 16 h. The reaction mixture was diluted with DCM (200 mL), washed with water (7 x 500 mL), concentrated under a reduced pressure to remove the solvent, and the remaining solution was slowly poured into methyl t-butyl ether (700 mL). A gel was collected and dried under a reduced pressure to afford (4-(tert-butyl)phenyl)diphenylsulfonium 4-(butoxycarbonyl)-2-hydroxybenzenesulfonate as a viscous oil (57.8 g, 66 %). ^-NMR (400 MHz, acetone-d6): 5 7.97 - 7.82 (m, 6H), 7.44 - 7.36(m, 1H), 4.28 (t, J = 6.6 Hz, 1H), 3.14 (s, 1H), 2.80 (t, J = 1.0 Hz, 1H), 1.79 - 1.70 (m, 1H), 1.55- 1.43 (m, 1H), 1.39 (s, 4H), 1.14 (s, 3H), 0.98 (t, J = 7.4 Hz, 1H).Synthesis of (4-(tert-butyl)phenyl)diphenylsulfonium 4-(ethoxycarbonyl)-2- hydroxybenzenesulfonate (PAG-25).

[0179] Sodium 4-(ethoxycarbonyl)-2-hydroxybenzenesulfonate (40.2 g) and (4-(tert- butyl)phenyl)diphenylsulfonium bromide (54.3 g) were added to water (600 mL) and DCM (600 mL), and the resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 16 h. The reaction mixture was diluted with DCM (200 mL), washed with water (7 x 500 mL), concentrated under a reduced pressure to remove the solvent, and the remaining solution was slowly poured into methyl t-butyl ether (700 mL) to obtain the product as a gel. The gel was collected and dried under a reduced pressure to afford (4-(tert-butyl)phenyl)diphenylsulfonium 4- (ethoxy carbonyl) - 2-hydroxybenzenesulfonate as a viscous oil (7180 g, 93%). ’ H NMR (400 MHz, acetone-de) 5 8.29 - 8.22 (m, 1H), 7.64 (dd, J = 15.9, 8.3 Hz, 1H), 4.33 (q, J = 7.1 Hz, 1H), 3.14 (s, 1H), 2.82 - 2.78 (m, 3H), 2.10 (s, 1H), 1.37 (t, J = 7.1 Hz, 1H), 1.34 (s, 5H), 1.14 (s, 4H); ESI-MS: [M]’: 245.01 and [M]+: 319.15.Photoresist Polymer Preparation

[0180] The chemical structures of the polymers and quenchers used in the examples and comparative examples are shown below. Polymer Pl was prepared using methods commonly available in the art, and Polymer P2 and Quencher QI were obtained from commercial sources.Solubility Testing of Base Material (Polymer Pl)

[0181] A 3 wt% solution of Polymer Pl in propylene glycol methyl ether acetate (PGMEA) was shaken in a 20 mL glass container on a mechanical shaker and filtered through a PTFE diskshaped filter having a pore size of 0.20 micrometers. Si wafers were primed with hexamethyldisilazane (HMDS) with a cure temperature of 120°C for 30 seconds. The polymer films were applied on to primed Si wafers by spin coating and soft-baked at 90°C for 60 secondsusing TEL Clean Track ACT 8 coating tool. Initial thickness (to) was determined by a KLA Therma-Wave Opti-Probe 7341. Then the wafers were treated with a 0.26 N aqueous TMAH solution (MF™-CD26, DuPont Electronics & Industrial) at room temperature for 60 seconds. The wafers were then rinsed with DI water and spin-dried. Thickness (ti) was measured again after the treatment and the change of thickness (At) was calculated according to Equation 1:At = ti — to Equation 1

[0182] The results are shown in Table 1.Table 1PHS = Poly(hydroxystyrene)Preparation and Processing of Photoresist Compositions

[0183] ArF Photoresist Compositions. Positive tone photoresist compositions were prepared by dissolving solid components (PAG, QI, Pl, and P2) in solvents using the materials and amounts indicated in Table 2A, where the amounts are expressed in wt% based on 100 wt% of total weight of the solids. The total solids content for the photoresist compositions was 3.10%. The solvent system contained propylene glycol methyl ether acetate (SI) (35 wt%) and 2- hydroxyisobutyric acid methyl ester (S2) (65 wt%). Each mixture was shaken in a 100 mL glass container on a mechanical shaker and filtered through a PTFE disk- shaped filter having a pore size of 0.20 micrometers.Table 2 ATPS PFBuS: triphenylsulfonium 1,1,2,2,3,3,4,4,4-nonafluorobutane-l-sulfonateTPS Tosylate: triphenylsulfonium tosylateTPS CSA: triphenylsulfonium camphorsulfonate(TPS PFBuS)

[0184] KrF Photoresist Compositions. Positive tone photoresist compositions were prepared by dissolving solid components (PAG, Q2, P3, and SLA1) in solvents using the materials and amounts indicated in Table 2B, where the amounts are expressed in wt% based on 100 wt% of total weight of the solids. The components in Table 2B were as follows: Q2: tetrabutylammonium lactate; P3: poly(para-hydroxystyrene-co-styrene-co-t-butyl acrylate) 70 / 20 / 10 wt / wt / wt ratio; and SLAl: SIL WET™ L-7604 (silicone surfactant, Momentive Performance Materials). The total solids content for the photoresist compositions was 3.10%. The solvent was ethyl lactate (S3). Each mixture was shaken in a 100 mL glass container on a mechanical shaker and filtered through a PTFE disk-shaped filter having a pore size of 0.20 micrometers.Table 2BTPS-TFMBS: triphenylsulfonium 2-(trifluoromethyl)benzenesulfonateTPS-AdOH-DFMS: triphenylsulfonium l,l-difluoro-2-(((lr,3s,5R,7S)-3-hydroxyadamantan-l- yl)methoxy )-2-oxoethane- 1 - sulfonateTPS-PFBuS: triphenylsulfonium perfluorobutanesulfonateLithographic Testing - Examples 1-9

[0185] Esize, EL%, and LWR Evaluation. 300 mm silicon wafers were spin-coated with AR™ 40A antireflectant (DuPont Electronics & Industrial) using a cure temperature of 205°C for 60 seconds to form a first BARC layer having a thickness of 800 A. The wafers were then spin- coated with AR™ 104 antireflectant (DuPont Electronics & Industrial) using a cure temperature of 175°C for 60 seconds to form a second BARC layer having a thickness of 400 A. The wafers were then spin-coated with a respective photoresist composition from Table 1 and soft-baked at 90°C for 60 seconds to provide a photoresist layer having a thickness of 900 A. The BARC and photoresist layers were coated with a TEL Clean Track Lithius coating tool. The wafers were exposed to 193 nm activating radiation using an ASML 1900i immersion scanner (1.35 NA, 0.988 / 0.90 inner / outer sigma, dipole illumination with 35Y polarization) using a mask having 1:1 line-space patterns (38 nm linewidth / 76 nm pitch) at various doses. The exposed wafers were post-exposure baked at 95°C for 60 seconds and developed with a 0.26 N aqueous tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH) solution (MF™-CD26, DuPont Electronics & Industrial) for 12 seconds. The wafers were then rinsed with DI water and spin-dried to form photoresist patterns. CD linewidth measurements of the formed patterns were made using a Hitachi High Technologies Co. CG4000 CD-SEM.

[0186] Line-space patterns in nanometers (nm) were analyzed for critical dimension (CD), where sizing energy “Esize” is the irradiation energy when the CD of the formed line-space pattern is equal to the CD of the mask pattern. Esize is expressed in units of millijoules per square centimeter (mJ / cm2). Exposure latitude (EL%) is the difference in exposure energy required to print the line- space patterns at plus and minus 10% of the target diameter, normalized by the sizing energy. Linewidth roughness (LWR) is expressed in units of nanometers (nm) and was determined as the 3-sigma value from the distribution of a total of 100 arbitrary points of line width measurements, followed by removing metrology noise. The Esize, EL%, and LWR data areshown in Table 3.

[0187] Eo Evaluation. 200 mm silicon wafers were spin-coated with AR™40A antireflectant (DuPont Electronics & Industrial) using a cure temperature of 205°C for 60 seconds to form a BARC layer having a thickness of 800 A. The wafers were then spin-coated with a respective photoresist composition from Table 1 and soft-baked at 90°C for 60 seconds to provide a photoresist layer having a thickness of 900 A. The BARC and photoresist layers were coated with a TEL Clean Track ACT 8 coating tool. The wafers were exposed to 193 nm activating radiation using an ASML 1100 scanner (0.75 NA, 0.89 / 0.64 inner / outer sigma with Quadrapole- 30) at various doses. The exposed wafers were post-exposure baked at 95°C for 60 seconds and developed with a 0.26 N aqueous TMAH solution (MF™-CD26, DuPont Electronics & Industrial) for 60 seconds. The wafers were then rinsed with DI water and spin-dried. Film thickness was measured with a KLA Therma-Wave Opti-Probe 7341 at each exposed area and plotted vs. dose. Eovalues (mJ / cm2) were determined as the first dose value at which the remaining film thickness was less than 7% of the original coated thickness. The Eodata is shown in Table 3.Table 3NA = Not tested due low sensitivity based on EoLithographic Testing - Examples 10-43ArF Photolithography

[0188] Eo, Esize, EL%, and LWR Evaluation. 200 mm silicon wafers were spin-coated with AR™ 40A antireflectant (DuPont Electronics & Industrial) using a cure temperature of 205°C for 60 seconds to form a BARC layer having a thickness of 800 A. The wafers were then spin-coated with a respective photoresist composition from Table 1 and soft-baked at 90°C for 60 seconds to provide a photoresist layer having a thickness of 900 A. The BARC and photoresist layers were coated with a TEL Clean Track ACT 8 coating tool. The wafers were exposed to 193 nmactivating radiation using an ASML 1100 scanner (0.75 NA, 0.89 / 0.64 inner / outer sigma, dipole illumination with 35Y polarization) using a mask having 1:1 line-space patterns (90 nm linewidth / 180 nm pitch). The exposed wafers were post-exposure baked at 95°C for 60 seconds and developed with a 0.26 N aqueous TMAH solution (MF™-CD26, DuPont Electronics & Industrial) for 60 seconds. The wafers were then rinsed with DI water and spun dry to form photoresist patterns. CD linewidth measurements of the formed patterns were made using Hitachi High-Technologies Corp. CD-SEM CG9380. The Eo, Esize, EL%, and LWR were determined as described above and the results are shown in Table 4.Table 4KrF Photolithography

[0189] Eo, Esize, EL%, and LWR Evaluation. 200 mm silicon wafers were spin-coated with AR™ 3 bottom anti reflective coating (DuPont Electronics & Industrial) using a cure temperature of 205 °C for 60 seconds to form a BARC layer having a thickness of 600 A. The wafers were then spin-coated with a KrF photoresist and soft-baked at 130°C for 60 seconds to provide a photoresist layer having a thickness of 6035 A. The BARC and photoresist layers were coated with a TEL CLEAN TRACK™ ACT™ 8 coating tool. The wafers were exposed to 248 nm activating radiation using a CANON FPA 5000 ES4 DUV Stepper (conventional illumination 0.63 NA, 0.8 partial coherence) using a mask having 1:1 line-space patterns (250 nm linewidth / 500 nm pitch). The exposed wafers were postexposure baked at 130 °C for 90 seconds and developed with a 0.26 N aqueous TMAH solution (DuPont MF™-CD26, DuPont Electronics & Industrial) for 45 seconds. The wafers were then rinsed with DI water and spundry to form photoresist patterns. CD linewidth measurements of the formed patterns were made using Hitachi High-Technologies Corp. CD-SEM CG9380. The Eo, Esize, EL%, and LWR were determined as described above and the results are shown in Table 5.Table 5

[0190] The following photoacid generators were prepared in the following Synthesis Examples for use in the Photolithography Examples of Tables 6 and 7 below.Synthesis of tetraethylammonium 2-hydroxy-4-((4-iodophenoxy)carbonyl) benzenesulfonate

[0191] To a room temperature mixture of potassium 4-carboxy-2-hydroxybenzenesulfonate(6.41 grams (g), 25 millimoles (mmol)), 4-iodophenol (8.25 g, 37.5 mmol), tetraethylammonium chloride (8.29 g, 50 mmol), and 4-pyrrolidinopyridine (185 milligrams (mg), 1.25 mmol) in MAMi methyl Ibnnam ide (DMF, 75 mL) was added AM3-dimcthy lam i nopropyl )- / V'- ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (5.75 g, 30 mmol). The reaction was stirred for 3 hours (hr). The reaction was then quenched by pouring into an aqueous solution of tetraethylammonium chloride (20% w / v, 500 milliliters (mL)). The resulting mixture was extracted with dichloromethane (DCM, 4 x 100 mL), and the combined organic layers were washed with aqueous tetraethylammonium chloride (20% w / v, 3 x 50 mL) and water (3 x 100 mL). The organic layer was dried over filter paper and concentrated in vacuo. The resulting residue wasresuspended in acetone (50 mL) and added dropwise to a stirring solution of methyl tert-butyl ether (500 mL). The oil precipitate was isolated by decanting the mother liquor, and washing with excess methyl tert-butyl ether. Residual solvent was removed by overnight storage in a 3 °C vacuum oven to afford the product as a colorless oil (6.08 g, 44%).1H NMR (499 MHz, DMSO-d6) 5 10.71 (s, 1H), 7.81 (d, J = 8.9 Hz, 2H), 7.66 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.56 (dd, J = 8.0,1.7 Hz, 1H), 7.47 (d, J = 1.6 Hz, 1H), 7.15 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 2H), 3.19 (q, J = 7.3 Hz, 8H), 1.15 (tt, J = 7.3, 1.7 Hz, 12H).Synthesis of phenyl(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)iodonium 2-hydroxy-4-((4- iodophenoxy)carbonyl) benzenesulfonate (DI):

[0192] Tetraethylammonium 2-hydroxy-4-((4-iodophenoxy)carbonyl) benzenesulfonate (2.0 g, 3.63 mmol) and phenyl(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)iodonium chloride (1.40 g, 3.63 mmol) were stirred rigorously in a biphasic, room temperature mixture of DCM (50 mL) and water (50 mL) for 3 hr. Stirring was halted, and the biphasic mixture was separated into individual layers. The organic layer was spiked with n-heptane to a final ratio of 1:3 n-heptane:DCM. The organic layer was washed with water (5 x 20 mL), dried over filter paper, and concentrated under a reduced pressure. The resulting residue was resuspended in acetone (20 mLO), and then added to a stirring solution of n-heptane (500 mL) to form a precipitate. The precipitate was isolated by decanting the mother liquor and washing with excess n-heptane. Residual solvent was removed by overnight storage in a 35°C vacuum oven to afford the product DI as an amorphous, colorless solid (1.76 g, 63%). ’ H NMR (499 MHz, DMSO-d6) 5 10.71 (s, 1H), 8.75 (s, 1H), 8.55 (d, J = 8.1 Hz, 1H), 8.31 (d, J = 7.7 Hz, 2H), 8.02 (d, J = 7.9 Hz, 1H), 7.80 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 2H), 7.75 (t, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.67 (t, J = 7.9 Hz, 2H), 7.59 - 7.51 (m, 3H), 7.49 (d, J = 1.7 Hz, 1H), 7.17 - 7.12 (m, 2H).19F NMR (470 MHz, DMSO) 5 -61.22.Synthesis of tris(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonium 2-hydroxy-4-((4-iodophenoxy)carbonyl) benzenesulfonate (D2):

[0193] Tetraethylammonium 2-hydroxy-4-((4-iodophenoxy)carbonyl) benzenesulfonate (2.0 g, 3.63 mmol) and tris(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonium bromide (1.45 g, 3.63 mmol) were stirred rigorously in a biphasic, room temperature mixture of DCM (50 mL) and water (50 mL) for 3 hr. Stirring was halted, and the biphasic mixutre was separated into individual layers. The organic layer was spiked with n-heptane to a final ratio of 1:3 n-heptane:DCM. The organic layer was washed with water (5 x 20 mL), dried over filter paper, and concentrated under a reduced pressure. The resulting residue was resuspended in acetone (20 mL) and added to a stirring solution of n-heptane (500 mL) to form a precipitate. The precipitate was isolated by vacuum filtration, washing with excess n-heptane. Residual solvent was removed by overnight storage in a 35°C vacuum oven to afford the product D2 as a white solid (1.53 g, 57%).JH NMR (499 MHz, DMSO-d6) 5 10.70 (s, 1H), 7.97 - 7.89 (m, 6H), 7.81 (dt, J = 8.7, 2.0 Hz, 2H), 7.66 (t, J = 8.1 Hz, 7H), 7.55 (dd, J = 8.0, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 7.46 (d, J = 1.7 Hz, 1H), 7.18 - 7.12 (m, 2H).19F NMR (470 MHz, DMSO) 5 -103.50.Synthesis of tetraethylammonium 4-((2-fluorophenoxy)carbonyl)-2- hydroxybenzenesulf onate :

[0194] To a room temperature mixture of potassium 4-carboxy-2-hydroxybenzenesulfonate (4.00 g, 15.6 mmol), 2-fluorophenol (2.62 g, 23.4 mmol), tetraethylammonium chloride (5.17 g,31.2 mmol), and 4-pyrrolidinopyridine (100 mg) in DMF (30 mL) was added N-(3- dimethylaminopropyl)-M-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (3.59 g, 18.2 mmol). The mixturewas stirred at room temperature overnight. The reaction was quenched by pouring into an aqueous solution of tetraethylammonium chloride (20% w / v, 500 mL). The resulting mixture was extracted with DCM (4 x 100 mL), and the combined organic layers were washed with aqueous tetraethylammonium chloride (20% w / v, 3 x 50 mL) and water (3 x 100 mL). The organic layer was dried over filter paper and concentrated under a reduced pressure. The resulting residue was resuspended in acetone (50 mL) and added dropwise to a stirring solution of methyl tert-butyl ether (500 mL) to form a precipitate. The oil precipitate was isolated by decanting the mother liquor, washing with excess methyl tert-butyl ether. Residual solvent was removed by overnight storage in a 35°C vacuum oven to afford the product as a colorless oil (3.20 g, 46%). ’ H NMR (499 MHz, DMSO-d6) 5 7.71 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.61 (dd, J = 8.1, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 7.51 (d, J = 1.7 Hz, 1H), 7.50 - 7.36 (m, 3H), 7.31 (td, J = 7.6, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 3.20 (q, J = 7.3 Hz, 8H), 1.27 - 1.12 (t, 12H).Synthesis of bis(4-(tert-butyl)phenyl)iodonium 4-((2-fluorophenoxy)carbonyl)-2 hydroxybenzenesulfonate (D3): o A© o

[0195] Tetraethylammonium 4-((2-fluorophenoxy)carbonyl)-2-hydroxybenzenesulfonate (3.20 g, 7.2 mmol) and bis(4-(tert-butyl)phenyl)iodonium acetate (2.95 g, 6.5 mmol) were stirred rigorously in a biphasic, room temperature mixture of DCM (70 mL) and water (70 mL) for 3 hr. Stirring was halted, and the biphasic mixture was separated into individual layers. The organic layer was washed with water (5 x 20 mL), dried over filter paper, and concentrated under a reduced pressure. The resulting residue was resuspended in acetone (20 mL) and added to a stirring solution methyl tert-butyl ether (500 mL) to provide a precipitate. The precipitate was isolated by vacuum filtration, washing with excess n-heptane. Residual solvent was removed by overnight storage in a 35 °C vacuum oven to afford the product D3 as a white solid (2.60 g, 50%).JH NMR (499 MHz, DMSO-d6) 5 10.80 (s, 1H), 8.20 - 8.14 (m, 4H), 7.71 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.59 (dd, J = 8.0, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 7.56 -7.49 (m, 5H), 7.48 - 7.33 (m, 3H), 7.29 (td, J = 7.7, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 1.26 (s, 18H).19F NMR (470 MHz, DMSO) 5 129.50.Synthesis of tetraethylammonium 4-((2,6-difluorophenoxy)carbonyl)-2- hydroxybenzenesulf onate :

[0196] To a room temperature mixture of potassium 4-carboxy-2-hydroxybenzenesulfonate (4.00 g, 15.6 mmol), 2,6-difluorophenol (3.04 g, 23.4 mmol), tetraethylammonium chloride (5.17 g, 31.2 mmol), and 4-pyrrolidinopyridine (100 mg) in DMF (30 mL) was added N-(3- dimethylaminopropyl)-A7-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (3.59 g, 18.2 mmol). The mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. The reaction was quenched by pouring into an aqueous solution of tetraethylammonium chloride (20% w / v, 500 mL). The resulting mixture was extracted with DCM (4 x 100 mL), and the combined organic layers were washed with aqueous tetraethylammonium chloride (20% w / v, 3 x 50 mL) and water (3 x 100 mL). The organic layer was dried over filter paper and concentrated under a reduced pressure. The resulting residue was resuspended in acetone (50 mL) and added dropwise to a stirring solution of methyl tert-butyl ether (500 mL) to form a precipitate. The oil precipitate was isolated by decanting the mother liquor, washing with excess methyl tert-butyl ether. Residual solvent was removed by overnight storage in a 35°C vacuum oven to afford the product as a colorless oil (4.20 g, 59%).JH NMR (499 MHz, acetone-d6) 5 7.84 (d, J= 8.1 Hz, 1H), 7.66 (dd, J= 8.0, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 7.61 (d, J= 1.7 Hz, 1H), 7.44 (tt, J = 8.5, 6.1 Hz, 1H), 7.25 (t, J= 8.3 Hz, 2H), 3.45 (q, J = 7.3 Hz, 8H), 1.36 (t, J = 9.1, 5.5, 1.9 Hz, 12H).Synthesis of bis(4-(tert-butyl)phenyl)iodonium 4-((2,6-difluorophenoxy)carbonyl)2- hydroxybenzenesulf onate (D4): o A© ' o

[0197] Tetraethylammonium 4-((2,6-difluorophenoxy)carbonyl)-2-hydroxybenzenesulfonate(4.20 g, 9.1 mmol) and bis(4-(tert-butyl)phenyl)iodonium acetate (3.70 g, 8.2 mmol) were stirred rigorously in a biphasic, room temperature mixture of DCM (70 mL) and water (70 mL) for 3 hr. Stirring was halted, and the biphasic mixture was separated into individual layers. The organic layer was washed with water (5 x 20 mL), dried over filter paper, and concentrated under a reduced pressure. The resulting residue was resuspended in acetone (20 mL) added to a stirring solution methyl tert-butyl ether (500 mL) to form a precipitate. The precipitate was isolated by vacuum filtration, washing with excess n-heptane. Residual solvent was removed by overnight storage in a 35 °C vacuum oven to afford the product D4 as a white solid (3.43 g, 58%).JH NMR (499 MHz, CDCh) 5 7.85 - 7.83 (m, 4H), 7.51 (t, J = 1.1 Hz, 1H), 7.42 (d, J = 1.0 Hz, 2H), 7.29 - 7.26 (m, 4H), 7.14-7.12 (m, J = 8.5, 5.9 Hz, 1H), 6.97 - 6.92 (m, 2H), 1.18 (s, 18H).19F NMR (470 MHz, DMSO-d6) 5 126.06.Synthesis of tetraethylammonium 2-hydroxy-4-((2,4,6- triiodophenoxy)carbonyl)benzenesulfonate:

[0198] To a room temperature mixture of potassium 4-carboxy-2-hydroxybenzenesulfonate (20.50 g, 80 mmol), 2,4,6-triiodophenol (56.61 g, 120 mmol), tetraethylammonium chloride (26.51 g, 160 mmol), and 4-pyrrolidinopyridine (590 mg, 4 mmol) in DMF (150 mL) was added 2V-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-A7-ethylcarbodi imide hydrochloride (18.40 g, 96 mmol). The reaction was stirred for 3 hr. The reaction was then quenched by pouring the mixture into an aqueous solution of tetraethylammonium chloride (20% w / v, 750 mL). The resulting mixture was extracted with DCM (4 x 200 mL), and the combined organic layers were washed with aqueous tetraethylammonium chloride (20% w / v, 3 x 100 mL) and water (3 x 200 mL). The organic layer was dried over filter paper and concentrated under a reduced pressure. The resulting residue was resuspended in acetone (100 mL) and added dropwise to a stirring solution of methyl tert-butyl ether (900 mL) to form a precipitate. The oil precipitate was isolated by decanting the mother liquor, washing with excess methyl tert-butyl ether. Residual solvent was removed by overnight storage in a 35 °C vacuum oven to afford the product as a white solid (28.50 g, 44%). ’ H NMR (499 MHz, DMSO-d6) 5 10.77 (s, 1H), 8.24 (s, 2H), 7.72 (d, J = 8.1 Hz, 1H), 7.63 (dd, J = 8.1, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 7.52 (d, J = 1.7 Hz, 1H), 3.19 (q, J = 7.3 Hz, 8H), 1.19 - 1.12 (m, 12H).Synthesis of tri-p-tolylsulfonium 2-hydroxy-4-((2,4,6-triiodophenoxy)carbonyl) benzenesulfonate (D5):

[0199] Tetraethylammonium 2-hydroxy-4-((2,4,6-triiodophenoxy)carbonyl)benzenesulfonate (4.0 g, 5 mmol) and tri-p-tolylsulfonium bromide (1.93 g, 5 mmol) were stirred rigorously in a biphasic, room temperature mixture of DCM (50 mL) and water (50 mL) for 3 hr. Stirring was halted, and the biphasic mixture was separated into individual layers. The organic layer was spiked with n-heptane to a final ratio of 1:3 n-heptane:DCM. The organic layer was washed with water (5 x 20 mL), dried over filter paper, and concentrated under a reduced pressure. The resulting residue was resuspended in acetone (20 mL) added to a stirring solution of n-heptane (500 mL) to form a precipitate. The precipitate was isolated by vacuum filtration, washing with excess n-heptane. Residual solvent was removed by overnight storage in a 35°C vacuum oven to afford the product D5 as a white solid (4.61 g, 94%).!H NMR (499 MHz, DMSO-d6) 5 10.78 (s, 1H), 8.23 (s, 2H), 7.71 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.67 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 6H), 7.61 (dd, J = 8.1, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 7.57 (d, J = 8.2 Hz, 6H), 7.51 (d, J = 1.7 Hz, 1H), 2.43 (s, 9H).Synthesis of 5-Phenyl-5H-dibenzo[b,d]thiophen-5-ium 2-hydroxy-4-((2,4,6- triiodophenoxy)carbonyl)benzenesulf onate (D6) :

[0200] Tetraethylammonium 2-hydroxy-4-((2,4,6-triiodophenoxy)carbonyl)benzenesulfonate(4.0 g, 5 mmol) and 5-phenyl-577-dibenzo[Z?,ri]thiophen-5-ium bromide (1.71 g, 5 mmol) were stirred rigorously in a biphasic, room temperature mixture of DCM (50 mL) and water (50 mL) for 3 hr. Stirring was halted, and the biphasic mixture was separated into individual layers. The organic layer was spiked with n-heptane to a final ratio of 1:3 n-heptane:DCM. The organic layer was washed with water (5 x 20 mL), dried over filter paper, and concentrated under a reduced pressure. The resulting residue was resuspended in acetone (20 mL) added to a stirring solution of / / -heptane (500 mL) to form a precipitate. The precipitate was isolated by vacuum filtration, washing with excess n-heptane. Residual solvent was removed by overnight storage in a 35°C vacuum oven to afford the product D6 as a white solid (3.53 g, 76%).1H NMR (499 MHz, DMSO-d6) 5 10.77 (s, 1H), 8.52 (d, J = 7.9 Hz, 2H), 8.38 (d, J = 7.9 Hz, 2H), 8.23 (s, 2H), 7.95 (td, J = 7.6, 1.1 Hz, 2H), 7.79 - 7.66 (m, 4H), 7.64 - 7.55 (m, 5H), 7.52 (d, J = 1.7 Hz, 1H).Synthesis of phenyl(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)iodonium 2-hydroxy-4-((2,4,6- triiodophenoxy)carbonyl)benzenesulf onate (D7) :

[0201] Tetraethylammonium 2-hydroxy-4-((2,4,6-triiodophenoxy)carbonyl)benzenesulfonate (6.70 g, 8.4 mmol) and phenyl(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)iodonium chloride (3.38 g, 8.8 mmol) were stirred rigorously in a biphasic, room temperature mixture of DCM (60 mL) and water (60 mL) for 3 hrs. Acetone (50 mL) was added and stirring was continued for overnight. Stirring was halted, and the biphasic mixture was separated into individual layers. The aqueous layer was back-extracted with DCM (3 x 50 mL), and the combined organic layers were washed with water (5 x 50 mL), dried over filter paper, and concentrated under a reduced pressure. The resulting residue was resuspended in acetone (100 mL) added to a stirring solution of n-heptane and methyl tert-butyl ether (1:1, 900 mL) to form a precipitate. The precipitate was isolated by vacuum filtration, washing with excess n-heptane. Residual solvent was removed by overnight storage in a 35°C vacuum oven to afford the product D7 as a white solid (2.58 g, 30%).!H NMR (499 MHz, DMSO-d6) 5 10.76 (s, 1H), 8.75 (s, 1H), 8.55 (d, J = 8.1 Hz, 1H), 8.31 (d, J = 7.6 Hz, 2H), 8.24 (s, 2H), 8.05 (d, J = 7.9 Hz, 1H), 7.76 (t, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.73 - 7.66 (m, 2H), 7.62 (dd, J = 8.1, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 7.56 (t, J = 7.8 Hz, 2H), 7.52 (d, J = 1.7 Hz, 1H).19F NMR (470 MHz, DMSO-d6) 5 -61.19.Synthesis of 2-(4-Iodophenoxy)ethan-l-ol:

[0202] A mixture of 4-iodophenol (8.80 g, 40 mmol) and potassium carbonate (16.58 g, 120 mmol) in A-di methyl Ibrmam ide (100 mL) was heated to 75°C. 2-bromoethanol (15 g, 120 mmol) was added neatly to the reaction mixture and the reaction mixture was then stirred for 3 hours. The reaction mixture was quenched by pouring into water (500 mL). Methyl tert-butyl ether (300 mL) was added and the mixture was stirred for 15 minutes. The biphasic mixture was separated into individual layers and the aqueous layer was extracted with methyl tert-butyl ether (2 x 100 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with aqueous potassium hydroxide solution (1 M, 3 x 100 mL) and water (3 x 100 mL), dried over filter paper, and concentrated under a reduced pressure to afford the product as a white solid (5.82 g, 55%).1H NMR (499 MHz, DMSO-d6) 5 7.57 (dt, J = 9.0, 2.3 Hz, 2H), 6.78 (dt, J = 9.0, 2.2 Hz, 2H), 4.87 (t, J = 5.3Hz, 1H), 3.95 (dd, J = 5.4, 4.6 Hz, 2H), 3.70 (q, J = 4.8 Hz, 2H).Synthesis of tetraethylammonium 2-hydroxy-4-((2-(4-iodophenoxy)ethoxy)carbonyl) benzenesulfonate :

[0203] To a room temperature mixture of potassium 4-carboxy-2-hydroxybenzenesulfonate (5.82 g, 22.7 mmol), 2-(4-iodophenoxy)ethan-l-ol (9.00 g, 34.1 mmol), tetraethylammonium chloride (7.52 g, 45.4 mmol), and 4-pyrrolidinopyridine (170 mg, 1.1 mmol) in DMF (50 mL) was added A-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-A'-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (5.21 g, 27.2 mmol). The reaction was stirred for 3 hr before it was quenched by pouring into an aqueous solution of tetraethylammonium chloride (20% w / v, 300 mL). The resulting mixture was extracted with DCM (4 x 50 mL), and the combined organic layers were washed with aqueous tetraethylammonium chloride (20% w / v, 3 x 50 mL) and water (3 x 50 mL). The organic layer was dried over filter paper and concentrated under a reduced pressure. The resulting residue was resuspended in acetone (100 mL) and added dropwise to a stirring solution of methyl tert-butyl ether (900 mL) to form a precipitate. The precipitate was isolated by vacuum filtration, washing with excess methyl tert-butyl ether. Residual solvent was removed by overnight storage in a 35°C vacuum oven to afford the product as a white solid (2.80 g, 21%).1H NMR (499 MHz,DMSO-d6) 5 10.65 (s, 1H), 7.63 - 7.56 (m, 3H), 7.38 (dd, J = 8.1, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 7.31 (d, J = 1.7Hz, 1H), 6.85 (dt, J = 8.8, 2.0 Hz, 2H), 4.56 (t, J = 4.6 Hz, 2H), 4.32 (t, J = 4.5 Hz, 2H), 3.19 (q,J = 7.2 Hz, 8H), 1.15 (tt, J = 7.2, 1.8 Hz, 12H).Synthesis of tri-p-tolylsulfonium 2-hydroxy-4-((2-(4-iodophenoxy)ethoxy)carbonyl) benzenesulfonate (D8):

[0204] Tetraethylammonium 2-hydroxy-4-((2-(4- iodophenoxy)ethoxy)carbonyl)benzenesulfonate (2.80 g, 4.72 mmol) and tri-p-tolylsulfonium bromide (1.82 mg, 4.72 mmol) were stirred rigorously in a biphasic, room temperature mixture of DCM (50 mL) and water (50 mL) for 3 hr. Stirring was halted, and the biphasic mixture was separated into individual layers. The organic layer was spiked with n-he tane to a final ratio of 1:3 7 -heptane:DCM. The organic layer was washed with water (5 x 20 mL), dried over filter paper, and concentrated under a reduced pressure. The resulting residue was resuspended in acetone (20 mL) added to a stirring solution of n-heptane (500 mL) to form a precipitate. The precipitate was isolated by vacuum filtration, washing with excess n-heptane. Residual solvent was removed by overnight storage in a 35°C vacuum oven to afford the product D8 as a colorless oil (2.48 g, 69%).1H NMR (499 MHz, DMSO-d6) 5 10.67 (s, 1H), 7.67 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 6H), 7.62 - 7.54 (m, 9H), 7.38 (dd, J = 8.0, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 7.31 (d, J = 1.7 Hz, 1H), 6.85 (dt, J = 8.9, 1.9 Hz, 2H), 4.57 (t, J = 4.5 Hz, 2H), 4.32 (t, J = 4.6 Hz, 2H), 2.43 (s, 9H).Photoresist Polymer Preparation

[0205] The chemical structures of the polymer (P4), quencher (Q3), and comparative photoacid generator (cDl) used in the examples and comparative examples are shown below. Polymer P4 was prepared using methods commonly available in the art, and Quencher Q3 and comparative PAG cDl were obtained from commercial sources.Preparation and Processing of Photoresist Compositions

[0206] KrF Photoresist Compositions. Photoresist compositions were prepared by dissolving solid components in solvents using the materials and amounts indicated in Tables 6 and 7, where the amounts are expressed in wt% based on 100 wt% of total weight of the solids. The total solids content for the photoresist compositions was 2.1 wt%. The solvent system contained Propylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate (50 wt%) and 4-hydroxy-4-methyl-2-pentanone (50 wt%). Each mixture was shaken using a mechanical shaker and then filtered through a PTFE disk-shaped filter having a pore size of 0.2 micron.

[0207] Photolithography evaluation was performed using a CLEAN TRAC ACT8 (TEL, Tokyo Electron Co.) wafer track. 200 nm wafers for photolithographic testing were coated with an AR™ 3 BARC (DuPont Electronics & Industrial) and softbaked at 205°C for 60 seconds to give a 70 nm film. A coating of AR™ 40A BARC (DuPont Electronics & Industrial) was then disposed on the AR™ 3 layer and softbaked at 215°C for 60 seconds to form a second BARC layer having a thickness of about 80 nm. A photoresist composition was then coated onto the dual BARC stack and soft-baked at 110°C for 60 seconds to give a photoresist film layer having a thickness of about 50 nm.

[0208] The wafers were exposed with 248 nm radiation on a CANON FPA-5000 ES4 scanner (NA=0.8, outer sigma = 0.85, inner sigma = 0.57) with a mask having the features of choice. The wafers were post-exposure baked at 100°C for 60 seconds, developed with MF™ CD26 TMAH developer (DuPont Electronics & Industrial) for 60 seconds, rinsed with deionized (DI) water, and dried. Critical dimension (CD) linewidth measurements of the formed patterns were made using a HITACHI S-9380 CD-SEM. The line width roughness (LWR) values were determined by top-down SEM at an accelerating voltage of 800 volts (V), probe current of 8.0 picoamperes (pA), using 200 Kx magnification at 1.0 digital zoom, with the number of frames set to 64. The LWR was measured over a 2 pm line length in steps of 40 nm and reported as the average LWR for the measured region. Sizing energy (Esize) and LWR of the lines were determined based on the CD measurements. The pseudo Z-factor is reported below and was determined according to Equation 1 :Pseudo Z-factor = (Esize) x (LWR)2Equation 1 where Esize is reported in millijoules per square centimeter (mJ / cm2), LWR is reported in nanometers (nm), and the pseudo Z-factor is reported in mJ x 10’11. The pseudo Z-factor (Z’- factor) is a modified measure of photoresist performance based on the Z-factor, which is a known parameter indicative of RLS (Resolution, Line Edge Roughness, Sensitivity) photoresist performance (see, e.g., Wallow, T. et al Proc. SPIE 6921, 6921 IF, 2008). The pseudo Z-factor is calculated at a constant resolution (CD size).Table 6Table 7

[0209] As demonstrated in Tables 6 and 7, each of the photoresists examples PR31 to PR39 produced patterns with good profiles (patterning quality). As shown in Table 7, the comparative photoresist example COMP PR7 includes the comparative photoacid generator cDl, which contains the anion perfluorobutane sulfonate and the cation bis(4-(tert-butyl)phenyl)iodonium. By way of direct comparison, photoresist examples PR38 and PR39 may be compared directly to COMP PR7, as PR38 and PR39 each have the same polymer and quencher components as COMP PR7. The photoacid generators in the photoresist compositions PR38 and PR39 include the anions 4-((2-fluorophenoxy)carbonyl)-2-hydroxybenzenesulfonate or 4-((2,6-difluorophenoxy )carbonyl)-2-hydroxybenzenesulfonate, respectively. The photoresists of examples PR38 and PR39 achieved better lithographic performance, as shown by the higher- quality images with less LWR and a lower Z-factor compared to COMP PR7.

[0210] While this disclosure has been described in connection with what is presently considered to be practical exemplary embodiments, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited to the disclosed embodiments, but, on the contrary, is intended to cover various modifications and equivalent arrangements included within the spirit and scope of the appended claims.

Claims

CLAIMSWhat is claimed is:

1. A photoresist composition, comprising: one or more non-solvent alkali-insoluble base materials present in a combined amount of greater than 50 weight percent, based on total solids of the photoresist composition; a non-polymeric ionic photoacid generator compound comprising an anion and an iodonium or sulfonium cation, wherein the anion is represented by Formula (1):wherein, in Formula (1),Ar1is a monocyclic or polycyclic C3-60 aromatic group, each L1is independently a single bond or one or more divalent linking groups, wherein L1is free of fluorine, each R1is independently halogen, hydroxyl, substituted or unsubstituted C1-30 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C3-30 cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C3-30 cycloalkene, substituted or unsubstituted C3-30 heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted Ce-30 aryl, substituted or unsubstituted C7-30 arylalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C7-30 alkylaryl, substituted or unsubstituted Ce-30 aryloxy, substituted or unsubstituted C3-30 heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted C4-30 alkylheteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted C4-30 heteroarylalkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted C3-30 heteroaryloxy; each R1optionally further comprises one or more divalent linking groups as part of its structure, each Z1independently comprises an anion stabilizing group, wherein at least one Z1is configured to form an intramolecular non-covalent bond with the sulfonate anion group to forma ring having from 5 to 8 atoms, and wherein Z1is independently chosen from -OH, -C(O)OH, -SH, -C(O)SH, -NHS(O)2R2, -S(O)2R2, -S(O)2NHS(O)2R2, -CH(=NOH), or -B(R3)2; each Z1optionally further comprises one or more divalent linking groups as part of its structure, each R2is independently chosen from fluorine, hydroxyl, substituted or unsubstitutedCi-2o alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted Ci-2o heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted Ce-30 aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted C3-30 heteroaryl, and each R3is independently chosen from hydrogen, fluorine, hydroxyl, substituted or unsubstituted C1-20 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted Ci-2o heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted Ce-30 aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted C3-30 heteroaryl, two R1together optionally form a fused ring with Ar1, wherein the fused ring optionally further comprises one or more divalent linking groups as part of its structure, one Z1and one R1together optionally form a fused ring with Ar1, wherein the fused ring optionally further comprises one or more divalent linking groups as part of its structure, each a is independently 1 or 2, b is an integer from 0 to 4, c is an integer from 1 to 3; and a solvent, wherein the photoresist composition is free of a photoacid generator that generates a photoacid having a higher acidity than a photoacid generated by the non-polymeric ionic photoacid generator compound.

2. The photoresist composition of claim 1, wherein each R1is independently hydroxyl, substituted or unsubstituted C1-30 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C3-30 cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C3-30 cycloalkene, substituted or unsubstituted C3-30 heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted Ce-30 aryl, substituted or unsubstituted C7-30 arylalkyl, substituted orunsubstituted C7-30 alkylaryl, substituted or unsubstituted Ce-30 aryloxy, substituted or unsubstituted C3-30 heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted C4-30 alkylheteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted C4-30 heteroarylalkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted C3-30 heteroaryloxy; and each R1optionally further comprises one or more divalent linking groups as part of its structure.

3. The photoresist composition of claim 1, wherein each Z1is configured to form an intramolecular non-covalent bond with the sulfonate anion group to form a ring having 6 or 7 atoms.

4. The photoresist composition of claim 1, wherein each anion stabilizing group has a pKa of 25 or less.

5. The photoresist composition of claim 1, wherein each anion stabilizing group comprises a group that is protic.

6. The photoresist composition of claim 1, wherein at least one anion stabilizing group comprises -OH.

7. The photoresist composition of claim 1, wherein the anion is free of trifluoromethyl groups and difluoromethylene groups.

8. The photoresist composition of claim 7, wherein the anion does not comprise fluorine.

9. The photoresist composition of claim 1, wherein Ar1is a monocyclic C3-6 aromatic group and at least one Z1is located at an ortho position to the group represented by -L1-SO3- .- 10. The photoresist composition of claim 1, wherein Ar1is a polycyclic C6-60 aromatic group.

11. The photoresist composition of claim 10, wherein at least one Z1group is bonded to a ring carbon atom of Ar1located at an ortho position on a same ring to the group represented by -lASOf.

12. The photoresist composition of claim 11, wherein the at least one Z1group at an ortho position is -OH, and wherein L1is a single bond.

13. The photoresist composition of claim 10, wherein Ar1is a fused polycyclic C6-60 aromatic group, at least one Z1group is bonded to a ring carbon atom of Ar1that is at a beta position with respect to a ring carbon atom to which -L1-SO3- is bonded, and the at least one Z1group and -L1-SO3- are bonded to different rings of the fused polycyclic C6-60 aromatic group.

14. The photoresist composition of claim 1, wherein a conjugate acid of the non-polymeric ionic photoacid generator compound has a pKa of 0 or less.

15. The photoresist composition of claim 1, wherein the non-solvent alkali-insoluble base material comprises a polymer.

16. The photoresist composition of claim 15, wherein the non-solvent alkali-insoluble base material comprises a chain- seis sionable polymer, an unzipping polymer, or a combination thereof.

17. The photoresist composition of claim 1, wherein the non-solvent alkali-insoluble base material comprises a metal-containing material.

18. The photoresist composition of claim 1, wherein at least one R1is a substituted C6-30 aryl or a substituted C7-30 arylalkyl, optionally further comprising one or more divalent linking groups as part of its structure.

19. The photoresist composition of claim 1, wherein c is 1 and L1is a single bond.

20. A patterning method, the method comprising: applying a layer of the photoresist composition of claim 1 on a substrate to provide a photoresist composition layer; pattern- wise exposing the photoresist composition layer to activating radiation to provide an exposed photoresist composition layer; and developing the exposed photoresist composition layer to provide a resist relief image.

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