Method for recycling battery electrodes and its device
The method and device for recycling battery electrodes using a washing fluid and ultrasonic washing address the inefficiencies and environmental concerns of current recycling methods, achieving high recycling rates and excellent battery performance.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2024/117329
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Priority Date
- 2023-09-08
- Filing Date
- 2024-09-06
- Publication Date
- 2025-03-13
AI Technical Summary
Current battery recycling methods are inefficient, costly, and environmentally harmful, particularly due to the use of acidic/alkaline solutions that lead to pollution and the difficulty in recycling metals after dissolution.
A method and device for recycling battery electrodes using a washing fluid and ultrasonic washing, which involves moistening the electrodes, conducting multiple washing and rinsing steps, and utilizing ultrasonication to separate the electrode layer from the current collector, thereby achieving efficient recycling and reuse of electrode materials.
The method achieves a high recycling rate of electrode materials, reduces environmental pollution, lowers recycling costs, and ensures excellent electrochemical performance of batteries made from recycled materials.
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Figure CN2024117329_13032025_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
A METHOD FOR RECYCLING BATTERY ELECTRODES AND ITS DEVICEFIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0001] The present invention relates to the field of battery recycling technology. More specifically, this invention relates to a method for recycling battery electrodes and its device.BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0002] A lithium-ion battery is primarily made up of a positive electrode, a negative electrode, a separator, an electrolyte and a casing etc., wherein electrode layer materials and current collectors of the positive and negative electrodes can be recycled.
[0003] In the battery manufacturing process, after undergoing processes such as slurry coating, drying and rolling, the electrodes would be cut according to the structure and specifications of the battery. Scraps, which are the edges of electrodes, would be produced after cutting, and which would not be used to manufacture batteries. On the other hand, substandard products with poorer performance or having defects might be produced during battery manufacturing; these substandard products can also be recycled. To reduce waste, scraps and substandard products can be recycled, of which the electrode layers and current collectors are separated. These materials can be recycled and reused again, manufactured into new electrodes, helping to achieve a circular economy.
[0004] Current collectors are usually valuable metals or valuable metal composite materials. There are mainly two methods for processing battery electrodes, dry recycling and wet recycling. Dry recycling means directly recycling the valuable metals without using a medium such as a solution, primarily through a series of operations such as crushing, screening, magnetic separation, fine grinding and classification, to separate valuable metallic materials from other materials. On the other hand, wet recycling means dissolving metal ions inside lithium batteries through the use of acidic / alkaline solutions, followed by the extraction of ions within the solution using methods such as precipitation and adsorption, such that they would be separated in forms such as oxides and salts. However, using dry recycling, the collected metallic materials might still contain some trace impurities, affecting purity; while wet recycling requires high input, has lower efficiency, easily produces pollution, and the metals are inconvenient to be recycled after being dissolved by acidic / alkaline solutions.
[0005] CN Patent Application Publication No. 114665182 A discloses a method for separating and recycling the current collector and negative electrode material in negative electrodes of waste lithium-ion batteries. The method involves contacting the battery negative electrodes with a delamination solution, with applied mechanical stirring and / or ultrasound for dissociation processing, such that the negative electrode material in the negative electrode and the current collector are dissociated. Although the delamination solution used can be recycled, the delamination solution contains organic solvent and surfactant, and also requires additional treatment using lithium ion precipitant. When the delamination solution and lithium ion precipitant reach recycling cycle times and need to be discharged, the chemicals in the liquid would still cause pollution of the environment. In addition, the method includes steps such as screening, centrifugation, and precipitation, complicating the process.
[0006] In view of the above, there is a need to develop a simple, highly efficient, economical and environmentally-friendly method to achieve recycling and reuse of electrode materials and current collectors in electrodes.SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0007] The aforementioned needs are met by various aspects and embodiments disclosed in this invention. This invention provides a method for recycling a battery electrode, which comprises the following steps:
[0008] a) moistening an electrode, comprising a current collector and an electrode layer coated on one side or both sides of the current collector, using a washing fluid;
[0009] b) conducting a first washing of the electrode in a washing device;
[0010] c) taking out the electrode and conducting a first rinsing using the washing fluid;
[0011] d) conducting a second washing of the electrode in a washing device;
[0012] e) taking out the electrode and conducting a second rinsing using the washing fluid to remove the electrode layer delaminated from the surface of the current collector;
[0013] wherein the electrode layer comprises a polymeric binder and an electrode active material.
[0014] This invention also provides for a recycling device for battery electrodes; the device can achieve the recycling method mentioned herein. The device comprises a casing, a conveying device configured within the casing, the conveying device comprising a motor, rotation axes and a conveyor belt, the conveyor belt is configured on the rotation axes, and the battery electrodes, on the conveyor belt driven by the motor, are passed through a moistening device, a first washing device, a first rinsing device, a second washing device and a second rinsing device, which are configured within the casing.
[0015] The moistening device comprises spraying components. The first washing device and / or the second washing device comprise (s) ultrasonication components. The first washing device and / or the second washing device can also comprise heating components. The first rinsing device and / or the second rinsing device comprise (s) spraying components.
[0016] Furthermore, a circulating water tank can also be configured at a side of the recycling device; the circulating water tank comprising a first circulating water tank, a second circulating water tank and a third circulating water tank. The first circulating water tank connects to the first washing device and the moistening device separately; the second circulating water tank connects to the second washing device and the first rinsing device separately; the third circulating water tank connects to the second washing device and the second rinsing device separately; and the third circulating water tank and the second circulating water tank are connected through pipework. The first circulating water tank and the second circulating water tank can be connected directly or can be connected through pipework. There can be valves in the pipework.
[0017] Furthermore, a cleaning device can also be configured in the recycling device; the cleaning device is used to clean the electrodes after passing through the second rinsing device. The cleaning device can be configured with a liquid washing method, or can be configured with an air-powered cleaning method. When the cleaning device is configured with a liquid washing method, the liquid in the cleaning device can be the washing fluid, or can be other types of liquid. The cleaning device can be configured as connecting to the third circulating water tank and the second rinsing device separately, at this time, the cleaning device is not connected to the second washing device, in order to achieve the reuse of the washing fluid. A drying device can be configured after the cleaning device to carry out drying of the washed electrode. The first circulating water tank, the second circulating water tank and the third circulating water tank can be connected through pipework, there can be valves in the pipework.
[0018] When the cleaning device is configured with an air-powered cleaning method, since at this point there is residual washing fluid remaining on the surface of the electrode, the magnitude of wind power needs to be adjusted depending on the differing specifications of the electrodes, in order to ensure the wind can blow away electrode materials resting on the surface of the current collector. The temperature of the wind can be adjusted for air-powered cleaning method, which is advantageous towards faster drying of the current collector. A room temperature low wind speed wind-blowing device is preferred for air-powered cleaning; low-speed wind will not blow away the electrodes, and metal changing shape due to thermal expansion and contraction can be prevented, as well as also decreasing the rate of metal oxidation.
[0019] Furthermore, the first washing device and / or the second washing device can be configured with heating components for heating the washing fluid; the washing fluid after being heated can also be used directly during washing.
[0020] Furthermore, the nozzle of the moistening device can be configured only above the conveyor belt. It is necessary for the first rinsing device and the second rinsing device to wash the front side and the back side of the electrode, therefore it is preferable for spraying components to be configured both above and below the conveyor belt correspondingly. In order to better wash the electrodes, the spraying components of the first rinsing device below the conveyor belt should be configured as angle-adjustable, while the other spraying components can be configured perpendicular to the conveyor belt.
[0021] To avoid overlapping of electrodes during spraying and air-powered cleaning affecting the effects of washing, baffles can be configured on the surface of the conveyor belt to limit the positioning of the electrodes.
[0022] Furthermore, an observation water tank can also be configured at a side of the recycling device. The observation water tank can be directly connected to the washing device, and can also be connected to the circulating water tank through pipework; there can be valves in the pipework. The observation water tank can be used to observe the degree of turbidity of the washing fluid. When the washing fluid is obviously turbid or the solid-liquid ratio is greater than 30%, the washing fluid needs to be replaced. If ultrasonication is adopted for washing, when the water level in the washing devices is too high, the electrodes would float on the surface of the washing fluid, which further resulting in reduced electrode washing efficiency.
[0023] Furthermore, the casing comprises a shell, the shell which has a cuboid frame structure. The shell is configured as a downward-opening rectangular cylinder; the longitudinal direction of the rectangular cylinder and the longitudinal direction of the shell are the same. The rectangular cylinder is configured with an observation window; the observation window is configured with a cover plate that can cover the observation window. The rectangular cylinder is located in the middle section of the shell and its length is shorter than the length of the shell. The cover plate is configured with a handle; the operational condition of the device can be observed by opening the cover plate, and which would facilitate the maintenance of the recycling device and the replacement of parts.
[0024] Furthermore, a control panel is configured on a side of the casing. The control panel may control the following components: power switch and a speed adjustor for the conveyor belt, power switch and a temperature adjustor for the heating components, power switch and a washing power adjustor for the washing devices, angle adjustment and water pressure adjustors for the rinsing devices, power switch for the cleaning device, wind power adjustor for the wind-blowing device, power switch and adjustor for the drying device, adjustor for baffle configuration, etc.
[0025] The method disclosed in this invention circumvents complex recycling processes, lowers recycling costs and reduces pollution of the environment, while at the same time achieving excellent electrode recycling rate and recycles battery electrodes in a highly efficient manner. In addition, batteries prepared using electrode materials recovered using the method disclosed in the present invention show excellent electrochemical performance.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0026] Figure 1 is a flow chart of an embodiment of the present invention, illustrating the steps for recycling a battery electrode as disclosed by this invention.
[0027] Figure 2 depicts the recovered current collector of Example 1 after the double-side coated positive electrode was washed using washing fluid and ultrasonic washing.
[0028] Figure 3 depicts the recovered current collector of Comparative Example 1 after the double-side coated positive electrode was washed using washing fluid and single-frequency ultrasonic washing.
[0029] Figure 4 depicts the recovered current collector of Comparative Example 11 after the double-side coated positive electrode was washed by using washing fluid and ultrasonic washing.DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0030] The method disclosed in the present invention uses ultrasound to directly separate the electrode layer (s) and the current collector, effectively increases the recovery rate, and using ultrasonication equipment is low-cost and easy to operate. The treatment method of the present invention using the washing fluid to handle electrodes can also solve environmental problems.
[0031] The term “electrode” refers to a “positive electrode” or a “negative electrode” .
[0032] The term “positive electrode” can be used interchangeably with “cathode” . Likewise, the term “negative electrode” can be used interchangeably with “anode” .
[0033] The term “polymeric binder” refers to a chemical compound, mixture of compounds, or polymer that is used to hold an electrode material and / or a conductive agent in a suitable location and adhere them onto a metal part or a current collector to form an electrode. In some embodiments, the metal part is electrically conductive or electrically non-conductive. In some embodiments, the electrode does not comprise any conductive agent. In some embodiments, the polymeric binder forms a colloid, solution or dispersion in an aqueous solvent such as water.
[0034] The term “conductive agent” refers to a material that has good electrical conductivity. Therefore, a conductive agent is often mixed with an electrode active material at the time of forming an electrode, in order to improve electrical conductivity of the electrode. In some embodiments, the conductive agent is chemically active. In some embodiments, the conductive agent is chemically inactive.
[0035] The term “polymer” refers to an aggregated compound prepared by polymerizing the same or different types of monomers. The generic term “polymer” embraces the terms “homopolymer” as well as “copolymer” .
[0036] The term “homopolymer” refers to a polymer prepared by the polymerization of the same type of monomer.
[0037] The term “copolymer” refers to a polymer prepared by the polymerization of two or more different types of monomers.
[0038] The term “ultrasound” refers to sound waves having a frequency higher than 20 kHz, which is beyond the range that human ears can hear. Ultrasound is generated by the vibration of a substance, and can only be transmitted in a medium. When ultrasound reaches a particular substance, it will cause the molecules in the substance to vibrate, resulting in the molecules gaining energy. In an embodiment, the working frequency is at least about 20 kHz. In another embodiment, the working frequency is at least about 38 kHz.
[0039] The term “cavitation” refers to the entire process of expansion, collapse and oscillation of small bubbles within a liquid under the effect of ultrasound. When the nuclei of the microscopic bubbles oscillate, and the sound pressure reaches a certain value, small vacuum bubbles would form in the liquid, and the bubbles expand rapidly. When a bubble reaches a volume that can no longer absorb energy, the bubble would collapse. As the bubble rapidly collapses, the local temperature and pressure of the liquid would increase significantly, simultaneously generating a shock wave.
[0040] The term “ultrasonicator” refers to an apparatus that can apply ultrasound energy to wash an object. An ultrasonicator emits high-frequency ultrasound to apply shock to an object, fragmenting impurities on the surface of the object such as dirt, oil, water stains and resin into small pieces, thus cleaning it. Some non-limiting examples of the ultrasonicator include an ultrasonic bath, an ultrasonic vibration plate, and an ultrasonic oscillator.
[0041] The term “ultrasonic bath” refers to an apparatus that transmits ultrasonic energy into a liquid sample through the use of an equipment which is able to produce ultrasound and installed on the container’s wall and / or at the bottom of the ultrasonic bath, or an apparatus that transmits ultrasonic energy via the container’s wall and / or bottom of the ultrasonic bath into a liquid sample through the use of an equipment which is able to produce ultrasound and installed inside the container’s wall and / or inside the bottom of the ultrasonic bath.
[0042] The term “ultrasonic oscillator” refers to an apparatus that emits ultrasound through the generation of regular vibrations.
[0043] The term “ultrasonic vibration plate” refers to an apparatus that can generate ultrasound through a plate vibrating at high frequency.
[0044] The term “constructive interference” refers to a phenomenon when two or more coherent waves meet and superimpose in a space, the resultant superimposed wave undergoes periodic change in amplitude due to the differences of the wavelength, amplitude, phase, and other properties. In superimposed areas, the region having a greater amplitude is called an “amplified region” ; the region having a smaller amplitude is called an “attenuation region” .
[0045] The term “room temperature” refers to indoor temperatures of from about 18 ℃to about 30 ℃, e.g., 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, or 30 ℃. In some embodiments, room temperature refers to a temperature of about 20 ℃ + / -1 ℃ or + / -2 ℃ or + / -3 ℃. In other embodiments, room temperature refers to a temperature of about 22 ℃ or about 25 ℃.
[0046] The term “applying” refers to an act of laying or spreading a substance on a surface.
[0047] The term “current collector” refers to any conductive substrate, which is in contact with an electrode layer and is capable of conducting an electrical current flowing to electrodes during discharging or charging of a secondary battery. Some non-limiting examples of a current collector include a single conductive metal layer or substrate and a single conductive metal layer or substrate overlaid by a conductive coating layer, such as a carbon black-based coating layer. The conductive metal layer or substrate may be in the form of a foil or a porous body having a three-dimensional network structure, and may be a polymeric or metallic material or a metalized polymer. In some embodiments, the three-dimensional porous current collector is covered with a conformal carbon layer.
[0048] The term “electrode layer” refers to a layer, in contact with a current collector, and which comprises an electrochemically active material. In some embodiments, the electrode layer is made by applying a coating onto a current collector. In some embodiments, the electrode layer is located on the surface of the current collector. In other embodiments, the three-dimensional porous current collector is coated with a conformal electrode layer.
[0049] The term “unsaturated” refers to a moiety having one or more units of unsaturation.
[0050] The term “alkyl” or “alkyl group” refers to a univalent group having the general formula CnH2n+1, derived from removing a hydrogen atom from a saturated, unbranched or branched aliphatic hydrocarbon, wherein n is an integer. Examples of alkyl groups include, but are not limited to C1-C8 alkyl groups, such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, 2-methyl-1-propyl, 2-methyl-2-propyl, 2-methyl-1-butyl, 3-methyl-1-butyl, 2-methyl-3-butyl, 2, 2-dimethyl-1-propyl, 2-methyl-1-pentyl, 3-methyl-1-pentyl, 4-methyl-1-pentyl, 2-methyl-2-pentyl, 3-methyl-2-pentyl, 4-methyl-2-pentyl, 2, 2-dimethyl-1-butyl, 3, 3-dimethyl-1-butyl, 2-ethyl-1-butyl, butyl, isobutyl, t-butyl, pentyl, isopentyl, neopentyl, hexyl, heptyl and octyl. Longer alkyl groups include nonyl and decyl groups. An alkyl group can be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more suitable substituents.
[0051] The term “cycloalkyl” or “cycloalkyl group” refers to a saturated or unsaturated cyclic non-aromatic hydrocarbon radical having a single ring or multiple condensed rings. Examples of cycloalkyl groups include, but are not limited to C3-C7 cycloalkyl groups, such as cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, and cycloheptyl; C3-C7 cycloalkenyl groups, such as cyclopropenyl, cyclobutenyl, cyclopentenyl, cyclohexenyl, and cycloheptenyl; and cyclic terpenes and bicyclic terpenes. A cycloalkyl group can be unsubstituted or substituted by one or two suitable substituents.
[0052] The term “alkoxy” refers to an alkyl group, as previously defined, attached to the principal carbon chain through an oxygen atom. Some non-limiting examples of alkoxy groups include methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, butoxy, and the like. And the alkoxy defined above may be substituted or unsubstituted, wherein the substituent may be, but is not limited to, deuterium, hydroxy, amino, halo, cyano, alkoxy, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, mercapto, nitro, and the like.
[0053] The term “alkenyl” refers to an unsaturated straight chain, branched chain, or cyclic hydrocarbon radical that contains one or more carbon-carbon double bonds. Examples of alkenyl groups include, but are not limited to, ethenyl, 1-propenyl, and 2-propenyl, which may optionally be substituted on one or more of the carbon atoms of the radical.
[0054] The term “aryl” or “aryl group” refers to an organic radical derived from a monocyclic or polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon by removing a hydrogen atom. Non-limiting examples of aryl groups include phenyl, naphthyl, benzyl, tolanyl, sexiphenyl, phenanthrenyl, anthracenyl, coronenyl, and tolanylphenyl. An aryl group can be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more suitable substituents. Furthermore, the aryl group can be monocyclic or polycyclic. In some embodiments, the aryl group contains at least 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 carbon atoms.
[0055] The term “aromatic” refers to groups comprising aromatic hydrocarbon rings, which optionally includes heteroatoms or substituents. Examples of such groups include, but are not limited to, phenyl, tolyl, biphenyl, o-terphenyl, m-terphenyl, p-terphenyl, naphthyl, anthryl, phenanthryl, pyrenyl, triphenylenyl, and derivatives thereof.
[0056] The term “substituted” as used to describe a compound or chemical moiety refers to that at least one hydrogen atom of that compound or chemical moiety is replaced with a second chemical moiety. Such second chemical moiety is called “substituent” . Examples of substituents include, but are not limited to, halogen; alkyl; heteroalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl, heteroaryl, hydroxyl; alkoxyl; amino; nitro; thiol; thioether; imine; cyano; amido; phosphonato; phosphine; carboxyl; thiocarbonyl; sulfonyl; sulfonamide; acyl; formyl; acyloxy; alkoxycarbonyl; oxo; haloalkyl (e.g., trifluoromethyl) ; carbocyclic cycloalkyl, which can be monocyclic or fused or non-fused polycyclic (e.g., cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl or cyclohexyl) or a heterocycloalkyl, which can be monocyclic or fused or non-fused polycyclic (e.g., pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, morpholinyl or thiazinyl) ; carbocyclic or heterocyclic, monocyclic or fused or non-fused polycyclic aryl (e.g., phenyl, naphthyl, pyrrolyl, indolyl, furanyl, thiophenyl, imidazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, pyrazolyl, pyridinyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, acridinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, benzimidazolyl, benzothiophenyl or benzofuranyl) ; amino (primary, secondary or tertiary) ; o-lower alkyl; o-aryl, aryl; aryl-lower alkyl; -CO2CH3; -CONH2; -OCH2CONH2; -NH2; -SO2NH2; -OCHF2; -CF3; -OCF3; –NH (alkyl) ; –N (alkyl) 2; –NH (aryl) ; –N (alkyl) (aryl) ; –N (aryl) 2; –CHO; –CO (alkyl) ; -CO (aryl) ; -CO2 (alkyl) ; and –CO2 (aryl) ; and such moieties can also be optionally substituted by a fused-ring structure or a bridge structure, for example -OCH2O-. These substituents can optionally be further substituted with a substituent selected from such groups. All chemical groups disclosed in the present invention can be substituted, unless specified otherwise.
[0057] The term “halogen” or “halo” refers to F, Cl, Br or I.
[0058] The abbreviation “ (meth) acryl-” includes both “acryl-” and “methacryl-” .
[0059] The term “monomeric unit” refers to the constitutional unit contributed by a single monomer to the structure of a polymer.
[0060] The term “structural unit” refers to the total monomeric units contributed by the same monomer type in a polymer.
[0061] The term “C rate” refers to the charging or discharging rate of a battery, expressed in terms of its total storage capacity in Ah or mAh. For example, a rate of 1 C means utilization of all of the stored energy in one hour; a 0.1 C means utilization of 10%of the energy in one hour or all the energy in 10 hours; and a 5 C means utilization of all the energy in 12 minutes.
[0062] The term “ampere-hour (Ah) ” refers to a unit used in specifying the storage capacity of a battery. For example, a battery with 1 Ah capacity can supply a current of one ampere continuously for one hour or 0.5 A continuously for two hours, etc. Therefore, 1 Ah is the equivalent of 3, 600 coulombs of electrical charge. Similarly, the term “milliampere-hour (mAh) ” also refers to a unit of the storage capacity of a battery and is 1 / 1,000 of an Ah.
[0063] The term “battery cycle life” refers to the number of complete charge / discharge cycles a battery can perform before its nominal capacity falls below 80%of its initial rated capacity.
[0064] The term “capacity” is a characteristic of an electrochemical cell, referring to the total amount of electrical charge an electrochemical cell, such as a battery, is able to hold. Capacity is typically expressed in units of ampere-hours. The term “specific capacity” refers to the capacity output of an electrochemical cell, such as a battery, per unit weight, usually expressed in Ah / kg or mAh / g.
[0065] In the following description, all numbers disclosed herein are approximate values, regardless whether the word “about” or “approximate” is used in connection therewith. They may vary by 1%, 2%, 5%, or sometimes, 10 to 20%. Whenever a numerical range with a lower limit, RL, and an upper limit, RU, is disclosed, any number falling within the range is specifically disclosed. In particular, the following numbers within the range are specifically disclosed: R=RL+k* (RU-RL) , wherein k is a variable ranging from 0%to 100%. Moreover, any numerical range defined by two R numbers as defined in the above is also specifically disclosed.
[0066] The method disclosed in the present invention can be achieved by using a battery electrode recycling device. The recycling device comprises a casing; within the casing a moistening device, washing devices, rinsing devices and a conveying device are configured. The conveying device comprises a motor, rotation axes and a conveyor belt, wherein the conveyor belt is configured on the rotation axes, and driven by the motor, the battery electrodes are transported in the casing to successively pass through the moistening device for moistening, then through the first washing device comprising the first ultrasonication components for the first ultrasonic washing, then through the first rinsing device comprising spraying components for the first rinsing, then through the second washing device comprising the second ultrasonication components for the second ultrasonic washing, and finally through the second rinsing device comprising spraying components for the second rinsing. If the washing process in the method disclosed in the present invention requires a washing fluid higher than room temperature, the heated washing fluid can be used directly, or heating components can be installed in the first washing device and / or the second washing device to heat the washing fluid.
[0067] By implementing automation to replace manual operation, the transition time between each step can be shortened, thus increasing the recovery rate and reduce the duration required for the entire process. In addition, compared to manual operation, mechanical operation has a lower error rate, and a better recycling effectiveness.
[0068] In some embodiments, in step 101, the electrode is moistened using a washing fluid.
[0069] Normally, chemical reagents would be used during the washing of electrodes. This process would necessarily release harmful substances, pollute the environment, and handling of these chemical reagents during the recycling process could be hazardous. In some embodiments, the washing fluid can be an aqueous solvent. In some embodiments, the washing fluid is an aqueous solvent comprising a major component and a minor component, wherein the major component is water; and wherein the minor component is selected from the group consisting of methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, n-propanol, tert-butanol, n-butanol, dimethyl acetamide, dimethyl formamide, N-methyl pyrrolidone, methyl ethyl ketone, ethyl acetate, butyl acetate, and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the washing fluid used in the present method is water. Some non-limiting examples of water include tap water, purified water, pure water, distilled water, de-ionized water, D2O, and combinations thereof. Compared to using chemical reagents for washing, using water can significantly reduce the harm to the environment and to the human body, thereby significantly lowering the damage to the environment and to the human body. Secondly, water is a readily available resource, economical, and does not require additional cost. In contrast, some chemical washing agents might be expensive, and are relatively high-cost to use. Lastly, using water as the washing fluid can cause the washing process to become easier; the washing will also not damage or corrode the electrodes. Therefore, using water as the washing fluid can make the washing process safer and more reliable.
[0070] The washing fluid used in the method disclosed in the present invention can be reused multiple times, until the washing fluid becomes obviously turbid or its solid-liquid ratio is greater than 30%. The used washing fluid can be filtered under pressure or through a filter membrane to obtain black powder. For a lithium iron phosphate battery electrode, black powder comprises positive electrode active materials such as lithium iron phosphate, and conductive agent such as graphite; the post-pressure filtrated liquid contains binder -aqueous binder can be recovered using precipitation agent. Therefore, the materials recovered in the method disclosed in the present invention can all be reused to produce batteries again. In addition, through simple filtration, the washing fluid can be used to wash electrodes again, thus reducing waste. When the washing fluid is water, even if discharged directly after filtration, it will not cause serious pollution to the environment, which is advantageous towards environmental protection. Therefore, the method disclosed in the present invention just needs to carry out simple filtration in order for the washing fluid to meet emission standards, without the need to additionally set up a washing fluid recycling system to purify it, saving expensive costs in buying and installing equipment.
[0071] During the moistening process, various moistening methods can be used, such as nebulization or jet spraying of the washing fluid to moisten the electrodes. The weight of the electrodes can be increased by moistening the electrodes, making the electrodes adhere to the conveyor belt, assisting the conveyor belt in conveying them into the washing fluid. Thus, the electrodes would not float on the liquid surface of the washing fluid, but is fully immersed into the washing fluid. In addition, the use of jet spraying as the means for the moistening process can also have the effect of washing the electrodes. This avoids situations in which electrodes have not been adequately processed in subsequent steps.
[0072] Regardless of what moistening method is, as long as the electrodes can be sufficiently moistened, the moistening process can be complete. For example, this can be achieved by spraying the electrodes using washing fluid or using a series of columns of washing fluid pouring from above onto the electrodes. As long as the electrodes can be sufficiently moistened, other moistening methods can also be used, but, it needs to be ensured that the electrodes do not shift position or lead to electrode creasing in the moistening process. During the process of moistening, it is of utmost importance to ensure that the surfaces of the electrodes are fully moistened in order to effectively carry out subsequent handling.
[0073] In some embodiments, atomizing nozzles are used to moisten the electrodes. Using atomizing nozzles, the washing fluid would be expelled in an atomized form, forming mist with a very small diameter. This spraying exerts a relatively small force, and would not crack the electrodes when it falls onto the electrode surface, avoids causing damage to the electrodes, and also ensures that the electrodes when moistened would not move or deviate in positions on the platform. This can effectively avoid electrodes overlapping resulting after being rinsed when carrying out subsequent steps. Supplementary treatment by hand is not required when atomizing nozzles are used, which facilitates carrying out subsequent steps.
[0074] In some embodiments, the impact force of the stream of the washing fluid can be controlled by controlling the pressure of spraying the washing fluid, adjusting the aperture of the nozzles, adjusting the height of the stream of the washing fluid, and using diffuser for the washing fluid flow, in order to prevent electrodes from displacement or deviation ensuring the electrode surfaces are moistened sufficiently.
[0075] In some embodiments, the pressure of spraying the washing fluid can be controlled by adjusting the water pressure, thereby controlling the size of the impact force. A regulating valve or pressure reducer can be used to adjust the water pressure to more conveniently control the size of the impact force. Regarding the pressure of spraying the washing fluid, it is generally adjusted within the range of 0.2 MPa to 0.5 MPa, in order to achieve a suitable moistening effect while preventing damage to the electrodes from being caused.
[0076] In some embodiments, to ensure appropriate spraying force and extent of moistening, an automatic control system can also be used to monitor and adjust the water pressure.
[0077] In some embodiments, the shape of the nozzles can be circle, or can be oval. The nozzles can be replaced or the aperture of the nozzles can be adjusted to control the flow rate and impact force of spraying of the washing fluid, in order to achieve the desired moistening effect. In some embodiments, the diameter of the nozzles is between 1 mm and 10 mm, between 1 mm and 5 mm, between 1 mm and 4 mm, between 1 mm and 3 mm, or between 1 mm and 2 mm.
[0078] In some embodiments, the impact force of the water stream can be controlled by adjusting the height of the stream of the washing fluid, thereby controlling the extent of moistening of the electrode surfaces. For the moistening method using a series of columns of washing fluid pouring from above, the impact force of the flow and the extent of moistening of the electrode surfaces can be controlled by adjusting the height from which the columns of washing fluid fall. Generally, the higher the falling height, the stronger the impact, the higher the extent of moistening. In some embodiments, the height adjustment range of the column is from 10 cm to 100 cm, from 10 cm to 90 cm, from 10 cm to 80 cm, from 10 cm to 70 cm, from 10 cm to 60 cm, from 10 cm to 50 cm, or from 10 cm to 40 cm, and which depend upon the desired impact force and extent of moistening. In some embodiments, an automatic control system can be used to monitor and adjust the height and impact force of the flow of washing fluid.
[0079] In some embodiments, a flow diffuser can be used to disperse the washing fluid flow into multiple small streams, thereby lowering the impact force of each stream, achieving a more uniform moistening effect. A flow diffuser normally includes a central hole and multiple surrounding small holes. Washing fluid is expelled from the central hole and is dispersed into multiple small streams after passing through the flow diffuser, resulting in a more uniform moistening effect. The size and number of apertures of the flow diffuser can be adjusted according to requirements, in order to achieve the desired moistening effect. Generally, smaller apertures and more holes can produce a weaker impact force and a more uniform moistening effect.
[0080] When the binder and electrode active material on the electrode surface come in contact with washing fluid, molecules in the washing fluid would penetrate into the electrode layer, preliminarily damaging the ion-dipole interactions and hydrogen bonds between the polymeric binder and the surface of current collector, and reducing the interactions between the electrode material and binder in the electrode layer. This makes the electrode material on the electrode easier to loosen in the following step of washing, which helps improve recycling efficiency.
[0081] Electrodes can be transported within the recycling device using different methods, such as a conveyor belt. In some embodiments, the speed of the conveyor belt can be 1 m / min to 10 m / min, to ensure that the electrode layer is sufficiently moistened before moving on to the next area. In some embodiments, the speed of the conveyor belt can be from 1 m / min to 9 m / min, from 1 m / min to 8 m / min, from 1 m / min to 7 m / min, from 1 m / min to 6 m / min, from 1 m / min to 5 m / min, from 1 m / min to 4 m / min, from 1 m / min to 3 m / min, or from 1 m / min to 2 m / min. In some embodiments, the speed of the conveyor belt can be less than 10 m / min, less than 9 m / min, less than 8 m / min, less than 7 m / min, less than 6 m / min, less than 5 m / min, less than 4 m / min, less than 3 m / min, or less than 2 m / min. In some embodiments, the speed of the conveyor belt can be more than 9 m / min, more than 8 m / min, more than 7 m / min, more than 6 m / min, more than 5 m / min, more than 4 m / min, more than 3 m / min, more than 2 m / min, or more than 1 m / min.
[0082] Moreover, grids can be configured on the conveyor belt, in order to allow excess washing fluid and the washed off electrode layer material to be discharged into a collector located under the conveyor belt, in order to be further reused in the system. To allow the washing fluid and electrode layer material to be discharged into the collector below, the area of grids on the conveyor belt needs to have large enough opening areas. In general, the size of the grids should be large enough, such that the washing fluid and the electrode layer material can flow through freely without being blocked. This allows the washing fluid and the electrode layer material to pass through the grids and be discharged into the collector below. At the same time, it should also be small enough, to prevent electrodes from falling into the collector. In some embodiments, the size of grids on the conveyor belt used for recycling electrodes is between a few millimeters and a few centimeters. When the size of grids on the conveyor belt is within this range, normal operation of the system can be guaranteed, and recycling efficiency can be increased.
[0083] In some embodiments, the size of the grids on the conveyor belt is from 2 mm to 3 cm, from 2 mm to 2.5 cm, from 2 mm to 2 cm, from 2 mm to 1.5 cm, from 2 mm to 1 cm, from 2 mm to 0.5 cm, from 2 mm to 0.25 cm, from 5 mm to 3 cm, from 5 mm to 2.5 cm, from 5 mm to 2 cm, from 5 mm to 1.5 cm, or from 5 mm to 1 cm. The size of the grids on the conveyor belt can be adjusted depending on the amount of washing fluid and the specifications of the electrodes, in order to ensure that the requirements for the flow rate and the discharge rate of the washing fluid are met, and the electrodes will not fall off. If the flow rate of the washing fluid is relatively high, grids with a larger opening area need to be used to ensure that water can flow through the grids into the collector below smoothly. If the water flow rate is relatively low, then grids with a smaller opening area can be used.
[0084] In some embodiments, the conveyor belt can be configured with baffles. The baffles can be configured at intervals along the operating direction of the conveyor belt, or the baffles can be configured in a cross pattern to fix the position of the electrodes, avoiding electrodes from overlapping resulting in certain areas being incapable of being effectively washed. In order to adapt to different specifications of electrodes, the baffles can be configured in a form to allow adjustment of separation distance.
[0085] In some embodiments, to prevent electrodes from floating on the surface of the washing fluid, the height of the baffles can be set by estimating the buoyancy of the electrodes. The baffles can be configured to be height-adjustable in order to adapt to different specifications of electrodes. Scale markings can also be configured on the baffles to adjust the water level of washing fluid according to the different specifications of electrodes. Other similar methods can also be used, in order to achieve the effect that the electrodes are immersed in the washing fluid when conducting ultrasonic washing.
[0086] In some embodiments, the temperature of washing fluid is from about 10℃ to about 50℃. This temperature range can provide for sufficient moistening effect, while at the same time does not require excessive energy consumption and cost incurred. Within this temperature range, the washing fluid can effectively penetrate into the surface and internals of the electrodes, remove dirt and impurities, thus ensuring the cleanliness and performance of the electrodes. In some embodiments, the washing fluid can directly be used at room temperature conditions; using at room temperature conditions can save energy, reduce costs and be more environmentally friendly. In other embodiments, the temperature of the washing fluid is from about 10℃ to about 50℃, from about 20℃ to about 40℃, from about 20℃ to about 30℃, or from about 20℃ to about 26℃. In some embodiments, the temperature of the washing fluid is lower than 50℃, lower than 45℃, lower than 40℃, lower than 35℃, lower than 30℃, lower than 25℃. In some embodiments, the temperature of the washing fluid is higher than 10℃, higher than 15℃, higher than 20℃, higher than 25℃, higher than 30℃, higher than 35℃, higher than 40℃, or higher than 45℃.
[0087] In some embodiments, in step 102, the electrodes are immersed into the washing fluid and undergo the first ultrasonic cleaning.
[0088] The conveyor belt would transfer the electrodes from one area to another area. Electrodes are sent to the first washing device configured with the first ultrasonicator via the conveyor belt. Once electrodes are immersed in the washing fluid and undergo ultrasonic washing, binder materials of the electrodes would be softened and dissolved under the action of ultrasound, thereby separating the current collector and the binder materials in the electrodes. The electrode layer materials in electrodes would then be released, and the adhesion between the current collector and the binder materials would also be destroyed, thus separating them. This process can effectively improve the recovery rate of electrode materials. If only washing fluid at room temperature is used to rinse and soak the electrodes during the entire process of recycling electrodes, and not using ultrasound, the dissolution speed of the binder in the electrodes would be very slow. This is because the energy of the washing fluid under room temperature is insufficient to destroy and break the ion-dipole interactions and hydrogen bond interactions between the polymeric binder and the surface of the current collector. In the case where ultrasound is not employed, the temperature of the washing fluid might need to be adjusted to 70 to 90℃ or even higher to dissolve part of the polymeric binder. Nonetheless, in the method disclosed in the present invention, through alternatively using the washing fluid to carry out rinsing and ultrasonic washing, even though washing fluid at room temperature is used, the electrode active material and the current collector can effectively be separated.
[0089] In some embodiments, during first ultrasonic washing, an ultrasonicator can be used. In certain embodiments, various types of ultrasonicator, such as an ultrasonic bath, a probe-type ultrasonicator, an ultrasonic flow cell, or an ultrasonic vibration plate can be used. Moreover, ultrasonic oscillators can also be used to adjust the vibration direction and the number of ultrasonic waves, in order to control the extent of constructive interference of ultrasonic waves, enhancing the electrode cleaning effect. Different embodiments can use different types of ultrasonicators to adapt to different electrode materials and washing requirements.
[0090] When performing ultrasonic washing, the frequency used by the ultrasonicator is crucial. An ultrasonicator at high frequency can produce smaller cavitation bubbles, suitable for cleaning smaller particles and surfaces. On the other hand, an ultrasonicator at low frequency can produce larger cavitation bubbles, suitable for cleaning larger particles and surfaces. As active materials in electrodes fully cover the surface of the current collector, with a relatively large area, it is preferrable to choose an ultrasonicator at lower frequency to wash electrodes in first ultrasonic washing. Although cavitation bubbles formed under low frequency are not uniform enough, the force at collapse is relatively large, enough to weaken the ion-dipole interactions and hydrogen bonds between the polymeric binder and the surface of the current collector of electrodes. This makes the active materials begin to delaminate from the current collector, which makes it easier to remove the active material in subsequent steps, achieving a more efficient and more comprehensive cleaning effect.
[0091] It should be noted that the duration and intensity of ultrasonic washing should be adjusted according to the properties of the materials and binder materials of the electrodes. If the washing time is too short or the intensity is not enough, the binder materials may not be fully separated, hence affecting the recovery rate of electrode layer materials and the current collector. Additionally, if the washing time is too long or the intensity is too strong, the electrode layer material and the current collector itself may be destroyed or damaged. Therefore, when using ultrasonication to wash electrodes, appropriate adjustment and control must be carried out to ensure the best cleaning effect.
[0092] Research has found that in the first step, the frequency of ultrasound is preferably within the range of from 20 kHz to 30 kHz. This is very effective towards washing and removing relatively larger active material particles. Combining this result and the subsequent ultrasonic washing step, results obtained would be excellent. This implies that using low-frequency ultrasound to wash larger active material particles is very effective because low-frequency ultrasound is able to produce larger cavitation bubbles; these bubbles can come into contact with larger particles and separate them from the electrode surfaces. In some embodiments, the frequency used by the ultrasonicator to carry out first ultrasonic washing is from about 20 kHz to about 30 kHz, from about 20 kHz to about 25 kHz, or from about 25 kHz to about 30 kHz. In some embodiments, the frequency used by the ultrasonicator to carry out first ultrasonic washing is less than 30 kHz, less than 29 kHz, less than 28 kHz, less than 27 kHz, less than 26 kHz, less than 25 kHz, less than 24 kHz, less than 23 kHz, less than 22 kHz, or less than 21 kHz. In some embodiments, the frequency used by the ultrasonicator to carry out ultrasonic washing is greater than 20 kHz, greater than 21 kHz, greater than 22 kHz, greater than 23 kHz, greater than 24 kHz, greater than 25 kHz, greater than 26 kHz, greater than 27 kHz, greater than 28 kHz, or greater than 29 kHz.
[0093] In some embodiments, the ultrasonicator can be fixed-frequency, which implies that the change in variables is controlled by changing the electrical current. Theoretically, the greater the electrical current, the greater the power, and the better the cleaning effect. This can be explained through the following formulae: P=VI E∝ω2A2
[0094] Power of the ultrasonicator is proportional to electrical current. With the increase in input power, the ultrasonic energy released would also increase. According to the wave equation, the amplitude (A) of ultrasonic waves increases with increase in energy (E) , and energy is proportional to the square of the angular frequency (ω) .
[0095] Therefore, it can be deduced that high-amplitude ultrasound would give rise to significant forward radiation when propagated in the washing fluid, causing liquid flow. This flow would cause the formation of thousands of tiny bubbles that have a diameter between 50 μm and 500 μm; these bubbles vibrate vigorously under the effect of the sonic field. These bubbles grow in the negative pressure region where the ultrasound propagates longitudinally, but would expand rapidly and suddenly collapse in the positive pressure region, creating shock waves, and generating thousands of atmospheres (atm) in the surroundings. It should be noted that, if the amplitude of the ultrasound is too high, enormous, high-energy bubbles might be produced, which may produce huge shock waves that could disintegrate the metallic electrodes. Thus, when supplying power to the ultrasonicator, care must be taken to control the electrical current, to ensure that the ultrasonicator is operated at critical current.
[0096] Figure 4 depicts the recovered current collector of Comparative Example 11 after the double-side coated positive electrode was washed by using washing fluid and ultrasonic washing. When performing ultrasonic washing, the ultrasonicator used an electrical current of 6 A.It can be observed that the edge portions of the current collector are not smooth. This implies that the electrical current used by the ultrasonicator is too large, resulting in the current collector edges being unable to withstand the excessive energy and thus disintegrating, in turn lowering the recovery rate.
[0097] Therefore, the value of electrical current should be adjusted according to the specific washing requirements in order to obtain the best washing effect. The current used by the ultrasonicator carrying out first ultrasonic washing is from about 2 A to about 5 A. In certain embodiments, the current used by the ultrasonicator carrying out first ultrasonic cleaning is from about 2 A to about 4.5 A, from about 2 A to about 4 A, from about 2 A to about 3.5 A, from about 2 A to about 3 A, from about 2 A to about 2.5 A, from about 2.5 A to about 5 A, from about 2.5 A to about 4.5 A, from about 2.5 A to about 4 A, from about 2.5 A to about 3.5 A, from about 2.5 A to about 3 A, from about 3 A to about 5 A, from about 3 A to about 4.5 A, from about 3 A to about 4 A, from about 3 A to about 3.5 A, from about 3.5 A to about 5 A, from about 3.5 A to about 4.5 A, from about 3.5 A to about 4 A, from about 4 A to about 5 A, from about 4 A to about 4.5 A, or from about 4.5 A to about 5 A.
[0098] In some embodiments, the current used by the ultrasonicator carrying out first ultrasonic cleaning is smaller than 5 A, smaller than 4.5 A, smaller than 4 A, smaller than 3.5 A, smaller than 3 A, or smaller than 2.5 A. In some embodiments, the current used by the ultrasonicator carrying out first ultrasonic cleaning is larger than 2 A, larger than 2.5 A, larger than 3 A, larger than 3.5 A, larger than 4 A, or larger than 4.5 A.
[0099] The time taken for immersion of the electrodes into the washing fluid for ultrasonic washing is crucial in attaining full delamination of the electrode active material from the metallic current collector. When the electrode is ultrasonicated for an insufficient amount of time, the aqueous solvent contained in the washing fluid might not have sufficient time to destabilize, disrupt and break the ion-dipole interactions and hydrogen bonds that are initially formed between the coating and the metallic current collector surface to the extent that complete delamination of the electrode active material is achieved. However, when electrode is washed using ultrasonication for a prolonged period of time, due to the extended time in contact with the washing fluid, corrosion of the metallic current collector might occur. Therefore, the duration of ultrasonic washing has to be controlled according to the properties of the electrode materials to obtain the optimal washing effect and prevent potential metal corrosion problems.
[0100] In some embodiments, the duration the electrodes are immersed into the washing fluid for first ultrasonic washing is preferably from about 20 seconds to about 40 seconds. In some embodiments, the duration of first ultrasonic washing is from about 20 seconds to about 35 seconds, from about 20 seconds to about 30 seconds, from about 20 seconds to about 25 seconds, from about 25 seconds to about 40 seconds, from about 25 seconds to about 35 seconds, from about 25 seconds to about 30 seconds, from about 30 seconds to about 40 seconds, from about 30 seconds to about 35 seconds, or from about 35 seconds to about 40 seconds. In some embodiments, the duration of first ultrasonic washing is less than 40 seconds, less than 35 seconds, less than 30 seconds, less than 25 seconds, or less than 20 seconds. In some embodiments, the duration of first ultrasonic washing is more than 20 seconds, more than 25 seconds, more than 30 seconds, or more than 35 seconds.
[0101] In this process, the duration of ultrasonic washing can be controlled by adjusting the speed of the conveyor belt in order to increase the efficiency of recycling and reuse. When performing washing using first ultrasonication, the speed of the conveyor belt can be the speed when the electrode is being moistened.
[0102] Generally, the higher the temperature of the washing fluid, the better the effect of dissolving binder. However, it was experimentally determined that increasing the washing fluid to above room temperature and using it to carry out rinsing and ultrasonic washing of the electrodes did not improve the effect of separating the electrode active material and the current collector. Instead, with increasing washing fluid temperature, more electrode materials would remain on the current collector. This is because the temperature of the washing fluid would affect the cavitation phenomenon caused by ultrasound. With increasing washing fluid temperature, the surface tension of liquid decreases, making cavitation bubbles within collapse more easily. When the bubbles collapse, maximum temperature and pressure are not reached, so cavitation intensity and the impact force of the cavitation bubbles are reduced, which weakens the washing effect at the same time. In some embodiments, when performing first ultrasonic washing, the temperature of the washing fluid which the electrode is immersed into is at room temperature. In some embodiments, when performing the first ultrasonic washing, the temperature of the washing fluid which the electrode is immersed into is from about 10℃ to about 50℃.
[0103] After completing the first ultrasonic washing, the electrodes are sent away from the first washing device by the conveyor belt to proceed to the next processing step. Hydraulic nozzles having higher power can be used to rinse the electrode layer instead of only spraying. In some embodiments, in step 103, after first ultrasonic treatment, the electrodes are hydraulically jet sprayed with washing fluid to remove the electrode layer on the current collector. In some embodiments, the nozzles used in the first rinsing are shower-type nozzles. Using shower-type nozzles can enlarge the extent of washing fluid jet spraying, allowing the washing fluid to cover the electrodes evenly, achieving a complete washing effect.
[0104] The washing fluid expelled from the shower-type nozzles during the first rinsing has a greater force compared to the washing fluid expelled from the atomizing nozzles used during moistening. After the electrodes undergo ultrasonic washing, although active materials are separated out from the current collector, some would still adhere onto the surface of the current collector. Using a stronger water pressure can provide sufficient force for the expelled liquid to wash away the active materials on the surface of the current collector, thus achieving a more thorough washing effect. Furthermore, when using nozzles to expel washing fluid, care must be taken that the water pressure cannot be too high to damage the electrodes. There are no particular limitations to the number of nozzles used, but the washing fluid expelled should be able to evenly cover the electrode surface in order to effectively remove the electrode coating from the surface of the current collector of the electrode.
[0105] The impact force of hydraulic jet spraying can be controlled by controlling the height of jet spraying to effectively remove the coating on the surface of the current collector of the electrode. When the flow is jet sprayed from a certain height onto the surface of the current collector of the electrode, a certain amount of impact force will be produced. This force can delaminate the coating from the surface of the current collector. By adjusting the height of jet spraying, the amount of impact force can be adjusted in order to adapt to different process requirements.
[0106] The nozzles are configured perpendicular to the conveyor belt. In some embodiments, the impact force can be controlled by adjusting the angle of the nozzles. The nozzles configured under the conveyor belt are preferably inclined along the moving direction of the conveyor belt, the angle of inclination being within the range of 5 degrees to 45 degrees. This method of configuration is very effective in washing the side of the electrodes close to the conveyor belt, and can effectively reduce the occurrence of creasing of the electrodes due to impact force. In some embodiments, the angle of inclination of the nozzles is from about 5 degrees to about 40 degrees, from about 5 degrees to about 30 degrees, from about 5 degrees to about 20 degrees, from about 5 degrees to about 10 degrees, from about 10 degrees to about 40 degrees, from about 10 degrees to about 30 degrees, from about 10 degrees to about 15 degrees, from about 15 degrees to about 40 degrees, from about 15 degrees to about 30 degrees, from about 15 degrees to about 20 degrees, from about 20 degrees to about 40 degrees, from about 20 degrees to about 25 degrees, from about 25 degrees to about 40 degrees, from about 25 degrees to about 30 degrees, from about 30 degrees to about 40 degrees, from about 30 degrees to about 35 degrees, from about 35 degrees to about 40 degrees, or from about 40 degrees to about 45 degrees. In some embodiments, the angle of inclination of the nozzles is smaller than 45 degrees, smaller than 40 degrees, smaller than 35 degrees, smaller than 30 degrees, smaller than 25 degrees, smaller than 20 degrees, smaller than 15 degrees, or smaller than 10 degrees. In some embodiments, the angle of inclination of the nozzles is larger than 5 degrees, larger than 10 degrees, larger than 15 degrees, larger than 20 degrees, larger than 25 degrees, larger than 30 degrees, larger than 35 degrees, or larger than 40 degrees.
[0107] Research has discovered the method of only using ultrasonic treatment once is not sufficient to fully remove the electrode coating. Although subsequent washing can help remove part of the coating, some coating would still remain on the surface of the current collector of the electrode. Therefore, it is necessary to perform a second ultrasonic treatment to further remove remaining coating. This method can improve the efficiency in removing the coating, while at the same time this gentle recycling process would not cause damage to the electrode materials, hence the properties of the electrode materials themselves would essentially be not affected. Electrode materials after washing and recycling can be directly used to constitute new electrodes, and do not require further chemical processing. Batteries prepared using recycled electrode materials, as compared to batteries prepared from new materials, are comparable in terms of chemical properties. Therefore, this method of recycling electrode materials is able to effectively reduce waste from the battery production process, and at the same time of significantly reducing waste of materials, also lowering production costs.
[0108] In some embodiments, in step 104, the electrodes are immersed into the washing fluid and undergo the second ultrasonic washing.
[0109] In some embodiments, the ultrasonicator used in second ultrasonic washing is the same as that in first ultrasound washing. In some embodiments, the ultrasonicator used in second ultrasonic washing is different from that in first ultrasonic washing.
[0110] Generally, when using ultrasound for washing, increasing the power of the ultrasonicator would increase the energy of the ultrasound, which enhances the cleaning effect. However, if the particles which need to be removed are relatively small, even if the power is continuously increased, effective cleaning cannot be achieved. This is because the cavitation bubbles formed under low frequency are larger but the fewer in number, which would be difficult to contact with the small particles, so they cannot be completely removed. This problem can be solved by increasing the frequency of ultrasound. When ultrasound frequency is elevated, the cavitation bubbles formed are smaller but greater in number, easier to contact with the smaller active material particles, and separating them from the electrode surface. This also implies that washing with only single frequency used cannot remove all active material. Using low-frequency ultrasound alone can only remove larger and more stubborn particles, while using high-frequency ultrasound alone can only wash finer particles. Therefore, using ultrasonic washing in two stages is required, firstly using low-frequency ultrasonic washing, then followed by high-frequency ultrasonic washing. Since after moistening, first ultrasonic washing and the first rinsing of the electrode, large active material particles on the electrode surface have already been removed, leaving only some fine active material particles adhered to the electrode surface. Therefore, compared to first ultrasonic washing, using a high frequency in second ultrasonic washing would completely remove small particles and achieve a better cleaning effect.
[0111] It is very important to use two different frequencies of ultrasound to carry out washing because this can effectively remove active material particles of different sizes, thus achieving a better cleaning effect. In some embodiments, the frequency used by the ultrasonicator during second ultrasonic washing is from about 35 kHz to about 45 kHz, from about 35 kHz to about 40 kHz, or from about 40 kHz to about 45 kHz. In some embodiments, the frequency used by the ultrasonicator during second ultrasonic washing is less than 45 kHz, less than 44 kHz, less than 43 kHz, less than 42 kHz, less than 41 kHz, less than 40 kHz, less than 39 kHz, less than 38 kHz, less than 37 kHz, or less than 36 kHz. In some embodiments, the frequency used by the ultrasonicator during second ultrasonic washing is greater than 35 kHz, greater than 36 kHz, greater than 37 kHz, greater than 38 kHz, greater than 39 kHz, greater than 40 kHz, greater than 41 kHz, greater than 42 kHz, greater than 43 kHz, or greater than 44 kHz. High-frequency ultrasound is used to carry out second washing to remove smaller particles, and thereby further enhancing the washing effect.
[0112] Figure 3 depicts the recovered current collector of Comparative Example 1 after the double-side coated positive electrode was washed using washing fluid and single frequency ultrasonication. Circulating water at 20℃ is used as the washing fluid, and ultrasonic washing was only performed once. However, the electrode material can still be observed adhering firmly onto the current collector. This shows that using only a single-frequency to carry out ultrasonic washing cannot achieve effective electrode recycling.
[0113] In second ultrasonic washing, the current used can be the same or smaller than that in first ultrasonic washing. If ultrasound of higher frequency is used to perform the second washing, good washing effect can still be achieved even with smaller current used.
[0114] As most of the electrode materials and other electrode materials have already been removed during first ultrasonic washing, the duration which the electrodes can remain in the ultrasonic washing bath during second ultrasonic washing can therefore be the same or shorter than that of first ultrasonic washing. This is because only relatively small particles need to be removed during second ultrasonic washing, which compared to first ultrasonic washing would require a shorter duration for washing. If the washing time of second ultrasonic washing is too long, this might lead to the current collectors of the electrodes getting damaged or over-cleaned. In some embodiments, the duration the electrodes are immersed into the washing fluid for second ultrasonic washing is from about 20 seconds to about 25 seconds, from about 20 seconds to about 24 seconds, from about 20 seconds to about 23 seconds, from about 21 seconds to about 25 seconds, from about 21 seconds to about 24 seconds, or from about 22 seconds to about 25 seconds. In some embodiments, the duration the electrodes are immersed into the washing fluid for second ultrasonic washing is less than 25 seconds, less than 24 seconds, less than 23 seconds, less than 22 seconds, or less than 21 seconds. In some embodiments, the duration the electrodes are immersed into the washing fluid for second ultrasonic washing is more than 20 seconds, more than 21 seconds, more than 22 seconds, more than 23 seconds, or more than 24 seconds.
[0115] In some embodiments, in step 105, the electrodes are taken out and undergo a second rinsing using washing fluid. After the second rinsing of the electrodes, it was found that the surfaces of the electrode current collectors were very clean and no cathode material was adhered onto it. This shows that using the technique of hydraulic jet spraying to wash electrodes is a very effective method. In some embodiments, the method used to rinse the electrodes the second time is the same as the method used in the first rinsing. In some embodiments, the method used to rinse the electrodes the second time is different from the method used in the first rinsing.
[0116] In some embodiments, the washing device expels the washing fluid at high pressure through nozzles using a pump. The reaction force of the flow causes the washing fluid to swirl at high speed, allowing the flow to reach every corner of the washing device. Through the "peeling effect" generated by the behavior of the liquid in motion, when the washing fluid flows over an electrode surface at a certain speed, electrode materials adhered to the electrode surface are carried away, thus achieving the washing effect. In this embodiment, the nozzles are configured at different positions in the washing device to have full coverage of the electrodes, and a multi-dimensional spraying method is used to ensure that the washing fluid can evenly rinse the electrodes, such that at the same time as having achieved comprehensive washing, electrode displacing or overlapping is not caused.
[0117] In some embodiments, it is preferable for the washing device to be an impeller-type washing system. This means an impeller is configured beneath the machine frame; the impeller is linked to the motor. During operation, the motor drives the impeller to rotate at high speed, causing the water within the water tank to splash upwards with the impeller, thereby facilitating the purpose of washing electrodes. In this embodiment, the electrodes need to be fixed in place, the fixing method can use stainless-steel mesh to prevent electrode displacement due to splashing of the washing fluid. The lower section of the impeller-type washing device requires the incorporation of a drainage trough, or the washing device should have the lower section configured to be conical in shape to prevent water from submerging the impeller. Moreover, adopting impeller-type washing also enables air agitation using the impeller to conduct drying of the electrodes after washing.
[0118] While electrodes are undergoing the peeling process under the method disclosed in the present invention, the electrodes would not move or change their positions, mitigating the potential impact of electrodes overlapping on peeling efficiency. Although, in the electrode layer removal process, ultrasonic washing and hydraulic jet spraying methods to wash electrodes may exert relatively large forces on the electrodes, leading to displacement or positional changes of the electrodes, resulting in the electrodes overlapping and affecting peeling efficiency, however, the method disclosed in the present invention would not apply too much force on the electrodes. Even if relatively large force is applied, using baffles to separate the electrodes can also maintain relatively stable positioning, consequently preventing the issue of electrodes overlapping, ensuring the stability and reliability of peeling efficiency. This outcome is extremely important, as maintaining the stability and positioning of the electrodes is very crucial for effective peeling. The method disclosed in the present invention can effectively solve this problem, providing a more reliable solution for the peeling process.
[0119] In some embodiments, the method disclosed in the present invention can further comprise a step 106 to blow-dry the washed electrodes. Research has shown, some electrode materials may still be loosely adhered onto the current collector surface, which can be removed by mechanical methods such as gently wiping the current collector surface. Therefore, a blow-drying method would employ a room temperature and low wind speed washing method to clean the current collector surfaces of the electrodes, and remove loosely adhered materials from the surfaces. To blow away electrode materials floating on the surface from the current collectors without damaging the electrodes, the wind speed of the drying device can be adjusted within the range of 13 km / h to 30 km / h. Using wind at room temperature can prevent deformation of metal due to thermal expansion and contraction, as well as slow down the rate of metal oxidation. This method can effectively remove loosely adhered materials from the surfaces, ensuring the cleanliness of the current collectors of the electrodes.
[0120] Figure 2 depicts the recovered current collector of Example 1 after the double-side coated positive electrode was washed using washing fluid and ultrasonication alternately. Observation results indicate, there are no residues of any active materials on the recovered current collector, and the surface of the current collector is smooth, edges are even, without being subjected to any damage. This demonstrates the outstanding performance of the present invention in terms of washing effect.
[0121] Electrodes are usually composed of an electrode current collector and an electrode layer coated on one side or both sides of it, wherein the electrode layer usually comprises a binder, an active material and a conductive agent. The method disclosed in the present invention is suitable for recycling electrodes of secondary batteries. During manufacturing of cathode electrodes, choosing a suitable binder is especially important, because a binder composed of different types of monomers and the respective proportions of the monomers not only significantly affects the performance displayed by the batteries, it may even affect the solubility of the binder during the recycling process. Different types of binders exhibit different chemical and physical properties, including strength, viscosity, and chemical stability, etc. These properties directly affect the uniformity, stability, and electrical conductivity of an electrode layer, thereby affecting the performance and lifespan of batteries. Selecting the appropriate binder can enhance the performance and reliability of batteries, at the same time also facilitating the recycling and reuse of the batteries.
[0122] In some embodiments, the polymeric binder is an aqueous binder. The binder comprises a copolymer and a dispersing medium, wherein the copolymer comprises a structural unit (a) , a structural unit (b) and a structural unit (c) . Each component, the composition thereof and proportions thereof in the binder are all crucial. The present invention has discovered that using a binder with a specific composition can enhance the performance and lifespan of batteries, and can also facilitate the recycling and reuse of the batteries. This specific composition of binder exhibits higher chemical and physical stability, which can ensure the uniformity and stability of electrode layers, thereby increasing the energy density and cycle life of batteries. The specific composition of binder can also facilitate the separation and reuse of electrode materials during the recycling process. Therefore, careful control of the binder content and proportions during the electrode preparation process is necessary, in order to ensure that the electrodes possess excellent performance and recyclability.
[0123] Structural unit (a) is derived from a monomer containing an acid group. In some embodiments, the acid group is selected from the group consisting of carboxylic acid, sulfonic acid, sulfuric acid, phosphonic acid, phosphoric acid, nitric acid, and combinations thereof. The acids listed above also include their salts and derivatives.
[0124] In some embodiments, the carboxylic acid is acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, crotonic acid, 2-butyl crotonic acid, cinnamic acid, maleic acid, maleic anhydride, fumaric acid, itaconic acid, itaconic anhydride, tetraconic acid or a combination thereof. In certain embodiments, the carboxylic acid is 2-ethylacrylic acid, isocrotonic acid, cis-2-pentenoic acid, trans-2-pentenoic acid, angelic acid, tiglic acid, 3, 3-dimethyl acrylic acid, 3-propyl acrylic acid, trans-2-methyl-3-ethyl acrylic acid, cis-2-methyl-3-ethyl acrylic acid, 3-isopropyl acrylic acid, trans-3-methyl-3-ethyl acrylic acid, cis-3-methyl-3-ethyl acrylic acid, 2-isopropyl acrylic acid, trimethyl acrylic acid, 2-methyl-3, 3-diethyl acrylic acid, 3-butyl acrylic acid, 2-butyl acrylic acid, 2-pentyl acrylic acid, 2-methyl-2-hexenoic acid, trans-3-methyl-2-hexenoic acid, 3-methyl-3-propyl acrylic acid, 2-ethyl-3-propyl acrylic acid, 2, 3-diethyl acrylic acid, 3, 3-diethyl acrylic acid, 3-methyl-3-hexyl acrylic acid, 3-methyl-3-tert-butyl acrylic acid, 2-methyl-3-pentyl acrylic acid, 3-methyl-3-pentyl acrylic acid, 4-methyl-2-hexenoic acid, 4-ethyl-2-hexenoic acid, 3-methyl-2-ethyl-2-hexenoic acid, 3-tert-butyl acrylic acid, 2, 3-dimethyl-3-ethyl acrylic acid, 3, 3-dimethyl-2-ethyl acrylic acid, 3-methyl-3-isopropyl acrylic acid, 2-methyl-3-isopropyl acrylic acid, trans-2-octenoic acid, cis-2-octenoic acid, trans-2-decenoic acid, α-acetoxyacrylic acid, β-trans-aryloxyacrylic acid, α-chloro-β-E-methoxyacrylic acid or a combination thereof.
[0125] In some embodiments, the carboxylic acid is methyl maleic acid, dimethyl maleic acid, phenyl maleic acid, bromo maleic acid, chloromaleic acid, dichloromaleic acid, fluoromaleic acid, difluoro maleic acid, nonyl hydrogen maleate, decyl hydrogen maleate, dodecyl hydrogen maleate, octadecyl hydrogen maleate, fluoroalkyl hydrogen maleate or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, carboxylic acid is maleic anhydride, methyl maleic anhydride, dimethyl maleic anhydride, acrylic anhydride, methacrylic anhydride, methacrolein, methacryloyl chloride, methacryloyl fluoride, methacryloyl bromide, or a combination thereof.
[0126] In some embodiments, the sulfonic acid is vinylsulfonic acid, methylvinylsulfonic acid, allylvinylsulfonic acid, allylsulfonic acid, methallylsulfonic acid, styrenesulfonic acid, 2-sulfoethyl methacrylic acid, 2-methylprop-2-ene-1-sulfonic acid, 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propane sulfonic acid, 3-allyloxy-2-hydroxy-1-propane sulfonic acid, or a combination thereof.
[0127] In some embodiments, the sulfuric acid is allyl hydrogen sulfate, vinyl hydrogensulfate, 4-allyl phenol sulphate, or a combination thereof.
[0128] In some embodiments, the phosphonic acid is vinyl phosphonic acid, allyl phosphonic acid, vinyl benzyl phosphonic acid, acrylamide alkyl phosphonic acid, methacrylamide alkyl phosphonic acid, acrylamide alkyl diphosphonic acid, acryloylphosphonic acid, 2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphonic acid, bis (2-methacryloyloxyethyl) phosphonic acid, ethylene 2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphonic acid, ethyl-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphonic acid, or a combination thereof.
[0129] In some embodiments, the phosphoric acid is mono (2-acryloyloxyethyl) phosphate, mono (2-methacryloyloxyethyl) phosphate, diphenyl (2-acryloyloxyethyl) phosphate, diphenyl (2-methacryloyloxyethyl) phosphate, phenyl (2-acryloyloxyethyl) phosphate, phosphoxyethyl methacrylate, 3-chloro-2-phosphoryloxy propyl methacrylate, phosphoryloxy poly (ethylene glycol) monomethacrylate, phosphoryloxy poly (propylene glycol) methacrylate, (meth) acryloyloxyethyl phosphate, (meth) acryloyloxypropyl phosphate, (meth) acryloyloxy-2-hydroxypropyl phosphate, (meth) acryloyloxy-3-hydroxypropyl phosphate, (meth) acryloyloxy-3-chloro-2 hydroxypropyl phosphate, allyl hydrogen phosphate, vinyl hydrogen phosphate, allyl hydrogen pyrophosphate, vinyl hydrogen pyrophosphate, allyl hydrogen tripolyphosphate, vinyl hydrogen tripolyphosphate, allyl hydrogen tetrapolyphosphate, vinyl hydrogen tetrapolyphosphate, allyl hydrogen trimetaphosphate, vinyl hydrogen trimetaphosphate, isopentenyl phosphate, isopentenyl pyrophosphate, or a combination thereof.
[0130] In some embodiments, the nitric acid is allyl hydrogen nitrate, ethenyl hydrogen nitrate, or a combination thereof.
[0131] In some embodiments, the proportion of structural unit (a) in the copolymer is from about 15%to about 50%, from about 15%to about 48%, from about 15%to about 45%, from about 15%to about 42%, from about 15%to about 40%, from about 15%to about 38%, from about 15%to about 35%, from about 15%to about 32%, from about 15%to about 30%, from about 15%to about 28%, from about 15%to about 25%, from about 20%to about 50%, from about 20%to about 48%, from about 20%to about 45%, from about 20%to about 42%, from about 20%to about 40%, from about 20%to about 38%, from about 20%to about 35%, from about 20%to about 32%, from about 20%to about 30%, from about 25%to about 50%, from about 25%to about 48%, from about 25%to about 45%, from about 25%to about 42%, from about 25%to about 40%, from about 25%to about 38%, from about 25%to about 35%, from about 30%to about 50%, from about 30%to about 48%, from about 30%to about 45%, from about 30%to about 42%, or from about 30%to about 40%by mole, based on the total number of moles of monomeric units in the copolymer in the binder composition.
[0132] In some embodiments, the proportion of structural unit (a) in the copolymer is less than 50%, less than 48%, less than 45%, less than 42%, less than 40%, less than 38%, less than 35%, less than 32%, less than 30%, less than 28%, less than 25%, less than 22%, less than 20%, or less than 18%by mole, based on the total number of moles of monomeric units in the copolymer in the binder composition. In some embodiments, the proportion of structural unit (a) in the copolymer is more than 15%, more than 18%, more than 20%, more than 22%, more than 25%, more than 28%, more than 30%, more than 32%, more than 35%, more than 38%, more than 40%, more than 42%, more than 45%, or more than 48%by mole, based on the total number of moles of monomeric units in the copolymer in the binder composition.
[0133] Structural unit (b) is derived from a monomer selected from the group consisting of an amide group-containing monomer, a hydroxyl group-containing monomer, and combinations thereof.
[0134] In some embodiments, the amide group-containing monomer is acrylamide, methacrylamide, N-methyl methacrylamide, N-ethyl methacrylamide, N-n-propyl methacrylamide, N-isopropyl methacrylamide, isopropyl acrylamide, N-n-butyl methacrylamide, N-isobutyl methacrylamide, N, N-dimethyl acrylamide, N, N-dimethyl methacrylamide, N, N-diethyl acrylamide, N, N-diethyl methacrylamide, N-methylol methacrylamide, N-(methoxymethyl) methacrylamide, N- (ethoxymethyl) methacrylamide, N-(propoxymethyl) methacrylamide, N- (butoxymethyl) methacrylamide, N, N-dimethylaminopropyl methacrylamide, N, N-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylamide, N, N-dimethylol methacrylamide, diacetone methacrylamide, diacetone acrylamide, methacryloyl morpholine, N-hydroxyl methacrylamide, N-methoxymethyl acrylamide, N-methoxymethyl methacrylamide, N, N’-methylene-bis-acrylamide (MBA) , N-hydroxymethyl acrylamide or a combination thereof.
[0135] In some embodiments, the hydroxyl group-containing monomer is an acrylate or methacrylate containing a C1-C20 alkyl group or C5-C20 cycloalkyl group that has a hydroxyl group. In some embodiments, the hydroxyl group-containing monomer is 2-hydroxyethylacrylate, 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate, 2-hydroxypropyl acrylate, 2-hydroxypropyl methacrylate, 2-hydroxybutyl methacrylate, 3-hydroxypropylacrylate, 3-hydroxypropylmethacrylate, 4-hydroxybutyl methacrylate, 5-hydroxypentylacrylate, 6-hydroxyhexyl methacrylate, 1, 4-cyclohexanedimethanol mono (meth) acrylate, 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl methacrylate, diethylene glycol mono (meth) acrylate, allyl alcohol, or a combination thereof.
[0136] In some embodiments, the proportion of structural unit (b) in the copolymer is from about 4%to about 25%, from about 4%to about 24%, from about 4%to about 23%, from about 4%to about 22%, from about 4%to about 21%, from about 4%to about 20%, from about 4%to about 19%, from about 4%to about 18%, from about 4%to about 17%, from about 4%to about 16%, from about 4%to about 15%, from about 4%to about 14%, from about 4%to about 13%, from about 7%to about 25%, from about 7%to about 24%, from about 7%to about 23%, from about 7%to about 22%, from about 7%to about 21%, from about 7%to about 20%, from about 7%to about 19%, from about 7%to about 18%, from about 7%to about 17%, from about 7%to about 16%, from about 7%to about 15%, from about 10%to about 25%, from about 10%to about 24%, from about 10%to about 23%, from about 10%to about 22%, from about 10%to about 21%, from about 10%to about 20%, from about 10%to about 19%, from about 10%to about 18%, from about 10%to about 17%, from about 10%to about 16%, from about 10%to about 15%, from about 13%to about 25%, from about 13%to about 24%, from about 13%to about 23%, from about 13%to about 22%, from about 13%to about 21%, from about 13%to about 20%, from about 15%to about 25%, from about 15%to about 24%, from about 15%to about 23%, from about 15%to about 22%, from about 15%to about 21%, or from about 15%to about 20%by mole, based on the total number of moles of monomeric units in the copolymer in the binder composition.
[0137] In some embodiments, the proportion of structural unit (b) in the copolymer is less than 25%, less than 24%, less than 23%, less than 22%, less than 21%, less than 20%, less than 19%, less than 18%, less than 17%, less than 16%, less than 15%, less than 14%, less than 13%, less than 12%, less than 11%, less than 10%, less than 9%, less than 8%, less than 7%, less than 6%, or less than 5%by mole, based on the total number of moles of monomeric units in the copolymer in the binder composition. In some embodiments, the proportion of structural unit (b) in the copolymer is more than 4%, more than 5%, more than 6%, more than 7%, more than 8%, more than 9%, more than 10%, more than 11%, more than 12%, more than 13%, more than 14%, more than 15%, more than 16%, more than 17%, more than 18%, more than 19%, more than 20%, more than 21%, more than 22%, more than 23%, or more than 24%by mole, based on the total number of moles of monomeric units in the copolymer in the binder composition.
[0138] Structural unit (c) is derived from a monomer selected from the group consisting of a nitrile group-containing monomer, an ether group-containing monomer, an epoxy group-containing monomer, a carbonyl group-containing monomer, a fluorine-containing monomer, and combinations thereof.
[0139] In some embodiments, the nitrile group-containing monomer includes α, β-ethylenically unsaturated nitrile monomers. In some embodiments, the nitrile group-containing monomer is acrylonitrile, α-halogenoacrylonitrile, α-alkylacrylonitrile or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the nitrile group-containing monomer is α-chloroacrylonitrile, α-bromoacrylonitrile, α-fluoroacrylonitrile, methacrylonitrile, α-ethylacrylonitrile, α-isopropylacrylonitrile, α-n-hexylacrylonitrile, α-methoxyacrylonitrile, 3-methoxyacrylonitrile, 3-ethoxyacrylonitrile, α-acetoxyacrylonitrile, α-phenylacrylonitrile, α-tolylacrylonitrile, α- (methoxyphenyl) acrylonitrile, α- (chlorophenyl) acrylonitrile, α- (cyanophenyl) acrylonitrile, vinylidene cyanide, or a combination thereof.
[0140] In some embodiments, the ether group-containing monomer is vinyl ether, allyl ether, allyl vinyl ether, allyl glycidyl ether, 2H-hexafluoro isopropyl allyl ether, hydroxypolyethoxy (10) allyl ether, allyl phenethyl ether, ethyl vinyl ether, propyl vinyl ether, n-butyl vinyl ether, or a combination thereof.
[0141] In some embodiments, the epoxy group-containing monomer is vinyl glycidyl ether, allyl glycidyl ether, allyl 2, 3-epoxypropyl ether, butenyl glycidyl ether, butadiene monoepoxide, chloroprene monoepoxide, 3, 4-epoxy-1-butene, 4, 5-epoxy-2-pentene, 3, 4-epoxy-1-vinylcyclohexane, 1, 2-epoxy-4-vinylcyclohexane, 3, 4-epoxy cyclohexylethylene, epoxy-4-vinylcyclohexene, 1, 2-epoxy-5, 9-cyclododecadiene, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the epoxy group-containing monomer is 1, 2-epoxy-5-hexene, 1, 2-epoxy-9-decene, glycidyl acrylate, glycidyl methacrylate, glycidyl crotonate, glycidyl 2, 4-dimethyl pentenoate, glycidyl 4-hexenoate, glycidyl 4-heptenoate, glycidyl 5-methyl-4-heptenoate, glycidyl sorbate, glycidyl linoleate, glycidyl oleate, glycidyl 3-butenoate, glycidyl 3-pentenoate, glycidyl-4-methyl-3-pentenoate, or a combination thereof.
[0142] In some embodiments, the carbonyl group-containing monomer is methyl vinyl ketone, ethyl vinyl ketone, acrolein, acryloyl chloride, cinnamaldehyde, E-crotonaldehyde, 2-hexenal, oct-2-enal, 2-methylpent-2-enal, 4-methylpent-3-en-2-one, oct-1-en-3-one, 2-pentylbut-1-en-3-one, or a combination thereof.
[0143] In some embodiments, the fluorine-containing monomer is an acrylate or methacrylate containing a C1-C20 alkyl group or combinations thereof, wherein the monomer comprises at least one fluorine atom. In some embodiments, the fluorine-containing monomer is a perfluoro alkyl acrylate, such as perfluoro dodecyl acrylate, perfluoro n-octyl acrylate, perfluoro n-butyl acrylate, perfluoro hexylethyl acrylate and perfluoro octylethyl acrylate; perfluoro alkyl methacrylate such as perfluoro dodecyl methacrylate, perfluoro n-octyl methacrylate, perfluoro n-butyl methacrylate, perfluoro hexylethyl methacrylate and perfluoro octylethyl methacrylate; perfluoro oxyalkyl acrylate such as perfluoro dodecyloxyethyl acrylate and perfluoro decyloxyethyl acrylate; perfluoro oxyalkyl methacrylate such as perfluoro dodecyloxyethyl methacrylate and perfluoro decyloxyethyl methacrylate, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the fluorine-containing monomer is a carboxylate containing a C1-C20 alkyl group and at least one fluorine atom; wherein the carboxylate is selected from the group consisting of crotonate, malate, fumarate, itaconate, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the fluorine-containing monomer is vinyl fluoride, trifluoroethylene, trifluorochloroethylene, fluoroalkyl vinyl ether, perfluoroalkyl vinyl ether, hexafluoropropylene, 2, 3, 3, 3-tetrafluoropropene, vinylidene fluoride, tetrafluoroethylene, 2-fluoro acrylate, or a combination thereof.
[0144] In some embodiments, the proportion of structural unit (c) in the copolymer is from about 46%to about 65%, from about 46%to about 64%, from about 46%to about 63%, from about 46%to about 62%, from about 46%to about 61%, from about 46%to about 60%, from about 46%to about 59%, from about 46%to about 58%, from about 46%to about 57%, from about 46%to about 56%, from about 50%to about 65%, from about 50%to about 64%, from about 50%to about 63%, from about 50%to about 62%, from about 50%to about 61%, from about 50%to about 60%, from about 50%to about 59%, from about 50%to about 58%, from about 50%to about 57%, from about 50%to about 56%, from about 55%to about 65%, from about 55%to about 64%, from about 55%to about 63%, from about 55%to about 62%, from about 55%to about 61%, or from about 55%to about 60%by mole, based on the total number of moles of monomeric units in the copolymer in the binder composition.
[0145] In some embodiments, the proportion of structural unit (c) in the copolymer is less than 65%, less than 64%, less than 63%, less than 62%, less than 61%, less than 60%, less than 59%, less than 58%, less than 57%, less than 56%, less than 55%, less than 54%, less than 53%, less than 52%, less than 51%, less than 50%, less than 49%, less than 48%, or less than 47%by mole, based on the total number of moles of monomeric units in the copolymer in the binder composition. In some embodiments, the proportion of structural unit (c) in the copolymer is more than 46%, more than 47%, more than 48%, more than 49%, more than 50%, more than 51%, more than 52%, more than 53%, more than 54%, more than 55%, more than 56%, more than 57%, more than 58%, more than 59%, more than 60%, more than 61%, more than 62%, more than 63%, or more than 64%by mole, based on the total number of moles of monomeric units in the copolymer in the binder composition.
[0146] The present invention has discovered that choosing the appropriate composition and proportions of structural unit (a) , structural unit (b) , and structural unit (c) from the above can improve the performance and recyclability of batteries. Hence, in the design and manufacturing processes of batteries, it is necessary to carefully select a suitable binder, and optimize its composition and proportions.
[0147] In some embodiments, the electrode active material is a cathode active material, wherein the cathode active material is selected from the group consisting of LiCoO2, LiV2O5, LiTiS2, LiMoS2, LiMnO2, LiCrO2, LiMn2O4, Li2MnO3, LiFeO2, LiFePO4, and combinations thereof. In other embodiments, the cathode active material is not LiCoO2, LiV2O5, LiTiS2, LiMoS2, LiMnO2, LiCrO2, LiMn2O4, LiFeO2, or LiFePO4. In further embodiments, the cathode active material is not LiNixMnyO2, Li1+zNixMnyCo1-x-yO2, or LiNixCoyAlzO2, wherein each x is independently from 0.2 to 0.9; each y is independently from 0.1 to 0.45; and each z is independently from 0 to 0.2.
[0148] As a result of using aqueous binders, this recycling method is thus particularly suitable for recycling batteries manufactured using water-based methods. Since the presence of nickel metal would cause the pH value of the water-based electrode slurry to become more alkaline, the binding strength of the electrode layer and its connection to the current collector would thus be affected. The present invention has found that the situation where the electrode layer contains nickel often complicates recycling, with a lower recovery rate. In further embodiments, the positive electrode material does not contain nickel metal.
[0149] In certain embodiments, the cathode active material is doped with a dopant selected from the group consisting of Fe, Ni, Mn, Al, Mg, Zn, Ti, La, Ce, Sn, Zr, Ru, Si, Ge, and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the dopant is not Fe, Ni, Mn, Mg, Zn, Ti, La, Ce, Ru, Si, or Ge. In certain embodiments, the dopant is not Al, Sn, or Zr.
[0150] In certain embodiments, the cathode active material comprises or itself is a core-shell composite having a core and shell structure, wherein the core comprises a lithium transition metal oxide, which is selected from the group consisting of Li1+xNiaMnbCocAl (1-a-b-c) O2, LiCoO2, LiNiO2, LiMnO2, LiMn2O4, Li2MnO3, LiCrO2, Li4Ti5O12, LiV2O5, LiTiS2, LiMoS2, and combinations thereof, wherein -0.2≤x≤0.2, 0≤a<1, 0≤b<1, 0≤c<1, and a+b+c≤1; wherein the shell comprises a lithium transition metal oxide, which is selected from the group consisting of LiCoO2, LiMnO2, LiMn2O4, Li2MnO3, LiCrO2, Li4Ti5O12, LiV2O5, LiTiS2, LiMoS2, and combinations thereof. In other embodiments, the core and the shell each independently comprise two or more lithium transition metal oxides. In some embodiments, one of the core or shell only comprises one lithium transition metal oxide, while the other comprises two or more lithium transition metal oxides. The lithium transition metal oxides in the core and the shell may be the same, or different or partially different. In some embodiments, the two or more lithium transition metal oxides are uniformly distributed in the core. In certain embodiments, the two or more lithium transition metal oxides are not uniformly distributed in the core. In some embodiments, the cathode active material is not a core-shell composite.
[0151] In some embodiments, each of the lithium transition metal oxides in the core and the shell is independently doped with a dopant selected from the group consisting of Fe, Ni, Mn, Al, Mg, Zn, Ti, La, Ce, Sn, Zr, Ru, Si, Ge, and combinations thereof. In certain embodiments, the core and the shell each independently comprise two or more doped lithium transition metal oxides. In some embodiments, the two or more doped lithium transition metal oxides are uniformly distributed over the core and / or the shell. In certain embodiments, the two or more doped lithium transition metal oxides are not uniformly distributed over the core and / or the shell.
[0152] In some embodiments, the cathode active material comprises or itself is a core-shell composite, which comprises a core comprising a lithium transition metal oxide and a shell comprising a transition metal oxide. In certain embodiments, the lithium transition metal oxide is selected from the group consisting of Li1+xNiaMnbCocAl (1-a-b-c) O2, LiCoO2, LiNiO2, LiMnO2, LiMn2O4, Li2MnO3, LiCrO2, Li4Ti5O12, LiV2O5, LiTiS2, LiMoS2, and combinations thereof; wherein -0.2≤x≤0.2, 0≤a<1, 0≤b<1, 0≤c<1, and a+b+c≤1. In some embodiments, the transition metal oxide is selected from the group consisting of Fe2O3, MnO2, Al2O3, MgO, ZnO, TiO2, La2O3, CeO2, SnO2, ZrO2, RuO2, and combinations thereof. In certain embodiments, the shell comprises a lithium transition metal oxide and a transition metal oxide.
[0153] In some embodiments, the diameter of the core is from about 1 μm to about 15 μm, from about 3 μm to about 15 μm, from about 3 μm to about 10 μm, from about 5 μm to about 10 μm, from about 5 μm to about 45 μm, from about 5 μm to about 35 μm, from about 5 μm to about 25 μm, from about 10 μm to about 45 μm, from about 10 μm to about 40 μm, or from about 10 μm to about 35 μm, from about 10 μm to about 25 μm, from about 15 μm to about 45 μm, from about 15 μm to about 30 μm, from about 15 μm to about 25 μm, from about 20 μm to about 35 μm, or from about 20 μm to about 30 μm. In certain embodiments, the thickness of the shell is from about 1 μm to about 45 μm, from about 1 μm to about 35 μm, from about 1 μm to about 25 μm, from about 1 μm to about 15 μm, from about 1 μm to about 10 μm, from about 1 μm to about 5 μm, from about 3 μm to about 15 μm, from about 3 μm to about 10 μm, from about 5 μm to about 10 μm, from about 10 μm to about 35 μm, from about 10 μm to about 20 μm, from about 15 μm to about 30 μm, from about 15 μm to about 25 μm, or from about 20 μm to about 35 μm. In certain embodiments, the diameter or thickness ratio of the core and the shell are in the range of 15: 85 to 85: 15, 25: 75 to 75: 25, 30: 70 to 70: 30, or 40: 60 to 60: 40. In certain embodiments, the volume or weight ratio of the core and the shell is 95: 5, 90: 10, 80: 20, 70: 30, 60: 40, 50: 50, 40: 60, or 30: 70.
[0154] The current collector collects electrons generated by electrochemical reactions of the cathode active material, or supplies electrons required for the electrochemical reactions. In some embodiments, the current collector can be in the form of a foil, sheet or film. In certain embodiments, the current collector is stainless steel, titanium, nickel, aluminum, copper, or alloys thereof or electrically-conductive resin. In certain embodiments, the current collector has a two-layered structure, comprising an outer layer and an inner layer, wherein the outer layer comprises a conductive material, while the inner layer comprises an insulating material or another conductive material; for example, aluminum covered with a conductive resin layer or a polymeric insulating material coated with an aluminum film. In some embodiments, the current collector has a three-layered structure, comprising an outer layer, a middle layer and an inner layer, wherein the outer layer and the inner layer comprise a conductive material, and the middle layer comprises an insulating material or another conductive material; for example, a plastic substrate coated with a metal film on both sides. In certain embodiments, each of the outer layer, middle layer and inner layer is independently stainless steel, titanium, nickel, aluminum, copper, or alloys thereof or electrically-conductive resin. In some embodiments, the insulating material is a polymeric material selected from the group consisting of polycarbonate, polyacrylate, polyacrylonitrile, polyester, polyamide, polystyrene, polyurethane, polyepoxy, poly (acrylonitrile butadiene styrene) , polyimide, polyolefin, polyethylene, polypropylene, polyphenylene sulfide, poly (vinyl ester) , polyvinyl chloride, polyether, polyphenylene oxide, cellulose polymer and combinations thereof. In certain embodiments, the current collector has more than three layers. In some embodiments, the current collector is coated with a protective coating. In certain embodiments, the protective coating comprises a carbon-containing material. In some embodiments, the current collector is not coated with a protective coating.
[0155] In certain embodiments, the electrode further comprises a conductive agent. The conductive agent is used for enhancing the electrically conductive properties of an electrode. Any suitable material can act as the conductive agent. In some embodiments, the conductive agent is a carbonaceous material. Some non-limiting examples include carbon, carbon black, graphite, expanded graphite, graphene, graphene nanoplatelets, carbon fibers, carbon nano-fibers, graphitized carbon flake, carbon tubes, activated carbon, Super P, KS6, vapor grown carbon fibers (VGCF) , mesoporous carbon, and combinations thereof.
[0156] The method disclosed in the present invention can remove the electrode layer on the metallic material surfaces of positive and negative electrodes by alternately rinsing and ultrasonically washing the electrodes. The recovered current collectors and electrode materials can each be used again for preparing batteries, promoting a circular economy. In addition, the washing fluid used can be collected and reused, thereby reducing waste and pollution of water resources.
[0157] The following examples are presented in order to exemplify embodiments of the present invention, but are not used to limit the present invention to the specific embodiments set forth herein. Unless indicated to the contrary, all parts and percentages are by weight. All numerical values are approximate. When numerical ranges are given, it should be understood, embodiments outside the given ranges still fall within the scope of the present invention. Specific details described in each example should not be construed as necessary features of the present invention.
[0158] EXAMPLES
[0159] Recovery rate refers to the proportion of the weight of the washed current collector based on the initial weight of the current collector. It can be calculated by the formula:
[0160] Since the requirements for manufacturing batteries are extremely stringent, the thickness and density of the current collectors must be uniform. Therefore, the weight of current collectors with the same surface area is consistent. By conducting experiments to gather uncoated current collectors, cutting them to the same size and weighing their weight, it was found that there was only extremely minor deviation in weight among each current collector. Hence, the initial weight of a current collector can be further calculated by measuring its dimensions.
[0161] Example 1
[0162] A) Preparation of Polymeric Binder
[0163] 11.90 g of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) was added into a round-bottom flask containing 380 g of distilled water. The mixture was stirred at 80 rpm for 30 mins to obtain a first suspension.
[0164] 24.78 g of acrylic acid (AA) was added into the first suspension. The mixture was further stirred at 80 rpm for 30 mins to obtain a second suspension.
[0165] 7.19 g of acrylamide (AM) was dissolved in 10 g of DI water to form an AM solution. Thereafter, all AM solution was added into the second suspension. The mixture was further heated to 55 ℃ and stirred at 80 rpm for 45 mins to obtain a third suspension.
[0166] 30.06 g of acrylonitrile (AN) was added into the third suspension. The mixture was further stirred at 80 rpm for 10 mins to obtain a fourth suspension.
[0167] Thereafter, 0.03 g of water-soluble free radical initiator (ammonium persulfate, APS; obtained from Aladdin Industries Corporation, China) was dissolved in 3 g of DI water, and 0.015 g of reducing agent (sodium bisulfite; obtained from Tianjin Damao Chemical Reagent Factory, China) was dissolved in 1.5 g of DI water. All APS solution and sodium bisulfite solution were added into the fourth suspension. The mixture was stirred at 200 rpm at 55 ℃ for 24 h to obtain a fifth suspension.
[0168] After complete reaction, the temperature of the fifth suspension was lowered to 25 ℃. 3.72 g of NaOH was dissolved in 400 g of DI water to form a sodium hydroxide solution. Thereafter, all sodium hydroxide solution was added dropwise into the fifth suspension for 1 h to adjust the pH to 7.3 to form the sixth suspension. 200 μm nylon mesh was used to filter the sixth suspension to form the polymeric binder.
[0169] B) Preparation of Cathode
[0170] A first admixture was prepared by dispersing 12 g of conductive agent (Super P; obtained from Timcal Ltd, Bodio, Switzerland) and 100 g of polymeric binder synthesized above in 74 g of deionized water while stirring with an overhead stirrer (R20, IKA) . After the addition, the first admixture was further stirred at 25 ℃ at a speed of 1, 200 rpm for about 30 minutes.
[0171] Thereafter, a second admixture was prepared by adding 276 g of LiFePO4 (obtained from Tianjin Sitelan Energy Technology Co. Ltd., China) into the first admixture at 25 ℃ while stirring with an overhead stirrer. Then, the second admixture was degassed under a pressure of about 10 kPa for 1 hour. Then, the second admixture was further stirred at 25 ℃ at a speed of 1, 200 rpm for about 60 minutes to form a homogenized cathode slurry.
[0172] The homogenized cathode slurry was applied onto both sides of an aluminum foil as a current collector having a thickness of 16 μm using a doctor blade coater with a gap width of 120 μm. The coated slurry of 80 μm on each side of the aluminum foil was dried using an electrically heated oven at 85 ℃ to form a cathode electrode layer. The drying time was about 120 minutes. The electrode was then pressed to decrease the thickness of electrode layer on each face of the cathode to 34 μm.
[0173] C) Recycling of Electrode
[0174] The cathode prepared above was recycled using a battery electrode recycling device. The battery electrode recycling device comprised a casing, a circulating water tank and a conveying device were configured within the casing, wherein circulating water at 20 ℃ held in the circulating water tank was used as the washing fluid; and wherein the conveying device comprised a motor, rotation axes and a conveyor belt.
[0175] The electrode prepared in step B was cut into dimensions of 185 mm × 125 mm. The electrode was placed on the conveyor belt. Multiple electrodes can be placed on the conveyor belt laterally and longitudinally, as long as the electrodes do not overlap with each other. The power of the device was switched on; the conveying device was activated. The electrode was transported with the rotation of the conveyor belt, first passing under the moistening device for moistening treatment with the washing fluid; the moistening device used atomizing nozzles.
[0176] After moistening treatment, the electrode entered the first washing device and was immersed inside. The washing device comprises a first ultrasonicator, washing the electrode at a frequency of 28 kHz and a current of 2 A. The washing time was 40 seconds.
[0177] After washing, the electrode continued to move towards the first rinsing device. The first rinsing device employed shower-type nozzles, positioned beneath the conveyor belt tilted at a 15-degree angle in the direction of conveyor belt movement. Nozzles located above and below the conveyor belt simultaneously washed and sprayed water jets onto the electrode.
[0178] After completing the washing, the electrode continued to move towards a second washing device, entering and was immersed in the second washing device configured with a second ultrasonicator. The second ultrasonicator conducted a second washing of the metallic materials at a frequency of 38 kHz and a current of 2 A. The washing time was 25 seconds.
[0179] After washing, the electrode continued to move towards the second rinsing device; the second rinsing device also employed shower-type nozzles. Nozzles located above and below the conveyor belt were activated at the same time, simultaneously spraying water jets onto both sides of the electrode. The water pressure of the nozzles of the second rinsing device can be slightly higher than the water pressure of the first rinsing device.
[0180] During washing, direct observation of the circulating water can be conducted to determine whether the circulating water needs to be replaced, or direct testing using a halogen moisture analyzer (XY-100MW-A, obtained from Changzhou Xingyun Electronic Equipment Co., Ltd., China) can be conducted. If the test result exceeds 30%, replacement of the circulating water would be necessary.
[0181] Finally, the washed electrode was conveyed to an unloading platform, completing the entire washing process. The washed electrode was blow-dried using room temperature and low wind-speed air using a blow-drying device, obtaining a dry current collector. The weight of the current collector was measured, the recovery rate was calculated, and shown in Table 1.
[0182] After completing the washing process, the used washing fluid was collected, and a vacuum filtration device (Laboratory ceramic membrane filter, HNTM-30-1, obtained from Shaoxing Haina Membrane Technology Co., Ltd., China) was used to vacuum filter out the electrode materials in the circulating water, wherein the main components were lithium iron phosphate and conductive agent.
[0183] The filtered circulating water contains binder. The binder disclosed in the present invention can be removed from the circulating water by adding precipitating agent.
[0184] (1) Step 1: 98 g of sulfuric acid was dissolved in 1 L of distilled water to form a 1 M sulfuric acid solution.
[0185] (2) Step 2: The 1 M sulfuric acid solution was added to the circulating water to form a suspension of pH 4.24. The suspension was stirred at 200 rpm for 10 mins at 25℃, after which the binder precipitated. After precipitation of the polymeric binder, the processed suspension was removed by passing through filter paper to recover the precipitated binder. The recovered binder was dried in an oven for 5 hours at 80 ℃ under atmospheric pressure.
[0186] The washing method of the negative electrode was the same as that of the positive electrode wherein after completing washing of the negative electrode, a vacuum filtration device was used to vacuum filter out the electrode materials in the circulating water, wherein the main components were carbon powder and conductive agent.
[0187] D) Preparation of Pouch-Type Lithium-ion Batteries
[0188] The cathode was prepared as described in Step B, except that no conductive agent was added, and 276 g of LiFePO4 was replaced with positive electrode material of the same weight obtained after vacuum filtering the washing fluid and was added into the first admixture.
[0189] An anode slurry was prepared by mixing 93 wt. %of graphite (BTR New Energy Materials Inc., Shenzhen, Guangdong, China) with 1 wt. %of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC, BSH-12, DKS Co. Ltd., Japan) and 3 wt. %of SBR (AL-2001, NIPPON A&L INC., Japan) as the binder, and 3 wt. %carbon black as a conductive agent in deionized water. The solid content of the anode slurry was 51.5 wt. %. The slurry was applied onto both sides of a copper foil having a thickness of 8 μm using a doctor blade coater with a gap width of about 120 μm. The coated slurry on the copper foil was dried at about 85 ℃ for 120 minutes using a hot air dryer to obtain an anode. The electrode was then pressed to decrease the thickness of an anode electrode layer to 60 μm, and the surface density of the anode electrode layer was 10 mg / cm2.
[0190] After drying, the resultant cathode and anode were cut into rectangular pieces with sizes 5.2 cm×8.5 cm and 5.4 cm×8.7 cm correspondingly. A pouch-type lithium-ion battery was prepared by stacking the cathodes and anodes alternately and separated by porous polyethylene separators (Celgard, LLC, US) having a thickness of 25 μm. The electrolyte was a solution of LiPF6 (1 M) in a mixture of ethylene carbonate (EC) , ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC) and dimethyl carbonate (DMC) with a volume ratio of 1: 1: 1. The battery was assembled in high-purity argon atmosphere with moisture and oxygen content <1 ppm. After electrolyte filling, the pouch-type lithium-ion battery was vacuum sealed.
[0191] E) Electrochemical measurements
[0192] The pouch-type lithium-ion battery was analyzed in a constant current mode using a multi-channel battery tester (BTS-4008-5V10mA, obtained from Neware Electronics Co. Ltd, China) . An initial cycle at C / 20 was completed, and the discharge capacity was recorded. Then, the pouch-type lithium-ion battery was repeatedly charged and discharged at a rate of C / 2. The charging / discharging cycling tests of the battery was performed between 3.0 and 4.3 V at a current density of C / 2 at 25 ℃ to obtain the capacity retention at 50 cycles. The electrochemical performance of the pouch-type lithium-ion battery of Example 1 is shown in Table 2 below.
[0193] Preparation of Polymeric Binders of Examples 2-12 and Comparative Examples 1-16, 19-20
[0194] Polymeric binders were prepared in the same manner as in Example 1.
[0195] Preparation of Polymeric Binder of Example 13
[0196] The polymeric binder was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1, the difference being that 16.35 g of NaOH was added in the preparation of the first suspension, 32.80 g of acrylic acid was added in the preparation of the second suspension, 4.31 g of acrylamide was added in the preparation of the third suspension and 26.30 g of acrylonitrile was added in the preparation of the fourth suspension.
[0197] Preparation of Polymeric Binder of Example 14
[0198] The polymeric binder was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1, the difference being that 8.26 g of NaOH was added in the preparation of the first suspension, 18.22 g of acrylic acid was added in the preparation of the second suspension, 13.66 g of acrylamide was added in the preparation of the third suspension and 30.06 g of acrylonitrile was added in the preparation of the fourth suspension.
[0199] Preparation of Polymeric Binder of Example 15
[0200] The polymeric binder was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1, the difference being that 10.68 g of NaOH was added in the preparation of the first suspension, 22.60 g of acrylic acid was added in the preparation of the second suspension, 16.54 g of acrylamide was added in the preparation of the third suspension and 24.69 g of acrylonitrile was added in the preparation of the fourth suspension.
[0201] Preparation of Polymeric Binder of Example 16
[0202] The polymeric binder was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1, the difference being that 10.28 g of NaOH was added in the preparation of the first suspension, 21.87 g of acrylic acid was added in the preparation of the second suspension, 5.03 g of acrylamide was added in the preparation of the third suspension and 33.81 g of acrylonitrile was added in the preparation of the fourth suspension.
[0203] Preparation of Polymeric Binder of Comparative Example 17
[0204] The polymeric binder was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1, the difference being that 6.64 g of NaOH was added in the preparation of the first suspension, 15.31 g of acrylic acid was added in the preparation of the second suspension, 5.03 g of acrylamide was added in the preparation of the third suspension and 38.64 g of acrylonitrile was added in the preparation of the fourth suspension
[0205] Two more iterations of the polymeric binder were prepared, with changes to the proportions of the monomeric units in the polymer. In the first iteration, polyacrylamide was used as the polymeric binder. In the second iteration, polyacrylonitrile was used as the polymeric binder. In these two iterations, because of the poor water solubility of the polymeric binders, the current collector and electrode materials could therefore not be separated.
[0206] Preparation of Polymeric Binder of Comparative Example 18
[0207] The polymeric binder was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1, the difference being that 2.19 g of NaOH was added in the preparation of the first suspension, 7.29 g of acrylic acid was added in the preparation of the second suspension, 17.97 g of acrylamide was added in the preparation of the third suspension and 34.89 g of acrylonitrile was added in the preparation of the fourth suspension.
[0208] Preparation of Cathodes of Examples 2-16, and Comparative Examples 1-20
[0209] The cathodes were prepared by the method described in Example 1, the difference being the polymeric binders prepared for Examples 2-16 and Comparative Examples 1-20 were each individually used to prepare the cathodes of Examples 2-16 and Comparative Examples 1-20 respectively.
[0210] Recycling of Electrode of Example 2
[0211] The electrode was recycled in the same manner as in Example 1, the difference being that circulating water at 30 ℃ was used as the washing fluid.
[0212] Recycling of Electrode of Example 3
[0213] The electrode was recycled in the same manner as in Example 1, the difference being that circulating water at 40 ℃ was used as the washing fluid.
[0214] Recycling of Electrode of Example 4
[0215] The electrode was recycled in the same manner as in Example 1, the difference being that circulating water at 50 ℃ was used as the washing fluid.
[0216] Recycling of Electrode of Example 5
[0217] The electrode was recycled in the same manner as in Example 1, the difference being that the first ultrasonicator and the second ultrasonicator had a current of 3 A.
[0218] Recycling of Electrode of Example 6
[0219] The electrode was recycled in the same manner as in Example 1, the difference being that the first ultrasonicator and the second ultrasonicator had a current of 4 A.
[0220] Recycling of Electrode of Example 7
[0221] The electrode was recycled in the same manner as in Example 6, the difference being that circulating water at 50 ℃ was used as the washing fluid.
[0222] Recycling of Electrode of Example 8
[0223] The electrode was recycled in the same manner as in Example 1, the difference being that the first ultrasonicator and the second ultrasonicator had a current of 5 A.
[0224] Recycling of Electrode of Example 9
[0225] The electrode was recycled in the same manner as in Example 6, the difference being that the frequency of the first ultrasonicator was 20 kHz.
[0226] Recycling of Electrode of Example 10
[0227] The electrode was recycled in the same manner as in Example 6, the difference being that the frequency of the second ultrasonicator was 45 kHz.
[0228] Recycling of Electrode of Example 11
[0229] The electrode was recycled in the same manner as in Example 6, the difference being that the duration of first ultrasonic washing was 30 seconds.
[0230] Recycling of Electrode of Example 12
[0231] The electrode was recycled in the same manner as in Example 6, the difference being that the duration of second ultrasonic washing was 20 seconds.
[0232] Recycling of Electrodes of Examples 13-16
[0233] The electrodes were recycled in the same manner as in Example 6.
[0234] Recycling of Electrode of Comparative Example 1
[0235] The electrode was recycled in the same manner as in Example 6, the difference being that after being jet sprayed and moistened by the moistening device, the electrode did not pass through the second ultrasonicator for second ultrasonic washing, nor the second rinsing device for the second rinsing, but was conveyed directly to the unloading platform, completing the whole washing process. The washed electrode passed through a blow-drying device and was blow-dried with room temperature, low wind-speed wind, to obtain a current collector.
[0236] The duration of first ultrasonic washing was increased to 65 seconds and one more iteration of electrode recycling was carried out. However, in that iteration, as only a single frequency was used for ultrasonic washing, the washing effect was not great, thus most of the electrode materials still remained on the surface of the current collector.
[0237] Recycling of Electrode of Comparative Example 2
[0238] The electrode was recycled in the same manner as in Comparative Example 1, the difference being that the first ultrasonicator had a current of 5 A.
[0239] Recycling of Electrode of Comparative Example 3
[0240] The electrode was recycled in the same manner as in Comparative Example 1, the difference being that circulating water at 50 ℃ was used as the washing fluid.
[0241] Recycling of Electrode of Comparative Example 4
[0242] The electrode was recycled in the same manner as in Comparative Example 3, the difference being that the first ultrasonicator had a current of 5 A.
[0243] Recycling of Electrode of Comparative Example 5
[0244] The electrode was recycled in the same manner as in Comparative Example 1, the difference being that the frequency of the first ultrasonicator was 38 kHz.
[0245] The duration of first ultrasonic washing was increased to 65 seconds and one more iteration of electrode recycling was carried out. However, in that iteration, as only a single frequency was used for ultrasonic washing, the cleaning effect was not great, thus most of the electrode materials still remained on the surface of the current collector.
[0246] Recycling of Electrode of Comparative Example 6
[0247] The electrode was recycled in the same manner as in Comparative Example 5, the difference being that the first ultrasonicator had a current of 5 A.
[0248] Recycling of Electrode of Comparative Example 7
[0249] The electrode was recycled in the same manner as in Comparative Example 5, the difference being that circulating water at 50 ℃ was used as the washing fluid.
[0250] Recycling of Electrode of Comparative Example 8
[0251] The electrode was recycled in the same manner as in Comparative Example 7, the difference being that the first ultrasonicator had a current of 5 A.
[0252] Recycling of Electrode of Comparative Example 9
[0253] The electrode was recycled in the same manner as in Example 6, the difference being that circulating water at 60 ℃ was used as the washing fluid.
[0254] Recycling of Electrode of Comparative Example 10
[0255] The electrode was recycled in the same manner as in Example 6, the difference being that circulating water at 70 ℃ was used as the washing fluid.
[0256] Recycling of Electrode of Comparative Example 11
[0257] The electrode was recycled in the same manner as in Example 1, the difference being that the first ultrasonicator and the second ultrasonicator had a current of 6 A.
[0258] Recycling of Electrode of Comparative Example 12
[0259] The electrode was recycled in the same manner as in Example 6, the difference being that the duration of first ultrasonic washing was 50 seconds.
[0260] Recycling of Electrode of Comparative Example 13
[0261] The electrode was recycled in the same manner as in Example 6, the difference being that the duration of second ultrasonic washing was 30 seconds.
[0262] Recycling of Electrode of Comparative Example 14
[0263] The electrode was recycled in the same manner as in Example 6, the difference being that the duration of first ultrasonic cleaning was 20 seconds.
[0264] Recycling of Electrode of Comparative Example 15
[0265] The electrode was recycled in the same manner as in Example 6, the difference being that the duration of second ultrasonic cleaning was 10 seconds.
[0266] Recycling of Electrode of Comparative Example 16
[0267] The electrode was recycled in the same manner as in Example 6, the difference being that the frequency of the first ultrasonicator was 38 kHz and the frequency of the second ultrasonicator was 28 kHz.
[0268] Recycling of Electrodes of Comparative Examples 17-18 and 20
[0269] The electrodes were recycled in the same manner as in Example 6.
[0270] Preparation of Pouch-Type Lithium-ion Batteries of Examples 6-7 and 9-14
[0271] The pouch-type lithium-ion batteries were prepared by the method described in Example 1, the difference being that the cathode materials and conductive agent recovered from vacuum filtration in Examples 6-7 and 9-14 were each individually used to prepare the pouch-type lithium-ion batteries of Examples 6-7 and 9-14 respectively.
[0272] Preparation of Pouch-Type Lithium-ion Battery of Comparative Example 19
[0273] The pouch-type lithium-ion battery was prepared by the method described in Example 1, the difference being that in the preparation of the cathodes, the cathode materials and conductive agent materials used did not undergo the recycling treatment steps, but directly used the cathodes prepared in Comparative Example 19 to prepare the pouch-type lithium-ion battery of Comparative Example 19.
[0274] Preparation of Pouch-Type Lithium-ion Battery of Comparative Example 20
[0275] The pouch-type lithium-ion battery was prepared by the method described in Example 1, the difference being that in the preparation of cathodes, a mixture of 138 g of unused LiFePO4 and 138 g of recovered vacuum filtered cathode materials mixture of Comparative Example 20 was used. The mixture was subsequently added into the first admixture to prepare the pouch-type lithium-ion battery of Comparative Example 20.
[0276] Electrochemical measurements of Examples 6-7, 9-14, and Comparative Examples 19-20
[0277] The electrochemical performance of the pouch-type lithium-ion batteries of Examples 6-7, 9-14, and Comparative Examples 19-20 were measured in the same manner as in Example 1, and the test results are shown in Table 2 below.
[0278] While the present invention has been described in combination with a limited number of embodiments, the specific features of one embodiment should however not be limiting to other embodiments of the present invention. In some embodiments, the methods may include numerous steps not mentioned in the present invention. In other embodiments, the methods do not include, or are essentially free of, any steps not enumerated in the present invention. Variations and modifications based on the described embodiments exist. The appended claims intend to cover all these modifications and variations as falling within the scope of the present invention.
Claims
1.A method for recycling a battery electrode, comprising the steps of:a) moistening an electrode, comprising a current collector and an electrode layer coated on one side or both sides of the current collector, using a washing fluid;b) conducting a first washing of the electrode in a washing device;c) taking out the electrode and conducting a first rinsing using the washing fluid;d) conducting a second washing of the electrode in a washing device;e) taking out the electrode and conducting a second rinsing using the washing fluid to remove the electrode layer delaminated from the surface of the current collector;wherein the electrode layer comprises a polymeric binder and an electrode active material.2.The method of claim 1, wherein the washing fluid is water.3.The method of claim 1, wherein the washing fluid is an aqueous solvent comprising a major component and a minor component.4.The method of claim 3, wherein the major component is water; and wherein the minor component is selected from the group consisting of methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, n-propanol, tert-butanol, n-butanol, dimethyl acetamide, dimethyl formamide, N-methyl pyrrolidone, methyl ethyl ketone, ethyl acetate, butyl acetate, and combinations thereof.5.The method of claim 1, wherein the temperature of the washing fluid is from about 10℃ to about 50℃.6.The method of claim 1, wherein atomizing nozzles are used during the moistening.7.The method of claim 1, wherein shower-type nozzles are used in the first rinsing and the second rinsing to rinse the electrode.8.The method of claim 1, wherein the washing device uses an ultrasonicator to emit ultrasound to clean the electrode.9.The method of claim 8, wherein the ultrasonicator is selected from an ultrasonic bath, a probe-type ultrasonicator, an ultrasonic flow cell, an ultrasonic vibration plate, an ultrasonic oscillator, and combinations thereof.10.The method of claim 8, wherein the frequency used in the first washing is from about 20 kHz to about 30 kHz.11.The method of claim 8, wherein the current used in the first washing is from about 2 A to about 5 A.12.The method of claim 1, wherein the duration of the first washing is from about 20 seconds to about 40 seconds.13.The method of claim 1, wherein the frequency used in the second washing is from about 35 kHz to about 45 kHz.14.The method of claim 1, wherein the current used in the second washing is from about 2 A to about 5 A.15.The method of claim 1, wherein the duration of the second washing is from about 20 seconds to about 25 seconds.16.The method of claim 1, wherein the solid-liquid ratio of the washing fluid is less than 30%.17.A battery electrode recycling device, comprising a casing, a conveying device configured within the casing, the conveying device comprising a motor, rotation axes and a conveyor belt, wherein the conveyor belt is configured on the rotation axes, and the battery electrodes, on the conveyor belt driven by the motor, are passed through a moistening device, a first washing device, a first rinsing device, a second washing device, a second rinsing device, configured within the casing; and wherein the recycling device achieves the steps of the method for recycling a battery electrode of any one of claims 1-16.18.The device of claim 17, wherein the first washing device and / or the second washing device comprise (s) ultrasonication components.19.The device of claim 17, wherein the moistening device comprises spraying components.20.The device of claim 17, wherein the first washing device and / or the second washing device comprise (s) heating components.21.The device of claim 17, wherein the first rinsing device and / or the second rinsing device comprise(s) spraying components.
Citation Information
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