Magnetic cap and methods of using the same

Abstract

The present disclosure provides for a cap comprising an outer surface; an inner surface spaced apart from and opposite to the outer surface, the inner surface defining a central cavity within the cap, the central cavity having an average characteristic dimension; an access rim defining a first opening extending through the outer surface and the inner surface and into the central cavity of the cap; an engagement edge extending between the inner surface and the outer surface and opposite the access rim, wherein the engagement edge defines a second opening into the central cavity; threads extending across at least a portion of the inner surface; and the access rim comprising stainless steel, wherein the stainless steel is at least partially magnetic. Further provided herein is a cap assembly and cap and vial assembly comprising thereof. Also provided herein is a method of moving a sample and a method of analyzing a sample using the same.

Description

[0001]Attorney Docket No.11568-005WO1 MAGNETIC CAP AND METHODS OF USING THE SAME BACKGROUND A commonly used technique for sample analysis is chromatography. This is often performed by analytical instruments such as gas chromatographs and / or liquid chromatographs, often in connection with a mass spectrometer. To increase efficiency, accuracy, and precision when using these analytical instruments, autosamplers are often added to the setup of the analytical instrument and utilized in setting up samples and injecting samples into the analytical instruments for analysis. Magnetic autosamplers are one example of autosamplers utilized in this technique. Caps available for use with these machines often comprise plastics and not only can plastic caps skew results for particularly sensitive tests due to the contamination that can be caused by plastics, but they also do not work with magnetic autosamplers. The methods disclosed herein address these and other needs. SUMMARY In accordance with the purposes of the disclosed materials and methods, as embodied and broadly described herein, the disclosed subject matter, in one aspect, relates to a cap and methods of using thereof. Thus, in one example, a cap is provided, including an outer surface; an inner surface spaced apart from and opposite to the outer surface, the inner surface defining a central cavity within the cap, the central cavity having an average characteristic dimension; an access rim defining a first opening extending through the outer surface and the inner surface and into the central cavity of the cap; an engagement edge extending between the inner surface and the outer surface and opposite the access rim, wherein the engagement edge defines a second opening into the central cavity; threads extending across at least a portion of the inner surface; and the access rim comprising stainless steel, wherein the stainless steel is at least partially magnetic. In a further example, a cap assembly is provided, including the cap as disclosed herein and a liner, wherein the liner is disposed within the central cavity. Additionally, a cap and vial assembly is provided, including the cap assembly as disclosed herein and a vial, wherein the cap assembly is coupled to the vial. Furthermore, a method of moving a sample within an analytical instrument is provided, including containing the sample in the cap and vial assembly as disclosed herein; Attorney Docket No.11568-005WO1 placing the cap and vial assembly in a first position in a vial tray located within the analytical instrument; contacting the cap and vial assembly with a magnet; removing the cap and vial assembly from the first position using the magnet; and transporting the cap and vial assembly from the first position in the vial tray to a second position at a sample collection point located within the analytical instrument. In one example, a method of analyzing a sample using an analytical instrument is provided, including containing the sample in the cap and vial assembly as disclosed herein; penetrating the liner of the cap and vial assembly with a syringe; removing a portion of the sample from the vial using the syringe; and injecting the portion of the sample into a testing system within the analytical instrument. Furthermore, a system for moving a sample within an analytical instrument is provided, the system comprising the sample; the analytical instrument; the cap and vial assembly as disclosed herein, wherein the cap and vial assembly is configured to contain the sample; a vial tray, wherein the vial tray is configured to house the cap and vial assembly in a first position; a magnet, wherein the magnet is configured to contact the cap and vial assembly, remove the cap and vial assembly from the first position, and transport the cap and vial assembly from the first position to a second position; and a sample collection point, wherein the sample collection point is configured to house the cap and vial assembly in the second position. Additional advantages will be set forth in part in the description that follows, and in part will be obvious from the description, or may be learned by practice of the aspects described below. The advantages described below will be realized and attained by means of the elements and combinations particularly pointed out in the appended claims. It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are exemplary and explanatory only and are not restrictive. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS The accompanying figures, which are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification, illustrate several aspects described below. Figure 1 is an upper perspective view of an example cap assembly. Figure 2 is an exploded view of an example cap assembly. Figure 3 is a side view of an example cap assembly. Figure 4 is a cutaway view of an example cap assembly. Figure 5 is an expanded cutaway view of an example cap assembly. Attorney Docket No.11568-005WO1 Figure 6 is an upper perspective view of an example cap. Figure 7 is a lower perspective view of an example cap. Figure 8 is a an upper perspective view of an example cap assembly. Figure 9 is a lower perspective view of an example cap assembly. Figure 10 is a top view of an example liner. Figure 11 is a side view of an example liner. Figure 12 is a top view of an example liner with a first polymer layer. Figure 13 is a side view of an example liner with a first polymer layer. Figure 14 is a top view of an example liner with a first polymer layer and a second polymer layer. Figure 15 is a side view of an example liner with a first polymer layer and a second polymer layer. Figure 16 is an upper perspective view of an example cap and vial assembly. Figure 17 is an exploded view of an example cap and vial assembly. DETAILED DESCRIPTION The following description of the disclosure is provided as an enabling teaching of the disclosure in its best, currently known embodiments. Many modifications and other embodiments disclosed herein will come to mind to one skilled in the art to which the disclosed compositions and methods pertain having the benefit of the teachings presented in the foregoing descriptions and the associated drawings. Therefore, it is to be understood that the disclosures are not to be limited to the specific embodiments disclosed and that modifications and other embodiments are intended to be included within the scope of the appended claims. The skilled artisan will recognize many variants and adaptations of the aspects described herein. These variants and adaptations are intended to be included in the teachings of this disclosure and to be encompassed by the claims herein. Although specific terms are employed herein, they are used in a generic and descriptive sense only and not for purposes of limitation. As can be apparent to those of skill in the art upon reading this disclosure, each of the individual embodiments described and illustrated herein has discrete components and features which may be readily separated from or combined with the features of any of the other several embodiments without departing from the scope or spirit of the present disclosure. Any recited method can be carried out in the order of events recited or in any other order that is logically possible. That is, unless otherwise expressly stated, it is in no way Attorney Docket No.11568-005WO1 intended that any method or aspect set forth herein be construed as requiring that its steps be performed in a specific order. Accordingly, where a method claim does not specifically state in the claims or descriptions that the steps are to be limited to a specific order, it is no way intended that an order be inferred, in any respect. This holds for any possible non-express basis for interpretation, including matters of logic with respect to arrangement of steps or operational flow, plain meaning derived from grammatical organization or punctuation, or the number or type of aspects described in the specification. All publications mentioned herein are incorporated herein by reference to disclose and describe the methods and / or materials in connection with which the publications are cited. The publications discussed herein are provided solely for their disclosure prior to the filing date of the present application. Nothing herein is to be construed as an admission that the present invention is not entitled to antedate such publication by virtue of prior invention. Further, the dates of publication provided herein can be different from the actual publication dates, which can require independent confirmation. It is also to be understood that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular aspects only and is not intended to be limiting. Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which the disclosed compositions and methods belong. It can be further understood that terms, such as those defined in commonly used dictionaries, should be interpreted as having a meaning that is consistent with their meaning in the context of the specification and relevant art and should not be interpreted in an idealized or overly formal sense unless expressly defined herein. Prior to describing the various aspects of the present disclosure, the following definitions are provided and should be used unless otherwise indicated. Additional terms may be defined elsewhere in the present disclosure. Definitions As used herein, “comprising” is to be interpreted as specifying the presence of the stated features, integers, steps, or components as referred to, but does not preclude the presence or addition of one or more features, integers, steps, or components, or groups thereof. Moreover, each of the terms “by”, “comprising,” “comprises”, “comprised of,” “including,” “includes,” “included,” “involving,” “involves,” “involved,” and “such as” are used in their open, non-limiting sense and may be used interchangeably. Further, the term “comprising” is intended to include examples and aspects encompassed by the terms Attorney Docket No.11568-005WO1 “consisting essentially of” and “consisting of.” Similarly, the term “consisting essentially of” is intended to include examples encompassed by the term “consisting of.” As used in the specification and the appended claims, the singular forms “a,” “an” and “the” include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Thus, for example, reference to “a compound”, “a composition”, or “a disorder”, includes, but is not limited to, two or more such compounds, compositions, or disorders, and the like. It should be noted that ratios, concentrations, amounts, and other numerical data can be expressed herein in a range format. It can be further understood that the endpoints of each of the ranges are significant both in relation to the other endpoint, and independently of the other endpoint. It is also understood that there are a number of values disclosed herein, and that each value is also herein disclosed as “about” that particular value in addition to the value itself. For example, if the value “10” is disclosed, then “about 10” is also disclosed. Ranges can be expressed herein as from “about” one particular value, and / or to “about” another particular value. Similarly, when values are expressed as approximations, by use of the antecedent “about,” it can be understood that the particular value forms a further aspect. For example, if the value “about 10” is disclosed, then “10” is also disclosed. When a range is expressed, a further aspect includes from the one particular value and / or to the other particular value. For example, where the stated range includes one or both of the limits, ranges excluding either or both of those included limits are also included in the disclosure, e.g., the phrase “x to y” includes the range from ‘x’ to ‘y’ as well as the range greater than ‘x’ and less than ‘y’. The range can also be expressed as an upper limit, e.g., ‘about x, y, z, or less’ and should be interpreted to include the specific ranges of ‘about x’, ‘about y’, and ‘about z’ as well as the ranges of ‘less than x’, less than y’, and ‘less than z’. Likewise, the phrase ‘about x, y, z, or greater’ should be interpreted to include the specific ranges of ‘about x’, ‘about y’, and ‘about z’ as well as the ranges of ‘greater than x’, greater than y’, and ‘greater than z’. In addition, the phrase “about ‘x’ to ‘y’”, where ‘x’ and ‘y’ are numerical values, includes “about ‘x’ to about ‘y’”. It is to be understood that such a range format is used for convenience and brevity, and thus, should be interpreted in a flexible manner to include not only the numerical values explicitly recited as the limits of the range, but also to include all the individual numerical values or sub-ranges encompassed within that range as if each numerical value and sub-range is explicitly recited. To illustrate, a numerical range of “about 0.1% to 5%” should be interpreted to include not only the explicitly recited values of about 0.1% to about 5%, but also include individual values (e.g., about 1%, about 2%, about 3%, and about 4%) and the Attorney Docket No.11568-005WO1 sub-ranges (e.g., about 0.5% to about 1.1%; about 5% to about 2.4%; about 0.5% to about 3.2%, and about 0.5% to about 4.4%, and other possible sub-ranges) within the indicated range. As used herein, the terms “about,” “approximate,” “at or about,” and “substantially” mean that the amount or value in question can be the exact value or a value that provides equivalent results or effects as recited in the claims or taught herein. That is, it is understood that amounts, sizes, formulations, parameters, and other quantities and characteristics are not and need not be exact but may be approximate and / or larger or smaller, as desired, reflecting tolerances, conversion factors, rounding off, measurement error and the like, and other factors known to those of skill in the art such that equivalent results or effects are obtained. In some circumstances, the value that provides equivalent results or effects cannot be reasonably determined. In such cases, it is generally understood, as used herein, that “about” and “at or about” mean the nominal value indicated ±10% variation unless otherwise indicated or inferred. In general, an amount, size, formulation, parameter or other quantity or characteristic is “about,” “approximate,” or “at or about” whether or not expressly stated to be such. It is understood that where “about,” “approximate,” or “at or about” is used before a quantitative value, the parameter also includes the specific quantitative value itself, unless specifically stated otherwise. As used herein, the term “substantially free,” when used in the context of a composition or component of a composition that is substantially absent, is intended to refer to an amount that is then about 1 % by weight or less, e.g., less than about 0.5 % by weight, less than about 0.1 % by weight, less than about 0.05 % by weight, or less than about 0.01 % by weight of the stated material, based on the total weight of the composition. As used herein, “cross-sectional shape” refers to the shape in a plane substantially perpendicular to the thickness, wherein “thickness”, or “thickness dimension”, refers to the average dimension between opposite surfaces of an object. Chemical Definitions Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. The organic moieties mentioned when defining variable positions within the general formulae described herein (e.g., the term “halogen”) are collective terms for the individual substituents encompassed by the organic moiety. The prefix Cn-Cmpreceding a group or moiety indicates, in each case, the possible number of carbon atoms in the group or moiety Attorney Docket No.11568-005WO1 that follows. As used herein, the term “substituted” is contemplated to include all permissible substituents of organic compounds. In a broad aspect, the permissible substituents include acyclic and cyclic, branched and unbranched, carbocyclic and heterocyclic, and aromatic and nonaromatic substituents of organic compounds. Illustrative substituents include, for example, those described below. The permissible substituents can be one or more and the same or different for appropriate organic compounds. For purposes of this disclosure, the heteroatoms, such as nitrogen, can have hydrogen substituents and / or any permissible substituents of organic compounds described herein which satisfy the valencies of the heteroatoms. This disclosure is not intended to be limited in any manner by the permissible substituents of organic compounds. Also, the terms “substitution” or “substituted with” include the implicit proviso that such substitution is in accordance with permitted valence of the substituted atom and the substituent, and that the substitution results in a stable compound, e.g., a compound that does not spontaneously undergo transformation such as by rearrangement, cyclization, elimination, etc. “Z1,” “Z2,” “Z3,” and “Z4” are used herein as generic symbols to represent various specific substituents. These symbols can be any substituent, not limited to those disclosed herein, and when they are defined to be certain substituents in one instance, they can, in another instance, be defined as some other substituents. As used herein, the term “alkyl” refers to saturated, straight chained or branched saturated hydrocarbon moieties. Unless otherwise specified, C1-C24(e.g., C1-C22, C1-C20, C1- C18, C1-C16, C1-C14, C1-C12, C1-C10, C1-C8, C1-C6, or C1-C4) alkyl groups are intended. Examples of alkyl groups include methyl, ethyl, propyl, 1-methyl-ethyl, butyl, 1-methyl- propyl, 2-methyl-propyl, 1,1-dimethyl-ethyl, pentyl, 1-methyl-butyl, 2-methyl-butyl, 3- methyl-butyl, 2,2-dimethyl-propyl, 1-ethyl-propyl, hexyl, 1,1-dimethyl-propyl, 1,2-dimethyl- propyl, 1-methyl-pentyl, 2-methyl-pentyl, 3-methyl-pentyl, 4-methyl-pentyl, 1,1-dimethyl- butyl, 1,2-dimethyl-butyl, 1,3-dimethyl-butyl, 2,2-dimethyl-butyl, 2,3-dimethyl-butyl, 3,3- dimethyl-butyl, 1-ethyl-butyl, 2-ethyl-butyl, 1,1,2-trimethyl-propyl, 1,2,2-trimethyl-propyl, 1-ethyl-1-methyl-propyl, 1-ethyl-2-methyl-propyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl, decyl, dodecyl, tetradecyl, hexadecyl, eicosyl, tetracosyl, and the like. Alkyl substituents may be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more chemical moieties. The alkyl group can be substituted with one or more groups including, but not limited to, hydroxyl, halogen, acetal, acyl, alkyl, alkoxy, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aldehyde, amino, cyano, carboxylic acid, ester, ether, carbonate ester, carbamate ester, ketone, nitro, phosphonyl, silyl, sulfo-oxo, Attorney Docket No.11568-005WO1 sulfonyl, sulfone, sulfoxide, or thiol, as described below, provided that the substituents are sterically compatible and the rules of chemical bonding and strain energy are satisfied. Throughout the specification “alkyl” is generally used to refer to both unsubstituted alkyl groups and substituted alkyl groups; however, substituted alkyl groups are also specifically referred to herein by identifying the specific substituent(s) on the alkyl group. For example, the term “halogenated alkyl” or “haloalkyl” specifically refers to an alkyl group that is substituted with one or more halides (halogens; e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine). The term “alkoxyalkyl” specifically refers to an alkyl group that is substituted with one or more alkoxy groups, as described below. The term “alkylamino” specifically refers to an alkyl group that is substituted with one or more amino groups, as described below, and the like. When “alkyl” is used in one instance and a specific term such as “alkylalcohol” is used in another, it is not meant to imply that the term “alkyl” does not also refer to specific terms such as “alkylalcohol” and the like. The term “halide” or “halogen” or “halo” as used herein refers to fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine. “R1,” “R2,” “R3,” “Rn,” etc., where n is some integer, as used herein can, independently, possess one or more of the groups listed above. For example, if R1is a straight chain alkyl group, one of the hydrogen atoms of the alkyl group can optionally be substituted with a hydroxyl group, an alkoxy group, an amine group, an alkyl group, a halide, and the like. Depending upon the groups that are selected, a first group can be incorporated within second group or, alternatively, the first group can be pendant (i.e., attached) to the second group. For example, with the phrase “an alkyl group comprising an amino group,” the amino group can be incorporated within the backbone of the alkyl group. Alternatively, the amino group can be attached to the backbone of the alkyl group. The nature of the group(s) that is (are) selected will determine if the first group is embedded or attached to the second group. Unless stated to the contrary, a formula with chemical bonds shown only as solid lines and not as wedges or dashed lines contemplates each possible stereoisomer or mixture of stereoisomer (e.g., each enantiomer, each diastereomer, each meso compound, a racemic mixture, or scalemic mixture). Composition Cap Provided herein is a cap (200) comprising an outer surface (202); an inner surface (212) spaced apart from and opposite to the outer surface (202), the inner surface (212) Attorney Docket No.11568-005WO1 defining a central cavity (206) within the cap (200), the central cavity (206) having an average characteristic dimension; an access rim (204) defining a first opening (210) extending through the outer surface (202) and the inner surface (212) and into the central cavity (206) of the cap (200); an engagement edge (216) extending between the inner surface (212) and the outer surface (202) and opposite the access rim (204), wherein the engagement edge (216) defines a second opening (208) into the central cavity (206); threads (214) extending across at least a portion of the inner surface (212); and the access rim (204) comprising stainless steel, wherein the stainless steel is at least partially magnetic. In further examples, the outer surface (202) of the cap (200) comprises stainless steel. In further examples, the stainless steel comprises iron and martensitic crystal structures, ferritic crystal structures, or any combination thereof. The term “characteristic dimension,” as used herein, refers to the largest straight-line distance between two points in the plane of the cross-sectional shape. “Average characteristic dimension” generally refers to the statistical mean characteristic dimension. For example, when the cap has a cross-sectional shape that is substantially circular, the average characteristic dimension can refer to the average inner diameter, which is used herein interchangeably with “diameter.” For a cap with no screw threads, average diameter can refer to the inner diameter of the cap. For a cap with a set of threads, average diameter can refer to the largest coplanar straight-line distance between two points on the inside of the set of threads. The term “stainless steel,” as used herein, refers to magnetic types of stainless steel. Some examples include, but are not limited to, ferritic stainless steels such as grades 409 and 430. One such example AISI 409 is a ferritic stainless steel that includes the following approximate chemical composition percentages by weight: 10.5 – 11.75 Cr, 0.08 C, 1.0 Mn, 1.0 Si, 0.045 P, 0.030 S, 0.05 Ni, and (Ti 6 x C but with 0.75 max). An example AISI 430 is a ferritic stainless steel that includes the following approximate chemical composition percentages by weight: 16 – 18 Cr, 0.12 C, 1.0 Mn, 1.0 Si, 0.040 P, 0.030 S, 0.75 Ni. Some additional examples include, but are not limited to, martensitic stainless steels such as grades 410 and 420. An example AISI 410 is a martensitic stainless steel that includes the following approximate chemical composition percentages by weight: 11.5 – 13.5 Cr, 0.15 C, 1.0 Mn, 1.0 Si, 0.040 P, 0.030 S, and 0.75 Ni. An example AISI 420 is a martensitic stainless steel that includes the following approximate chemical composition percentages by weight: 12 – 14 Cr, 0.15 C min, 1.0 Mn, 1.0 Si, 0.040 P, and 0.030 S. Other examples include, but are not limited to, stainless steels that have been made magnetic through special thermal treatment or Attorney Docket No.11568-005WO1 work-hardening. Further examples include, but are not limited to, duplex stainless steel and precipitation hardening stainless steels. In some examples, stainless steel is substituted with other magnetic alloys such as alnico or magnetic materials such as iron. Figures 2, 6, and 7 show the cap (200) according to one example. As shown in Figures 2, 6, and 7, the cap (200) includes an outer surface (202) and an access rim (204). The walls (202, 204) define a central cavity (206) having a second opening (208) and a first opening (210). As shown in Figures 2, 6, and 7, the cap (200) also includes an inner surface (212) opposite and spaced apart from the outer surface (202). As shown in Figure 6, the cap (200) also includes an access rim (204) that extends through the outer surface (202) and inner surface (212), the access rim (204) defining the first opening (210). As shown in Figure 7, the cap (200) also includes an engagement edge (216) separating the outer surface (202) from the inner surface (212) that defines the second opening (208). In the illustrated example, the inner surface (212) of the outer surface (202) is defined by a set of threads (214) to enable the cap (200) to screw on to a vial (500) via screw threads (512). In various examples, the inner surface (212) may have a grooved locking mechanism or forms of threading to facilitate interaction with the vial (500). In further examples, the cap (200) has a cross-sectional shape that is substantially circular. As shown in Figures 1-4, an example cap’s central cavity (206) has an inner surface (212) and an outer surface (202) with a profile defined by a set of threads (214) that are complimentary to screw threads (512) of the vial (500). As a result, the vial (500) can be inserted into the central cavity (206). In the illustrated example, the central cavity (206) is a substantially cylindrical central cavity (206) having a circular cross-section. However, in various other examples, the outer surface (202) may have other suitable profiles (e.g., a cube having a cylindrical central cavity). In further examples, the inner surface (212) comprises an edge configured to engage a liner (400), wherein the edge is adjacent to the threads (214). In some examples, the edge is defined by an axial protrusion from a circumference of the inner surface (212) configured to engage the liner (400). In further examples, the edge is a single protrusion from the inner surface (212). In certain examples, the edge is defined by a set of protrusions from the inner surface (212). In some examples, the edge is configured to retain or capture the liner (400) within the cap (200) such that it is constrained in at least one direction. Attorney Docket No.11568-005WO1 In further examples, the outer surface (202) and the inner surface (212) define a thickness dimension of the cap. As shown in Figure 7, an example cap (200) comprises an inner surface (212) and outer surface (202) that define the thickness of the cap (200). One skilled in the art will recognize that the outer surface (202) and inner surface (212) could be adjusted axially to create a desired thickness of the cap (200) to suit the corresponding geometry on the vial (500) or similar receptacle, or the dimensions of analytical instrument. In further examples, the average characteristic dimension is from 8 mm to 10 mm. In further examples, the average characteristic dimension is 9 mm. In some examples, the cap (200) has an average characteristic dimension of 8 millimeters (mm) or more (e.g., 8mm, or more, 9mm or more, 10 mm or more, 11 mm or more, 12 mm or more, 13 mm or more, 14 mm or more, 15 mm or more, 16 mm or more, 17 mm or more, 18 mm or more, 19 mm or more, 20 mm or more, 21 mm or more, 22 mm or more, 23 mm or more, 24 mm or more, 25 mm or more, 26 mm or more, 27 mm or more, 28 mm or more, 29 mm or more, 30 mm or more, 31 mm or more, 32 mm or more, 33 mm or more, 34 mm or more, 35 mm or more, 36 mm or more, 37 mm or more, 38 mm or more, 39 mm or more). In some examples, the cap (200) can have an inner diameter with an average characteristic dimension of 40 mm or less (e.g., 39mm or less, 38mm or less, 37mm or less, 36mm or less, 35mm or less, 34mm or less, 33mm or less, 32mm or less, 31mm or less, 30mm or less, 29 mm or less, 28 mm or less, 27 mm or less, 26 mm or less, 25 mm or less, 24 mm or less, 23 mm or less, 22 mm or less, 21 mm or less, 20 mm or less, 19 mm or less, 18 mm or less, 17 mm or less, 16 mm or less, 15 mm or less, 14 mm or less, 13 mm or less, 12 mm or less, 11 mm or less, or 10 mm or less). The average characteristic dimension of the cap (200) can range from any of the minimum values described above to any of the maximum values described above. For example, the cap (200) can have an average characteristic dimension of from 8 millimeters (mm) to 40 mm (e.g., from 8 to 12 mm, from 12 to 15 mm, from 15 to 18 mm, from 18 to 21 mm, from 21 to 24 mm, from 24 to 27 mm, from 27 to 30 mm, from 9 to 15 mm, from 9 to 18 mm, from 9 to 21 mm, from 9 to 24 mm, from 9 to 27 mm, from 9 to 30 mm, from 20 to 22 mm, from 20 to 24 mm, from 20 to 26 mm, from 20 to 28 mm, from 20 to 30 mm, from 22 to 23 mm, from 23 to 24 mm, from 24 to 25 mm, from 25 to 26 mm, from 16 to 18 mm, from 16 to 20 mm, from 16 to 22 mm, from 16 to 24 mm, from 18 to 19 mm, from 19 to 20 mm, from 20 to 21 mm, from 21 to 22 mm, from 30mm to 40mm, from 32mm to 40mm, from 30mm to 35mm, or from 35mm to 40mm). Attorney Docket No.11568-005WO1 In some examples, the cap (200) has an average characteristic dimension of from 8 mm to 8.2 mm, 8.2 mm to 8.4 mm, 8.4 mm to 8.6 mm, 8.6 mm to 8.8 mm, 8.8 mm to 9 mm, 9 mm to 9.2 mm, 9.2 mm to 9.4 mm, 9.4 mm to 9.6 mm, 9.6 mm to 9.8 mm, or 9.8 mm to 10 mm. In further examples, the cap (200) has an average characteristic dimension of from 8 m to 8.4 mm, 8 mm to 8.6 mm, 8 mm to 8.8 mm, 8 mm to 9 mm, 8 mm to 9.2 mm, 8 mm to 9.4 mm, 8 mm to 9.6 mm, or 8 mm to 9.8 mm. In certain examples, the cap (200) has an average characteristic dimension of from 8.5 mm to 9.5 mm. In specific examples, the cap (200) has an average characteristic dimension of from 8.5 mm to 8.6 mm, 8.6 mm to 8.7 mm, 8.7 mm to 8.8 mm, 8.8 mm to 8.9 mm, 8.9 mm to 9 mm, 9 mm to 9.1 mm, 9.1 mm to 9.2 mm, 9.2 mm to 9.3 mm, 9.3 mm to 9.4 mm, or 9.4 mm to 9.5 mm. In certain examples, the cap (200) has an average characteristic dimension of from 8.5 mm to 8.7 mm, 8.5 mm to 8.8 mm, 8.5 mm to 8.9 mm, 8.5 mm to 9 mm, 8.5 mm to 9.1 mm, 8.5 mm to 9.2 mm, 8.5 mm to 9.3 mm, or 8.5 mm to 9.4 mm. In some examples, the cap (200) has an average characteristic dimension of from 8.75 mm to 9.25 mm. In further examples, the cap (200) has an average characteristic dimension of from 8.75 mm to 8.80 mm, 8.80 mm to 8.85 mm, 8.85 mm to 8.90 mm, 8.90 mm to 8.95 mm, 8.95 mm to 9.0 mm, 9.0 mm to 9.05 mm, 9.05 mm to 9.1 mm, 9. Mm to 9.15 mm, 9.15 mm to 9.2 mm, or 9.2 mm to 9.25 mm. In specific examples, the cap (200) has an average characteristic dimension of from 8.80 mm to 8.75 mm, 8.85 mm to 8.90 mm, 8.75 mm to 8.95 mm, 8.75 mm to 9.0 mm, 8.75 mm to 9.05 mm, 8.75 mm to 9.1 mm, 8.75 mm to 9.15 mm, or 8.75 mm to 9.2 mm. In certain examples, the cap (200) has an average characteristic dimension of from 8.5 mm to 8.6 mm, 8.6 mm to 8.7 mm, 8.7 mm to 8.8 mm, 8.8 mm to 8.9 mm, 8.9 mm to 9.0 mm, 9.0 mm to 9.1 mm, 9.1 mm to 9.2 mm, 9.2 mm to 9.3 mm, 9.3 mm to 9.4 mm, or 9.4 mm to 9.5 mm. In some examples, the cap (200) has an average characteristic dimension of from 8.5 mm to 8.7 mm, 8.5 mm to 8.8 mm, 8.5 mm to 8.9 mm, 8.5 mm to 9.0 mm, 8.5 mm to 9.1 mm, 8.5 mm to 9.2 mm, 8.5 mm to 9.3 mm, or 8.5 mm to 9.4 mm, In some examples, the cap (200) has an average characteristic dimension of from 8.90 mm to 8.91 mm, 8.91 mm to 8.92 mm, 8.92 mm to 8.93 mm, 8.93 mm to 8.94 mm, 8.94 mm to 8.95 mm, 8.95 mm to 8.96 mm, 8.96 mm to 8.97 mm, 8.97 mm to 8.98 mm, 8.98 mm to 8.99 mm, 8.99 mm to 9.0 mm, 9.0 mm to 9.01 mm, 9.01 mm to 9.902 mm, 9.02 mm to 9.03 mm, 9.03 mm to 9.04 mm, 9.04 mm to 9.05 mm, 9.05 mm to 9.06 mm, 9.06 mm to 9.07 mm, 9.07 mm to 9.08 mm, 9.08 mm to 9.09 mm, or 9.09 mm to 9.10 mm. In some examples, the cap (200) has an average characteristic dimension of from 8.90 mm to 8.92 mm, 8.90 mm to Attorney Docket No.11568-005WO1 8.93 mm, 8.90 mm to 8.94 mm, 8.90 mm to 8.95 mm, 8.90 mm to 8.96 mm, 8.90 mm to 8.97 mm, 8.90 mm to 8.98 mm, 8.90 mm to 8.99 mm, 8.90 mm to 9.0 mm, 8.90 mm to 9.01 mm, 8.90 mm to 9.02 mm, 8.90 mm to 9.03 mm, 8.90 mm to 9.04 mm, 8.90 mm to 9.05 mm, 8.90 mm to 9.06 mm, 8.90 mm to 9.07 mm, 8.90 mm to 9.08 mm, or 8.90 mm to 9.09 mm. In further examples, the first opening (210) has an average characteristic dimension less than an average characteristic dimension of the second opening (208). As shown in Figures 2 and 6, the example cap’s first opening (210) is defined by an aperture in the cap’s access rim (204). In the illustrated example, the first opening (210) is a circular aperture in the access rim (204). In various examples, the first opening (210) has a diameter that is less than the diameter of the second opening (208). In the illustrated example, the circular first opening (210) is aligned with a central axis of the cap (200) and positioned concentric with the second opening (208) (and thereby also concentric with the central cavity (206) in the illustrated example). However, in various other examples, the first opening (210) may be provided in any suitable shape and orientation. In certain examples, the cap’s first opening (210) has a cross-sectional area of from 10% to 80% of the cross-sectional area of the cap’s central cavity (206). In certain examples, the first opening (210) has a cross-sectional area of from 10% to 45%, or 45% to 80% of the cross-sectional area of the cap’s central cavity (206). In specific examples, the first opening (210) has a cross-sectional area of from 10% to 30%, 10% to 50%, or 10% to 70% of the cross-sectional area of the cap’s central cavity (206). In some examples, the first opening (210) has a cross-sectional area of from 10% to 20%, 20% to 30%, 30% to 40%, 40% to 50%, 50% to 60%, 60% to 70%, or 70% to 80% of the cross-sectional area of the cap’s central cavity (206). In further examples, the first opening (210) has a cross-sectional area of from 10% to 25%, 10% to 35%, 10% to 45%, 10% to 55%, 10% to 65%, or 10% to 75% of the cross-sectional area of the cap’s central cavity (206). In certain examples, the first opening (210) has a cross-sectional area of from 25% to 35%, 25% to 45%, 45% to 55%, 55% to 65%, or 65% to 75% of the cross-sectional area of the cap’s central cavity (206). In further examples, the threads (214) extend from the engagement edge (216) to the access rim (204) on the inner surface (212). As shown in Figures 3 and 4, an example cap (200) comprises a set of threads (214) that extend from the engagement edge (216) to the inner surface of the access rim (204). In further examples, the set of threads (214) extend only partially from the engagement edge (216) to the inner surface of the access rim (204), depending on the geometry of the corresponding vial (500) or similar receptacle or analytical instrument. Attorney Docket No.11568-005WO1 In further examples, additional threads extend from the engagement edge (216) to the access rim (204) on the outer surface (202). As shown in Figures 3 and 4, an example cap (200) comprises additional threads that extend from the engagement edge (216) to the access rim (204) outer surface. In some examples, the additional threads are defined by the geometry of the set of threads (214). In some further examples, the additional threads are defined independently of the set of threads (214). Cap Assembly Further provided herein is a cap assembly comprising a cap (200) and a liner (400), wherein the liner (400) is disposed within the central cavity (206). In further examples, the liner (400) is disposed within the central cavity (206) adjacent the inner surface (212) at the access rim (204). In further examples, the liner (400) is secured within the central cavity by the threads (214). In further examples, the liner (400) is secured within the central cavity (206) between one of the threads (214) and the access rim (204). In further examples, the liner (400) is so dimensioned as to fit within the inner surface (212) and contact the inner surface (212) along the access rim (204). Figures 2, 4, 5, and 9 show the cap (200) according to one example where the cap (200) is configured to accept a liner (400), which is disposed within the central cavity (206). Figures 4 and 5 show an example cap (200) that comprises a liner (400) that is disposed within the central cavity (206) adjacent to the inner surface (212) at the inner surface of the access rim (204). In various examples, the liner (400) is secured within the central cavity (206) by the set of threads (214). In further examples, the liner (400) is secured within the central cavity (206) between one of the threads and the access rim (204). In some examples, the liner (400) is dimensioned to fit within the inner surface (212) and contact the inner surface (212) along the access rim (204). In various additional examples, the inner surface (212) of the cap (200) is configured to accept the liner (400) such that when the cap assembly (100) is installed on a vial (500) the vial (500) applies force to the bottom of the liner, sealing it against the inner surface (212) of the cap (200). In various examples, the inner surface (212) comprises an edge that is configured to accept the liner (400), wherein the edge is adjacent to the set of threads (214). As shown in Figures 4 and 7, the second opening (208) is defined by the shape of the lower edge of the outer surface (202). In the illustrated example, the second opening (208) is a circular aperture defined by the shape of the outer surface (202) and the set of threads (214). Attorney Docket No.11568-005WO1 As shown in Figures 4 and 7, the second opening (208) provides access to the central cavity (206) and allows the liner (400) to be inserted within the cap’s central cavity (206). Figure 1 shows a cap assembly (100) according to various examples. As discussed herein, the cap assembly (100) is configured for use as a lid for a container (e.g., a vial (500) as shown and described with respect to Figures 16-17). In various examples, the cap assembly (100) can be secured to an open end of the vial (500) to prevent evaporation and / or contamination of a sample contained within the vial (500). In various examples, the cap assembly (100) is a screw-on cap configured for being screwed onto an open end of the vial (500) via screw threads. As shown in Figures 1-5, the cap assembly (100) includes a cap (200) and a liner (400). In the illustrated example, the liner (400) is disposed within the cap’s central cavity (206) and secured in place by the vial (500), which is inserted into the cap’s central cavity (206) below the liner (400). In further examples, the liner (400) extends across the first opening (210) of the cap (200). As shown in Figures 2, 3, 4, 8, and 9, the liner (400) extends across the first opening (210) of the cap (200). As shown with respect to Figures 1-5, the cap assembly (100) is assembled by first disposing the liner (400) within the cap’s central cavity (206). In the illustrated example, an upper surface of the liner (400) engages a lower surface of the cap’s access rim (204) within the central cavity (206). In this position, the liner (400) covers the cap’s first opening (210) by extending across the first opening (210) within the central cavity (206). In certain examples, the liner (400) can be secured within the cap (200) in this way without the use of adhesives. In other words, the liner (400) is mechanically secured in place in the cap (200). In further examples, the liner (400) comprises a septum (410), wherein the septum comprises an elastomer. Figures 10-15 show the liner (400) according to various examples. The liner (400) is generally configured to securely seal samples in a container such that the sample is separate from an external environment while simultaneously allowing for extraction of the sample (e.g., via a syringe). In various examples, the liner (400) includes a septum (410) as shown in Figures 10 and 11. As used herein, a septum (410) refers to a membrane used in techniques for the transfer of substances. In some examples, the septum (410) can be made of a rubber. In further examples, the membrane can be chemically resistant. In specific examples, the septum (410) Attorney Docket No.11568-005WO1 can be used with a syringe to transfer a substance from, for example, a vial (500) to a gas chromatograph, liquid chromatograph, mass spectrometer, or any combination thereof for separation, purification, and / or identification. A septum (410) can be used when transferring a solid, liquid, gas, or any combination thereof. In further examples, the septum (410) has a top surface and a bottom surface, the bottom surface being opposite and spaced apart from the top surface. In some examples, the septum (410) comprises an elastomer. Elastomers are any material exhibiting elastic or rubber-like properties and can be natural or synthetic. Elastomeric materials (e.g., materials comprising elastomers) include, but are not limited to, foams and sponges, rubbers, cork products, and any combination thereof. Rubbers include, for example, urethanes, chloroprenes, neoprenes, isoprene rubbers, acrylonitrile butadiene rubbers, ethylene propylene rubbers, fluoroelastomers, silicone rubbers, styrene butadiene rubbers, fluorosilicones, and polyisobutylene rubbers (also referred to as “butyl”). In further examples, the elastomer comprises silicone rubber. Silicone rubber is a durable and resistant elastomer comprising silicone, which comprises silicon, carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. The silicone rubber comprises a siloxane backbone and an organic moiety bound to the silicon, as per Formula I (where “R” is the organic moiety): Formula I Silicone can have a tensile strength of from 500-2500 psi and an elongation percentage of from 450-900%. Silicone is ozone resistant and can withstand low temperatures (e.g., down to -75˚F) and high temperatures (e.g., up to 500˚F). In some examples, the silicone rubber is a room-temperature vulcanizing silicone rubber. In further examples, the liner (400) further comprises a first polymer layer, wherein the first polymer layer is coupled to the septum (410), further wherein the first polymer layer comprises a first thermoplastic polymer. In certain examples, the liner (400) includes a septum (410) and a first polymer layer (420) disposed on an upper surface of the septum (410), as shown in Figures 12-15. Attorney Docket No.11568-005WO1 In further examples, the liner (400) further comprises a second polymer layer, wherein the second polymer layer comprises a second thermoplastic polymer, further wherein the septum (410) is coupled to the second polymer layer. In certain examples, the liner (400) includes a septum (410) and a second polymer layer (430) disposed on a lower surface of the septum (410), as shown in Figures 14 and 15. In certain examples, the liner (400) includes a septum (410), a second polymer layer (430) disposed on a lower surface of the septum (410), and a first polymer layer (420) disposed on an upper surface of the septum (410), as shown in Figures 14 and 15. In some examples, the liner (400) comprises a septum (410) and a second polymer layer (430), where the second polymer layer (430) comprises a first thermoplastic polymer, the septum (410) comprises an elastomer, and the septum (410) is coupled to the second polymer layer (430). In further examples, the liner (400) further comprises a first polymer layer (420), where the first polymer layer (420) comprises a second thermoplastic polymer layer and the septum (410) is also coupled to the first polymer layer (420). In further examples, the first thermoplastic polymer and the second thermoplastic polymer are the same. In some examples, the liner (400) further includes a second polymer layer (430). In further examples, the second polymer layer (430) comprises a first thermoplastic polymer. In certain examples, the liner (400) further comprises a first polymer layer (420). In specific examples, the first polymer layer (420) comprises a second thermoplastic polymer. In some examples, the first thermoplastic polymer and the second thermoplastic polymer are the same. In further examples, the first thermoplastic polymer and the second thermoplastic polymer are different. In further examples, a liquid disposed on the first thermoplastic polymer has a contact angle of from 0° to 90° with the first thermoplastic polymer. In further examples, a liquid disposed on the second thermoplastic polymer has a contact angle of from 0° to 90° with the second thermoplastic polymer. Contact angle is a measure of the ability of a liquid to wet the surface of a solid. The contact angle is an angle formed by a liquid at the three-phase boundary where a liquid, gas, and solid intersect. As contact angle decreases, surface energy increases, surface tension decreases, and wettability increases. In some examples, when a contact angle of a liquid with a surface is less than 90˚, the wetting of the surface by the liquid is very favorable and the liquid can spread over a large area of the surface. As described herein, a liquid having a contact angle less than 90˚ with the first and / or thermoplastic polymer can be favorable for Attorney Docket No.11568-005WO1 bonding that thermoplastic polymer to the elastomer (e.g., for bonding polypropylene or PTFE to silicone). In some examples, the first thermoplastic polymer comprises PTFE or PP. In some examples, the second thermoplastic polymer comprises PTFE or PP. In further examples, the first thermoplastic polymer and the second thermoplastic polymer comprise polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE). In further examples, the first thermoplastic polymer and the second thermoplastic polymer comprises polypropylene (PP). Thermoplastic polymers, like all polymers, are made up of small molecules, called monomers, which form long chains via the process of polymerization. For example, one thermoplastic polymer chain can comprise thousands of monomers. Thermoplastic polymers include, but are not limited to, polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polystyrene (PS), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polybutylene terephthalate (PBT), polyamide (PA), and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE). In some examples, the first thermoplastic polymer and the second thermoplastic polymer comprise polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE). In further examples, the first thermoplastic polymer and the second thermoplastic polymer comprise polypropylene (PP). In certain examples, the first thermoplastic polymer comprises PTFE or PP. In specific examples, the second thermoplastic polymer comprises PTFE or PP. In some examples, the septum (410) is attached to the second polymer layer (430). In further examples, the septum (410) is attached to the first polymer layer (420). In the liner (400), the layer (430) can be attached to the septum (410). The thermoplastic polymer can be coupled to the elastomer using methods known in the art. For example, the layer (430) comprising thermoplastic polymer can be attached to the septum (410) comprising elastomer via the application of compositions such as primers, prime coats, adhesion promoters, or any combination thereof; these coupling compositions can be dilute solutions comprising silane coupling agents, along with other active ingredients. The compositions are generally liquids and enhance the adhesion and bonding of silicones to a variety of substances. In some examples, these substances can include, but are not limited to, Dow Corning® 3-6060, 92- 023, S-2260, or any combination thereof. In some examples, the second polymer layer (430) has, for example, a third surface and a fourth surface, the fourth surface being opposite and spaced apart from the third surface. In some examples of the liner (400), the septum (410) is disposed on the second polymer Attorney Docket No.11568-005WO1 layer (430) comprising the first thermoplastic polymer such that a top surface of the septum (410) is disposed on and in physical contact with the third surface of the second polymer layer (430) comprising the first thermoplastic polymer. In some examples, the bottom surface of the septum (410) is disposed on the third surface of the second polymer layer (430) comprising the first thermoplastic polymer. In further examples, the septum (410) can be disposed on a first polymer layer (420) comprising a second thermoplastic polymer, having, for example, a fifth surface and a sixth surface, the fifth surface being opposite and spaced apart from the sixth surface. In certain examples, the septum (410) is disposed on the first polymer layer (420) such that a top surface of the septum (410) is disposed on and in physical contact with the fifth surface of the first polymer layer (420) comprising the second thermoplastic polymer, thus resulting in the septum (410) being sandwiched between the second polymer layer (430) of the first thermoplastic polymer and the first polymer layer (420) of the second thermoplastic polymer. In some examples, the septum (410) is disposed on the first polymer layer (420) such that the bottom surface of the septum (410) is disposed on and in physical contact with the fifth surface of the first polymer layer (420) comprising the second thermoplastic polymer, thus resulting in the septum (410) being sandwiched between the second polymer layer (430) of the first thermoplastic polymer and the first polymer layer (420) of the second thermoplastic polymer. In some examples, the first thermoplastic polymer and second thermoplastic polymer that comprise the second polymer layer (430) and first polymer layer (420), respectively, can be the same thermoplastic polymer, or different thermoplastic polymers. In the examples wherein the second and second thermoplastic polymers are the same, the second polymer layer (430) and first polymer layer (420) are interchangeable, such that either the top surface of the septum (410) can be disposed on either the second polymer layer (430) or first polymer layer (420). In some examples, the thermoplastic polymer comprises polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE). PTFE is a synthetic fluoropolymer of tetrafluoroethylene and has a formula as shown in Formula II. PTFE is hydrophobic, non-wetting, high density and resistant to high temperatures. PTFE can be made via a chemical reaction that includes the following ingredients: fluorspar, hydrofluoric acid, chloroform, and water. Attorney Docket No.11568-005WO1 Formula II In certain examples, the thermoplastic polymer comprises polypropylene. Polypropylene is a thermoplastic polymer derived from propylene monomers and can have a formula as shown in Formula III. In some examples, polypropylene is produced via chain- growth polymerization. In further examples, polypropylene has a melting point of 320˚F. In specific examples, the liner (400) can have a thickness and a cross-sectional shape, wherein the cross-sectional shape is substantially circular. The cross-sectional shape of the liner (400) could, in other implementations, be various other shapes. In other examples, the cross-sectional shape of the liner (400) could be dictated by the geometry of the inner cavity (206), the set of threads (214), the cap (200), the first opening (210), the second opening (208), or other features of the cap (200) or vial (500). In further examples, the liner has an average characteristic dimension of from 8 millimeters (mm) to 10 mm. In some examples, the liner (400) has an average characteristic dimension. The term “characteristic dimension,” as used herein, refers to the largest straight-line distance between two points in the plane of the cross-sectional shape. “Average characteristic dimension” generally refers to the statistical mean characteristic dimension. For example, when the liner has a cross-sectional shape that is substantially circular, the average characteristic dimension can refer to the average diameter, which is used herein interchangeably with “diameter.” Attorney Docket No.11568-005WO1 In some examples, the liner (400) can have an average characteristic dimension of 8 mm or more, or 9 millimeters (mm) or more (e.g., 10 mm or more, 11 mm or more, 12 mm or more, 13 mm or more, 14 mm or more, 15 mm or more, 16 mm or more, 17 mm or more, 18 mm or more, 19 mm or more, 20 mm or more, 21 mm or more, 22 mm or more, 23 mm or more, 24 mm or more, 25 mm or more, 26 mm or more, 27 mm or more, 28 mm or more, or 29 mm or more, 30 mm or more, 31 mm or more, 32 mm or more, 33 mm or more, 34 mm or more, 35 mm or more, 36 or more, 37 mm or more, 38 mm or more, or 39 mm or more). In some examples, the liner (400) can have an average characteristic dimension of 40 mm or less, 30 mm or less (e.g., 39 mm or less, 38 mm or less, 37 mm or less, 36 mm or less, 35 mm or less, 34 mm or less, 33 mm or less, 32 mm or less, 31 mm or less, or 30 mm or less, 29 mm or less, 28 mm or less, 27 mm or less, 26 mm or less, 25 mm or less, 24 mm or less, 23 mm or less, 22 mm or less, 21 mm or less, 20 mm or less, 19 mm or less, 18 mm or less, 17 mm or less, 16 mm or less, 15 mm or less, 14 mm or less, 13 mm or less, 12 mm or less, 11 mm or less, or 10 mm or less). The average characteristic dimension of the liner (400) can range from any of the minimum values described above to any of the maximum values described above. For example, the liner (400) can have an average characteristic dimension of from 8 millimeters (mm) to 40 mm (e.g., from 9 to 12 mm, from 12 to 15 mm, from 15 to 18 mm, from 18 to 21 mm, from 21 to 24 mm, from 24 to 27 mm, from 27 to 30 mm, from 9 to 15 mm, from 9 to 18 mm, from 9 to 21 mm, from 9 to 24 mm, from 9 to 27 mm, from 9 to 30 mm, from 20 to 22 mm, from 20 to 24 mm, from 20 to 26 mm, from 20 to 28 mm, from 20 to 30 mm, from 22 to 23 mm, from 23 to 24 mm, from 24 to 25 mm, from 25 to 26 mm, from 16 to 18 mm, from 16 to 20 mm, from 16 to 22 mm, from 16 to 24 mm, from 18 to 19 mm, from 19 to 20 mm, from 20 to 21 mm, or from 21 to 22 mm). In further examples, the liner (400) has a diameter of 24 mm. In certain examples, the liner (400) has a diameter of 20 mm. In further examples, the liner (400) is free of perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). In further examples, the liner (400) is substantially free of PFAS. In further examples, the liner (400) comprises 0 parts per trillion to 140,000 parts per trillion of PFAS. In specific examples, the liner (400) is substantially free of perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). In some examples, the liner (400) is free of PFAS. In some examples, the liner (400) comprises from 0 parts per trillion to 140,000 parts per trillion of PFAS (e.g., 0 to 20,000 parts per trillion, 20,000 to 40,000 parts per trillion, 40,000 to 60,000 parts per trillion, 60,000 to 80,000 parts per trillion, 80,0000 to 100,000 parts per Attorney Docket No.11568-005WO1 trillion, 100,0000 to 120,000 parts per trillion, or 120,000 to 140,000 parts per trillion). In further examples, the liner (400) comprises 140,000 parts per trillion or less (e.g., up to 140,000 parts per trillion, up to 130,000 parts per trillion, up to 120,000 parts per trillion, up to 110,000 parts per trillion, up to 100,000 parts per trillion, up to 90,000 parts per trillion, up to 80,000 parts per trillion, up to 70,000 parts per trillion, up to 60,000 parts per trillion, up to 50,000 parts per trillion, up to 40,000 parts per trillion, up to 30,000 parts per trillion, up to 20,000 parts per trillion, or up to 10,000 parts per trillion). In certain examples, the liner (400) comprises from 0 parts per trillion to 1,000 parts per trillion (e.g., 0 to 100 parts per trillion, 100 to 200 parts per trillion, 200 to 300 parts per trillion, 300 to 400 parts per trillion, 400 to 500 parts per trillion, 500 to 600 parts per trillion, 600 to 700 parts per trillion, 700 to 800 parts per trillion, 800 to 900 parts per trillion, or 900 to 1,000 parts per trillion). In specific examples, the liner (400) comprises form 0 parts per trillion to 100 parts per trillion (e.g., 0 to 10 parts per trillion, 10 to 20 parts per trillion, 20 to 30 parts per trillion, 30 to 40 parts per trillion, 40 to 50 parts per trillion, 50 to 60 parts per trillion, 60 to 70 parts per trillion, 70 to 80 parts per trillion, 80 to 90 parts per trillion, or 90 to 100 parts per trillion). PFAS comprise molecules that are made up of a chain of linked carbon and fluorine atoms. Because of the strength of a carbon-fluorine bond, PFAS can degrade very slowly, or not at all, in the environment. PFAS can be used in nonstick coatings on cookware, stain- resistant clothes and carpets, or firefighting foam, in order to make it more effective. Further, PFAS can be used in industries such as aerospace, automotive, construction, electronics, and military equipment. Currently, more than 9,000 PFAS have been identified. As PFAS can persist in the environment for an unknown amount of time and gradually accumulate and remain in the human body, there has been an increase in the concerns regarding the public health impact of PFAS. PFAS include, but are not limited to, perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorooctyl sulfonate (PFOS), hexofluoropropylene oxide (HFPO) dimer acid, and their ammonium, sodium, and potassium salts, or any combination thereof. Further examples of PFAS include N-ethyl perfluorooctanesulfonamidoacetic acid, N-methyl perfluorooctanesulfonamidoacetic acid, perfluorobutanesulfonic acid, perfluorodecanoic acid, perfluorododecanoic acid, perfluoroheptanoic acid, perfluorohexanesulfonic acid, perfluorohexanoic acid, and perfluorononanoic acid. In certain examples, PFAS comprise perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), or any combination thereof. In further examples, the liner (400) has a thickness of 0.5 inches or less. In some examples, the liner (400) has a thickness of 0.5 inches (in.) or less (e.g., 0.4 in. or less, 0.3 in. Attorney Docket No.11568-005WO1 or less, 0.2 in. or less, or 0.1 in. or less). In certain examples, the liner (400) has a thickness of from 0 to 0.1 in., 0.1 to 0.2 in., 0.2 to 0.3 in., 0.3 to 0.4 in., or 0.4 to 0.5 inches. In specific examples, the liner (400) has a thickness of from 0 to 0.05 in., 0.05 to 0.1 in., 0.1 to 0.15 in., 0.15 to 0.2 in., 0.2 to 0.25 in., 0.25 to 0.3 in., 0.3 to 0.35 in., 0.35 to 0.4 in., 0.4 to 0.45 in., or 0.45 to 0.5 inches. In some examples, the liner (400) has a thickness of from 0 to 0.1 in., 0 to 0.2 in., 0 to 0.3 in., 0 to 0.4 in., or 0 to 0.5 inches. Cap and Vial Assembly Also provide herein is a cap and vial assembly comprising the cap assembly (100) and a vial (500), wherein the cap assembly (100) is coupled to the vial (500). Figures 16 and 17 show the cap assembly (100) secured to a vial (500) according to various examples. As used herein, a vial (500) is a closable vessel that can hold a solid, liquid, gas, or any combination thereof. A vial (500) can include, but is not limited to, a container, a well plate of any capacity, an ampoule, or a bottle. In some examples, the vial is a 96-well plate. A 96-well plate refers to a plate with multiple (e.g., 96) sample wells, often arranged in a rectangular matrix. A 96-well plate can be used in virology, serology, microbiology, and / or life science and drug discovery applications. According to one example, the vial has a volume of from 1 mL to 500 mL. In some examples, the vial (500) can have a volume of from 1 mL to 500 mL (e.g., 1 to 50 mL, 50 to 100 mL, 100 to 150 mL, 150 to 200 mL, 200 to 250 mL, 250 to 300 mL, 300 to 350 mL, 350 to 400 mL, 400 to 450 mL, or 450 to 500 mL). In further examples, the vial (500) comprises glass. A vial (500) can be made of any suitable material. For example, the vial (500) can be made of materials that include, but are not limited to, plastic, glass, or any combination thereof. In specific examples, the vial (500) comprises a plastic. Examples of plastics that can be used to make a vial (500) include, but are not limited to, acrylics, high-density polyethylene, or any combination thereof. In some examples, the vial (500) can be made of a pharmaceutical-grade plastic. In further examples, the glass comprises borosilicate glass. In other examples, the vial (500) comprises glass. The glass used to make the vial (500) can include, but is not limited to, soda-lime glass, borosilicate glass, or any combination thereof. In certain examples, the glass comprises borosilicate glass. Borosilicate glass is a type of glass with silica and boron trioxide as the main glass-forming constituents. Borosilicate glasses have low coefficients of thermal expansion (e.g., approximately 3×10−6 Attorney Docket No.11568-005WO1 K−1at 20 °C), making them more resistant to thermal shock than any other common glass. Such glass is subjected to less thermal stress and can withstand temperature differentials without fracturing of about 165°C (300°F). In other examples, the vial (500) comprises plastic. In some examples, the vial (500) comprises a second plastic. Examples of plastics that can be used to make a vial (500) include, but are not limited to, acrylics, high-density polyethylene, or any combination thereof. In some examples, the vial (500) can be made of a pharmaceutical-grade plastic. In further examples, the vial (500) comprises screw threads (512) such that the cap assembly (100) is configured to be coupled to the vial (500) with a screw mechanism. In some examples, the cap assembly (100) and the vial (500) each independently comprise screw threads, such that the cap assembly (100) is configured to be coupled to the vial (500) with a screw mechanism. As shown in Figures 1-4 and Figure 17, the cap assembly (100) comprises a set of threads (214) such that the cap assembly (100) is configured to be coupled to the vial (500) via complimentary screw threads (512). As used herein, a “screw mechanism” refers to a mechanism wherein a cylindrical shaft with helical grooves around at least a portion of the outside of the shaft, known as threads, passes through a hole in another object or medium with threads on the inside of the hole, wherein the threads on the inside of the hole mesh with threads on the outside of the shaft. In some examples, in screwing the cap assembly (100) to the vial (500), the cap assembly (100) is sealed to the vial (500) by force applied to the liner (400), which is constrained by the cap (200). In screwing the cap assembly (100) to the vial (500), the liner (400) is sealed to the vial (500) and the liner (400) is sealed to the cap (200) via compression of the liner (400) between the vial (500) and cap (200). In screwing the cap assembly (100) to the vial (500), the contents of the vial (500) are thus sealed within the vial (500), for example to minimize or prevent evaporation and / or contamination. Method Method of Moving a Sample within an Analytical Instrument Also provided herein is a method of moving a sample within an analytical instrument comprising containing the sample in the cap and vial assembly as disclosed herein; placing the cap and vial assembly in a first position in a vial tray located within the analytical instrument; contacting the cap and vial assembly with a magnet; removing the cap and vial assembly from the first position using the magnet; and transporting the cap and vial assembly Attorney Docket No.11568-005WO1 from the first position in the vial try to a second position at a sample collection point located within the analytical instrument. A vial tray, also referred to as a vial rack, holds samples prior to separation or analysis in an analytical instrument. The vial tray is a component of the analytical instrument. The vial tray can serve as a holder for samples for preparative procedures. The vial tray can have varying cavity matrixes based on the number of samples, the preparative procedures of interest, and the size of the samples. In some examples, the vial tray can have a lid. In further examples, the vial tray is stackable upon other vial trays when empty or full. The sample collection point is the location in the analytical instrument wherein the sample is removed from the cap and vial assembly and introduced into the analytical instrument for analysis. When the analytical instrument is either a gas chromatograph or a liquid chromatograph, the sample collection point is at the inlet and the portion of the sample removed at that point is transferred into the column of the chromatograph. As used herein, a syringe is a reciprocating pump comprising a plunger that fits tightly within a cylindrical tube having a longitudinal axis. The plunger can be linearly translocated (e.g., pulled and / or pushed) axially along the inside of the tube, allowing the syringe to take in and expel liquid or gas through a discharge orifice at an open end of the tube. The open end of the tube can be fitted with, for example, a hypodermic needle, a nozzle, and / or tubing to direct flow into and out of the syringe. As used herein, “syringe” and “needle” are used interchangeably. The syringe can be single-use or multi-use. Further, the syringe can have any suitable size and / or volume. In some examples, the syringe can have a volume of from 1 mL to 50 mL (e.g., 1 mL to 10 mL, 10 mL to 20 mL, 20 mL to 30 mL, 30 mL to 40 mL, or 40 mL to 50 mL). In further examples, the syringe can have a volume of from 1 mL to 25 mL or 25 mL to 50 mL (e.g., 1 mL to 5 mL, 1 mL to 10 mL, 1 mL to 15 mL, 1 mL to 20 mL, 1 mL to 25 mL, 1 mL to 30 mL, 1 mL to 35 mL, 1 mL to 40 mL, 1 mL to 45 mL, or 1 mL to 50 mL). In some examples, the syringe can have a volume of from 5 to 1000 µL. In further examples, the syringe can have a volume of from 5 to 100, 100 to 200, 200 to 300, 300 to 400, 400 to 500, 500 to 600, 600 to 700, 700 to 800, 800 to 900, or 900 to 1000 µL. In certain examples, the syringe can have a volume of 5 µL or more, 10 µL or more, 25 µL or more, 50 µL or more, 100 µL or more, 250 µL or more, 500 µL or more, or 1000 µL or more. A syringe having a volume of from 5 to 1000 µL can also be referred to as a “micro syringe.” Further provided herein is a method comprising disengaging the magnet from the cap and vial assembly so as to leave the cap and vial assembly at the sample collection point. Attorney Docket No.11568-005WO1 In some examples, the magnet is an electromagnet. An electromagnet is a type of magnet that is made of coils of wire with electricity passing through them. The moving charges create magnetic fields such that when the coils of wire in an electromagnet have an electric current passing through them, the coils behave like a magnet. In further examples, the sample comprises a biological sample. In certain examples, the biological sample comprise blood, urine, semen, saliva, or any combination thereof. In specific examples, the sample comprises surface water, ground water, or any combination thereof. As used herein, surface water refers to water from any of the bodies of water found on Earth’s surface, including but not limited to saltwater in the ocean and freshwater in rivers, streams, and lakes. As used herein, ground water refers to the water that exists underground in saturated zones beneath the land surface, with the upper surface of the saturated zone being the water table. In some examples, the analytical instrument comprises a gas chromatograph, liquid chromatograph, mass spectrometer, or any combination thereof. Gas chromatography is an analytical technique used to separate chemical components in a mixture and detect them to determine their presence, absence, and / or concentration. The chemical components subject to detection can include organic molecules or gases. Gas chromatography can be used for quality control in the manufacture of products ranging from cars to chemicals, such as petrochemicals or pharmaceuticals, research, or safety and monitoring of environmental samples, microplastics, or food. Gas chromatography can be performed on a gas chromatograph (GC). A GC operates by transporting the sample molecules from a solid, liquid, and / or gas in a carrier gas through a heated analytical column and into a detector which responds to the chemical components eluting from the column to produce a signal, which is recorded by appropriate software to produce a chromatogram. The sample can be extracted via a syringe and / or an autosampler. When a sample is not a gas, then the chemical components of the sample are first vaporized. Liquid chromatography is an analytical technique in which the sample ions or molecules are dissolved in a liquid mobile phase. Liquid chromatography can be performed on a liquid chromatograph (LC) which operates by transporting the sample in the liquid mobile phase through a column or plane packed with a stationary phase. Different solutes interact with the stationary phase to different degrees due to differences in ion-exchange, adsorption, partitioning, and / or size, thus separating the compounds. The transit time of the Attorney Docket No.11568-005WO1 solute through the column is determined based on these differences. The sample can be extracted into the liquid chromatograph via a syringe and / or an autosampler. Gas chromatographs and / or liquid chromatographs can further be equipped with a mass spectrometer. Mass spectrometry is an analytical tool useful for measuring the mass-to- charge ratio (m / z) of one or more molecules present in a sample. A mass spectrometer (MS) converts individual molecules from a sample into ions so that they can be moved and manipulated by internal electric and magnetic fields. The mass spectrometer comprises three components: the ion source, mass analyzer, and detector. The ion source ionizes the sample. In some examples, the ion source ionizes the sample to cations by loss of an electron. In further examples, the ion source ionized the sample to anions. The mass analyzer sorts and separates the ions according to their mass and charge. The detector measures the separated ions and displays the results on a chart. In some examples, a mass spectrometer may be utilized in tandem with a gas chromatograph and / or liquid chromatograph. In further examples, the vial tray further comprises a heater, a cooler, or any combination thereof. In some examples, the vial tray holds samples that require heating. In that case, the vial tray also comprises a heater that provides the required heat for sample preparation prior to analysis. Similarly, in further examples, the vial tray holds samples that require cooling. In that case, the vial tray also comprises a cooler that provides the required cooling for sample preparation prior to analysis. In certain examples, the sample collection point comprises a heating chamber, a cooling chamber, or any combination thereof. In some examples, the sample at the sample collection point requires heating. Heating is used to, for example, turn a solid sample to a liquid form. The heating chamber can surround the cap and vial assembly holding the sample, surround the syringe used for sample collection, heat the bottom of the cap and vial assembly, or any combination thereof. In further examples, the sample at the collection point requires cooling. The cooling chamber can surround the cap and vial assembly holding the sample, surround the syringe used for sample collection, heat the bottom of the cap and vial assembly, or any combination thereof. In some examples, a magnetic autosampler device contacts the cap and vial assembly with the magnet, removes the cap and vial assembly from the first position using the magnet, Attorney Docket No.11568-005WO1 and transports the cap and vial assembly from the first location in the vial tray to a second location at the sample collection point located within the analytical instrument. In further examples, the magnetic autosampler device disengages the magnet from the cap and vial assembly so as to leave the cap and vial assembly at the sample collection point. An autosampler is a device that can automatically load collected samples into a laboratory instrument and (e.g., an analytical instrument), such as a gas chromatograph, liquid chromatograph, mass spectrometer, or any combination thereof. Autosamplers include magnetic autosamplers and mechanical autosamplers, for example. In some examples, the autosampler also aspirates and injects a precise sample volume into the mobile phase stream of the chromatograph, improving accuracy and precision in analysis. In some examples, the autosampler is a magnetic autosampler. The magnetic autosampler automatically loads collected sampled into the analytical instrument through the use of a magnet, or electromagnet. The magnet is in contact with at least the access rim of the cap and vial assembly holding the sample and through the use of magnetic force, attaches to the cap and vial assembly to move the sample from the vial tray to the sample collection point. Upon reaching the sample collection point, the magnet disengages from the cap and vial assembly (e.g., by mechanical force or by turning off the electromagnet), thereby leaving the sample at the sample collection point. The magnetic autosampler can only be used when the cap on the cap and vial assembly is magnetic. The magnetism of the cap comes from the use of magnetic material such as, but not limited to, magnetic stainless steel in at least the access rim and in some examples, the outer surface, the inner surface, the entire cap, or any combination thereof. Method of Analyzing a Sample Also provided herein, is a method of analyzing a sample using an analytical instrument comprising containing the sample in the cap and vial assembly as disclosed herein; penetrating the liner of the cap and vial assembly with a syringe; and injecting the portion of the sample into a testing system within the analytical instrument. In some examples the testing system include gas chromatography (GC), gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GCMS) analysis, high resolution GCMS, GC tandem mass spectroscopy, gas chromatography inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy, or gas chromatography testing for petroleum, for example. In further examples, the detectors used in the testing system includes flame ionization detection, thermal conductivity detection, flame photometric detection, electron capture detection, photo-ionization detection, sulfur Attorney Docket No.11568-005WO1 chemiluminescence detection, gas chromatography mass spectrometry, two-dimensional gas chromatography, PIONA gas chromatography, atomic emission detection, pyrolysis gas chromatography, pulsed discharge helium ionization detector, or any combination thereof. In some examples, the sample comprises a biological sample. In further examples, the biological sample comprises blood, urine, semen, saliva, or any combination thereof. In specific examples, the sample comprises surface water, ground water, or any combination thereof. Water quality testing can follow various regulations and methods, which can depend on factors such as the designated use of a body of water, the criteria for protecting the designated uses, and the antidegradation requirements for protect existing uses and high quality / high value water. Designated uses of water can include (1) protection and propagation of fish, shellfish, and wildlife, (2) recreation, (3) public drinking water supply, or (4) agricultural, industrial, navigation, and other purposes. Water quality testing can include testing water for pollutants, such as PFAS, as well as other pollutants. In some examples, the criteria for methods of water quality testing can be prescribed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agent (EPA), European Chemicals Agency (ECHA), Canada’s Department of the Environment, state, territory, authorized tribe organization, or any combination thereof. Further, the water quality criteria, such as a maximum concentration level for a pollutant or a description of desired water conditions, can also be prescribed by the above organizations. Example methods of water quality testing of PFAS in drinking water are included in Shoemaker, J.A. and Tettenhorst, D.R., Method 537.1: Determination of Selected Per- and Polyfluorinated Alkyl Substances in Drinking Water by Solid Phase Extraction and Liquid Chromatography / Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC / MS / MS), EPA Document #: EPA / 600 / R- 18 / 352, Version 1.0. November 2018. In certain examples, the method further comprises penetrating the liner of the cap and vial assembly with the syringe from one to twenty times (e.g., 2 or more, 3 or more, 4 or more, 5 or more, 6 or more, 7 or more, 8 or more, 9 or more, 10 or more, 11 or more, 12 or more, 13 or more, 14 or more, 15 or more, 16 or more, 17 or more, 18 or more, or 19 or more; 19 or less, 18 or less, 17 or less, 16 or less, 15 or less, 14 or less, 13 or less, 12 or less, 11 or less, 10 or less, 9 or less, 8 or less, 7 or less, 6 or less, 5 or less, 4 or less, 3 or less, or 2 or less) and removing one portion of the sample upon each penetration of the liner. In some examples, the analytical instrument comprises a gas chromatograph, liquid chromatograph, mass spectrometer, or any combination thereof. Attorney Docket No.11568-005WO1 In further examples, the liner is penetrated with the syringe and the portion of the sample is removed via a magnetic autosampler device. In specific examples, the method further comprises moving the sample within the analytical instrument as disclosed herein prior to penetrating the liner of the cap and vial assembly with the syringe. In certain examples, the analytical instrument is a gas chromatograph, liquid chromatograph, mass spectrometer, or any combination thereof. System System for Moving a Sample within an Analytical Instrument Also disclosed herein is a system for moving a sample within an analytical instrument, the system comprising the sample; the analytical instrument; the cap and vial assembly as disclosed herein; a vial tray, wherein the vial tray is configured to house the cap and vial assembly in a first position; a magnet, wherein the magnet is configured to contact the cap and vial assembly, remove the cap and vial assembly from the first position, and transport the cap and vial assembly from the first position to a second position; and a sample collection point, wherein the sample collection point is configured to house the cap and vial assembly in the second position. In some examples, the magnet is further configured to disengage from the cap and vial assembly so as to leave the cap and vial assembly at the sample collection point. In further examples, the magnet is an electromagnet. Other advantages which are obvious, and which are inherent to the invention, will be evident to one skilled in the art. It will be understood that certain features and sub- combinations are of utility and may be employed without reference to other features and sub- combinations. This is contemplated by and is within the scope of the claims. Since many possible implementations may be made of the invention without departing from the scope thereof, it is to be understood that all matter herein set forth or shown in the accompanying drawings is to be interpreted as illustrative and not in a limiting sense. A number of embodiments of the disclosure have been described. Nevertheless, it will be understood that various modifications may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Accordingly, other embodiments are within the scope of the following claims. Attorney Docket No.11568-005WO1 By way of non-limiting illustration, examples of certain embodiments of the present disclosure are given below.

Claims

Attorney Docket No.11568-005WO1 CLAIMS What is claimed is:

1. A cap comprising: an outer surface; an inner surface spaced apart from and opposite to the outer surface, the inner surface defining a central cavity within the cap, the central cavity having an average characteristic dimension; an access rim defining a first opening extending through the outer surface and the inner surface and into the central cavity of the cap; an engagement edge extending between the inner surface and the outer surface and opposite the access rim, wherein the engagement edge defines a second opening into the central cavity; threads extending across at least a portion of the inner surface; and the access rim comprising stainless steel, wherein the stainless steel is at least partially magnetic.

2. The cap of claim 1, wherein the outer surface comprises stainless steel.

3. The cap of any one of claims 1-2, wherein the stainless steel comprises iron and martensitic crystal structures, ferritic crystal structures, or any combination thereof.

4. The cap of any one of claims 1-3, wherein the cap has a cross-sectional shape that is substantially circular.

5. The cap of any one of claims 1-4, wherein the inner surface comprises an edge configured to engage a liner, wherein the edge is adjacent to the threads.

6. The cap of any one of claims 1-5, wherein the outer surface and the inner surface define a thickness dimension of the cap.

7. The cap of any one of claims 1-6, wherein the average characteristic dimension is from 8 mm to 10 mm.

8. The cap of any one of claims 1-7, wherein the average characteristic dimension is 9 mm.Attorney Docket No.11568-005WO1 9. The cap of any one of claims 1-8, wherein the first opening has an average characteristic dimension less than an average characteristic dimension of the second opening.

10. The cap of any one of claims 1-9, wherein the threads extend from the engagement edge to the access rim on the inner surface.

11. The cap of any one of claims 1-10, wherein additional threads extend from the engagement edge to the access rim on the outer surface.

12. A cap assembly comprising the cap of any one of claims 1-11 and a liner, wherein the liner is disposed within the central cavity.

13. The cap assembly of claim 12, wherein the liner is disposed within the central cavity adjacent the inner surface at the access rim.

14. The cap assembly of any one of claims 12-13, wherein the liner is secured within the central cavity by the threads.

15. The cap assembly of any one of claims 12-14, wherein the liner is secured within the central cavity between one of the threads and the access rim.

16. The cap assembly of any one of claims 12-15, wherein the liner is so dimensioned as to fit within the inner surface and contact the inner surface along the access rim.

17. The cap assembly of claim 12-16, wherein the liner extends across the first opening of the cap.

18. The cap assembly of any one of claims 12-17, wherein the liner comprises a septum, wherein the septum comprises an elastomer.

19. The cap assembly of claim 18, wherein the elastomer comprises silicone rubber.

20. The cap assembly of any one of claims 18-19, wherein the liner further comprises a first polymer layer, wherein the first polymer layer is coupled to the septum, further wherein the first polymer layer comprises a first thermoplastic polymer.

21. The cap assembly of claim 20, wherein the liner further comprises a second polymer layer, wherein the second polymer layer comprises a second thermoplastic polymer, further wherein the septum is coupled to the second polymer layer.

22. The cap assembly of claim 21, wherein the first thermoplastic polymer and the second thermoplastic polymer are the same.Attorney Docket No.11568-005WO1 23. The cap assembly of claim 21, wherein the first thermoplastic polymer and the second thermoplastic polymer are different.

24. The cap assembly of any one of claims 20-23, wherein a liquid disposed on the first thermoplastic polymer has a contact angle of from 0° to 90° with the first thermoplastic polymer.

25. The cap assembly of any one of claims 21-24, wherein a liquid disposed on the second thermoplastic polymer has a contact angle of from 0° to 90° with the second thermoplastic polymer.

26. The cap assembly of any one of claims 20-25, wherein the first thermoplastic polymer comprises PTFE or PP.

27. The cap assembly of any one of claims 21-26, wherein the second thermoplastic polymer comprises PTFE or PP.

28. The cap assembly of any one of claims 21-27, wherein the first thermoplastic polymer and the second thermoplastic polymer comprise polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE).

29. The cap assembly of any one of claims 21-28, wherein the first thermoplastic polymer and the second thermoplastic polymer comprises polypropylene (PP).

30. The cap assembly of any one of claims 12-29, wherein the liner has a thickness and a cross-sectional shape, wherein the cross-sectional shape is substantially circular.

31. The cap assembly of any one of claims 12-30, wherein the liner has an average characteristic dimension of from 8 millimeters (mm) to 10 mm.

32. The cap assembly of any one of claims 12-31, wherein the liner is free of perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS).

33. The cap assembly of any one of claims 12-31, wherein the liner is substantially free of PFAS.

34. The cap assembly of any one of claims 12-31, herein the liner comprises 0 parts per trillion to 140,000 parts per trillion of PFAS.

35. The cap assembly of any one of claims 12-34, wherein the liner has a thickness of from 0.5 inches or less.

36. A cap and vial assembly comprising the cap assembly of any one of claims 12-35, and a vial, wherein the cap assembly is coupled to the vial.Attorney Docket No.11568-005WO1 37. The cap and vial assembly of claim 36, wherein the vial has a volume of from 1 mL to 500 mL.

38. The cap and vial assembly of any one of claims 36-37 wherein the vial comprises glass.

39. The cap and vial assembly of claim 38, wherein the glass comprises borosilicate glass.

40. The cap and vial assembly of any one of claims 36-39, wherein the vial comprises plastic.

41. The cap and vial assembly of any one of claims 36-40, wherein the vial comprises screw threads such that the cap assembly is configured to be coupled to the vial with a screw mechanism.

42. A method of moving a sample within an analytical instrument comprising: containing the sample in the cap and vial assembly of any one of claims 36- 41; placing the cap and vial assembly in a first position in a vial tray located within the analytical instrument; contacting the cap and vial assembly with a magnet; removing the cap and vial assembly from the first position using the magnet; and transporting the cap and vial assembly from the first position in the vial tray to a second position at a sample collection point located within the analytical instrument.

43. The method of claim 42, further comprising disengaging the magnet from the cap and vial assembly so as to leave the cap and vial assembly at the sample collection point.^ 44. The method of any one of claims 42-43, wherein the magnet is an electromagnet.^ 45. The method of any one of claims 42-44, wherein the sample comprises a biological sample.^ 46. The method of claim 45, wherein the biological sample comprises blood, urine, semen, saliva, or any combination thereof.^ 47. The method of any one of claims 42-46, wherein the sample comprises surface water, ground water, or any combination thereof.^Attorney Docket No.11568-005WO1 48. The method of any one of claims 42-47, wherein the analytical instrument comprises a gas chromatograph, liquid chromatograph, mass spectrometer, or any combination thereof.^ 49. The method of any one of claims 42-48, wherein the vial tray further comprises a heater, a cooler, or any combination thereof.^ 50. The method of any one of claims 42-49, wherein the sample collection point comprises a heating chamber, a cooling chamber, or any combination thereof.^ 51. The method of any one of claims 42-50, wherein a magnetic autosampler device contacts the cap and vial assembly with the magnet, removes the cap and vial assembly from the first position using the magnet, and transports the cap and vial assembly from the first position in the vial tray to a second position at the sample collection point located within the analytical instrument.^ 52. The method of claim 51, wherein the magnetic autosampler device disengages the magnet from the cap and vial assembly so as to leave the cap and vial assembly at the sample collection point.^ 53. A method of analyzing a sample using an analytical instrument comprising:^ containing the sample in the cap and vial assembly of any one of claims 36- 41; penetrating the liner of the cap and vial assembly with a syringe; removing a portion of the sample from the vial using the syringe; and injecting the portion of the sample into a testing system within the analytical instrument.

54. The method of claim 53, wherein the sample comprises a biological sample.^ 55. The method of claim 54, wherein the biological sample comprises blood, urine, semen, saliva, or any combination thereof. ^ 56. The method of claim 53, wherein the sample comprises surface water, ground water, or any combination thereof.^ 57. The method of any one of claims 53-56, wherein the method further comprises penetrating the liner of the cap and vial assembly with the syringe from one to twenty times and removing one portion of the sample upon each penetration of the liner. ^Attorney Docket No.11568-005WO1 58. The method of any one of claims 53-57, wherein the analytical instrument comprises a gas chromatograph, liquid chromatograph, mass spectrometer, or any combination thereof.^ 59. The method of any one of claims 53-58, wherein the liner is penetrated with the syringe and the portion of the sample is removed via a magnetic autosampler device.^ 60. The method of any one of claims 53-59, further comprising moving the sample within the analytical instrument in accordance with claims 42-52 prior to penetrating the liner of the cap and vial assembly with the syringe.^ 61. A system for moving a sample within an analytical instrument, the system comprising:^ the sample; the analytical instrument; the cap and vial assembly of any one of claims 36-41, wherein the cap and vial assembly is configured to contain the sample; a vial tray, wherein the vial tray is configured to house the cap and vial assembly in a first position; a magnet, wherein the magnet is configured to contact the cap and vial assembly, remove the cap and vial assembly from the first position, and transport the cap and vial assembly from the first position to a second position; and a sample collection point, wherein the sample collection point is configured to house the cap and vial assembly in the second position.

62. The system of claim 61, wherein the magnet is further configured to disengage from the cap and vial assembly so as to leave the cap and vial assembly at the sample collection point.^ 63. The system of any one of claims 61-62, wherein the magnet is an electromagnet.^

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