Channel surface-finishing

Abstract

Presented herein are techniques for surface-finishing (e.g., smoothing / polishing) of the interior surface of device channels with a polishing liquid-powder suspension. The polishing liquid-powder suspension is apportioned, and a flow of fluid is applied to an apportioned amount of the polishing liquid-powder suspension to push the apportioned amount of the polishing liquid-powder suspension through a device channel to surface-finish an interior surface.

Description

CHANNEU SURFACE-FINISHINGBACKGROUNDField of the Invention[oooi] The present invention generally relates to techniques for surface-finishing the interior surfaces of a tubular structure, such as the channel of a medical device.Related Art

[0002] There are several different types of systems / devices that include interior conduits / channels / tubes (generally and collectively referred to herein as channels). The channels can include, for example, dental lines, food / drink lines, medical channels of different medical devices (medical instruments), etc. Medical devices, in particular, can include channels that can be used to perform diagnostic and / or surgical procedures. For example, an endoscope is a medical device that includes channels that can be used to visually inspect hollow organs or body cavities, deliver / extract fluids, etc. Specially designed endoscopes are used for different examinations, such as bronchoscopy, cystoscopy, gastroscopy, and proctoscopy.SUMMARY

[0003] In one aspect, a method for surface-finishing at least one interior surface of a channel of a medical device is provided herein. The method comprises: mixing a liquid with a powder to form a polishing liquid-powder suspension; and applying at least one flow of fluid to a portion of the polishing liquid-powder suspension to push the portion of the polishing liquidpowder suspension through the channel of the medical device.

[0004] In another aspect, a method is provided herein. The method comprises: apportioning a polishing liquid-powder suspension into a surface-finishing shot; and delivering the surfacefinishing shot to a proximal end of at least one channel so that the surface -finishing shot passes from the proximal end to a distal end of the at least one channel.

[0005] In another aspect, a system is provided herein. The system comprises: a holding chamber configured to retain a polishing liquid-powder suspension therein; at least one of a valve or pump configured to provide an apportioned amount of the polishing liquid-powder suspension toward a channel of an apparatus; a delivery mechanism configured to apply at least one flow of fluid to the apportioned amount of the polishing liquid-powder suspension; and a flow mover configured to drive movement of the at least one flow of fluid toward the channel to deliver the apportioned amount of the polishing liquid-powder suspension to the channel.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0006] Embodiments of the present invention are described herein in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:

[0007] FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram illustrating an endoscope having channels with which the surface-finishing techniques presented herein can be implemented.

[0008] FIG. 2A is a flowchart of an example method for surface-finishing an interior surface of a channel of a medical device, in accordance with certain embodiments of the present invention.

[0009] FIG. 2B is a schematic diagram illustrating a process for surface-finishing a channel, in accordance with certain embodiments of the present invention.[ooio] FIG. 2C is a schematic diagram illustrating a surface-finished channel, in accordance with certain embodiments of the present invention.[ooii] FIG. 2D is a schematic diagram illustrating a process for surface-finishing a channel, in accordance with certain embodiments of the present invention.

[0012] FIG. 3 is a flowchart of a method for surface-finishing an interior surface of a channel of a medical device using a polishing fluid-powder suspension created in a chamber pre-filled with at least one constituent component, in accordance with certain embodiments of the present invention.

[0013] FIG. 4 illustrates a system for surface-finishing an interior surface of a channel of a medical device using a polishing fluid-powder suspension where a delivery mechanism is used to push a portion of a polishing liquid-powder suspension through a target channel, in accordance with certain embodiments of the present invention.

[0014] FIG. 5 illustrates another system for surface-finishing an interior surface of a channel of a medical device using a polishing liquid-powder suspension where a delivery mechanism in the form of a delivery chamber is used to push a portion of the polishing liquid-powder suspension through a target channel, in accordance with certain embodiments of the present invention.

[0015] FIG. 6 illustrates another system for surface-finishing an interior surface of a channel of a medical device using a polishing liquid-powder suspension where the polishing liquid-powder suspension is created in a consumable chamber, in accordance with certain embodiments of the present invention.

[0016] FIG. 7 is a flowchart of a method for adjusting flow of fluid-powder suspensions through a channel, in accordance with certain embodiments of the present invention.

[0017] FIG. 8 is a block diagram of an example control sub-system for use in surface-finishing an interior surface of channel of a medical device, in accordance with certain embodiments presented herein.DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0018] Embodiments presented herein are generally related to surface-finishing (e.g., smoothing / polishing) of the interior surfaces of device channels (e.g., elongate tubular structures) using a surface-finishing / polishing fluid-powder suspension. The polishing fluidpowder suspension can comprise a gas-powder suspension or a liquid-powder suspension. It should be noted that the techniques discussed herein are not a function of, nor are they bounded to / by, any particular theories. That is, the techniques and benefits discussed herein can be effectuated regardless of the accuracy of any believed underlying theories and are merely provided as possible examples.

[0019] There are a number of different types of systems / devices / apparatuses, such as dental lines, food / drink lines, medical channels, etc., that may need interior surface-finishing (e.g., one time, occasionally, or periodically / regularly). For ease of description, the techniques presented herein are primarily described with reference to surface-finishing the interior surface of specific medical channels, namely the interior surfaces of endoscope channels. However, it is to be appreciated that the techniques presented herein can also or alternatively be used to polish / smooth the interior surface of any type of channel. Before describing further details of the systems and methods presented herein, a brief description of endoscopes and endoscope channels is provided below.

[0020] An endoscope is an elongate tubular medical device that may be rigid or flexible and which incorporates an optical or video system and light source. Typically, an endoscope is configured so that one end can be inserted into the body of a patient via a surgical incision or via one of the natural openings of the body. Internal structures near the inserted end of the endoscope can thus be viewed by an external observer.

[0021] As well as being used for investigation, endoscopes are also used to carry out diagnostic and surgical procedures. Endoscopic procedures are increasingly popular as they are minimallyinvasive in nature and provide a better patient outcome (through reduced healing time and exposure to infection), enabling hospitals and clinics to achieve higher patient turnover.

[0022] FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of an example endoscope 100 with which aspects of the techniques presented herein can be implemented. As shown, endoscope 100, similar to most endoscopes, has a long tube-like structure with a distal end / tip 102 at one end for insertion into a patient and an opposing proximal or connector end 104, with a control handle 106 located between the two ends (e.g., generally at the center of the length between connector end 104 and distal end 102). The connector end 104 includes a plurality of connectors that enable the endoscope 100 to be attached to, for example, a light source 108, water source 110, a suction source (not shown in FIG. 1), and a pressurized air source 112. For example, shown in FIG. 1, is a suction port / connector 137, a water-jet (auxiliary) port / connector 139, a water port / connector 141, and an air-port / connector 143. The control handle 106 is held by the operator during the procedure to control the endoscope 100 via valves, which include in this example a suction valve 114, an air / water valve 116, and a biopsy valve 118, and control wheels 120.

[0023] As shown in FIG. 1 , endoscope 100 includes internal channels used either for delivering air and / or water, providing suction or allowing access for forceps and other medical equipment required during the procedure. As such, the distal tip 102 contains the camera lens (not shown in FIG. 1) and the exits for the lighting, air, and water, as well as exits for suction and forceps. Some of the internal channels run from one end of the endoscope 100 to the other, while others run via valve sockets at the control handle. Some channels bifurcate while and others join from two into one.

[0024] More specifically, shown in FIG. 1 is a biopsy / suction channel 122, an air channel 124, a water channel 126, and a water-jet channel 128. The biopsy / suction channel 122 includes two sections, referred to as proximal section 122A and distal section 122B, that are connected via the suction valve 114. The air channel 124 also includes two sections, referred to as proximal section 124A and distal section 124B, that are connected via the air / water valve 116. Similarly, the water channel 126 also includes two sections, referred to as proximal section 126A and distal section 126B, that are connected via the air / water valve 116. The distal section 126B of the water channel joins to the distal section 124B of the air channel at a location 130 within the distal end 102. The water-jet channel 128 extends directly from the connector end 104 to the distal end 102 (via the control handle 106) but is similarly referred to as having a proximal section 128A and distal section 128B. The proximal sections 122A, 124A, 126A, and 128A ofthe channels are sometimes referred to as being located within a universal cord section (cord) 132 of the endoscope 100, while the distal sections 122B, 124B, 126B, and 128B of the channels are sometimes referred to as being located within an insertion tube 134 of the endoscope 100. More generally, as used herein, the proximal sections 122A, 124A, 126A, and 128 A are the portions of the channels located between the connector end 104 and a valve (e.g., valve 114 or 116) at the control handle 106 and / or a mid-point of the control handle 106, as applicable. The distal sections 122B, 124B, 126B, and 128B are the portions of the channels located between the valve (e.g., valve 114 or 116) at the control handle 106 and / or a mid-point of the control handle 106, and the distal end 102 of the endoscope 100.

[0025] The channels of many devices, such as the channels of endoscope 100 of FIG. 1, are formed from flexible materials and can be manufactured using different processes. For example, certain endoscope channels are made of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) / Teflon® which is smooth, durable, and resistant to chemicals. The processes for making PTFE channels include, for example: (1) Paste extrusion, (2) Ram extrusion, and (3) Compression molding. During paste extrusion, a “paste” is formed by mixing PTFE powder with an extrusion aid, and the “paste” is passed through an extrusion die at high pressure to obtain a desired tubular shape. During ram extrusion, powder is successively added into a die and a ram compacts the powder to generate the desired tubular shape. During compression molding, smaller tubular shapes are formed by compacting PTFE powder within a die. Reference to PTFE and these specific manufacturing processes are merely illustrative, and it is to be appreciated that the techniques presented can be implemented with channels formed from other materials.

[0026] In general, the above or other manufacturing processes result in channels with some level of roughness / texture (e.g., non-smoothness) at both the interior and exterior surfaces of the channel. Surface -finishing processes can be performed to obtain the desired surface topography (e.g., surface smoothness) at both the interior and exterior surfaces of the channel. Surface-finishing the exterior surfaces are relatively easy, but it is more difficult to perform surface-finishing to the interior surface of the channels.

[0027] In certain conventional arrangements, mechanical surface -finishing (e.g., using rough files) can be applied to smooth the interior surface of a channel. In other conventional arrangements, chemical surface-finishing can be used to smooth the interior surface of a channel. However, these and other existing surface-finishing techniques may be unsuitable for the small channels of endoscopes and other devices. For example, because endoscope channels are relatively narrow, it is often difficult to mechanically smooth these small channels. Inaddition, mechanically surface-finishing these smaller channels can damage the sidewalls of the channel. Similarly, chemical surface -finishing may also be unsuitable for small channels because chemical surface -finishing removes material from all the exposed surfaces, resulting in a non-uniform interior surface and / or weaknesses in the channels. Thus, improved surfacefinishing techniques for small channels especially are desirable.

[0028] An endoscope channel with a rough / textured interior surface can be problematic in that the rough surface can facilitate the formation of biofilm where contaminants (e.g., biological residues) become lodged in the surface concavities. That is, biofilms can more readily form when a free-floating microorganism attaches itself to the rough surface and surrounds itself with a protective polysaccharide layer. The microorganism then multiplies, or begins to form aggregates with other microorganisms, increasing the extent of the polysaccharide layer. Multiple sites of attachment can in time join up, forming significant deposits of biofilm. Endoscope channels, in particular, are particularly prone to biofilm formation as these channels are exposed to significant amounts of bioburden. As such, presented herein are techniques for surface-finishing (e.g., smoothing) the interior surface of channels, such as endoscope channels, using a polishing fluid-powder suspension.

[0029] More specifically, presented herein are systems and methods for pushing a polishing fluid-powder suspension through channels of a medical device to remove unwanted surface roughness. In these techniques, the polishing fluid-powder suspension is delivered at a suitable velocity through at least a portion of the channel. In accordance with embodiments presented herein, the fluid-powder suspension is a combination of a powder and a fluid (e.g., liquid or gas) where the suspension has a composition or properties that is / are sufficient to smooth / polish another material, such as PTFE. The specific composition of the fluid-powder suspension (e.g. type of powder, ratio of powder to fluid, etc.) can be selected based on the broad goal of polishing / smoothing the channel surface. This can, for example, be based on the material of the channel to be polished (e.g., a relatively harder composition to polish relatively harder channel materials and a relatively softer powder composition to polish relatively softer channel materials). Advantageously, a biocompatible fluid-powder composition may be implemented as desired. The powder that is implemented may be selected to be one that is easy to remediate (e.g., one that is water-soluble such that it can be removed by flushing water through a channel subsequent to flowing the fluid-powder suspension through the channel).

[0030] FIG. 2A illustrates an exemplary method 240 of surface-finishing a channel of a medical device using a polishing fluid-powder suspension. The method 240 of FIG. 2A beginsat 242 with the creating, mixing, or otherwise obtaining of a polishing fluid-powder suspension. At 244, the polishing fluid-powder suspension is delivered (e.g., pushed) through at least a portion of a lumen of a target channel. This process may of course be implemented in any of a variety of ways.

[0031] For example, any suitable fluid-powder suspension may be implemented. As can be appreciated, the fluid (e.g., liquid or gas) component of the mixture can facilitate the fluidity of the mixture, while the presence of the powder can physically interact with (i.e., polish) the interior surface / walls of the target channel to thereby smooth the interior surface of the channel. In accordance with certain examples, the powder component of the polishing fluid-powder suspension is present within the mixture in amounts greater than the respective saturation limit within the respective liquid, which can facilitate a polishing interaction between the mixture and the walls of the channel. In certain embodiments, the polishing fluid-powder suspension can comprise a mixture of silica powder and water. In other embodiments, the polishing agent could comprise sodium chloride (NaCl), sodium bicarbonate (NaHCOs), or other material. Where water soluble materials are used, they may be present in an amount greater than the respective saturation level within water. However, it is to be appreciated that any suitable fluidpowder suspension and suitable polishing agent can be used in alternative examples. Again, as noted above, the specific properties of a given fluid-powder suspension can be selected / set in accordance with the specific properties of the channel to be smoothed / polished.

[0032] In some arrangements, the fluid-powder suspension is a liquid-powder suspension and the powder is present in an amount below the respective saturation of the associated liquid. However, the liquid is delivered to the target channel prior to the complete dissolution of the powder in the liquid. In this way, the undissolved powder can still interact with the target channel.

[0033] Moreover, it is to be appreciated that the polishing fluid-powder suspension can be created / obtained in any of a variety of ways. For example, in certain embodiments, a powder is obtained from a cartridge or other consumable chamber / container, water is obtained from a tap, and these constituent components are mixed within a holding chamber (or within the consumable chamber itself) proximate (e.g., within days or weeks) to the time of surfacefinishing. This approach may be advantageous insofar as powders such as sodium bicarbonate can be relatively stable and can have a long shelf life and suitable sources of fluid, such as water or air, are readily available. However, in other embodiments, the mixture may be obtained in an already mixed form.

[0034] As noted, method 240 involves delivering (e.g., pushing) the polishing fluid-powder suspension through at least a portion of a lumen of a target channel. Also as noted above, the techniques presented herein can use various fluid-powder suspensions with different compositions / properties, and that the fluid-powder suspensions can comprise gas-powder suspensions or liquid-powder suspensions. As an example, for a gas-powder suspension, solid powder particles are clustered together as they travel through the lumen. For instance, a cluster of powder particles occupies a significant portion of a cross-section of the lumen. As another example, individual powder particles are separated from one another and suspended in the gas or mixture of gas. In certain embodiments, gas-powder suspensions can be more easily delivered at a relatively higher velocity as compared to liquid-powder suspensions. For ease of illustration, aspects of the techniques will primarily be described below with reference to the use of liquid-powder suspensions. However, it will be appreciated that these techniques can also be implemented with gas-powder suspensions in which a gas or a mixture of gases propels movement of powder.

[0035] In certain embodiments, a liquid-powder suspension can be delivered through a lumen as a continuous flow. A flow is referred to herein as being “continuous” in that a contiguous flow is delivered into, through, and out of a lumen over a period of time. FIG. 2B generally illustrates one such embodiment.

[0036] More specifically, FIG. 2B illustrates that a continuous flow 246 (i.e., a single, contiguous flow continuing for a period of time) of a polishing liquid-powder suspension 248 is delivered through a lumen 250 of a medical device channel 252. In the example of FIG. 2B, the general direction of travel of the flow 246 is represented by arrow 251. A fluid mover 253 is configured to force movement of the flow 246 in the direction of arrow 251. By way example, the fluid mover 253 is configured to apply pressure at an upstream side 257 (e.g., adjacent to an inlet of the medical device channel 252) of the liquid-powder suspension 248 such that the pressure at the upstream side 257 is greater than pressure at a downstream side 259 (e.g., adjacent to an outlet of the medical device channel 252) of the liquid-powder suspension 248. The pressure differential between the upstream side 257 and the downstream side 259, as crossbalanced by frictional shear integrated between the liquid-powder suspension 248 and the medical device channel 252, forces the flow 246 in the direction of arrow 251 (i.e., in the downstream direction). In certain embodiments, the fluid mover 253 includes a compressor, a pump, and / or a pressurizer to provide the pressure differential between the upstream side 257 and the downstream side 259. In additional or alternative embodiments, pressure at thedownstream side 259 is reduced to create the pressure differential between the upstream side 257 and the downstream side 259 that forces the flow 246 in the direction of arrow 251. For instance, the flow mover 253 includes a vacuum pump.

[0037] A sensor 261 can also be disposed at the medical device channel 252 to monitor a flow parameter, such as a velocity, a pressure, and / or a flow rate, of the liquid-powder suspension 248 through the lumen 250. In some embodiments, feedback from the sensor 261 is used to control or adjust flow of the liquid-powder suspension 248 or of a subsequent flow of the liquidpowder suspension 248, such as to provide a more desirable flow parameter. As an example, the flow parameter can be used to infer a flow regime, which is a profile of the liquid-powder suspension 248 (e.g., a shape of the liquid-powder suspension 248, an amount of contact between the liquid-powder suspension 248 and the interior surface 254), through the medical device channel 252. In certain examples, the flow parameter can be adjusted to provide a target flow regime.

[0038] The sensor 261 can have any of a number of different forms (e.g., the sensor 261 can be an optical sensor, such as a camera, a ranging sensor, such as a light detection and ranging (LIDAR) sensor using penetrative radar, etc.). In certain examples, the data captured by the sensor 261 can additionally or alternatively be used to determine a level of smoothness of the interior surface 254. The level of smoothness can then, in some examples, be used as feedback to adjust the flow or a subsequent flow of the liquid-powder suspension 248. For example, as the interior surface 254 becomes increasingly smooth, the flow of the liquid-powder suspension 248 can be adjusted to reduce abrasion and decrease a surface finishing rate of the interior surface 254. Although the sensor 261 is positioned external to the lumen 250 in the illustrated embodiment, in additional or alternative embodiments, the sensor 261 is positioned within the lumen 250.

[0039] As shown in FIG. 2B, the medical device channel 252 has an interior surface / wall 254 that has some amount of surface roughness 255 (e.g., textured portions). The flow 246 of the polishing liquid-powder suspension 248 alone, or in combination with one or more other flows 246, is configured to polish / smooth the interior surface 254 of the medical device channel 252. FIG. 2C illustrates the medical device channel 252 having a substantially smooth interior surface 254 resulting from the passage of one or more flows 246 through the lumen 250. That is, the interior surface 254 generally lacks or has a reduced amount of surface roughness 255. For example, portions of the interior surface 254 at opposing sides of the medical device channel 252 extend substantially parallel to one another.

[0040] It is to be appreciated that the use of a continuous flow as shown in FIG. 2B is merely one embodiment and that, in other embodiments, a polishing liquid-powder suspension could be delivered in different manners. FIG. 2D illustrates one such other embodiment in which a polishing liquid-powder suspension is apportioned into a suitable amount before being delivered to the medical device channel 252.

[0041] More specifically, FIG. 2D illustrates that the liquid-powder suspension 248 is apportioned into a suitable amount 256, sometimes referred to herein as a “surface-finishing shot” or “polishing shot.” FIG. 2D also illustrates that the polishing shot 256 is delivered through the lumen 250 of the medical device channel 252. In the example of FIG. 2D, the general direction of travel of the polishing shot 256 is represented by arrow 251. For example, the fluid mover 253 is configured to provide the pressure differential between the upstream side 257 and the downstream side 259 of the liquid-powder suspension 248 to facilitate movement of the polishing shot 256 in the direction of arrow 251. The sensor 261 can be implemented (e.g., external to or within the lumen 250) to monitor a flow parameter of the liquid-powder suspension 248.

[0042] Also as shown in FIG. 2D, the medical device channel 252 has an interior surface 254 that has some amount of surface roughness 255 (e.g., textured portions). In operation, a plurality of polishing shots 256 are separately delivered through the lumen 250 and the plurality of polishing shots 256 are collectively configured to polish / smooth the interior surface 254 of the medical device channel 252. That is, each polishing shot 256 is separated from one another, such as by a fluid gap that does not contain any liquid-powder suspension 248 (e.g., powder materials). For example, respective delivery of adjacent polishing shots 256 are separated by a standby period of time during which no liquid-powder suspension 248 is provided. That is, a first polishing shot 256 is initially delivered into the lumen 250 and then there is a standby period of time during which no fluid-powder suspension 248 is delivered into the lumen 250. After the standby period of time has elapsed, a second polishing shot 256 is then delivered into the lumen 250. As noted, FIG. 2C illustrates the medical device channel 252 having a substantially smooth interior surface 254 resulting from the passage of a plurality of polishing shots through the lumen 250. In operation, the polishing shots 256 could be delivered sequentially, could be separate by fluid-only flows, etc.

[0043] As noted above, in the embodiment of FIG. 2D, the polishing liquid-powder suspension is apportioned into suitable amounts 256 (polishing shots) and the polishing shots 256 are subsequently delivered through the target medical device channel 252. Delivering discreteamounts of the polishing liquid-powder suspension (polishing shots 256) can be advantageous insofar as the discrete amounts can be delivered periodically at suitable velocities, and the periodic application of the composition can help facilitate the surface-finishing of the medical device channel 252 while not clogging / blocking the target medical device channel 252. Moreover, the discrete nature of the delivered amounts can facilitate the maintenance of a suitable delivery velocity, which can also aid surface-finishing. For example, the use of polishing shots may reduce the risk of ‘clogging’ or otherwise obstructing the medical device channel 252 to reduce the velocity at which the polishing liquid-powder suspension flows through the medical device channel 252.

[0044] Furthermore, because the delivery of individual polishing shots 256 are separated from one another, a flow parameter of each polishing shot 256 can be adjusted (e.g., by adjusting operation of the flow mover 253). That is, the manner in which each polishing shot flows through the medical device channel 252 can be adjusted between respective deliveries of polishing shots 256, such as to achieve a more suitable polishing operation. For example, a first polishing shot 256 is delivered to the medical device channel 252 using a first operating parameter (e.g., a higher speed) to increase the abrasiveness of the first polishing shot 256, thereby enabling the first polishing shot 256 to provide increased polishing of the medical device channel 252. Because the first polishing shot 256 has provided relatively greater polishing of the medical device channel 252, the medical device channel 252 may have significantly reduced surface roughness 255 after the first polishing shot 256 has been delivered to the medical device channel 252. Therefore, it may be desirable for a second polishing shot 256 delivered after the first polishing shot 256 to provide relatively less polishing of the medical device channel 252 (e.g., to avoid removing an excessive amount of material from the interior surface 254). For this reason, a second operating parameter (e.g., a lower speed), different from the first operating parameter, can be used to deliver the second polishing shot 256. By adjusting the flow parameters of different polishing shots 256, each polishing shot 256 can more suitably polish the medical device channel 252, such as based on the change in texture of the interior surface 254 as polishing shots 256 are delivered through the medical device channel 252 overtime.

[0045] Notably, different amounts of polishing liquid-powder suspension may be differently suitable for the different characteristics of channels. For example, air / water channels within an endoscope are typically amongst the narrowest channels and, accordingly, may be more suitably smoothed with relatively smaller amounts (e.g., lower flow rates, reduced powder toliquid composition ratio) of a polishing liquid-powder suspension (whereas using larger amounts of a polishing liquid-powder suspension may result in blocking such a narrow channel). In contrast, the suction / biopsy channels of an endoscope are typically amongst the widest channels and, accordingly, may be more suitably smoothed with relatively larger amounts (e.g., higher flow rates, increased powder to liquid composition ratio) of polishing liquid-powder suspension. As such, the amount of polishing liquid-powder suspension apportioned for use in surface-finishing a given channel is a function of the geometry of the channel.

[0046] In another example, a different material of liquid and / or powder may be more suitable for different characteristics of channels. As noted herein, a harder powder can be used for a harder channel material, whereas a softer powder can be used for a softer channel material. Additionally or alternatively, a characteristic of a polishing liquid-powder suspension can also be established based on a target amount of polishing to be provided. As an example, a liquidpowder suspension with a harder material, a greater powder to liquid composition ratio, and / or an increased speed can be used to provided increased amounts of polishing. It should of course be appreciated that the attributes of the polishing liquid-powder suspension being delivered can also or alternatively be a function of any of a variety of parameters. In some embodiments, polishing shots delivered to the same medical device channel have different attributes, such as by changing the powder material, the powder to liquid composition, and / or the operation of the fluid mover between delivery of polishing shots.

[0047] An apportioned amount of the polishing liquid-powder suspension can be determined in any of a variety of ways. For example, in certain embodiments, a valve may be used to draw a target amount of polishing liquid-powder suspension from a reservoir. In some embodiments, a self-regulating pressurized system is used to draw a suitable amount of polishing liquidpowder suspension from the reservoir.

[0048] As noted, FIG. 2D illustrates the delivery of one polishing shot 256 (e.g., an apportioned amount of a polishing liquid-powder suspension) through a lumen 250 to smooth the walls of the channel 252, where the general direction of travel of the shot 256 is represented by arrow 251. That is, as shown, the channel 252 has one or more textured portions 255 at the inner surface / walls 254 of the channel. It is further illustrated that the polishing shot 256 is delivered through the channel 252 to physically interact with the walls 254 of the channel and thereby smooth the walls 254 (e.g., generally remove the textured portions 255 therefrom). The polishing shot 256 can be considered to be entrained within a carrier fluid, such as air (e.g.,compressed air) or water, and the fluid mover 253 is configured to drive movement of the carrier fluid to move the polishing shot 256 through the lumen 250.

[0049] In general, polishing shots presented herein, such as polishing shot 256, can have different flow regimes / forms / arrangements. For example, in certain embodiments, a polishing shot presented herein can be a relatively singular / unitary mass (e.g., potentially substantially occluding the channel while traveling therethrough), which is sometimes referred to herein as a “unitary shot.” However, in other embodiments, a polishing shot can be an “agglomeration” or “cluster” of smaller masses / groups that travel through the channel as a loose group (e.g., potentially not occluding the channel while traveling therethrough), sometimes referred to herein as a “cluster shot.” FIG. 2D schematically illustrates an example in which the shots 256 are cluster shots. In some cases, a target flow regime is desirable to polish the medical device channel 252 (e.g., based on a characteristic of the medical device channel 252, such as a size of the lumen 250 and / or an amount of the surface roughness 255).

[0050] In certain embodiments, a polishing shot can transition between different forms during the shot’s life cycle. For example, a shot could be apportioned (initially created) as a unitary shot, but then transition to a cluster shot. This transition could occur before entering the channel (e.g., in a delivery chamber) and / or while traveling through the channel.

[0051] In certain embodiments, a fluid flow (e.g., water, air, or other carrier fluid) without solid powder is interspersed between the delivery of polishing shots. In other embodiments, multiple shots could alternatively be delivered through a channel either simultaneously or sequentially, without separation (e.g., without a fluid-only flow). That is, multiple shots can be conjoined to form a more continuous flow.

[0052] Importantly, it should be appreciated that in certain embodiments, the polishing shots are delivered through the channel sequentially (e.g., one-at-a-time). In general, the use of a series of discrete / individual polishing shots, as opposed to a single, continuous, large flow, can allow the individual polishing shots to maintain sufficient kinetic energy to pass through the channels at a rate that allows the particles with the shots to advantageously interact with and smooth the channel walls. Additionally, flow characteristics of discrete polishing shots can be more easily controlled as compared to flow characteristics of a single, continuous, large flow.

[0053] In summary, FIGs. 2A-2D illustrate that a polishing liquid-powder suspension is delivered through at least a portion of a lumen of a target channel (e.g., as one or more continuous flows as shown in FIG. 2B or as one or more polishing shots as shown in FIG. 2D).In general, a carrier fluid (e.g., air, water, etc.) is used to deliver (e.g., push) the polishing liquid-powder suspension, such as via operation of the flow mover 253, through at least a portion of the channel at a suitable velocity. The polishing liquid-powder suspension is delivered in a manner (e.g., suitable size, suitable velocity, etc.) to provide an appropriate physical interaction between the mixture and the walls of the channel, meaning that the undissolved powder will physically contact or run against the walls of the channel to smooth the walls by abrasion. Of course, the apportioned amount of the polishing liquid-powder suspension may be delivered through the channel in any suitable way to enable surface - finishing of a channel.

[0054] As noted above, a channel surface-finishing process, such as described above with reference to FIGs. 2A-2D, can be implemented in a number of different manners with a number of different channels. For context, one specific example implementation is described with reference to surface-finishing at least part of the endoscope 100 of FIG. 1.

[0055] More specifically, in one example surface-finishing process / cycle, one or more polishing shots are fired / shot into the water-jet channel 128 via water-jet connector 139, one or more polishing shots are then fired into the biopsy / suction channel 122 via suction connector 137, one or more polishing shots are then fired into the water-jet channel 128 via water-jet connector 139, one or more polishing shots are then fired into the distal section 122B of the biopsy / suction channel 122 via biopsy valve 118, one or more polishing shots are then fired into the water-jet channel 128 via water-jet connector 139, and then one or more polishing shots are fired into the biopsy / suction channel 122 via suction connector 137. The surfacefinishing cycle can further include firing / shooting one or more polishing shots into the air channel 124 via air connector 143, firing one or more polishing shots into the water channel 126 via water connector 141 (e.g., in parallel). The firing of the polishing shots within each target channel can be preceded by, or followed by, a fluid flow. The polishing shots and fluid flows can be delivered via one, or possible multiple connectors (e.g., one connector for the air pipe and one connector for the air / water bottle).

[0056] As noted above, polishing shots are delivered to a target channel with a velocity that is suitable / sufficient to smooth from the walls of the target channel. The velocity of the polishing shots can vary, for example, based on the attributes of the target channel, the attributes of the of the polishing liquid-powder suspension used to form the polishing shot, etc. In addition, the polishing shots can be delivered within specific pressure and fluid flow (air) ranges.

[0057] FIG. 3 illustrates another method 358 for surface-finishing a target channel in accordance with embodiments of the invention. As shown, method 358 begins at 360 with the providing of a holding chamber containing a powder. This can be accomplished in any of a variety of ways. For example, in some embodiments, a dedicated system for performing the surface -finishing includes a ‘durable’ chamber configured to receive powder, e.g., via a cartridge, and the providing may thereby be achieved. Such a chamber may be considered to be ‘durable’ insofar as it is intended to be operable for the lifetime of the system. In certain embodiments, a dedicated system for performing the surface -finishing is configured to receive a disposable / consumable chamber that inherently includes the powder, and in this way, the providing may thereby be achieved. Such disposable / consumable chambers may be provided with sufficient powder to enable multiple surface-finishing cycles, after which the disposable / consumable chambers are ‘consumed’ (depleted). Thereafter, users can obtain additional disposable / consumable chambers that inherently include the powder.

[0058] The method 358 further includes, at 362, adding liquid to the holding chamber to create a polishing liquid-powder suspension. In certain embodiments, the liquid can come from a liquid source that is dedicated to servicing only the holding chamber. In further embodiments, a liquid source is used both to provide liquid to the holding chamber and to provide liquid to act as a carrier fluid. Such a configuration can enable for a more efficient design.

[0059] The method 358 further includes, at 364, providing a portion of the polishing liquidpowder suspension to a delivery chamber. As indicated previously, this can be achieved in any of a variety of ways. For example, a valve may be used to provide a portion of the polishing liquid-powder suspension to the delivery chamber. In certain embodiments, the size of the portion of the polishing liquid-powder suspension provided to the delivery chamber is a function of characteristics of the target channel to be smoothed. This aspect is described further below.

[0060] The method 358 further includes, at 366, delivering the portion of the polishing liquidpowder suspension to a target channel using a carrier fluid. For example, a pressure differential between an upstream side and a downstream side of the polishing liquid-powder suspension is provided (e.g., by increasing the pressure at the upstream side, by decreasing the pressure at the downstream side), such as via a flow mover, to move the carrier fluid in a downstream direction. In effect, the fluidic polishing liquid-powder suspension can be made to interact with (e.g., polish) the interior surface of the channel. As illustrated, this providing of polishing liquid-powder suspension to the delivery chamber and the subsequent delivery can be iterateda plurality of times, such as to deliver (e.g., sequentially deliver) separate portions of the polishing liquid-powder suspension to effectuate the surface-finishing of the channel.

[0061] It is to be appreciated that systems for surface-finishing a channel of a medical device, in accordance with embodiments presented herein, can take any of a number of different forms / arrangements. In many embodiments, the systems can include: a holding chamber for creating / housing / retaining a powder and / or polishing liquid-powder suspension and a mechanism for delivering a portion of the polishing liquid-powder suspension to the target channel. FIGs. 4, 5, and 6 illustrate various aspects of example systems that can be implemented in accordance with embodiments presented herein.

[0062] Referring first to FIG. 4, shown is a system 470 for surface -finishing a channel of a medical device using a polishing liquid-powder suspension, in accordance with embodiments presented herein. More specifically, the system 470 includes a holding chamber 472 for creating / housing / retaining a polishing liquid-powder suspension 474. In the illustrated embodiment, the holding chamber 472 is provided with the powder that is used to form the polishing liquid-powder suspension. For example, the holding chamber 472 may be a consumable component of the system 470 and may be replaced when its contents have been used. The holding chamber 472 interfaces with an inlet valve 476 for receiving liquid from a liquid source 478. A relief valve 480 can be used to relieve pressure created during creation of the mixture. As can be appreciated, the polishing liquid-powder suspension 474 can be created using any suitable constituent components. For example, in certain embodiments, the powder that is provided with the holding chamber 472 is sodium bicarbonate, and the liquid source 478 is a source for water. Of course, it can be appreciated that the holding chamber 472 can receive liquid and powder in any of a variety of ways in accordance with embodiments of the invention. For example, in some embodiments, the chamber is configured to receive powder from a powder reservoir, e.g., a sodium bicarbonate cartridge. As alluded to above, the composition of the mixture and the parameters for its delivery can be specifically selected to manifest the polishing action. In some embodiments, a pump is used to provide liquid to the chamber in lieu of directly using a valve to do so. In some embodiments, the holding chamber 472 may include mechanisms (not illustrated) for facilitating the mixing of the received powder and liquid. For example, a stirring mechanism or an agitation mechanism (e.g., powered by a motor) may be implemented to facilitate mixing.

[0063] The system 470 further includes a delivery mechanism 482 for delivering a portion of the polishing liquid-powder suspension to the target channel. In the illustrated embodiment,the delivery mechanism is in the form of an aggregate of a carrier fluid source 484, a first valve 486, and a second valve 488. As can be appreciated, the second valve 488 can be selectively opened to enable flow of a portion of the polishing liquid-powder suspension 474 to flow out of the holding chamber 472 and toward the target channel. That is, the second valve 488 is opened and closed to apportion the polishing liquid-powder suspension 474 for flow toward the target channel. For example, the second valve 488 is initially opened to enable a first apportioned amount of the polishing liquid-powder suspension 474 to flow out of the holding chamber 472 and toward the target channel. The second valve 488 is then closed to block flow of the polishing liquid-powder suspension 474 out of the holding chamber 472. The second valve 488 can be subsequently opened to enable a second apportioned amount of the polishing liquid-powder suspension 474 to flow out of the holding chamber 472 and toward the target channel. In certain embodiments, an amount of time in which the second valve 488 is open is controlled to control an amount (e.g., a volume) of the polishing liquid-powder suspension 474 flowing out of the holding chamber 472. Specifically, increasing the time in which the second valve 488 is opened increases the amount of the polishing liquid-powder suspension 474 (e.g., to create a larger polishing shot of the polishing liquid-powder suspension 474) flowing out of the holding chamber 472.

[0064] Meanwhile, the carrier fluid may be made to flow through the target channel via the first valve 486, and portions of the polishing liquid-powder suspension may be entrained within this flow. For example, the carrier fluid source 484 may comprise at least one of: air, water, ethanol, nitrogen, and carbon dioxide. In one implementation, the first valve 486 is maintained to be open such that the carrier fluid flows toward the target channel regardless of whether the second valve 488 is open to enable polishing liquid-powder suspension 474 to flow toward the target channel. For instance, while the second valve 488 is open, the carrier fluid facilitates flow of an apportioned amount of polishing liquid-powder suspension 474 from the holding chamber 472 toward the target channel. While the second valve 488 is closed, the carrier fluid flows toward the target channel without any of the polishing liquid-powder suspension 474 entrained therein. Consequently, a flow of the carrier fluid without any of the polishing liquidpowder suspension 474 flows toward the target channel between adjacent flows of apportioned amounts of the polishing liquid-powder suspension 474 by alternately opening and closing the second valve 488 while keeping the first valve 486 open. In alternative embodiments, the second valve 488 is removed, and the delivery mechanism 482 may remain continuously open to the holding chamber 472. In such embodiments, the holding chamber 472 may bepressurized via the liquid source 478 and opening of the inlet valve 476, thereby resulting in delivery of a portion of the polishing liquid-powder suspension 474 to the delivery mechanism 482. Thus, the inlet valve 476 is selectively opened and closed to provide apportioned amounts of the polishing liquid-powder suspension 474 toward the target channel. Of course, it should be appreciated that any suitable mechanism for implementing portions of the polishing liquidpowder suspension 474 to be entrained within the carrier fluid may be applied in accordance with embodiments of the present invention.

[0065] While one system architecture for surface-finishing a medical device having a channel has been illustrated, it should be appreciated that the described concepts can be implemented in any of a variety of ways in accordance with embodiments of the invention. For example, in some embodiments, the carrier fluid source is additionally used to create the polishing liquidpowder suspension and, as such, a separate liquid source (e.g., 478) may not be necessary. In some embodiments, a selectable plurality of carrier fluid sources can be implemented. Thus, for instance, in some embodiments, a source of air and a source of water can each supply carrier fluid for delivery of polishing liquid-powder suspension to the channel and the water source may further be used to facilitate the creation of the polishing liquid-powder suspension. In some embodiments, the chamber may include a discrete pressure source to facilitate the delivery of a portion of the polishing liquid-powder suspension to the delivery mechanism, such that the liquid source does not have to facilitate said delivery.

[0066] In certain embodiments, a separate chamber is implemented for the facilitation of propulsion of the mixture through the target channel (e.g., the fluid sources 584A and 584B provide a positive pressure, which urges an increase in flow speed). For example, FIG. 5 illustrates a system 570 that includes a holding chamber 572 for creation / housing of a polishing liquid-powder suspension 574 and a delivery chamber 583 for developing or adjusting a flow parameter of the polishing liquid-powder suspension 574 for subsequent delivery through the channel. In the illustrated embodiment, a powder source 581 is coupled to the holding chamber 572 via a valve 580, and a liquid source 578 is coupled to the holding chamber 572 via a valve 576. The powder source 581 may be, for example, a cartridge and the liquid source 578 may be, for example, a pressure-regulated mains water.

[0067] As noted, the system 570 also comprises the delivery chamber 583 for delivery of a portion of the liquid-powder chamber to the target channel. As shown, the delivery chamber 583 is coupled to each of two carrier fluid sources 584A and 584B via respective valves 586A and 586B. For example, air (e.g., compressed air) and water may serve as carrier fluids for theillustrated system. The amount of polishing liquid-powder suspension 574 (e.g., apportioning of the polishing liquid-powder suspension 574) to be entrained in the carrier fluid can be controlled by a valve 588. In some embodiments, the system 570 includes multiple delivery chambers 583 that are each fluidly connected to a distribution manifold configured to deliver the polishing liquid-powder suspension 574 to the target channel.

[0068] In general, one example purpose of a delivery chamber presented herein, such as delivery chamber 583, is to create an air gap between the shot source (holding chamber 572) and the target channel. The delivery chamber 583 provides a region where the system 570 uses one or more fluids (e.g., air and / or water) to push the surface-finishing shots through the channel.

[0069] As shown in FIG. 5, the delivery chamber 583 defines a frustoconical shape, which can be beneficial in a number of respects. For example, such a geometry can aid the flow of the polishing liquid-powder suspension 574, e.g., directing it towards the target channel at a desirable speed and / or flow rate, such as by reducing a cross-sectional area of a flow opening. Additionally, the delivery chamber 583 may cause the liquid-powder suspension 574 to spin along an interior surface of the frustoconical shape, thereby developing a “vortex” of the carrier fluid within the delivery chamber 583, and the vortex can provide desirable mixing and / or flow (e.g., turbulent flow) of the liquid-powder suspension 574 to improve interaction between powder material and the target channel to surface finish the target channel. Moreover, the frustoconical shape may provide or change a particular flow regime of the liquid-powder suspension 574, such as by encouraging a cluster of shots to group together to form a more unitary mass.

[0070] It can be appreciated that while a certain configuration has been illustrated, systems implementing a discrete delivery chamber can be implemented in any of a variety of ways in accordance with embodiments of the invention. For example, in some embodiments, the delivery chamber is coupled to only a single carrier fluid source.

[0071] While the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 5 depicts an architecture whereby powder may be provided to a chamber via, for example, a cartridge, in some embodiments the chamber may be a consumable component, as mentioned previously. Accordingly, FIG. 6 illustrates a system 670 for surface-finishing a channel of a medical device with a consumable component and a delivery chamber.

[0072] In particular, the system 670 includes a holding chamber 672 in the form of a consumable component that is provided with powder. A polishing liquid-powder suspension 674 can be created / housed within the holding chamber 672 using liquid from carrier fluid source 684A. The system 670 further includes a carrier fluid source 684B that may house a gaseous carrier fluid. Similar to the system 570 of FIG. 5, the system 670 further includes a delivery chamber 683 operable to deliver the polishing liquid-powder suspension 674 to the channel for surface-finishing. In certain embodiments, a pump 690 is also provided between the holding chamber 672 and the delivery chamber 683 to control the amount of polishing liquid-powder suspension 674 (e.g., apportioning of the polishing liquid-powder suspension 574) to be entrained in the carrier fluid.

[0073] The use of a chamber in the form of a consumable component, as shown in FIG. 6, may be advantageous insofar as it simplifies the design and enhances user-operability. For example, the use of such a configuration can eliminate the need for a discrete powder handling mechanism. Although the illustrated embodiments depict a chamber that houses powder that is subsequently hydrated, in some embodiments a chamber is provided with a pre-mixed polishing liquid-powder suspension. For example, a chamber that houses a powder that is insoluble in a corresponding liquid may be implemented. The insolubility of the powder in the respective liquid may allow the chamber to have a suitable shelf life, and therefore may be commercially viable.

[0074] In certain embodiments of the invention, consumable chambers that house constituent components used for surface-finishing for use in systems for surface-finishing medical devices having channels (e.g., those described elsewhere herein) are implemented. In this context, ‘consumable chambers’ can be understood to be those that are not intended to be permanent fixtures of the systems with which they interact with. For instance, such a consumable chamber can be obtained, made to interface with a respective surface-finishing system, and once its constituent components within it have been used up by the surface-finishing system, the consumable chamber may be decoupled from the surface-finishing system and disposed of or else sent to a center for reprocessing. Subsequently, a user can obtain another consumable chamber where further surface-finishing is required. The use of such “consumable chambers” can enhance the efficiency and operability of the disclosed surface -finishing systems.

[0075] As discussed, in certain embodiments presented herein, one or more flow parameters of a liquid-powder suspension can be adjusted. Flow parameters of polishing shots of liquidpowder suspensions, in particular, can especially be readily controlled to provide moredynamic polishing operations, such as to achieve a desirable surface finish. FIG. 7 illustrates a method 791 for surface-finishing a target channel in accordance with embodiments of the invention by adjusting / changing one or more flow parameters.

[0076] More specifically, at 793, a flow parameter of an initial liquid-powder suspension (e.g., a first polishing shot) flowing through a lumen of a channel is determined. For example, the flow parameter is determined via a sensor positioned at the channel (e.g., disposed within the lumen). At 795, the determined flow parameter is compared to a target flow parameter, and a determination is made regarding whether a difference between the flow parameter and the target flow parameter is below a threshold. Such a difference can indicate that the flow parameter of the initial liquid-powder suspension is undesirable.

[0077] At 797, in response to determining the difference between the flow parameter and the target flow parameter is not below the threshold, one or more operating parameters for delivering a subsequent liquid-powder suspension (e.g., a second polishing shot) are maintained for subsequent use (e.g., for delivering subsequent liquid-powder suspension at 799). That is, at 797, one or more operating parameters used to deliver liquid-powder suspension are not adjusted.

[0078] However, if it is determined at 798 that the difference between the flow parameter and the target flow parameter is not below the threshold, one or more operating parameters for delivering the subsequent liquid-powder suspension is adjusted. In particular, one or more operating parameters are adjusted to adjust the flow parameter of the subsequent liquid-powder suspension (delivered at 799) toward the target flow parameter. In the example of FIG. 7, the process can be continually or periodically monitored for re-adjustment, as need (e.g., the method 791 can return to 795 for additional monitoring of one or more flow parameters relative to one or more target parameters).

[0079] One example flow parameter of a liquid-powder suspension is the flow regime of the liquid-powder suspension. The flow regime can be dependent on an amount (e.g., a volume) of the liquid-powder suspension introduced into the lumen.

[0080] For example, a very small amount of the liquid-powder suspension can separate into droplets, similar to a spray, within the carrier fluid. A greater but still somewhat small amount of the liquid-powder suspension can coalesce on the wall of the channel to form separate rivulets. An even greater, relatively intermediate amount of liquid-powder suspension can forma continuous annular layer (e.g., an open cylinder) at the walls of the channel with the carrier fluid flowing through a center of the annulus.

[0081] The liquid-powder suspension and the carrier fluid can flow at different velocities and, if present, an annular flow of the liquid-powder suspension can be unstable and include waves that grow, travel, and / or break during flow of the liquid-powder suspension through the lumen. A relatively larger amount of liquid-powder suspension can form a profile (e.g., a closed cylinder) that occupies a substantial amount of the cross-sectional area of the lumen. As an example, such a profile can be semi-unstable and include interfacial waves that create more disorderly flow at a center of the profile caused by increased amounts of carrier fluid at the center. As another example, such a profile can be more stable in which contiguity of the liquidpowder suspension is more consistently maintained with isolated bubbles of carrier fluid contained in (e.g., sparging) therein.

[0082] It is to be appreciated that various other factors, including surface tension and / or contact angle between the liquid-powder suspension and the walls of the channel can affect the flow regime. The flow regime can be determined based on the flow rate of the liquid-powder suspension, a cross-sectional area (e.g., internal diameter) of the lumen, and / or pressure (e.g., a pressure differential between an upstream side and a downstream side) within the lumen.

[0083] It may be desirable for the liquid-powder suspension to flow at a target flow regime through the lumen. For instance, annular flow of the liquid-powder suspension can provide a desired amount of abrasion and interaction between the liquid-powder suspension and the wall to surface finish the wall. Thus, the operating parameters (e.g., apportioning of liquid-powder suspension in each shot) used for delivering amounts of liquid-powder suspension through the lumen can be maintained or changed to effectuate the target flow regime for better surface finishing operations.

[0084] It should be noted that any other suitable parameter, such as a speed, a composition (e.g., solid density), and / or a material of the liquid-power suspension, can additionally or alternatively be monitored. The monitored parameter is then used as feedback for maintaining or adjusting the operating parameters to surface finish the channel more suitably. Indeed, any of these parameters of the liquid-powder suspension can be dynamically adjustable and readily changed between liquid-powder suspension deliveries. Similarly, any suitable operating parameter, such as a volume of a liquid-powder suspension, a pressure differential used to direct the liquid-powder suspension, a composition of the liquid-powder suspension, a materialof the liquid-powder suspension, and the like, for delivering the subsequent liquid-powder suspension can be adjusted or maintained. In some embodiments, the particular operating parameter is selected based on the specific flow parameter that is different from the target flow parameter.

[0085] Moreover, in certain embodiments, the target flow parameter can change. By way of example, as the channel is surface finished over time, the target flow parameter changes to reduce the extent in which the liquid-powder suspension abrades the walls of the channel and avoiding potentially excessive material from the channel. In this manner, an initial target flow parameter is used to provide greater abrasion and increased surface finishing rates, and a subsequent target flow parameter is then used to provide less abrasion and reduced surface finishing rates. Indeed, the manner in which the liquid-powder suspension is directed to abrade the walls of the channel can be changed based on a determined smoothness of the walls. To this end, a sensor (e.g., an optical sensor, a penetrating radar, etc.) can be used to map out the smoothness, and such information can be used to determine the target flow parameter. For example, the target flow parameter is updated to change (e.g., increase) the abrasion based on a determined level or trend of smoothness of the walls (e.g., the walls include a substantial amount of roughness). Accordingly, the operating parameter(s) for delivering liquid-powder suspensions can change to effectuate the changing target flow parameter. Thus, surface finishing provided by liquid-powder suspensions can change over time, such as to accommodate the change in profile of the walls of the channel.

[0086] In some embodiments, between the delivery of separate liquid-powder suspensions, a fluid that does not contain powder material is delivered into the lumen. Thus, the liquid-powder suspensions are separated by the fluid (e.g., a fluid gap). In certain embodiments, such a fluid is also used to direct the liquid-powder suspension through the lumen, such as by entraining the liquid-powder suspension within the fluid. In such embodiments, an operating parameter (e.g., a speed, a flow rate, a pressure) used to deliver the fluid can be maintained regardless of whether the liquid-powder suspension is entrained in the fluid. However, the operating parameter can also change when the liquid-powder suspension is entrained in the fluid relative to when the fluid is directed without the liquid-powder suspension entrained therein.

[0087] As noted above, a channel surface-finishing system in accordance with embodiments presented herein can include, or be controlled by, a control sub-system. FIG. 8 is a block diagram illustrating an example computing device 817 configured to operate as a control subsystem for a channel surface-finishing system, in accordance with certain embodimentspresented herein. The computing device 817 can comprise, for example, a personal computer, server computer, hand-held device, laptop device, multiprocessor system, microprocessorbased system, programmable consumer electronic (e.g., smart phone), network PC, minicomputer, mainframe computer, tablet, remote control unit, distributed computing environment that include any of the above systems or devices, and the like. The computing device 817 can be a single virtual or physical device operating in a networked environment over communication links to one or more remote devices, such as an implantable medical device or implantable medical device system.

[0088] In its most basic configuration, computing device 817 includes at least one processing unit 825 and memory 827. The processing unit 825 includes one or more hardware or software processors (e.g., Central Processing Units) that can obtain and execute instructions. The processing unit 825 can communicate with and control the performance of other components of the computing device 817.

[0089] The memory 827 is one or more software or hardware-based computer-readable storage media operable to store information accessible by the processing unit 825. The memory 827 can store, among other things, instructions executable by the processing unit 825 to implement applications or cause performance of operations described herein, as well as other data. The memory 827 can be volatile memory (e.g., RAM), non-volatile memory (e.g., ROM), or combinations thereof. The memory 827 can include transitory memory or non-transitory memory. The memory 827 can also include one or more removable or non-removable storage devices. In examples, the memory 827 can include RAM, ROM, EEPROM (Electronically- Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory), flash memory, optical disc storage, magnetic storage, solid state storage, or any other memory media usable to store information for later access. In examples, the memory 827 encompasses a modulated data signal (e.g., a signal that has one or more of its characteristics set or changed in such a manner as to encode information in the signal), such as a carrier wave or other transport mechanism and includes any information delivery media. By way of example, and not limitation, the memory 827 can include wired media such as a wired network or direct-wired connection, and wireless media such as acoustic, RF, infrared and other wireless media, or combinations thereof. In certain embodiments, the memory 827 comprises channel surface-finishing control logic 829 that, when executed, enables the processing unit 825 to perform aspects of the techniques presented.

[0090] In the illustrated example, the computing device 817 further includes a network adapter 831, one or more input devices 833, and one or more output devices 835. The computing device817 can include other components, such as a system bus, component interfaces, a graphics system, a power source (e.g., a battery), among other components. The network adapter 831 is a component of the computing device 817 that provides network access (e.g., access to at least one network). The network adapter 831 can provide wired or wireless network access and can support one or more of a variety of communication technologies and protocols, such as ETHERNET, cellular, BLUETOOTH, near-field communication, and RF (Radiofrequency), among others. The network adapter 831 can include one or more antennas and associated components configured for wireless communication according to one or more wireless communication technologies and protocols.

[0091] The one or more input devices 833 are devices over which the computing device 817 receives input from a user. The one ormore input devices 833 can include physically-actuatable user-interface elements (e.g., buttons, switches, or dials), touch screens, keyboards, mice, pens, and voice input devices, among others input devices. The one or more output devices 835 are devices by which the computing device 817 is able to provide output to a user. The output devices 835 can include, a display, one or more speakers, among other output devices.

[0092] It is to be appreciated that the arrangement for computing device 817 shown in FIG. 8 is merely illustrative and that aspects of the techniques presented herein may be implemented at a number of different types of systems / devices. For example, the computing device 817 could be a laptop computer, tablet computer, mobile phone, surgical system, etc.

[0093] As noted, aspects of the techniques presented herein are used to deliver so-called ‘surface-finishing shots’ (e.g., apportioned amounts of a polishing liquid-powder suspension) to a target channel in order to smooth the interior surface of the channel (e.g., reduce interior surface roughness). The size, fluidity, velocity, flow rate, flow regime, and / or other characteristics / attributes of the surface-finishing shots are determined such that, as the surfacefinishing shots travel through the target channel (i.e., the channel), the surface -finishing shots will interact with (e.g., polish) the walls of the target channel to smooth the inner surface / walls of the channel.

[0094] In certain arrangements, the surface-finishing shot attributes are determined based on a size (e.g., a cross-sectional area), an internal surface roughness, and / or material of the target channel. For example, the size and / or material can provide a fluidic resistance, which is a tendency for a fluidic pathway to resist flow of a given fluid due to the combined geometric and surface properties of the pathway, and the surface-finishing shot attributes are selected toaccommodate the fluidic resistance (e.g., of at least a proximal portion of the target channel). For example, the fluidic resistance can affect an interaction between the surface-finishing shots and the walls of the target channel to impact surface finishing provided by the surface-finishing shots. Thus, apportioning the surface-finishing shot based on the fluidic resistance can help direct the liquid-powder suspension more suitably through the target channel.

[0095] As noted, merely for ease of illustration, the techniques presented herein are primarily described with reference to surface-finishing a specific type of medical channel, namely the channels of an endoscope, via an automated surface -finishing process using a fluidic composition and a channel surface-finishing device. However, it will be appreciated that the invention is not limited to use with endoscopes or, more generally, to only use with medical devices, or with reference to fluidic composition. As such, it is to be appreciated that the techniques presented herein can be used to in association with the surface-finishing of channels of a number of different devices / instruments / apparatuses used in any of a number of different applications, such as dental lines, food / drink lines, other medical channels, etc. In addition, also as noted above, aspects of the techniques presented herein can also be used with other mechanical surface -finishing techniques and, as such, reference to automatic channel surfacefinishing with a fluidic composition and / or a channel surface-finishing device is merely illustrative.

[0096] Certain aspects of the techniques presented herein have been described with reference to various descriptions of fluid dynamics. It is to be appreciated that these various descriptions are provided for purposes of illustration and that the innovation presented herein works regardless of the believed understanding of the fluid dynamics.

[0097] As should be appreciated, while particular uses of the technology have been illustrated and discussed above, the disclosed technology can be used with a variety of devices in accordance with many examples of the technology. The above discussion is not meant to suggest that the disclosed technology is only suitable for implementation within systems akin to that illustrated in the figures. In general, additional configurations can be used to practice the processes and systems herein and / or some aspects described can be excluded without departing from the processes and systems disclosed herein.

[0098] This disclosure described some aspects of the present technology with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which only some of the possible aspects were shown. Other aspects can, however, be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as limited tothe aspects set forth herein. Rather, these aspects were provided so that this disclosure was thorough and complete and fully conveyed the scope of the possible aspects to those skilled in the art.

[0099] As should be appreciated, the various aspects (e.g., portions, components, etc.) described with respect to the figures herein are not intended to limit the systems and processes to the particular aspects described. Accordingly, additional configurations can be used to practice the methods and systems herein and / or some aspects described can be excluded without departing from the methods and systems disclosed herein.[ooioo] According to certain aspects, systems and non-transitory computer readable storage media are provided. The systems are configured with hardware configured to execute operations analogous to the methods of the present disclosure. The one or more non-transitory computer readable storage media comprise instructions that, when executed by one or more processors, cause the one or more processors to execute operations analogous to the methods of the present disclosure.[ooioi] Similarly, where steps of a process are disclosed, those steps are described for purposes of illustrating the present methods and systems and are not intended to limit the disclosure to a particular sequence of steps. For example, the steps can be performed in differing order, two or more steps can be performed concurrently, additional steps can be performed, and disclosed steps can be excluded without departing from the present disclosure. Further, the disclosed processes can be repeated.

[0102] Although specific aspects were described herein, the scope of the technology is not limited to those specific aspects. One skilled in the art will recognize other aspects or improvements that are within the scope of the present technology. Therefore, the specific structure, acts, or media are disclosed only as illustrative aspects. The scope of the technology is defined by the following claims and any equivalents therein.

[0103] It is also to be appreciated that the embodiments presented herein are not mutually exclusive and that the various embodiments may be combined with another in any of a number of different manners.

Claims

CLAIMSWhat is claimed is:

1. A method for surface-finishing at least one interior surface of a channel of a medical device comprising: mixing a liquid with a powder to form a polishing liquid-powder suspension; and applying at least one flow of fluid to a portion of the polishing liquid-powder suspension to push the portion of the polishing liquid-powder suspension through the channel of the medical device.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein the portion of the polishing liquid-powder suspension is determined based on a fluidic resistance of at least a proximal section of the channel.

3. The method of claim 1 , wherein mixing the liquid with the powder to form the polishing liquid-powder suspension comprises: introducing the liquid into a consumable chamber holding the powder.

4. The method of claim 1 further comprising: delivering a fluid flow through the channel without any portion of the polishing liquid-powder suspension.

5. The method of claim 4, comprising: applying at least one additional flow of fluid to an additional portion of the polishing liquid-powder suspension to push the additional portion of the polishing liquid-powder suspension through the channel of the medical device subsequent to applying the at least one flow of fluid to the portion of the polishing liquid-powder suspension, such that the fluid flow without any portion of the polishing liquid-powder suspension separates the portion of the polishing liquid-powder suspension and the additional portion of the polishing liquid-powder suspension.

6. The method of claim 5, comprising: adjusting a flow parameter of the additional portion of the polishing liquid-powder suspension relative to a flow parameter of the portion of the polishing liquid-powder suspension.

7. The method of claim 6, comprising: comparing the flow parameter of the portion of the polishing liquid-powder suspension to a target flow parameter; determining a difference between the flow parameter of the portion of the polishing liquid-powder suspension and the target flow parameter is above a threshold; and adjusting the flow parameter of the additional portion of the polishing liquid-powder suspension relative to the flow parameter of the portion of the polishing liquid-powder suspension in response to determining the difference between the flow parameter of the portion of the polishing liquid-powder suspension and the target flow parameter is above the threshold.

8. The method of claim 7, wherein the target flow parameter comprises annular flow of liquid-powder suspension through the channel of the medical device.

9. The method of claim 6, wherein each of the flow parameter of the additional portion of the polishing liquid-powder suspension and the flow parameter of the portion of the polishing liquid-powder suspension comprises a flow regime.

10. The method of claim 5, comprising: comparing a flow parameter of the portion of the polishing liquid-powder suspension to a target flow parameter; determining a difference between the flow parameter of the portion of the polishing liquid-powder suspension and the target flow parameter is below a threshold; and maintaining a flow parameter of the additional portion of the polishing liquid-powder suspension relative to the flow parameter of the portion of the polishing liquid-powder suspension in response to determining the difference between the flow parameter of the portion of the polishing liquid-powder suspension and the target flow parameter is below the threshold.

11. The method of claim 1 , wherein a first hardness of the powder is greater than a second hardness of the channel of the medical device.

12. The method of claim 1, further comprising:mixing the powder with the liquid in at least one holding chamber to form the polishing liquid-powder suspension, wherein the at least one holding chamber is in fluid communication with one or more delivery chambers configured to direct the polishing liquidpowder suspension through the channel of the medical device.

13. The method of claim 12, further comprising: drawing the portion of the polishing liquid-powder suspension from the at least one holding chamber to at least one of the one or more delivery chambers.

14. The method of claim 12, further comprising: pumping the portion of the polishing liquid-powder suspension from the at least one holding chamber to at least one of the one or more delivery chambers.

15. The method of claim 12, wherein a distribution manifold is fluidly connected to the one or more delivery chambers and to the channel, and wherein the method further comprises: delivering the portion of the polishing liquid-powder suspension to the channel via the distribution manifold.

16. The method of claim 1, wherein mixing the powder with the liquid to form the polishing liquid-powder suspension comprises: providing excessive powder relative to the liquid such that undissolved powder is suspended in the polishing liquid-powder suspension.

17. The method of claim 1, wherein mixing the powder with the liquid to form the polishing liquid-powder suspension comprises: mixing silica with water.

18. The method of claim 1, wherein applying the at least one flow of fluid to the portion of the polishing liquid-powder suspension comprises: applying a flow of compressed air to the portion of the polishing liquid-powder suspension.

19. The method of claim 1, wherein applying the at least one flow of fluid to the portion of the polishing liquid-powder suspension comprises:applying a flow of water to the portion of the polishing liquid-powder suspension.

20. A method, comprising: apportioning a polishing liquid-powder suspension into a surface -finishing shot; and delivering the surface-finishing shot to a proximal end of at least one channel so that the surface-finishing shot passes from the proximal end to a distal end of the at least one channel.

21. The method of claim 20, further comprising: apportioning the polishing liquid-powder suspension into the surface -finishing shot based at least on a fluidic resistance of at least a proximal section of the at least one channel.

22. The method of claim 20, further comprising: apportioning the polishing liquid-powder suspension into an additional surfacefinishing shot; and delivering the additional surface -finishing shot to the proximal end of the at least one channel so that the additional surface-finishing shot passes from the proximal end to the distal end of the at least one channel.

23. The method of claim 22, further comprising: following delivery of the surface-finishing shot to the proximal end of the at least one channel and prior to delivery of the additional surface -finishing shot to the proximal end of the at least one channel, delivering a fluid flow through the at least one channel without any liquid-powder suspension.

24. The method of claim 22, further comprising: comparing a flow parameter of the surface-finishing shot to a target flow parameter; and at least one of apportioning the polishing liquid-powder suspension into the additional surface-finishing shot or delivering the additional surface -finishing shot to the proximal end of the at least one channel based on comparing the flow parameter of the surface-finishing shot to the target flow parameter.

25. The method of claim 24, wherein a first amount of the polishing liquid-powder suspension is apportioned into the surface -finishing shot, and a second amount, different from the first amount, of the polishing liquid-powder suspension is apportioned into the additional surface-finishing shot in response to determining a difference between the flow parameter of the surface-finishing shot and the target flow parameter is above a threshold.

26. The method of claim 24, wherein the surface-finishing shot is delivered at a first speed, and the additional surface-finishing shot is delivered at a second speed, different from the first speed, in response to determining a difference between the flow parameter of the surface-finishing shot and the target flow parameter is above a threshold.

27. The method of claim 20, further comprising: obtaining a pre-mixture of a powder and a liquid forming the polishing liquid-powder suspension.

28. The method of claim 20, further comprising: mixing a powder with a liquid in a holding chamber to form the polishing liquidpowder suspension, wherein the holding chamber is in fluid communication with at least one delivery chamber.

29. The method of claim 28, comprising mixing the liquid with an amount of the powder that exceeds a saturation level of the powder within the liquid to form an excess amount of the powder relative to the liquid such that undissolved powder is suspended in the polishing liquid-powder suspension.

30. The method of claim 20, wherein delivering the surface-finishing shot to the proximal end of the at least one channel comprises increasing a pressure at an upstream side of the surface-finishing shot to create a pressure differential between the upstream side and a downstream side of the surface-finishing shot.

31. A system, comprising: a holding chamber configured to retain a polishing liquid-powder suspension therein; at least one of a valve or pump configured to provide an apportioned amount of the polishing liquid-powder suspension toward a channel of an apparatus; a delivery mechanism configured to apply at least one flow of fluid to the apportioned amount of the polishing liquid-powder suspension; and a flow mover configured to drive movement of the at least one flow of fluid toward the channel to deliver the apportioned amount of the polishing liquid-powder suspension to the channel.

32. The system of claim 31, further comprising a processing unit configured to determine the apportioned amount of the polishing liquid-powder suspension based on a fluidic resistance of at least a proximal section of the channel of the apparatus.

33. The system of claim 31, comprising at least one delivery chamber fluidically connected to the channel of the apparatus, wherein the at least one delivery chamber comprises a frustoconical shaped interior surface, and wherein the delivery mechanism is configured to apply the at least one flow of fluid in the at least one delivery chamber so that the apportioned amount of the polishing liquid-powder suspension spins along the frustoconical shaped interior surface.

34. The system of claim 33, wherein the delivery mechanism is configured to apply a first flow of fluid in the at least one delivery chamber and a second flow of fluid in the at least one delivery chamber.

35. The system of claim 31, wherein the holding chamber is a consumable component that is configured to be mechanically decoupled from the system.

36. The system of claim 31, wherein the holding chamber is configured to retain a powder, and wherein the system is configured to deliver a fluid to the holding chamber for mixing with the powder to form the polishing liquid-powder suspension.

37. The system of claim 36, further comprising a motor for use in mixing the fluid with the powder to form the polishing liquid-powder suspension.

38. The system of claim 31, wherein the flow mover is configured to create a pressure difference between an upstream side of the apportioned amount of the polishing liquidpowder suspension and a downstream side of the apportioned amount of the polishing liquidpowder suspension to drive movement of the at least one flow of fluid downstream to deliver the apportioned amount of the polishing liquid-powder suspension to the channel.

39. The system of claim 31, wherein the at least one of the valve or pump is configured to provide an additional apportioned amount of the polishing liquid-powder suspension toward the channel of the apparatus, the delivery mechanism is configured to apply at least one additional flow of fluid to the additional apportioned amount of the polishing liquid-powder suspension, and the flow mover is configured to drive movement of the at least one additional flow of fluid toward the channel to deliver the additional apportioned amount of the polishing liquid-powder suspension to the channel.

40. The system of claim 39, wherein the delivery mechanism is configured to apply at least one intermediate flow of fluid between the apportioned amount of the polishing liquidpowder suspension and the additional apportioned amount of the polishing liquid-powder suspension, the at least one intermediate flow of fluid being without any of the polishing liquid-powder suspension.

41. The system of claim 39, comprising a processing unit configured to: compare a flow parameter of the apportioned amount of the polishing liquid-powder suspension to a target flow parameter; and adjust a flow parameter of the additional apportioned amount of the polishing liquidpowder suspension relative to the flow parameter of the apportioned amount of the polishing liquid-powder suspension based on a difference between the flow parameter of the apportioned amount of the polishing liquid-powder suspension and the target flow parameter being above a threshold.

42. The system of claim 41, wherein the flow parameter of the apportioned amount of the polishing liquid-powder suspension comprises a first volume, and the flow parameter of the additional apportioned amount of the polishing liquid-powder suspension comprises a second volume.

43. The system of claim 41, wherein the processing unit is configured to adjust operation of the flow mover to adjust the flow parameter of the additional apportioned amount of the polishing liquid-powder suspension relative to the flow parameter of the apportioned amount of the polishing liquid-powder suspension based on the difference between the flow parameter of the apportioned amount of the polishing liquid-powder suspension and the target flow parameter being above the threshold.

44. The system of claim 39, comprising a processing unit configured to: compare a flow parameter of the apportioned amount of the polishing liquid-powder suspension to a target flow parameter; and maintain a flow parameter of the additional apportioned amount of the polishing liquid-powder suspension relative to a flow parameter of the apportioned amount of the polishing liquid-powder suspension based on a difference between the flow parameter of the apportioned amount of the polishing liquid-powder suspension and the target flow parameter being below a threshold.

45. The system of claim 39, further comprising: at least one delivery chamber fluidically connected to the channel of the apparatus; and a distribution manifold fluidly connected between the at least one delivery chamber and the channel.

46. The system of claim 45, wherein the delivery mechanism is configured to apply a flow of compressed air to the apportioned amount of the polishing liquid-powder suspension in the at least one delivery chamber.

47. The system of claim 45, wherein the delivery mechanism is configured to apply a flow of water to the apportioned amount of the polishing liquid-powder suspension in the at least one delivery chamber.

48. The system of claim 45, wherein the at least one delivery chamber comprises first and second delivery chambers each separately fluidically connected to the holding chamber.

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