Lycium chinense exosome, preparation method therefor and use thereof

Abstract

The present invention relates to a preparation method for a Lycium chinense exosome, a Lycium chinense exosome prepared by said method, and a use thereof. Specifically, the preparation method for the Lycium chinense exosome comprises a layer-by-layer filtering step, wherein the layer-by-layer filtering step sequentially comprises deep filtration and optional membrane filtration.

Description

Wolfberry Exosomes and Their Preparation Methods and Applications Technical Field The present disclosure relates to a method for extracting exosomes from plants such as wolfberries, and plant exosomes extracted by this method and their applications. Specifically, the preparation method of the plant exosomes of the present disclosure includes a step of layer-by-layer filtration, and the layer-by-layer filtration step sequentially includes depth filtration and membrane filtration. Background Art Exosomes are a kind of nanoparticles with a phospholipid bilayer secreted by cells, usually with a diameter of 30 - 200 nm, containing rich protein and nucleic acid substances, etc. Exosomes can transmit active substances such as proteins, mRNAs, and microRNAs between cells and participate in many important physiological and pathological processes, and their unique functions have received increasing attention in the industry. Currently, exosomes are mainly obtained from materials such as milk-derived samples, various cell culture supernatants, and exudates of tumor tissues. However, the material sources for obtaining exosomes from sources such as cell culture supernatants are limited and costly, the content of exosomes obtained is low, and the cost after purification is even higher, which restricts the large-scale industrial production of exosomes. Various plants are also important sources of exosomes, and the extraction rate of plant-derived exosome-like nanoparticles (PEN) is much higher than that of mammalian cell cultures, indicating their economic effectiveness as nanomachines [1] . Most importantly, recent studies have shown that plant exosomes can be absorbed by intestinal macrophages and play roles in cell-to-cell communication and immune regulation [2-3] . Correct extraction and purification methods are crucial for the analysis of exosomes because they are usually present in overly complex matrices. The research on exosome extraction methods not only needs to examine the specificity and purity of the extracts but also needs to consider the simplicity of operation and scale efficiency. Currently, methods commonly used for separating exosomes include ultracentrifugation, polymer precipitation, gel exclusion, antibody affinity precipitation, density gradient centrifugation, membrane filtration, etc. However, each method has its drawbacks. For example, ultracentrifugation has complex operations, high technical difficulty, and time-consuming. The separated exosomes may be damaged by high-speed centrifugation and contain a large amount of miscellaneous proteins; the exosomes extracted by the polymer precipitation method lack specificity and selectivity and have low purity; the gel exclusion method has relatively high technical difficulty, but it is difficult to ensure the sterility of the separated exosomes, is time-consuming and difficult to scale up; immunoaffinity chromatography usually improves the purity of the sample but reduces the efficiency and recovery rate; while membrane filtration improves the efficiency and recovery rate but reduces the sample specificity and purity [4] . Generally, exosomes derived from mammals are isolated from biological fluids, while exosomes derived from plants are isolated from apoplast washings. For exosomes derived from mammals, the current isolation and purification techniques mainly include microfluidic techniques, ultracentrifugation methods, size-based separation techniques, precipitation techniques, and immunoaffinity capture techniques. The available methods for isolating and purifying exosomes derived from plants are mainly based on the established techniques for exosomes derived from mammals, but have varying degrees of drawbacks. For example, for differential centrifugation, due to the physiological differences between plants and animals, exosomes derived from plants obtained by this method are often contaminated with proteins, nucleic acid aggregates, and other vesicles, and thus further purification using density gradient ultracentrifugation is required to separate the contaminants. Another example is that due to the presence of high molecular weight components in plant sap, such as cellulose and starch, which usually cause difficulties in centrifugation, a combination of various centrifugation methods (such as a combination of differential centrifugation and sucrose density gradient centrifugation) is needed to address the above drawbacks of traditional centrifugation techniques. In addition, although several other separation techniques, such as immunoaffinity capture, ultrafiltration or size exclusion chromatography (SEC), co-precipitation methods, and microfluidic techniques, have been successfully applied to exosomes derived from mammals, they are not ideal for the isolation of exosomes derived from plants. For example, although immunoaffinity capture based on the formation of immune complexes against extracellular vesicle surface antigens is an ideal method for purifying mammalian extracellular exosomes, for exosomes derived from plants, the lack of marker proteins and specific antibodies for exosomes derived from plants limits the application of this technique. Therefore, methods suitable for the extraction of mammalian exosomes are not applicable to the extraction of plant exosomes. There is a lack of a universal method for the isolation of plant exosomes. Currently, the commonly used method in research is ultracentrifugation, or a combination of multiple means such as extraction, membrane filtration for impurity removal, microfiltration for sterilization, nanofiltration for concentration, and even supplemented with complexation reactions to obtain plant exosomes. [7] As mentioned above, although ultracentrifugation is generally considered the gold standard for exosome isolation and can isolate relatively pure exosomes [5] , ultracentrifugation methods have many drawbacks and rely on ultra-high centrifugal force and duration to separate particles by sedimenting them to the bottom, so it is time-consuming and the extraction scale is limited by the processing volume of the ultracentrifuge. The skin is an important protective barrier against external stimuli such as bacteria and ultraviolet rays. The skin barrier is mainly composed of the stratum corneum and keratinocytes, and its main function is to protect the internal tissues and fluids from the external environment. [8] Exposure to ultraviolet rays can cause damage to the stratum corneum of the skin and a decrease in the expression of intracellular barrier proteins, thereby impairing the skin barrier function. [9]Meanwhile, the skin is also a target organ for UV-induced oxidative damage. The energy carried by UVB can activate endogenous photosensitive substances in the skin, generating various reactive oxygen species such as singlet oxygen, oxygen free radicals, and hydrogen peroxide.

[0010] Therefore, inhibiting the intracellular reactive oxygen species response induced by ultraviolet rays and the disruption of the permeable skin barrier is one of the key factors in resisting skin photoaging and skin diseases. Goji berry is a commonly used traditional Chinese medicine ingredient.

[0011] It contains rich nutrients, including carotenoids, vitamin A, calcium, and iron. Generally, exosomes are mainly responsible for intercellular material transfer, thereby further regulating various physiological mechanisms, including immune responses and inflammatory responses.

[0012] –

[0014] However, no literature has reported the extraction of exosomes from goji berries, and there is no research on its beneficial effects on skin barrier damage and antioxidant aspects. Therefore, a simple, efficient method suitable for large-scale separation and extraction of high-purity plant exosomes, especially goji berry exosomes, at the industrial level is needed to reduce the production cost and increase the yield of exosomes, while the exosomes have beneficial effects on the skin. Summary of the Invention To overcome the deficiencies and shortcomings of the existing methods for extracting plant exosomes, the inventors first proposed a method for separating and extracting plant exosomes using layer-by-layer filtration. This method is simple, efficient, suitable for industrial scale (as shown in Figure 1), and the separated and purified exosomes have a high purity. Specifically, the present disclosure uses two methods, layer-by-layer filtration and ultracentrifugation, to isolate plant exosomes from goji berries. By analyzing the physical properties and efficacy of the isolated plant exosomes, and combining with plant metabolomics analysis, the differences between the plant exosomes extracted by the two methods are compared, and a method suitable for the separation and extraction of plant exosomes is thus screened out. The research results show that compared with the ultracentrifugation method, the time for layer-by-layer filtration to process the same mass of plant raw materials is shortened by 3 times, the yield is increased by at least 40 times, and metabolomics analysis shows that the plant exosomes separated and extracted by layer-by-layer filtration contain more active metabolites. When the plant raw materials are enlarged by 10 times or even 20 times, the advantages of the method for separating and extracting plant exosomes by layer-by-layer filtration are more obvious. In addition, the plant exosomes separated and extracted by layer-by-layer filtration have a typical exosome-like saucer shape, rich in protein content, and have anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory functional activities in vitro. Specifically, the layer-by-layer filtration method of the present disclosure has lower time consumption compared with ultracentrifugation, has a higher exosome yield or particle concentration, can prevent the filter membrane from being blocked due to excessive impurities, and can ensure the sterility of the product. The plant exosomes extracted by the layer-by-layer filtration method of the present disclosure have a typical exosome-like saucer shape, with a particle size in the range of 30 - 200 nm, and show excellent anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory activities. The method for extracting plant exosomes of the present disclosure is suitable for large-scale production; preferably, the method can handle the amount of plant material corresponding to large-scale production by increasing the membrane area of filtration, for example, plant material with a mass of at least about 100 g, 200 g, 300 g, 400 g, 500 g, 600 g, 700 g, 800 g, 900 g, 1000 g, 2000 g, 3000 g, 4000 g, 5000 g, 6000 g, 7000 g, 8000 g, 9000 g, 10000 g, 50000 g, or even 100000 g. Therefore, on the one hand, the present disclosure provides a method for separating and extracting plant exosomes, specifically a method for separating and extracting plant exosomes by depth filtration, and the method includes the following steps: (a) Obtaining plant material; (b) Pretreating the obtained plant material to obtain a crude plant extract; and (c) Performing layer-by-layer filtration on the obtained crude plant extract, wherein in step (c), the layer-by-layer filtration treatment includes a depth filtration step and an optional membrane filtration step. In an embodiment of the method for separating and extracting plant exosomes of the present disclosure, in step (c), the layer-by-layer filtration step includes using depth filtration. Preferably, the depth filtration uses a depth filtration with a pore size of about 1-50 μm, more preferably a depth filtration with a pore size of about 2-30 μm. In a specific embodiment, in step (c), the layer-by-layer filtration step includes a depth filtration step, and the depth filtration step uses depth capsule filtration (preferably having a pore size of about 1-50 μm), and more preferably the depth capsule filtration is a depth capsule filtration with a pore size of about 2-30 μm. In a specific embodiment, in step (c), the depth filtration step includes using a depth filter. Preferably, the depth filter is a depth filter with a pore size of about 1-50 μm, more preferably a depth filter with a pore size of 2-30 μm. In a specific embodiment, the depth filter is a depth capsule filter with a pore size of 1-50 μm, more preferably a depth capsule filter with a pore size of about 2-30 μm. For example, applicable depth capsule filters include depth filters produced by Pall Corporation (NY), such as Supracap TM Depth Filter Capsules. In an embodiment of the method for separating and extracting plant exosomes of the present disclosure, the layer-by-layer filtration further includes at least one membrane filtration step after the depth filtration step. Preferably, the membrane filtration includes anti-clogging membrane filtration, or further includes sterilizing membrane filtration. For example, anti-clogging membrane filtration with a pore size of about 0.4 - 0.8 μm and / or sterilizing membrane filtration with a pore size of about 0.1 - 0.3 μm is carried out. More preferably, the membrane filtration includes membrane filtration of about 0.45 - 0.8 μm and membrane filtration of about 0.1 - 0.22 μm. Most preferably, the membrane filtration consists of anti-clogging membrane filtration of about 0.45 μm and sterilizing membrane filtration of about 0.22 μm carried out in sequence. In an embodiment of the method for separating and extracting plant exosomes of the present disclosure, the flow rates of the depth filtration, the 0.45-μm membrane filtration, and the 0.22-μm membrane filtration are about 20 - 1000 mL / min, such as about 20 - 500 mL / min, about 20 - 200 mL / min, about 30 - 100 mL / min. In an embodiment of the method for separating and extracting plant exosomes of the present disclosure, the layer-by-layer filtration in step (c) consists of depth filtration as generally or specifically or preferably defined in the present disclosure and membrane filtration as generally or specifically or preferably defined in the present disclosure. In an embodiment of the method for separating and extracting plant exosomes of the present disclosure, in step (b), the pretreatment includes one or more of mixing, crushing, grinding, stirring, filtering, and centrifuging to obtain a crude plant extract. In a specific embodiment, the pretreatment includes mixing, crushing, filtering, and centrifuging. In a specific embodiment, the mixing in step (b) uses an aqueous solution, such as an aqueous solution; preferably, the aqueous solution is an isotonic aqueous solution; more preferably, the isotonic aqueous solution is an isotonic sodium chloride aqueous solution, such as sodium chloride injection. In a specific embodiment, step (b) can be carried out at any suitable temperature. For example, step (b) can be carried out at the following temperatures: about 0 °C, 1 °C, 2 °C, 3 °C, 4 °C, 5 °C, 6 °C, 7 °C, 8 °C, 9 °C, 10 °C, 11 °C, 12 °C, 13 °C, 14 °C, 15 °C, 16 °C, 17 °C, 18 °C, 19 °C, 20 °C, 25 °C, 30 °C, 35 °C, or 40 °C, or any sub-range within about 0 °C to about 40 °C (for example, any range between any two of the above temperatures), preferably about 2 - 30 °C, more preferably 2 - 20 °C, still more preferably 2 - 8 °C, and most preferably 4 °C. In some embodiments, step (b) of the present disclosure can be carried out at ambient temperature (such as 25 °C). In an embodiment of the method of the present disclosure, the plant material can be terrestrial or aquatic. Preferably, the plant material is selected from wolfberries. On the other hand, the present disclosure provides a plant exosome (preferably a wolfberry exosome) prepared by the method embodiments defined generally or preferably as described above; preferably, the exosome has a diameter of about 30 - 450 nm, preferably about 30 - 250 nm, and more preferably about 30 - 200 nm; and / or the exosome has a saucer shape; and / or the exosome has more metabolites in one or more of the following aspects compared to plant exosomes prepared by the ultracentrifugation method: lipids and lipid-like molecules, organic oxygen compounds, phenylpropanoids and polyketides, organic heterocyclic compounds, organic acids and their derivatives, and / or benzenoid compounds. On the other hand, the present disclosure provides a composition of plant exosomes (preferably wolfberry exosomes), such as an exosome solution, comprising plant exosomes prepared by the methods defined generally or preferably in the present disclosure, and optionally suitable excipients or carriers that are acceptable in terms of nutraceuticals, pharmaceuticals, foods, dermatology, and / or cosmetics. In a specific embodiment, the exosome composition is a pharmaceutical composition. In a specific embodiment, the exosome composition comprises wolfberry exosomes prepared by the method of the present disclosure; and optionally a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. In a specific embodiment, the exosome composition is a food composition, which comprises plant exosomes prepared by the methods defined generally or preferably in the present disclosure, and optionally other food ingredients and / or edible excipients and / or carriers. In a specific embodiment, the food composition comprises wolfberry exosomes prepared by the method of the present disclosure, and optionally other food ingredients and / or edible excipients and / or carriers. In a specific embodiment, the exosome composition is a beauty (or cosmetic) composition, which comprises plant exosomes prepared by the methods defined generally or preferably in the present disclosure, and optionally beauty / cosmetic acceptable excipients or carriers. In a specific embodiment, the beauty composition comprises wolfberry exosomes prepared by the method of the present disclosure, and at least one beauty / cosmetic acceptable excipient or carrier. In a specific embodiment, the exosome composition is a nutraceutical composition, which comprises plant exosomes prepared by the methods defined generally or preferably in the present disclosure, and optionally nutraceutical acceptable excipients or carriers. In a specific embodiment, the nutraceutical composition comprises wolfberry exosomes prepared by the method of the present disclosure, and at least one nutraceutical acceptable excipient or carrier. On the other hand, the present disclosure also provides the use of plant exosomes (preferably wolfberry exosomes) prepared by the method of the present disclosure or a composition containing the same (including but not limited to pharmaceutical compositions / food compositions / beauty or cosmetic compositions / nutritional and health care compositions) for treating or preventing—or contributing to (or assisting in) improving, alleviating or controlling—inflammation, preferably skin inflammation, or for use in the dermatological field for—or assisting in—repair, anti-inflammation, antioxidant, anti-aging, whitening or moisturizing. On the other hand, the present disclosure also provides the use of plant exosomes (preferably wolfberry exosomes) prepared by the method of the present disclosure or a composition containing the same (including but not limited to pharmaceutical compositions / food compositions / beauty compositions / nutritional and health care compositions) in the preparation of products (drugs, foods, nutritional health products, beauty / cosmetics, etc.), wherein the products are used for treating or preventing—or contributing to (or assisting in) improving, alleviating or controlling—inflammation, preferably skin inflammation, or for use in the dermatological field for or assisting in repair, anti-inflammation, antioxidant, anti-aging, whitening or moisturizing. On the other hand, the present disclosure provides a method for treating or preventing inflammation, preferably skin inflammation, or treating or preventing dermatological symptoms, or assisting in improving, alleviating or controlling dermatological symptoms, which comprises administering to a subject in need a plant exosome (preferably wolfberry exosome) or a composition containing the same (pharmaceutical composition / food composition / beauty or cosmetic composition / nutritional and health care composition) prepared by the aforementioned general or preferred defined method. On the other hand, the present disclosure provides the use of the above-mentioned plant exosomes (preferably wolfberry exosomes) or plant exosome compositions in the biomedical or drug delivery system. On the other hand, the present disclosure also provides a method for preparing a drug, a food, a nutritional health product, a beauty / cosmetic composition, which comprises preparing a plant exosome (preferably wolfberry exosome) according to the general or preferred defined method of the present disclosure and incorporating the plant exosome into the drug, the food, the nutritional health product, the beauty / cosmetic composition. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS The following drawings illustrate the preferred embodiments of the present disclosure. For the purpose of illustrating the present disclosure, the currently preferred embodiments are shown in the drawings. However, it should be understood that the present disclosure is not limited to the specific embodiments shown in the drawings. Figure 1 shows an exemplary step flow of the method for isolating and extracting the plant exosomes of the present disclosure. Figure 2 shows the compound classification of wolfberry exosomes extracted by the layer-by-layer filtration method of the present disclosure: GQV01. Figure 3 shows the compound classification of wolfberry exosomes extracted by the ultracentrifugation method: LyE01. Figure 4 shows the volcano plot of differential metabolites of Lycium barbarum exosomes extracted by layer-by-layer filtration and ultracentrifugation: GQV01 vs LyE01. The abscissa is the fold change value of the metabolite expression difference between the two groups, i.e., log2FC; the ordinate is the statistical test value of the metabolite expression change difference, i.e., -log10(p value). The values on both the abscissa and ordinate are logarithmically processed. Figure 5 shows the KEGG pathway enrichment analysis diagram of Lycium barbarum exosomes extracted by layer-by-layer filtration and ultracentrifugation: GQV01 vs LyE01. The abscissa represents the pathway name, and the ordinate represents the enrichment rate, which is the ratio of the number of metabolites enriched in this pathway (Metabolite nμmber) to the number of metabolites annotated to this pathway (Background nμmber). The larger the ratio, the higher the degree of enrichment. The color gradient of the column represents the significance of enrichment. By default, the darker the color, the more significantly enriched the KEGG term. Among them, the KEGG terms with P value < 0.001 are marked as ***, those with P value < 0.01 are marked as **, and those with P value < 0.05 are marked as *. Figure 6 (A - B) shows the TEM analysis diagram of Lycium barbarum exosomes separated and extracted by layer-by-layer filtration: GQV01. Figure 7 shows the particle size and concentration of GQV01 analyzed by nanoparticle tracking analysis. Figure 8 (A - B) shows the in vitro PKH67 staining flow cytometry detection of Lycium barbarum exosomes from different batches separated and extracted by layer-by-layer filtration: GQV01. Figure 9 shows the activity detection of Lycium barbarum exosomes extracted by layer-by-layer filtration; A: Protein concentration of Lycium barbarum exosomes. B: Lycium barbarum exosomes inhibit the release of TNF-α induced by LPS. The ordinate is the concentration of TNF-α detected by the Elisa kit. Among them, the KEGG terms with P value < 0.001 are marked as ***; C: Inhibition rate of TNF-α release by Lycium barbarum exosomes. Figure 10 shows the repair effect of Lycium barbarum on the 3D skin model irradiated with UV. A. Representative tissue sections of the 3D skin model tissue morphology (H&E staining), and the arrow points to the sunburn cells after UV irradiation; B. Quantitative analysis of sunburn cells in the tissue morphology sections (H&E staining) of the 3D skin model; C. Quantitative analysis of the tissue viability detection results; D. TEWL detection results. When using the t-test method for statistical analysis, compared with the BC group, the significance is indicated by #, #: P-value < 0.05, ##: P-value < 0.01; compared with the NC group, the significance is indicated by *, *: P-value < 0.05, **: P-value < 0.01. Among them, Con is the normal group without UV irradiation, and WY14643 is the positive control (purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number C7081). Figure 11 shows the effect of wolfberry on the expression of skin barrier-related proteins in a 3D skin model irradiated with UV. A. Representative immunohistochemical images of filaggrin (FLG), loricrin (LOR), and claudin-1 (CLDN1); B. Quantitative analysis of the relative integrated optical density (IOD) values of FLG, LOR, and CLDN1. When statistical analysis was performed using the t-test method, compared with the BC group, significance is indicated by #, #: P-value < 0.05, ##: P-value < 0.01; compared with the NC group, significance is indicated by *, *: P-value < 0.05, **: P-value < 0.01. Among them are the normal group (con), the UV modeling group (UV), the positive control group (WY14643), and the drug treatment group (GQ). Figure 12 shows the effect of wolfberry on the moisturizing effect of a 3D skin model irradiated with UV. A. Representative immunofluorescence image of aquaporin 3 (AQP3); B. Quantitative analysis of the relative integrated optical density (IOD) value of AQP3; C. Quantitative analysis of the detection results of the content of natural moisturizing factor PCA. When statistical analysis was performed using the t-test method, compared with the BC group, significance is indicated by #, #: P-value < 0.05, ##: P-value < 0.01; compared with the NC group, significance is indicated by *, *: P-value < 0.05, **: P-value < 0.01. Among them are the normal group (con), the UV modeling group (UV), the positive control group (WY14643), and the drug treatment group (GQ). Figure 13 shows the detection results of lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde) in a 3D skin model irradiated with UV. When statistical analysis was performed using the t-test method, compared with the BC group, significance is indicated by #, #: P-value < 0.05, ##: P-value < 0.01; compared with the NC group, significance is indicated by *, *: P-value < 0.05, **: P-value < 0.01. Among them are the normal group (con), the UV modeling group (UV), the positive control group (WY14643), and the drug treatment group (GQ). Detailed Description of the Invention I. Definitions and Terms Unless otherwise specified, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this disclosure belongs. As used in the context of the present disclosure, a "vesicle", also known as an extracellular vesicle, is a membrane-enclosed structure that is released by cells into the extracellular space, both in vitro and in vivo. Extracellular vesicles can contain proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids and can mediate intercellular communication between different cells (including different cell types) in vivo. Two types of extracellular vesicles are exosomes and microvesicles. "Exosomes" as used in the context of this text refers to lipid-bound, cell-secreted small vesicles that are released from cells through the fusion of multivesicular endosomes (MVE) with the plasma membrane and mediate intercellular communication through the intercellular transport of proteins and RNA. Generally, exosomes range in size from about 30 nm to about 200 nm, and sometimes can also be 30 - 150 nm or 30 - 100 nm, with a bilayer membrane structure and a saucer-like morphology. "Plant material" as used in the context of this text has the meaning commonly understood in the art. Plant raw materials can be in a fresh state or dried. Generally, except for individual plants (such as wolfberries), it is more preferred to produce plant exosomes using fresh plant materials. "Depth filtration (DF)" as used in the context of this text means using a depth filtration medium to remove particles (such as impurities) from a liquid such as a solution, by a combination of size (screening / filtration) and intermolecular interactions (such as electrostatic attraction and hydrophobic interactions between oppositely charged surfaces), and retaining particles and impurities in the entire deep part of the porous structure of the filtration medium. Depth filtration has been successfully used for the initial clarification of bacterial, yeast, insect, and mammalian cell suspensions, and can be used alone or in combination with centrifugation. The depth filtration medium can include cellulose (such as cellulose fibers) and / or polypropylene (such as polypropylene fibers), and / or filter aids (such as activated carbon, diatomaceous earth (DE), and / or perlite), and / or resins (such as polymeric resins). In some embodiments, medium-sized particles are removed less by depth filtration; very small particles are effectively removed by Brownian diffusion (plus adsorption) (for example, particles smaller than the voids of the medium can enter the interior of the medium), while very large particles are captured by physical sieving or interception (for example, retained and attached to the medium). The term "depth filter" or "depth capsule filter" as used herein achieves filtration within the depth of the filter material. Such filters are those that contain a random fiber matrix that binds to form a complex maze of tortuous flow channels. Particle separation in these filters is caused by entrapment or adsorption onto the fiber matrix. The most frequently used depth filter media for bioprocesses of cell culture broths and other feeds include cellulose fibers, filter aids such as DE, and positively charged resin binders. Different from absolute filters, depth filter media retain particles throughout the porous medium, thus allowing retention of particles larger than the pore size. Currently, companies in the industry that have depth filter media products include Sartorius, Merck Millipore, PALL, 3M, etc. Commercially available depth filters include, but are not limited to, the Millistak+Pod depth filter system, XOHC medium (Millipore Corporation), Zeta PlusTM Depth filter (3MPurification Company) etc. In the present disclosure, depth filtration can be performed using two or more depth filters arranged in parallel. In this case, commercially available depth filters may include, for example, Millistak+mini DOHC (Millipore Company) and XOHC filter (Millipore Company) or Pall Corporation filter (Pall Corporation NY), such as Supracap TM Depth Filter Capsules. In the context of this article, the term "cosmetics", "cosmetic composition", "cosmetic product" or "cosmetic composition" refers to a chemical industrial product or fine chemical product that is spread on any part of the human body surface, such as skin, hair, nails, lips, teeth, etc., by smearing, spraying or other similar methods to achieve the purpose of cleaning, maintenance, beautification, modification and change of appearance, or correction of human body odor, and maintenance of good condition. In some embodiments, the cosmetics, cosmetic compositions, cosmetic products or cosmetic compositions of the present disclosure are for non-therapeutic purposes. In the present context, the term "nutraceutical composition" refers to a product used to supplement the nutrient requirements of the human body, improve physical health and physical function, and can be administered enterally or parenterally, usually enterally. In this context, "skin" is understood to include the layers from the uppermost layer or stratum corneum to the lowermost layer or subcutaneous layer (including both the uppermost layer or stratum corneum and the lowermost layer or subcutaneous layer). These layers are composed of different types of cells, such as keratinocytes, fibroblasts, melanocytes, mast cells, neurons and / or adipocytes, etc. The term "skin" also includes the scalp. The term "skin" includes mammalian skin and includes human skin. Similarly, the term "hair, nails and mucous membranes" includes mammalian (e.g., human) hair, nails and mucous membranes. In the context of this article, the term "treatment" encompasses treatment methods, including methods involving the administration of extracts according to the present disclosure to alleviate or eliminate a disease or condition or to reduce or eliminate one or more symptoms associated with the disease or condition. The term "treatment" also encompasses treatment methods involving the alleviation or elimination of the physiological consequences of a disease or condition. In the present context, the term "care" refers to maintaining the properties of the skin, hair, nails and / or mucous membranes. The properties are improved or maintained by cosmetic treatment and / or care in healthy subjects as well as in subjects with sensitive skin and subjects showing symptoms of the skin, hair, nails and / or mucous membranes, such as, but not limited to, ulcers and skin lesions, psoriasis, dermatitis, acne or rosacea, etc. In the context of the present disclosure, when the terms "treatment" and "care" are modified by the terms "cosmetic" and / or "non-therapeutic", it means that the purpose of the treatment or care is to contribute to or assist in improving, alleviating or controlling the condition involved, for example, to contribute to or assist in improving or maintaining the cosmetic properties of the skin, hair, nails and / or mucous membranes, which affect the aesthetic appearance of the skin, hair, nails and / or mucous membranes. Specifically, for example, it contributes to or assists in repair, anti-inflammation, antioxidant, anti-aging, whitening or moisturizing, etc., to improve the hydration, elasticity, firmness, gloss, tone or texture of the skin, hair, nails and / or mucous membranes. In the context of the present disclosure, the term "prevention" refers to the ability of the extracts of the present disclosure to prevent, delay or impede the appearance or development of a disease or disorder, or to prevent, delay or impede changes in the cosmetic properties of the skin, mucous membranes and / or hair. As used in the present disclosure, the term "prevention" may be used interchangeably with the term "inhibition of occurrence", that is, it refers to the ability of the extracts of the present disclosure to inhibit the appearance or development of a disease or disorder, or to inhibit changes in the cosmetic properties of the skin, hair, nails and / or mucous membranes. In the context of the present disclosure, when used for a specific numerical value or range of values, the term "about" means that the numerical value associated therewith fluctuates by ±10%, for example, fluctuates by ±5%, ±2% or ±1%. For example, as used herein, the expression "about 100" includes 90 and 110 and all values therebetween (such as 90.5, 95, 101, 105, 109.95... etc.). For ratios, the term "about" is used to define each number of the given ratio. For example, the ratio "about 1:1" means a ratio of (0.9 - 1.1):(0.9 - 1.1). Again, for example, the range of "about n - m" or "about n - about m" means 90%n - 110%n to 90%m - 110%m. Any methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used in the practice or testing of the present disclosure, and the methods and materials described below are only exemplary. All patents, applications and non-patent publications mentioned in this specification are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. II. Preparation of Exosomes Raw Materials The raw materials involved in the methods of the present disclosure are plant materials. Preferably, the plant materials can be terrestrial. More preferably, the plant material is wolfberry. The plant material can be part or all of the plant, for example, it can be selected from wood, roots, rhizomes, barks, trunks, flowers, petals, sepals, seeds, fruits, stems, leaves and / or embryos and mixtures of one or more thereof. In some embodiments, the plant material includes Lycium chinense Miller, a perennial woody plant of the genus Lycium in the Solanaceae family. Forms of Lycium that can be used in the methods of the present disclosure include dried Lycium, Lycium powder, Lycium extract, its physiologically acceptable salts, and its derivatives. Lycium that can be used in the methods of the present disclosure includes, but is not limited to, Lycium barbarum, Lycium chinense, Lycium ruthenicum, Lycium dasystemum, Lycium truncatum, Lycium cylindricum, Lycium yunnanense, and Lycium changjiense. In addition, Lycium also includes Lycium variants, such as Lycium barbarum var. auranticarpum, Lycium chinense var. potaninii, or Lycium barbarum var. rubricaulis. The methods of the present disclosure can use a mixture of more than one type of Lycium as the plant material for exosome extraction. Pretreatment In some embodiments, the extraction method includes pretreating the plant material (preferably Lycium). Pretreatment techniques are well known in the art and include physical, chemical, and biological pretreatments, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the pretreatment includes, but is not limited to, one or more of washing, mixing with an isotonic solution, crushing, grinding, stirring, filtering, and centrifuging. Preferably, the pretreatment is carried out in a sterile environment. In some embodiments, the washing of the pretreatment can be carried out with an aqueous carrier or other edible or medicinal solvents (including organic solvents or inorganic solvents). Preferably, the cleaning agent is an aqueous carrier. Aqueous carriers are known in the art and include, but are not limited to, sterile water, water for injection, or isotonic solutions. Optionally, the cleaning treatment also includes a certain amount of surfactant in the cleaning solvent. More preferably, the cleaning agent is water or water for injection. In some embodiments, the isotonic solution used in the pretreatment includes a solution of an isotonic agent. Isotonic solutions include, but are not limited to, sodium chloride solution, phosphate buffer solution, Ringer's injection solution, isotonic glucose injection solution, and Ringer's injection solution of glucose and lactate. Isotonic agents include isotonic agents selected from sodium chloride, mannitol, lactose, glucose (hydrous or anhydrous), sucrose, glycerol, and sorbitol, or solutions of any one of the above. In certain embodiments, sodium chloride is present in an isotonic amount. Preferably, the isotonic solution is a sterile solution or sodium chloride injection solution containing 9 mg / ml (or 0.9%) sodium chloride. In some embodiments, plant material (preferably wolfberry) is mixed with an isotonic solution in a certain ratio. For example, the plant material and the isotonic solution are mixed according to the following mass-to-volume ratios (w / v, g / mL, plant mass: isotonic solution volume): about 1:1, about 1:2, about 1:3, about 1:4, about 1:5, about 1:6, about 1:7, about 1:8, about 1:9, about 1:10, about 1:11, about 1:12, about 1:13, about 1:14, about 1:15, about 1:20, about 1:30, about 1:50, about 1:100, about 1:200, or about 1:500. Preferably, the mass-to-volume ratio of the plant material to the isotonic solution ranges from about 1:2 - 1:50, about 1:3 - 1:20, or about 1:5 - 1:20. In some embodiments, the comminution in the pretreatment includes any suitable manner known in the art, including but not limited to dry grinding, wet grinding, and vibratory ball milling. For example, the comminution includes comminuting the plant or part thereof using powdering technology or cell wall breaking technology. The cell wall breaking technology uses a cell wall breaker. In some embodiments, the pretreatment can be carried out at any suitable temperature. For example, the pretreatment can be carried out at the following temperatures: about 0°C, 1°C, 2°C, 3°C, 4°C, 5°C, 6°C, 7°C, 8°C, 9°C, 10°C, 11°C, 12°C, 13°C, 14°C, 15°C, 16°C, 17°C, 18°C, 19°C, 20°C, 25°C, 30°C, 35°C, or 40°C, or any sub-range within about 0°C to about 40°C (for example, any range between any two of the above temperatures), preferably about 2 - 30°C, more preferably about 2 - 20°C, even more preferably about 2 - 8°C, and most preferably about 4°C. In some embodiments, step (b) of the present disclosure can be carried out at ambient temperature (for example, about 25°C). In some embodiments, the stirring, filtration, or centrifugation operations in the pretreatment can be selected and adjusted by those skilled in the art according to specific needs. Layer-by-layer filtration The method for extracting plant exosomes of the present disclosure includes a step of layer-by-layer filtration. The layer-by-layer filtration of the disclosed method includes at least one filtration step, preferably multiple filtration steps, such as at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 or even more filtration steps. In some embodiments, for example, the layer-by-layer filtration may include 3 filtration steps. In some embodiments, the 3 filtration steps may be carried out independently or continuously. In some embodiments, the layer-by-layer filtration step includes a depth filtration step and an anti-clogging filtration. Preferably, the anti-clogging filtration may include membrane filtration, such as 0.4 - 0.8 μm membrane filtration; more preferably, the layer-by-layer filtration step includes a depth filtration step, an anti-clogging filtration and a sterilization filtration. Preferably, the anti-clogging filtration may include 0.4 - 0.8 μm membrane filtration and the sterilization filtration includes 0.1 - 0.3 μm membrane filtration. The method of the present disclosure can be used to process the plant (preferably wolfberry) at a suitable rate. For example, for one production batch, the rate range for the method of the present disclosure to process the plant is about 30 g / hour, 50 g / hour, 60 g / hour, 70 g / hour, 80 g / hour, 90 g / hour, 100 g / hour, 200 g / hour, 300 g / hour, 400 g / hour, 500 g / hour, 600 g / hour, 700 g / hour, 800 g / hour, 900 g / hour, 1,000 g / hour, or any sub-range within about 10 g / hour to about 1,000 g / hour (such as any range between any two of the above production rates). Each filtration step of the layer-by-layer filtration of the disclosed method may be the same or different. For example, the filtration pore sizes are different between different filtration steps. In some embodiments, the layer-by-layer filtration includes 1 filtration step, in which two different pore-sized filtration units are used, preferably the two pore sizes decrease sequentially along the direction of the filtrate fluid, for example, the first filtration pore size is about 0.45 μm and the second filtration pore size is about 0.22 μm. In some embodiments, the layer-by-layer filtration includes 2 filtration steps, in which the pore size in the first filtration step is different from the pore size in the second filtration step. For example, the two pore sizes decrease sequentially along the direction of the filtrate fluid. For example, the pore size in the first filtration step is about 0.45 μm and the pore size in the second filtration step is about 0.22 μm; or for another example, the pore size in the first filtration step is about 2 - 30 μm (such as 30 μm) and the pore size in the second filtration step is about 0.45 μm. In some embodiments, the layer-by-layer filtration includes 3 filtration steps, in which the pore sizes in the first filtration step, the second filtration step and the third filtration step are not completely the same or at least partially different. Preferably, the three pore sizes decrease sequentially along the direction of the filtrate fluid. For example, the pore size in the first filtration step is about 2 - 30 μm, the pore size in the second filtration step is about 0.45 μm, and the pore size in the third filtration step is about 0.22 μm. In the method of the present disclosure, the size of the pore diameter in the filtration step can be about 1000 μm, about 500 μm, about 400 μm, about 300 μm, about 200 μm, about 150 μm, about 100 μm, about 50 μm, about 40 μm, about 30 μm, about 20 μm, about 15 μm, about 10 μm, about 9 μm, about 8 μm, about 7 μm, about 6 μm, about 5 μm, about 4 μm, about 3 μm, about 2 μm, about 1 μm, 0.9 μm, about 0.8 μm, about 0.7 μm, about 0.6 μm, about 0.5 μm, about 0.45 μm, about 0.4 μm, about 0.35 μm, about 0.3 μm, about 0.25 μm, about 0.22 μm, about 0.20 μm, about 0.15 μm, about 0.10 μm, about 0.05 μm, about 0.04 μm, about 0.03 μm, about 0.02 μm and about 0.01 μm; the range of the pore diameter in the filtration step can be the range composed of any two of the above pore diameters, such as but not limited to about 0.05 - 2 μm, 0.05 - 1 μm, 0.05 - 0.8 μm, 0.05 - 0.6 μm, 0.05 - 0.4 μm, 0.1 - 2 μm, 0.1 - 1 μm, 0.1 - 0.8 μm, 0.1 - 0.6 μm, 0.1 - 0.4 μm, 0.1 - 0.3 μm, 0.1 - 0.22 μm, 0.2 - 1 μm, 0.2 - 0.8 μm, 0.2 - 0.6 μm, 0.2 - 0.4 μm, 0.3 - 0.8 μm, 0.3 - 0.6 μm, 0.4 - 1.0 μm, 0.4 - 0.8 μm, 0.45 - 0.8 μm, 0.5 - 100 μm, 1 - 100 μm, 1 - 50 μm, 1 - 40 μm, 2 - 50 μm, 2 - 40 μm, 2 - 30 μm, 2 - 20 μm, 2 - 10 μm, 2 - 5 μm, 2 - 4 μm, 3 - 50 μm, 3 - 40 μm, 3 - 30 μm, 3 - 20 μm, 3 - 10 μm, 3 - 5 μm, 3 - 4 μm, 4 - 50 μm, 4 - 40 μm, 4 - 30 μm, 4 - 20 μm, 4 - 10 μm, 4 - 5 μm, 5 - 50 μm, 5 - 40 μm, 5 - 30 μm, 5 - 20 μm, 5 - 10 μm, 6 - 50 μm, 6 - 40 μm, 6 - 30 μm, 6 - 20 μm, 6 - 10 μm, 7 - 50 μm, 7 - 40 μm, 7 - 30 μm, 7 - 20 μm, 7 - 10 μm, 8 - 50 μm, 8 - 40 μm, 8 - 30 μm, 8 - 20 μm, 8 - 10 μm, 9 - 50 μm, 9 - 40 μm, 9 - 30 μm, 9 - 20 μm, 9 - 10 μm. Preferably, the pore diameters for layer-by-layer filtration can be respectively selected from about 1 - 50 μm, 2 - 30 μm, 2 - 20 μm, 6 - 30 μm, 0.05 - 1 μm, 0.1 - 0.8 μm, 0.1 - 0.22 μm, 0.1 - 0.3 μm, 0.2 - 0.8 μm, 0.2 - 0.6 μm, 0.2 - 0.4 μm, 0.3 - 0.8 μm, 0.4 - 1.0 μm, 0.4 - 0.8 μm, 0.45 - 0.8 μm. In some embodiments, more preferably, the pore size in the filtration step can be selected from about 1 - 50 μm, 0.4 - 0.8 μm, and 0.1 - 0.3 μm, or combinations thereof, such as about 2 - 30 μm, about 0.45 - 0.8 μm, or about 0.1 - 0.22 μm, such as about 6 - 30 μm, about 0.45 μm, or about 0.22 μm. In the method of the present disclosure, the filtration step in the layer-by-layer filtration can be carried out in one device, where the device includes a plurality of individual units having a filtration function. In some embodiments, the layer-by-layer filtration can be carried out in two or more devices, where each device includes one or more individual units having a filtration function. In some embodiments, the layer-by-layer filtration can be carried out in one device, where the device includes at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 200, 300, 400, and 500 individual units having a filtration function. In the method of the present disclosure, the layer-by-layer filtration includes the use of solvents, such as organic solvents and inorganic solvents for conventional extraction, such as water, isosmotic aqueous solutions of sodium chloride, ethanol, acetone, ether, petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, or mixtures thereof. In some embodiments, the solvent in the layer-by-layer filtration can have a suitable flow rate. For example, the solvent can have a flow rate in the range of about, for example, 1 mL / min, 2 mL / min, 3 mL / min, 4 mL / min, 5 mL / min, 6 mL / min, 7 mL / min, 8 mL / min, 9 mL / min, 10 mL / min, 15 mL / min, 20 mL / min, 25 mL / min, 30 mL / min, 35 mL / min, 40 mL / min, 45 mL / min, 50 mL / min, 60 mL / min, 70 mL / min, 80 mL / min, 90 mL / min, 100 mL / min, 200 mL / min, 300 mL / min, 400 mL / min, 500 mL / min, 600 mL / min, 700 mL / min, 800 mL / min, 900 mL / min, or 1,000 mL / min, or any sub-range within about 1 mL / min to about 1,000 mL / min, such as about 1 mL / min to about 800 mL / min, about 1 mL / min to about 500 mL / min, about 1 mL / min to about 200 mL / min, about 10 mL / min to about 1,000 mL / min, about 10 mL / min to about 800 mL / min, about 10 mL / min to about 500 mL / min, about 10 mL / min to about 200 mL / min, about 20 mL / min to about 1000 mL / min, about 20 mL / min to about 800 mL / min, about 20 mL / min to about 500 mL / min, about 20 mL / min to about 200 mL / min, about 50 mL / min to about 1000 mL / min, about 50 mL / min to about 500 mL / min, about 50 mL / min to about 200 mL / min. In embodiments for large-scale production, the flow rate of the solvent can be as high as about 1 L / min or even higher. In some embodiments, the flow rate of the solvent in the layer-by-layer filtration of the method of the present disclosure is about 20 mL / min to about 1000 mL / min, such as about 20 mL / min to about 500 mL / min, about 20 to about 200 mL / min, about 30 to about 100 mL / min. The layer-by-layer filtration of the present disclosure can be carried out at any suitable temperature. For example, the layer-by-layer filtration of the present disclosure can be carried out at a suitable temperature, such as about 0 °C, 1 °C, 2 °C, 3 °C, 4 °C, 5 °C, 6 °C, 7 °C, 8 °C, 9 °C, 10 °C, 11 °C, 12 °C, 13 °C, 14 °C, 15 °C, 16 °C, 17 °C, 18 °C, 19 °C, 20 °C, 25 °C, 30 °C, 35 °C or 40 °C, or any sub-range within about 0 °C to about 40 °C (for example, any range between any two of the above temperatures), such as about 0 °C to about 35 °C, about 0 °C to about 30 °C, preferably about 0 °C to about 25 °C. In some embodiments, the layer-by-layer filtration of the present disclosure can be carried out at ambient temperature (such as 25 °C). In other embodiments, the layer-by-layer filtration of the present disclosure can be carried out at about 4 °C, for example, the depth filtration of the layer-by-layer filtration of the present disclosure is carried out at about 4 °C, and the membrane filtration of the layer-by-layer filtration of the present disclosure is carried out at about 4 °C. Generally speaking, any suitable filtration material can be used for the layer-by-layer filtration of the present disclosure. For example, the material can be a polymer. In some embodiments, the polymer can be a hydrophobic polymer. In some embodiments, the polymer can be a hydrophilic polymer. In some specific embodiments, the polymer includes but is not limited to poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA), polylactic acid (PLA), polyglycolic acid (PGA), polycaprolactone (PCL), polylysine or polyglutamic acid, polyethersulfone (PES) (unmodified), modified polyethersulfone (mPES), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), cellulose acetate, nitrocellulose, MCE (mixed cellulose ester), ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UPE), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), nylon, polysulfone, polyacrylonitrile, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride, polycarbonate, ceramics, diatomaceous earth, glass fiber, resin-bonded glass fiber and combinations thereof. The available forms of the filtration material include but are not limited to microporous membranes, homogeneous membranes, and asymmetric membranes. In some embodiments, the layer-by-layer filtration includes using a filter membrane for filtration, and the filter membrane comprises the following polymers: nylon, copolymers of acrylic acid, polysulfone, polyvinylidene fluoride, fiber esters and cellulose esters. The filter membrane is usually made of a polymeric support material, such as PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene), PES (polyethersulfone), PVP (polyvinylpyrrolidone), PVDF (polyvinylidene fluoride), nylon (polyamide), PP (polypropylene), cellulose (including cellulose esters), PEEK (polyetheretherketone), nitrocellulose, glass fiber, resin-bonded glass fiber, etc. In some embodiments, the polymer can be a hydrophilic polymer. Hydrophilic membranes include but are not limited to Bioassure (from Cuno Inc.); EverLUX TM Polyethersulfone; STyLUX TMPolyethersulfone (both from Meissner); Millex GV, Millex HP, Millipak 60, Millipak 200, and Durapore CVGL01TP3 membranes (from Millipore); Fluorodyne TM EX EDF membrane, Supor TM EAV, Supor TM EBV, Supor TM EKV (both from Pall); Sartopore TM (from Sartorius); Hydrophilic PES membrane from Sterlitech; and WFPES PES membrane from Wolftechnik. In some other embodiments, the layer-by-layer filtration of the present disclosure, such as depth filtration, may further introduce adsorbents such as silica particles, diatomaceous earth, or carbon particles. In some embodiments, the inherent properties of the membrane can be altered by treating the membrane surface. For example, it is known to prepare hydrophilic or hydrophobic membranes by treating with other materials (such as other polymers, graphite, silicon, etc.) to coat the membrane surface. For example, the membrane used in layer-by-layer filtration can be modified with a positive charge. For example, the filtration membrane in layer-by-layer filtration can be a charge-modified polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membrane produced by Micropore, or a membrane obtained from Pall that uses nylon 66 or positively charged polyethersulfone sulfate. The filter membrane can be sterilized (such as autoclaved) before use to ensure its sterility. Depth filtration The present disclosure provides a method for preparing plant exosomes (preferably wolfberry exosomes), which includes a layer-by-layer filtration step having a function or effect of preventing or avoiding clogging. The method of the present disclosure can use any filtration having a function or effect of preventing or avoiding clogging, such as depth filtration (DF), microfiltration (MF), ultrafiltration (UF), sterile filtration, membrane chromatography (MC), and centrifugation. In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a method for preparing plant exosomes (preferably wolfberry exosomes), which includes a layer-by-layer filtration step, and the layer-by-layer filtration step includes depth filtration. Preferably, in some embodiments, the depth filtration is achieved by a depth filter, such as a depth capsule filter. In some embodiments, the depth filter is a commercially available depth filter, such as a depth filter produced by Pall Corporation, NY, such as Supracap TMDeep filters; it can also be activated carbon filters such as MilliStak produced by Millipore (Billerica, MA). TM Series of activated carbon filters; it can also be other deep filters: Profile star 5μm deep filter (PALL, catalog number BYA050P6), Profile star 3μm deep filter (PALL, catalog number BYA030P6). In some embodiments, the deep filters used in the present disclosure can be filtration products of Pall corporation NY, such as Supracap TM Depth Filter Capsules, and for another example, Supracap TM 50 depth filter capsules, or Supracap TM 100 Depth Filter Capsules. The loading range for deep filtration that can be used in the methods of the present disclosure is about 50 - 200 L / m 2 , for example 50 - 150 L / m 2 , 40 - 100 L / m 2 . For the present disclosure, a deep filter can be any filter having a deep filtration function. In some embodiments, the deep filter can be a filter having any pore size. In some embodiments, the deep filters used in the present disclosure include deep filters having a pore size range of approximately the following: 0.5 - 100 μm, 1 - 100 μm, 1 - 50 μm, 1 - 40 μm, 2 - 50 μm, 2 - 40 μm, 2 - 30 μm, 2 - 20 μm, 3 - 50 μm, 3 - 40 μm, 3 - 30 μm, 3 - 20 μm, 4 - 50 μm, 4 - 40 μm, 4 - 30 μm, 4 - 20 μm, 5 - 50 μm, 5 - 40 μm, 5 - 30 μm, 5 - 20 μm, 6 - 50 μm, 6 - 40 μm, 6 - 30 μm, 7 - 50 μm, 7 - 40 μm, 7 - 30 μm, 7 - 20 μm, 8 - 50 μm, 8 - 40 μm, 8 - 30 μm, 8 - 20 μm, 9 - 50 μm, 9 - 40 μm, 9 - 30 μm, 9 - 20 μm. Preferably, the pore sizes for deep filtration can be respectively selected from approximately 1 - 50 μm, approximately 2 - 30 μm, approximately 2 - 20 μm, approximately 6 - 30 μm. More preferably, it is a deep filter having a pore size of approximately 2 - 30 μm, for example, a deep capsule filter having a pore size of approximately 2 - 30 μm, such as Supracap TM Depth Filter Capsules filter. For the present disclosure, the depth filter can be any form of depth filter, such as a filter plate filter, a filter disc filter, a filter element filter, a filter bed filter, a depth capsule filter, or a cartridge filter. In some embodiments, the depth filtration of the present disclosure is performed by a depth capsule filter. Depth capsule filters are typically used in the clarification filtration of fermentation broth and cell culture broth, the filtration of serum and blood products, the filtration of enzyme preparations, the removal of impurities from chemical drugs, decarbonization filtration, or the filtration of colloidal or viscous materials. The inventors unexpectedly found that depth capsule filters are also suitable for the extraction of plant materials, particularly suitable for the method of extracting plant exosomes of the present disclosure. The depth capsule filter generally may comprise a single-layer membrane structure or a double-layer membrane structure. The depth capsule filter for use in the method of the present disclosure can be a single-layer membrane structure, which for example comprises cellulose fibers, and / or filter aids (such as diatomaceous earth and perlite) and / or resins. In some embodiments, the depth capsule filter comprises two layers of membranes, wherein the upper filter plate has a larger pore size to intercept large-sized particles and protect the lower filter plate; the lower filter plate has a smaller pore size to further intercept small particles and ensure the clarity of the filtered effluent. For example, the pore size of the first layer of membrane can be selected to be about 11 - 30 μm, and the pore size of the second layer of membrane can be about 6 - 15 μm; or the pore size of the first layer of membrane is about 8 - 20 μm, and the pore size of the second layer of membrane is about 2 - 4 μm. In some embodiments, the material of the depth capsule filter described herein includes any low-protein adsorption hydrophilic material, such as but not limited to polyethersulfone (PES), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), polypropylene (PP). For the present disclosure, any suitable flow rate can be used for the depth filtration. For example, the range of the filtration flow rate for the depth filtration of the method of the present disclosure can be 100 - 1000 LMH (per hour through 1 m 2(the liquid volume of the membrane package), such as about 100 LMH, about 200 LMH, about 500 LMH, about 800 LMH, about 120 - 500 LMH, about 500 - 1000 LMH, or a range composed of any two points between 100 - 1000 LMH. Alternatively, the flow rate of the depth filtration of the disclosed method can be expressed in mL / minute. For example, the depth filtration is carried out using a flow rate in the range of about 1 mL / minute to about 1,000 mL / minute, such as but not limited to about 1 mL / minute to about 800 mL / minute, about 1 mL / minute to about 500 mL / minute, about 1 mL / minute to about 200 mL / minute, about 10 mL / minute to about 1,000 mL / minute, about 10 mL / minute to about 800 mL / minute, about 10 mL / minute to about 500 mL / minute, about 10 mL / minute to about 200 mL / minute, about 20 mL / minute to about 1000 mL / minute, about 20 mL / minute to about 800 mL / minute, about 20 mL / minute to about 500 mL / minute, about 20 mL / minute to about 200 mL / minute, about 50 mL / minute to about 1000 mL / minute, about 50 mL / minute to about 500 mL / minute, about 50 mL / minute to about 200 mL / minute. Preferably, the feed rate of the present disclosure is about 20 mL / minute to about 1000 mL / minute, such as about 20 mL / minute to about 500 mL / minute, about 20 - 200 mL / minute. For the present disclosure, any suitable pressure can be used for the depth filtration. For example, the depth filtration can be carried out using a pressure in the range of about 0.1 psi to about 100 psi, such as about 0.1 psi, 0.5 psi, 1 psi, 2 psi, 3 psi, 4 psi, 5 psi, 6 psi, 7 psi, 8 psi, 9 psi, 10 psi, 20 psi, 30 psi, 40 psi, 50 psi, 60 psi, 70 psi, 80 psi, 90 psi, 100 psi, or any sub - range within about 0.1 psi to about 100 psi (such as any range between any two of the above pressures). For the present disclosure, the layer-by-layer filtration (such as depth filtration and optional other filtration steps) can be carried out for any suitable time period. For example, for a production batch, the layer-by-layer filtration can be carried out within a time range of about 10 minutes to about 10 hours, such as about 10 minutes, 20 minutes, 30 minutes, 40 minutes, 50 minutes, 60 minutes, 2 hours, 3 hours, 4 hours, 5 hours, 6 hours, 7 hours, 8 hours, 9 hours, 10 hours, or any sub-range within about 10 minutes to about 10 hours (such as any range between any two of the above time points). Preferably, for example, for 500 ml of crude plant extract obtained by pretreatment, when using layer-by-layer filtration including depth filtration and membrane filtration (such as 0.45 μm membrane filtration and 0.22 μm membrane filtration) defined in the present disclosure, the treatment time is about 0.5 hours - about 2 hours, preferably about 1 hour, while the same crude plant extract takes about 3 hours by ultracentrifugation at 12000 g for 70 minutes twice. The method of the present disclosure can be used to process the plant (preferably Lycium barbarum) at a suitable rate. For example, for a production batch, the rate range of processing the plant such as crude plant extract by the method of the present disclosure is about 10 g / hour, 30 g / hour, 50 g / hour, 60 g / hour, 70 g / hour, 80 g / hour, 90 g / hour, 100 g / hour, 200 g / hour, 300 g / hour, 400 g / hour, 500 g / hour, 600 g / hour, 700 g / hour, 800 g / hour, 900 g / hour, 1,000 g / hour, or any sub-range within about 10 g / hour to about 1,000 g / hour (such as any range between any two of the above production rates). The method for preparing plant exosomes by the layer-by-layer filtration (such as depth filtration and optional other filtration steps) of the present disclosure can obtain about the following number of plant exosomes per 100 g of plant: 1×10 10 pieces, 5×10 10 pieces, 10×10 10 pieces, 11×10 10 pieces, 12×10 10 pieces, 13×10 10 pieces, 14×10 10 pieces, 15×10 10 pieces, 16×10 10 pieces, 17×10 10 pieces, 18×10 10 pieces, 19×10 10 pieces, 20×10 10 pieces, 22×10 10 pieces, 24×10 10 pieces, 26×10 10 pieces, 28×10 10pieces, 30×10 10 pieces, 32×10 10 pieces, 34×10 10 pieces, 36×10 10 pieces, 38×10 10 pieces, 40×10 10 pieces, 42×10 10 pieces, 44×10 10 pieces, 46×10 10 pieces, 48×10 10 pieces, 50×10 10 pieces, 52×10 10 pieces, 54×10 10 pieces, 56×10 10 pieces, 58×10 10 pieces, 60×10 10 pieces, 66×10 10 pieces or even more. In some embodiments, the layer-by-layer filtration of the present disclosure can obtain about 20×10 10 -50×10 10 pieces per 100 g of goji berries, preferably about 30×10 10 -40×10 10 pieces, such as about 33×10 10 pieces of plant exosomes. The depth filter described in the present disclosure comprises a depth filtration medium. In some embodiments, the depth filtration medium may be a low-protein adsorption hydrophilic material such as polyethersulfone (PES), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), polypropylene (PP), etc. (preferably having a pore size range of 1-50 μm). In some embodiments, the depth filtration medium may be in the form of a filter plate. In some embodiments, the depth filtration medium layer is optionally selected from one or more of Supradur P filter plates, K300 filter plates, and BECOPAD P 270 filter plates. Generally, common filter plates in the art are generally divided into two types: one is a filter plate made of synthetic fiber and plant fiber materials; the other is a filter plate made of asbestos and pulp. Specifically, the filter plates used in the present disclosure may be produced by companies such as 3M, PALL, and EATON in the United States, and their common models include the SP series filter plates of 3M company, the P series filter plates of PALL company, and the BECO series filter plates of EATON company. In some embodiments, the depth filtration medium may be in a gradient distribution or a mixed distribution. In some embodiments, the depth filtration medium may be in a gradient distribution. In some embodiments, the depth capsule filtration device has a double-layer membrane structure with a gradient distribution, and the pore sizes of the two-layer membrane structure gradually decrease along the direction of the filtrate flow. For example, the pore size of the first layer of membrane can be about 11 - 30 μm, and the pore size of the second layer of membrane can be about 6 - 15 μm; or the pore size of the first layer of membrane can be about 8 - 20 μm, and the pore size of the second layer of membrane can be about 2 - 4 μm. In some embodiments, the depth filtration medium may further include a membrane filtration layer. For example, the filtration pore size of the membrane filtration layer is preferably about 0.1 - 10 μm. In some embodiments, the depth filtration medium of the present disclosure can be used in combination with a membrane filtration medium. In some embodiments, the membrane filtration layer is disposed at the liquid outlet end of the depth filtration medium. In some embodiments, the membrane filtration layer is disposed at the liquid inlet end of the depth filtration medium. In some embodiments, the membrane filtration material after depth capsule filtration generally selects a low-protein adsorption hydrophilic material, such as polyethersulfone (PES), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), polypropylene (PP), etc. In some embodiments, the depth filtration medium may further include a filter aid. In some embodiments, the filter aid may include diatomaceous earth, perlite, talcum powder, silica gel, activated carbon, asbestos, molecular sieve, clay, etc. In some embodiments, the filter aid may be a filter aid based on mineral sources such as silica, such as perlite, diatomaceous earth or sand, or an activated carbon filter aid optionally derived from natural materials such as wood or coconut shell. In some embodiments, a pump can be used for the depth filtration of the present disclosure. In some embodiments, the pump may include a peristaltic pump, a diaphragm pump, a gear pump, and a centrifugal drive pump. In some embodiments, a peristaltic pump can be used for depth filtration. In some embodiments, the flow rate of the pump used for depth filtration can be in the following ranges: 1 - 1000 mL / min, 10 - 1000 mL / min, 10 - 800 mL / min, 10 - 500 mL / min, 15 - 700 mL / min, 16 - 600 mL / min, 17 - 500 mL / min, 18 - 300 mL / min, 19 - 400 mL / min, 20 - 1000 mL / min, 20 - 500 mL / min, 20 - 300 mL / min, 20 - 200 mL / min, 30 - 100 mL / min, 40 - 100 mL / min, or 50 - 100 mL / min. Preferably, the pump used for the depth filtration of the present disclosure is a peristaltic pump, and the flow rate is, for example, about 20 - 1000 mL / min, such as about 20 - 500 mL / min, about 20 - 200 mL / min, about 30 - 100 mL / min. In some embodiments, an aqueous solution is used to rinse the depth filter described in the present disclosure, preferably with an isotonic solution, more preferably with an isotonic sodium chloride solution, and most preferably with sodium chloride injection to rinse the depth capsule filter. For example, in the depth filtration described in the present disclosure, preferably before the start of filtration, sodium chloride injection is used to rinse the depth capsule filter at a flow rate of, for example, about 20 - 1000 mL / min, such as about 20 - 500 mL / min, about 20 - 200 mL / min, about 30 - 100 mL / min. In some embodiments, in depth filtration, an aqueous solution is used to clean the depth filter, preferably with an isotonic solution, more preferably with an isotonic sodium chloride solution, and most preferably with sodium chloride injection to clean the depth capsule filter. For example, in the depth filtration described in the present disclosure, preferably at the end of depth filtration, sodium chloride injection is used to clean the depth capsule filter at a flow rate of, for example, about 20 - 1000 mL / min, such as about 20 - 500 mL / min, about 20 - 200 mL / min, about 30 - 100 mL / min. Membrane filtration In some embodiments, the layer-by-layer filtration further includes membrane filtration. For example, the layer-by-layer filtration of the present disclosure includes depth filtration and membrane filtration. For example, in the layer-by-layer filtration described, the membrane filtration may include anti-clogging membrane filtration and sterilizing membrane filtration. In some embodiments, the anti-clogging membrane filtration may be carried out first, and then optionally the sterilizing membrane filtration may be carried out. In some embodiments, the anti-clogging membrane filtration may be carried out before the sterilizing membrane filtration. In some embodiments, the anti-clogging membrane filtration may be carried out one or more times, and then the sterilizing membrane filtration may be carried out one or more times. The pore size of the membrane filtration of the present disclosure can be about 2 μm, about 1 μm, 0.9 μm, about 0.8 μm, about 0.7 μm, about 0.6 μm, about 0.5 μm, about 0.45 μm, about 0.4 μm, about 0.35 μm, about 0.3 μm, about 0.25 μm, about 0.22 μm, about 0.20 μm, about 0.15 μm, about 0.10 μm, about 0.05 μm, about 0.04 μm, about 0.03 μm, about 0.02 μm and about 0.01 μm; the pore size range can be a range composed of any two of the above pore sizes, such as but not limited to about the following ranges: 0.05 - 2 μm, 0.05 - 1 μm, 0.05 - 0.8 μm, 0.05 - 0.6 μm, 0.05 - 0.4 μm, 0.1 - 2 μm, 0.1 - 1 μm, 0.1 - 0.8 μm, 0.1 - 0.6 μm, 0.1 - 0.4 μm, 0.1 - 0.3 μm, 0.1 - 0.22 μm, 0.2 - 1 μm, 0.2 - 0.8 μm, 0.2 - 0.6 μm, 0.2 - 0.4 μm, 0.3 - 0.8 μm, 0.3 - 0.6 μm, 0.4 - 1.0 μm, 0.4 - 0.8 μm, 0.45 - 0.8 μm. In some preferred embodiments, the pore size range of the membrane filtration can be selected from about 0.4 - 0.8 μm and about 0.1 - 0.3 μm or a combination thereof, such as about 0.45 - 0.8 μm and about 0.1 - 0.22 μm. In some embodiments, the layer-by-layer filtration of the present disclosure includes membrane filtration after deep filtration. For example, the membrane filtration can include membrane filtration of about 0.4 - 0.8 μm (such as about 0.45 μm) and membrane filtration of about 0.1 - 0.3 μm (such as about 0.22 μm). In some embodiments, the membrane filtration of about 0.4 - 0.8 μm (such as about 0.45 μm) can be carried out first, and then optionally the membrane filtration of about 0.1 - 0.3 μm (such as about 0.22 μm) can be carried out. In some embodiments, the membrane filtration of about 0.4 - 0.8 μm (such as about 0.45 μm) can be carried out before the membrane filtration of about 0.1 - 0.3 μm (such as about 0.22 μm). In some embodiments, the membrane filtration of about 0.4 - 0.8 μm (such as about 0.45 μm) can be carried out one or more times, and then the membrane filtration of about 0.1 - 0.3 μm (such as about 0.22 μm) can be carried out one or more times. Preferably, one or more membrane filtrations can be carried out before the membrane filtration of about 0.1 - 0.3 μm (such as about 0.22 μm), preferably 1 time of membrane filtration of about 0.4 - 0.8 μm (such as about 0.45 μm), to reduce or prevent the blockage of the 0.22 μm membrane filtration. In some embodiments, the membrane filtration includes passing through one or more membrane filters in series. In some embodiments, the number of membrane filters in series ranges from 1 to 10, such as 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 membrane filters in series, preferably 1 to 4, more preferably 2 to 3. The cut-off sizes of all the membrane filters in series can be the same or different from each other. In some embodiments, at least 2 of the membrane filters in series have different cut-off sizes. In some embodiments, the size exclusion decreases from large to small along the series of membrane filters. For example, in 3 membrane filters in series, the first filter can be a about 0.45 μm filter, the second filter can be a 0.3 μm filter, and the last filter can be a about 0.22 filter. Exemplary membrane filters for the methods of the present disclosure include, but are not limited to, polyethersulfone membrane filters, polyvinylidene fluoride membrane filters, cellulose membrane filters, mixed cellulose ester membrane filters, cellulose acetate membrane filters, nitrocellulose membrane filters, polyamide membrane filters, polycarbonate membrane filters, polytetrafluoroethylene membrane filters, polypropylene membrane filters, nitrated cellulose membrane filters, glass fibers, resin-bonded glass fibers, or bead filters. For the methods of the present disclosure, the material of the membrane used for membrane filtration can be any filtration material conventionally used in the art, such as the various filtration materials and membrane materials described in the layer-by-layer filtration section above. In some embodiments, the anti-clogging membrane filtration is a resin-bonded glass fiber membrane, preferably with a pore size of about 0.45 - 0.8 μm. In some embodiments, the sterilizing membrane filtration is a polyethersulfone (PES) membrane, preferably with a pore size of about 0.1 - 0.22 μm. In some embodiments, the membrane filtration can be carried out using any suitable pressure. For example, the membrane filtration can be carried out using a feed pressure in the range of about 0.1 psi to about 100 psi, such as about 0.1 psi, 0.5 psi, 1 psi, 2 psi, 3 psi, 4 psi, 5 psi, 6 psi, 7 psi, 8 psi, 9 psi, 10 psi, 20 psi, 30 psi, 40 psi, 50 psi, 60 psi, 70 psi, 80 psi, 90 psi, 100 psi, or any sub-range within about 0.1 psi to about 100 psi (e.g., any range between any two of the above feed pressures). Any suitable permeate-side pressure can be used for the membrane filtration. For example, the membrane filtration can be carried out using a permeate pressure in the range of about 0.1 psi to about 100 psi, such as about 0.1 psi, 0.5 psi, 1 psi, 2 psi, 3 psi, 4 psi, 5 psi, 6 psi, 7 psi, 8 psi, 9 psi, 10 psi, 20 psi, 30 psi, 40 psi, 50 psi, 60 psi, 70 psi, 80 psi, 90 psi, 100 psi, or any sub-range within about 0.1 psi to about 100 psi (e.g., any range between any two of the above pressures). In some embodiments, the membrane filtration described in the present disclosure can use a pump. In some embodiments, the pump can include a peristaltic pump, a diaphragm pump, a gear pump, and a centrifugal drive pump. In some embodiments, the membrane filtration can use a peristaltic pump. In some embodiments, the flow rate of the pump used for the membrane filtration can be in the following ranges: 1 - 1000 mL / min, 100 - 1000 mL / min, 200 - 1000 mL / min, 500 - 1000 mL / min, 10 - 800 mL / min, 10 - 500 mL / min, 20 - 1000 mL / min, 20 - 500 mL / min, 20 - 300 mL / min, 20 - 200 mL / min, 30 - 100 mL / min, 40 - 100 mL / min, or 50 - 100 mL / min. Preferably, the flow rate of the pump for the membrane filtration of the present disclosure is about 20 - 1000 mL / min, such as about 500 - 1000 mL / min, about 20 - 500 mL / min, about 20 - 200 mL / min, about 30 - 100 mL / min. In some embodiments, an aqueous solution, preferably an aqueous isotonic solution, more preferably an isotonic sodium chloride solution, is used to rinse and / or clean the membrane filter in the membrane filtration described in the present disclosure. Preferably, an injection of sodium chloride is used to clean the membrane filter at a flow rate of about 20 - 1000 mL / min, such as about 20 - 500 mL / min, about 20 - 200 mL / min, about 30 - 100 mL / min. In some embodiments, any suitable flow rate can be used for the membrane filtration. For example, a flow rate in the range of about 1 mL / min to about 1,000 mL / min can be used for the membrane filtration, such as about 1 mL / min to about 800 mL / min, about 1 mL / min to about 500 mL / min, about 1 mL / min to about 200 mL / min, about 10 mL / min to about 1,000 mL / min, about 10 mL / min to about 800 mL / min, about 10 mL / min to about 500 mL / min, about 10 mL / min to about 200 mL / min, about 20 mL / min to about 1000 mL / min, about 20 mL / min to about 800 mL / min, about 20 mL / min to about 500 mL / min, about 20 mL / min to about 200 mL / min, about 50 mL / min to about 1000 mL / min, about 50 mL / min to about 500 mL / min, about 50 mL / min to about 200 mL / min. In embodiments of large-scale production, the flow rate of the membrane filtration can be as high as about 1 L / min or even higher. Preferably, the filtration flow rate of the present disclosure is about 20 - 1000 mL / min, such as about 20 - 200 mL / min, about 30 - 100 mL / min. In some embodiments, any suitable time limit can be used for the membrane filtration. For example, for one production batch, the membrane filtration can be carried out within a time range of about 10 minutes to about 10 hours, such as about 10 minutes, 20 minutes, 30 minutes, 40 minutes, 50 minutes, 60 minutes, 2 hours, 3 hours, 4 hours, 5 hours, 6 hours, 7 hours, 8 hours, 9 hours, 10 hours, or any sub-range within about 10 minutes to about 10 hours (for example, any range between any two of the above time points). Preferably, for 500 mL of the crude plant extract obtained by pretreatment, the membrane filtration is carried out for about 1 hour. Preferably, when using layer-by-layer filtration including depth filtration, anti-clogging membrane filtration such as about 0.45 μm filtration, and sterilizing membrane filtration such as about 0.22 μm filtration, the treatment time is about 0.5 hour - about 2 hours, preferably about 1 hour. In some embodiments, the method of the present disclosure comprising depth filtration and membrane filtration can obtain the following yield of plant exosomes per 100 g of plant: 1×10 10 pieces, 5×1010 pieces, 10×10 10 pieces, 11×10 10 pieces, 12×10 10 pieces, 13×10 10 pieces, 14×10 10 pieces, 15×10 10 pieces, 16×10 10 pieces, 17×10 10 pieces, 18×10 10 pieces, 19×10 10 pieces, 20×10 10 pieces, 22×10 10 pieces, 24×10 10 pieces, 26×10 10 pieces, 28×10 10 pieces, 30×10 10 pieces, 32×10 10 pieces, 34×10 10 pieces, 36×10 10 pieces, 38×10 10 pieces, 40×10 10 pieces, 42×10 10 pieces, 44×10 10 pieces, 46×10 10 pieces, 48×10 10 pieces, 50×10 10 pieces, 52×10 10 pieces, 54×10 10 pieces, 56×10 10 pieces, 58×10 10 pieces, 66×10 10 pieces or more. In some embodiments, the membrane filtration of the present disclosure can obtain about 20×10 10 -50×10 10 pieces, preferably about 33×10 10 plant exosomes. Preferred embodiments In one embodiment, the method for preparing plant exosomes of the present disclosure includes the following steps: (a) Obtaining plant raw materials; (b) Pretreating the obtained plant raw materials to obtain a crude plant extract; (c) Subjecting the crude plant extract to a step-by-step filtration process; Wherein, the step-by-step filtration process includes a deep filtration step and an optional membrane filtration step. In one embodiment, the method for preparing plant exosomes of the present disclosure includes the following steps: (a) Obtaining plant raw materials; (b) Pretreat the obtained plant raw materials, preferably by mixing, pulverizing, filtering, and centrifuging to obtain a crude plant extract; (c) Perform layer-by-layer filtration on the crude plant extract to obtain a filtrate; Among them, the layer-by-layer filtration treatment includes a deep filtration step. Preferably, the deep filtration step uses deep filtration with a pore size of about 1 - 50 μm, more preferably about 2 - 30 μm; and (d) Perform membrane filtration on the filtrate in step (c), preferably anti-clogging membrane filtration and / or sterilizing membrane filtration. For example, anti-clogging membrane filtration with a pore size of about 0.4 - 0.8 μm and / or sterilizing membrane filtration with a pore size of about 0.1 - 0.3 μm. More preferably, membrane filtration with a pore size of about 0.45 - 0.8 μm and membrane filtration with a pore size of about 0.1 - 0.22 μm. Most preferably, the membrane filtration consists of anti-clogging membrane filtration with a pore size of 0.45 μm and sterilizing membrane filtration with a pore size of 0.22 μm performed sequentially to obtain plant exosomes. In the above embodiments, the obtained plant materials are pretreated in step (b), wherein the pretreatment includes mixing the plant materials with an isotonic solution (preferably sodium chloride injection solution), pulverizing the plant raw materials using a wall breaker to obtain plant residue liquid, filtering the plant residue liquid through a filter screen to obtain plant juice, and centrifuging the plant juice and collecting the supernatant to obtain a crude plant extract. In the above embodiments, large-scale mixing and pulverization of plant materials can be performed in step (b). In some specific embodiments, plants with a mass of about 1000 g or even more, such as about 500 - 1000 g, about 50 - 200 g, for example about 100 g, are mixed and pulverized in step (b). In some embodiments, step (b) is performed at about 4°C. In the above embodiments, the pulverized residue liquid is stirred in step (b). Preferably, the stirring speed is about 50 - 500 rpm, more preferably about 100 - 250 rpm, and even more preferably about 200 ± 20 rpm. In some embodiments, the stirring time is about 10 - 200 min, preferably about 2 - 100 min, and even more preferably about 30 min. In some preferred embodiments, the centrifugation in step (b) is performed at about 1000 - 10000 g. In some preferred embodiments, the centrifugation in step (b) is performed at least at about 3000 - 6000 g. In some preferred embodiments, the centrifugation time in step (b) is about 5 - 60 min. In some preferred embodiments, the ultracentrifugation time in step (b) is about 15 min, and / or is performed at about 4°C. In a specific embodiment of the above method for preparing plant exosomes, the plant material is or includes wolfberry. In a specific embodiment of the above method for preparing plant exosomes, the step-by-step filtration treatment includes a depth filtration step, wherein the depth filter is a depth capsule filter having a pore size of about 1-50 μm, preferably about 2-30 μm, and a loading range of about 50-200 L / m 2 , such as 50-150 L / m 2 , 40-100 L / m 2 ; preferably, the depth filter is a depth filter produced by Pall Corporation (NY), and is Supracap TM Depth Filter Capsules. In a specific embodiment of the above method for preparing plant exosomes, in step (d), the filtrate in step (c) is sequentially filtered through a filter with a pore size of about 0.45 μm and a filter with a pore size of about 0.22 μm, and the final filtrate is collected to obtain plant exosomes. Technical effects The step-by-step filtration method of the present disclosure has the following advantages compared with the ultracentrifugation method: (1) Lower time consumption; (2) Higher exosome yield or particle concentration; (3) It can prevent the filter membrane from being blocked due to excessive impurities and can ensure the sterility of the product; (4) The extracted plant exosomes have excellent metabolomics performance; (5) The extracted plant exosomes have a typical saucer shape of exosomes, and the particle size is in the range of 30-200 nm; (6) The extracted plant exosomes have anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory activities. The method for preparing plant exosomes (preferably wolfberry exosomes) of the present disclosure is suitable for small-scale, pilot-scale, and large-scale production. In some embodiments, the exosome preparation method of the present disclosure is particularly used for large-scale production, and the amount of plant material that can be processed is, for example, at least about 100 g, 200 g, 300 g, 400 g, 500 g, 600 g, 700 g, 800 g, 900 g, 1000 g, 2000 g, 3000 g, 4000 g, 5000 g, 6000 g, 7000 g, 8000 g, 9000 g, 10000 g, 50000 g, and even up to 100000 g. Preferably, the exosome preparation method of the present disclosure can process plant material within about 1000 g, more preferably within about 10000 g, and most preferably within about 100000 g of plant raw materials. In particular, the layer-by-layer filtration process of the present disclosure is particularly suitable for large-scale production. For example, on the basis of the deep filtration and membrane filtration preferably (as shown in the examples) of the present disclosure, large-scale production can be achieved by increasing the membrane area of the filter. Through the layer-by-layer filtration of the present disclosure, by appropriately increasing the membrane area in the layer-by-layer filtration, at least about 100 g, 200 g, 300 g, 400 g, 500 g, 600 g, 700 g, 800 g, 900 g, 1000 g, 2000 g, 3000 g, 4000 g, 5000 g, 6000 g, 7000 g, 8000 g, 9000 g, 10000 g, 50000 g, or even 100000 g of plant material or its corresponding pretreated liquid can be filtered. III. Exosomes The plant exosomes (preferably wolfberry exosomes) prepared according to the method of the present disclosure can have any suitable hydrodynamic particle size or diameter. For example, the plant exosomes can have a hydrodynamic particle size or diameter of about 10 nm to about 10 μm, such as about 10 nm, 20 nm, 30 nm, 40 nm, 50 nm, 60 nm, 70 nm, 80 nm, 90 nm, 100 nm, 110 nm, 120 nm, 130 nm, 140 nm, 150 nm, 200 nm, 300 nm, 400 nm, 500 nm, 600 nm, 700 nm, 800 nm, 900 nm, 1 μm, 2 μm, 3 μm, 4 μm, 5 μm, 6 μm, 7 μm, 8 μm, 9 μm, and 10 μm, or any sub-range within about 10 nm to about 10 μm (for example, any range between any two of the above particle sizes). Preferably, the plant exosomes prepared according to the method of the present disclosure have a diameter of about 30 - 450 nm, preferably about 30 - 250 nm, and more preferably have a diameter of about 30 - 200 nm. The plant exosomes can have any suitable shape, including but not limited to saucer shape, spherical shape, and disc shape. Preferably, the plant exosomes prepared according to the method of the present disclosure have a saucer shape. In some embodiments, the wolfberry exosomes provided by the present disclosure contain one or more of the following metabolites: lipids and lipid-like molecules, organic oxygen compounds, phenylpropanes and polyketides, organic heterocyclic compounds, organic acids and their derivatives, and benzene compounds. In some embodiments, the wolfberry exosomes provided by the present disclosure contain at least lipids and lipid-like molecules, and the lipids and lipid-like molecules account for at least about 20% of the total number of metabolites, preferably about 20% - 50%, 30% - 40%, 30% - 35%, or 30% - 34%, and more preferably account for about 33% of the total number of metabolites. In some embodiments, the wolfberry exosomes provided by the present disclosure contain at least lipids and lipid-like molecules and organic oxygen compounds, and the lipids and lipid-like molecules and organic oxygen compounds account for at least about 30%, at least about 40%, at least about 50%, or at least about 60% of the total number of metabolites, preferably about 30%-60%, 40%-55%, 45%-52%, or 47%-51%, more preferably about 50% of the total number of metabolites; preferably, the lipids and lipid-like molecules account for at least about 20% of the total number of metabolites, preferably about 20%-50%, 30%-40%, 30%-35%, or 30%-34%, more preferably about 33% of the total number of metabolites; or preferably, the organic oxygen compounds account for 10%-20% of the total number of metabolites, such as about 16%. In some embodiments, the wolfberry exosomes provided by the present disclosure contain lipids and lipid-like molecules, organic oxygen compounds, phenylpropanoids and polyketides, wherein the lipids and lipid-like molecules account for at least about 20% of the total number of metabolites, preferably about 20%-50%, 30%-40%, 30%-35%, or 30%-34%, more preferably about 33% of the total number of metabolites; wherein the phenylpropanoids and polyketides account for 10%-20% of the total number of metabolites, such as about 15%; or the organic oxygen compounds account for 10%-20% of the total number of metabolites, such as about 16%. In some embodiments, the wolfberry exosomes provided by the present disclosure contain lipids and lipid-like molecules, organic oxygen compounds, phenylpropanoids and polyketides, preferably wherein the lipids and lipid-like molecules account for at least about 20% of the total number of metabolites, preferably about 20%-50%, 30%-40%, 30%-35%, or 30%-34%, more preferably about 33% of the total number of metabolites; the organic oxygen compounds account for 10%-20% of the total number of metabolites, such as about 16%; or the phenylpropanoids and polyketides account for 10%-20% of the total number of metabolites, such as about 15%. In some embodiments, the wolfberry exosomes prepared according to the method of the present disclosure contain lipids and lipid-like molecules, organic oxygen compounds, phenylpropanoids and polyketides, organic heterocyclic compounds, organic acids and their derivatives, and benzene compounds, preferably wherein the lipids and lipid-like molecules account for at least about 20% of the total number of metabolites, preferably about 20%-50%, 30%-40%, 30%-35%, or 30%-34%, more preferably about 33% of the total number of metabolites; the organic oxygen compounds account for 10%-20% of the total number of metabolites, such as about 16%; the phenylpropanoids and polyketides account for 10%-20% of the total number of metabolites, such as about 15%; the organic heterocyclic compounds account for 7%-17% of the total number of metabolites, such as about 12%; the organic acids and their derivatives account for 5%-15% of the total number of metabolites, such as about 10%; or the benzene compounds account for 5%-15% of the total number of metabolites, such as about 11%. The plant exosomes (preferably wolfberry exosomes) prepared according to the method of the present disclosure have more metabolites in one or more of the following aspects compared to the plant exosomes prepared by the ultracentrifugation method: lipids and lipid-like molecules, organic oxygen compounds, phenylpropanes and polyketides, organic heterocyclic compounds, organic acids and their derivatives, and benzenoids. In some embodiments, the number of lipid species of the plant exosomes prepared according to the method of the present disclosure is greater than the number of lipid species of the plant exosomes prepared by the ultracentrifugation method. As shown in Table 4 of the examples below, the lipid classification mainly includes fatty acyl (FA), glycerolipids (GL), glycerophospholipids (GP), prenol lipids (PR), sphingolipids (SP), steroids (ST), and saccharolipids (SL). In some embodiments, the number of fatty acyl compounds in the plant exosomes prepared according to the method of the present disclosure is 190 - 300, preferably 200 - 250. In some embodiments, the number of glycerolipid compounds in the plant exosomes prepared according to the method of the present disclosure is 2 - 10, preferably 3 - 9, more preferably 4 - 8. In some embodiments, the number of glycerophospholipid compounds in the plant exosomes prepared according to the method of the present disclosure is 2 - 10, preferably 3 - 8, more preferably 4 - 7. In some embodiments, the number of prenol lipid compounds in the plant exosomes prepared according to the method of the present disclosure is 190 - 400, preferably 200 - 350, more preferably 200 - 300. In some embodiments, the number of sphingolipid compounds in the plant exosomes prepared according to the method of the present disclosure is 2 - 9, preferably 2 - 5, more preferably 3. In some embodiments, the number of steroid compounds in the plant exosomes prepared according to the method of the present disclosure is 10 - 100, preferably 20 - 50, more preferably 20 - 40. In some embodiments, the number of saccharolipid compounds in the plant exosomes prepared according to the method of the present disclosure is 0 - 5, preferably 2 - 5, most preferably 2 - 3. In some embodiments, the wolfberry exosomes provided by the present disclosure contain about 1×10 5 to 1×10 10 particles / mL, preferably 1×10 6 to 1×10 9 particles / mL, more preferably 1×10 7 to 1×10 9 particles / mL, for example, about 1.33×10 8 particles / mL. The plant exosomes (preferably wolfberry exosomes) prepared according to the method of the present disclosure have up-regulated metabolism (Figure 5) compared with the plant exosomes prepared by the ultracentrifugation method, such as tryptophan metabolism, arachidonic acid metabolism, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, starch and sucrose metabolism, alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism, galactose metabolism, ABC transporters, valine, leucine and isoleucine biosynthesis, biosynthesis of cutin, suberin and wax, linoleic acid metabolism, β-alanine metabolism, nucleotide metabolism, histidine metabolism, aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis, arginine biosynthesis, biosynthesis of various secondary metabolites. Specifically, there are 73 pathways related to differential metabolites between the wolfberry exosomes prepared according to the method of the present disclosure and the wolfberry exosomes prepared by the ultracentrifugation method, and a total of 11 pathways are significantly enriched. In some embodiments, there are 617 significantly differential metabolites between the wolfberry exosomes prepared according to the method of the present disclosure and the wolfberry exosomes prepared by the ultracentrifugation method, 401 up-regulated metabolites, and 216 down-regulated metabolites. In some embodiments, in the analysis of staining plant exosomes with the lipophilic dye PKH67 in vitro, the positive rates of the wolfberry exosomes prepared according to the method of the present disclosure are 64.5% or 68.8% respectively. In the detection of the protein content of plant exosomes, the protein content of the wolfberry exosomes prepared according to the method of the present disclosure is 47434.90 μg / mL. In some embodiments, the wolfberry exosomes prepared by the method of the present disclosure show good anti-inflammatory effects, and the TNF-α inhibition rate shown in the examples is above about 60%, even close to 100%. IV. Composition The present disclosure provides a plant exosome composition comprising wolfberry exosomes, preferably wolfberry exosomes prepared by the method for preparing plant exosomes as generally or preferably or specifically defined in the present disclosure. Specifically, the plant exosome composition provided by the present disclosure is a pharmaceutical composition, which in addition to comprising wolfberry exosomes (preferably wolfberry exosomes prepared by the method for preparing plant exosomes as generally or preferably or specifically defined in the present disclosure), optionally further comprises a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, or other active ingredients. The carriers are commonly used in pharmaceutical formulations, including but not limited to lactose, dextrose, sucrose, sorbitol, mannitol, starch, gum arabic, calcium phosphate, alginate, gelatin, calcium silicate, microcrystalline cellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidone, cellulose, water, syrup, methylcellulose, methylparaben, propylparaben, talc, magnesium stearate and mineral oil. Specifically, the plant exosome composition provided by the present disclosure is a food composition or a nutraceutical composition, which contains wolfberry exosomes, preferably wolfberry exosomes prepared by the method for preparing plant exosomes as generally or preferably or specifically defined in the present disclosure. When the food composition or nutraceutical composition of the present disclosure is used as a food additive, the composition can be directly added and used together with other foods or food ingredients according to conventional methods. Generally, when preparing food or beverages, the food composition or nutraceutical composition of the present disclosure in an amount of about 15 parts by weight or less, preferably about 10 parts by weight or less, based on the total weight of the composition, can be added. The nutraceutical composition of the present disclosure itself can be in the form of a nutritional supplement or a health product. In addition to the wolfberry exosomes of the present disclosure, it can also contain other nutrients and / or nutraceutically acceptable excipients or carriers, such as various proteins, fats, vitamins, prebiotics, probiotics, electrolytes, flavoring agents, coloring agents, pectic acid and its salts, alginic acid and its salts, organic acids, protective colloid thickeners, pH regulators, stabilizers, preservatives, glycerol, alcohol, carbonates used in carbonated beverages, etc. Foods to which the above food composition or nutraceutical composition can be added include, but are not limited to, meats, sausages, breads, chocolates, sugars, fast foods, cookies, pizzas, ramen, other noodles, chewing gums, dairy products including ice creams, various soups, beverages, tea beverages, alcoholic beverages, and vitamin complexes, etc. In some embodiments, the food composition of the present disclosure can be prepared into a functional food. The plant exosome composition (drug composition / nutraceutical composition / food composition) of the present disclosure can be in different forms for oral administration, such as capsules (including gelatin capsules, soft capsules, hard capsules), tablets (including sugar-coated tablets, tablets, pills, powders, granules, chewing gums), solutions, suspensions, emulsions, syrups, elixirs, polysaccharide films, gels or gelatin, and any other forms known to those skilled in the art; it can also be administered through local or transdermal routes, through any other suitable routes (such as parenteral routes). Specifically, the exosome composition provided by the present disclosure is a beauty / cosmetic composition, which contains wolfberry exosomes, preferably wolfberry exosomes prepared by the method for preparing plant exosomes generally or preferably or specifically defined in the present disclosure. The beauty / cosmetic composition of the present disclosure usually contains at least one excipient or adjuvant acceptable in beauty products / cosmetics. The "excipient or adjuvant acceptable in beauty products / cosmetics" can be selected from: solvents, solubilizers, preservatives, antioxidants, pH regulators, penetration enhancers, liposomes, moisturizers, thickeners, chelating agents, skin feel regulators, surfactants, emulsifiers, propellants / propellants, fragrances, pigments, and other efficacy additives. The forms of the beauty composition are, for example but not limited to, soap, soap, facial cleanser, cleansing foam, cleansing lotion, cleansing cream, body wash, lotion, skin care gel, skin care lotion, skin care cream, essence, eye cream, facial mask, aerosol or spray, lotion, skin softener, toner, astringent, emulsion, milk emulsion, moisturizing emulsion, nourishing emulsion, massage cream, nourishing cream, moisturizing cream, hand cream, foundation, essence, nourishing essence, powder cake, body lotion, and skin cleanser, etc. These forms of the beauty composition can be prepared by methods well known to those skilled in the art. When the beauty composition of the present disclosure is a paste, cream or gel, animal fibers, plant fibers, waxes, paraffin waxes, starches, tragacanth, cellulose derivatives, polyethylene glycols, silica gels, bentonites, silica, talc, zinc oxide, etc. can be used as carrier components. When the beauty composition of the present disclosure is a powder or spray, lactose, talc, silica, aluminum hydroxide, calcium silicate, polyamide powder, etc. can be used as carrier components. In particular, when the preparation is a spray, it may also contain propellants such as chlorofluorocarbons, propane / butane or dimethyl ether. When the beauty composition of the present disclosure is a solution or emulsion, solvents, solubilizers or emulsifiers can be used as carrier components. For example, water, ethanol, isopropanol, ethyl carbonate, ethyl acetate, benzyl alcohol, benzyl benzoate, propylene glycol, 1,3-butanediol oil, glycerol fatty acid esters, polyethylene glycol or sorbitan fatty acid esters can be used. When the beauty composition of the present disclosure is a suspension, liquid diluents such as water, ethanol or propylene glycol, and suspending agents such as ethoxylated isostearyl alcohol, polyoxyethylene sorbitan esters and polyoxyethylene sorbitan anhydride esters, microcrystalline cellulose, aluminum metahydroxide, bentonite, agar, tragacanth, etc. can be used as carrier components. V. Uses Exosomes or compositions for any use of the present disclosure may include the exosomes or compositions of the present disclosure generally or specifically, preferably the exosomes of Part III or the compositions of Part IV of the present disclosure. Those skilled in the art will understand that exosomes for any use of the present disclosure can freely combine all the features disclosed herein. For example, the exosomes of Part III of the present disclosure can be exosomes with any combination of features such as different particle densities, different metabolite species, and their different percentages of metabolite species as defined. Many diseases are accompanied by inflammatory responses, including skin-related inflammations (such as dermatitis, acne, pimples, melasma, etc.). Therefore, reducing the inflammation level will be beneficial to disease treatment and care. Thus, in some embodiments, the present disclosure provides the use of a plant exosome (preferably a wolfberry exosome) or a composition containing the same for treating or preventing, or assisting in improving, alleviating or controlling inflammation, such as skin inflammation. In some other embodiments, the present disclosure provides the use of a plant exosome (preferably a wolfberry exosome) or a composition containing the same for, or assisting in, performing cosmetic, non-therapeutic treatment and / or care on the skin, hair, nails and / or mucous membranes, preferably for, or assisting in, performing cosmetic, non-therapeutic treatment and / or care on the inflammation of the skin, hair, nails and / or mucous membranes. In some embodiments, the plant exosomes (preferably wolfberry exosomes) or compositions containing the same of the present disclosure can be used in the skin field for repair, anti-inflammation, antioxidant, anti-aging, whitening, moisturizing and other uses. For example, the plant exosomes or compositions containing the same can be used for anti-inflammatory purposes, preferably for anti-inflammatory purposes in the skin field. For another example, the plant exosomes or compositions containing the same can be used for antioxidant purposes. For another example, the plant exosomes or compositions containing the same can be used for repair purposes in the skin field. For another example, the plant exosomes or compositions containing the same can be used for anti-aging purposes. For another example, the plant exosomes or compositions containing the same can be used for whitening purposes. For another example, the plant exosomes or compositions containing the same can be used for moisturizing purposes. Therefore, the present disclosure also provides the use of plant exosomes (preferably wolfberry exosomes) or compositions containing the same in the preparation of products (drugs, foods, nutritional health products, beauty / cosmetics). In some embodiments, the drug is used for treating or preventing inflammation, such as dermatitis, acne, pimples, melasma, etc. In some embodiments, the nutritional health product helps or assists in enhancing the skin barrier function, antioxidant, repair, anti-aging, whitening and / or moisturizing. The present disclosure also provides a method for treating or preventing inflammation, preferably skin inflammation, or treating or preventing dermatological symptoms, or assisting in improving, alleviating or controlling dermatological symptoms (specifically for repair, anti-inflammation, antioxidant, anti-aging, whitening or moisturizing), which comprises administering to a subject in need thereof plant exosomes (preferably wolfberry exosomes) prepared by the aforementioned general or preferred defined methods or a composition (pharmaceutical composition / food composition / cosmetic or beauty composition / nutritional and health composition) containing the same. In most cases, skin diseases start from the deterioration or breakdown of the skin barrier function, and filaggrin, loricrin (LOR), and Claudins proteins play important roles in the skin barrier function. Due to the reduction of filaggrin, loricrin (LOR), and Claudins proteins, the skin barrier and moisturizing ability become poor, and as a result, skin diseases such as atopic dermatitis can be caused. Therefore, substances that promote the synthesis of these proteins play an important role in improving the skin condition. In some embodiments, the wolfberry exosomes of the present disclosure or a composition containing the same have the function of enhancing the skin barrier function; or treating, preventing, or contributing to (or assisting in) improving, alleviating, and controlling skin barrier damage. In some embodiments, the wolfberry exosomes of the present disclosure or a composition containing the same can promote the synthesis of filaggrin. In some embodiments, the wolfberry exosomes of the present disclosure or a composition containing the same can promote the synthesis of filaggrin, loricrin (LOR), and / or Claudins proteins. The wolfberry exosomes of the present disclosure or a composition containing the same can promote the synthesis of filaggrin, for example, having a promotion rate of 30.00%-150.00% for profilaggrin synthesis, preferably 50.00%-100.00%, and most preferably 75.00%-80.00%. The wolfberry exosomes of the present disclosure or a composition containing the same can promote the synthesis of loricrin, for example, having a promotion rate of 50.00%-200.00% for loricrin synthesis, preferably 80.00%-150.00%, and most preferably 125.00%-135.00%. In some embodiments, the wolfberry exosomes of the present disclosure or a composition containing the same can promote the synthesis of Claudins proteins (such as CLDN1), for example, having a promotion rate of 50.00%-140.00% for Claudins protein synthesis, preferably 60.00%-100.00%, and most preferably 75.00%-85.00%. In some embodiments, the wolfberry exosomes of the present disclosure or a composition comprising the same have skin repair and moisturizing effects. In some embodiments, the wolfberry exosomes of the present disclosure or a composition comprising the same can treat, prevent or contribute to (or be used as an adjuvant for) improving, alleviating, or controlling skin photo-damage, such as skin damage caused by ultraviolet rays. In some embodiments, the wolfberry exosomes of the present disclosure or a composition comprising the same can reduce the production of sunburn cells. In some embodiments, the wolfberry exosomes of the present disclosure or a composition comprising the same protect the skin and mucous membranes against all types of external assaults, such as ultraviolet radiation. In some embodiments, the wolfberry exosomes of the present disclosure or a composition comprising the same prevent damage to the skin caused by exposure to sunlight (such as ultraviolet rays) or a dry environment. In some embodiments, the wolfberry exosomes of the present disclosure or a composition comprising the same can improve skin tissue vitality. In some embodiments, the wolfberry exosomes of the present disclosure or a composition comprising the same can reduce the transepidermal water loss rate of the skin after ultraviolet irradiation, or prevent the epidermal water loss rate after ultraviolet irradiation. Aquaporins are a class of transmembrane proteins that transport water and small molecules in solutions (such as glycerol and urea), and they promote water transport in epithelial and endothelial cells. The discovery of aquaporin 3, aquaporin-3 or AQP3 in human skin, especially in the plasma membrane of keratinocytes in the epidermal proliferative layer, highlights the importance of regulated water flow into the skin. AQP3 can transport water and glycerol, and the latter plays an important role in the formation of the surface water-lipid membrane, the elasticity of the stratum corneum, and the maintenance of sensory quality. It has been found that AQP3 hydration is closely related to its content in keratinocytes. Therefore, an increase in skin AQP3 improves epidermal hydration. The aquaporin described in the present disclosure is aquaporin 3 or AQP3, which generally refers to the presence in the membrane of keratinocytes. In some embodiments, the wolfberry exosomes of the present disclosure or a composition comprising the same prevent or treat or contribute to (or be used as an adjuvant for) improving, alleviating, or controlling diseases caused by aquaporin dysfunction in the skin and mucous membranes, such as eczema, xerosis, atopic dermatitis, or dryness of the oral cavity, eyes, or vagina. In some embodiments, the wolfberry exosomes of the present disclosure or a composition comprising the same improve skin hydration and prevent or control dryness of the skin and mucous membranes. In some embodiments, the wolfberry exosomes of the present disclosure or a composition comprising the same promote the expression of aquaporin, preferably aquaporin 3. In some embodiments, the wolfberry exosomes of the present disclosure or a composition containing the same have a moisturizing effect. Natural Moisturizing Factor (NMF) is a hydrophilic and water-retaining substance present in skin keratinocytes, which plays an important role in skin moisturization. Natural Moisturizing Factor is a broad group composed of multiple components, including amino acids, ceramides, hyaluronic acid, cholesterol, fatty acids, triglycerides, phospholipids, glycosphingolipids, urea, linoleic acid, glycosaminoglycans, mucopolysaccharides, and sodium PCA (pyrrolidone carboxylic acid). Pyrrolidone carboxylic acid (PCA) or sodium PCA (pyrrolidone carboxylic acid) is a natural moisturizer with excellent moisture absorption properties and is present in large amounts in the stratum corneum of the skin as the most important component of natural moisturizing factors. PCA is formed by the hydrolysis of FLG by Caspase-14, which can effectively adsorb and lock in moisture and strengthen the moisturizing barrier. In some embodiments, the wolfberry exosomes of the present disclosure or a composition containing the same can treat, prevent, or contribute to (or be used as an adjuvant for) improving, alleviating, or controlling skin dryness symptoms or related diseases thereof, where the skin dryness symptoms are, for example, selected from skin dryness, skin aging, skin roughness, seborrheic dermatitis, reduced skin tension and elasticity, erythema, sclerosis, keratinization, and cracking; and the diseases related to skin dryness symptoms are, for example, selected from xeroderma, senile xeroderma, ichthyosis vulgaris, infantile dry skin, atopic dermatitis, allergic dermatitis, seborrheic eczema, sensitive skin, seasonal xeroderma, aquagenic pruritus, and eczema in women. In some embodiments, the wolfberry exosomes of the present disclosure or a composition containing the same promote skin humidification or hydration. In some embodiments, the wolfberry exosomes of the present disclosure or a composition containing the same are used for skin moisturization. In some embodiments, the wolfberry exosomes of the present disclosure or a composition containing the same can increase the content of PCA. Malondialdehyde (MDA) is produced due to the peroxidation of membrane lipids in tissues or organs, and its content is closely related to aging and stress damage. UV radiation generates a large amount of reactive oxygen species (ROS), exceeding the normal defense ability of the body. While consuming superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) in the skin, ROS attacks the polyunsaturated fatty acids in phospholipids on the biological membrane, triggering a chain reaction of membrane lipid peroxidation, ultimately leading to an increase in the content of MDA. Ultraviolet irradiation can induce membrane lipid peroxidation and cause damage to biological membranes and DNA. Therefore, the levels of SOD and MDA in the skin determine the degree of skin damage. In some embodiments, the Lycium barbarum exosomes or compositions containing the same of the present disclosure can treat, prevent, or contribute to (or be adjuvant for) improving, alleviating, and controlling oxidative damage to skin cells. In some embodiments, the Lycium barbarum exosomes or compositions containing the same of the present disclosure are used for skin antioxidant purposes. In some embodiments, the Lycium barbarum exosomes or compositions containing the same of the present disclosure can reduce or alleviate the ROS generated by ultraviolet irradiation. In some embodiments, the Lycium barbarum exosomes or compositions containing the same of the present disclosure can alleviate the content of lipid peroxides in the skin, such as reducing the content of MDA. In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides the use of the plant exosomes (preferably Lycium barbarum exosomes) or compositions containing the same provided by the present disclosure in the preparation of products / cosmetics / compositions / beauty products / drugs having functions of enhancing skin barrier function, antioxidant, repair, anti-aging, whitening, firming and anti-wrinkle, and / or moisturizing. Optionally, the plant exosomes (preferably Lycium barbarum exosomes) or compositions containing the same are the sole active ingredient or the main active ingredient for enhancing skin barrier function, antioxidant, repair, anti-aging, whitening, firming and anti-wrinkle, and / or moisturizing. In some embodiments, the Lycium barbarum exosomes provided by the present disclosure for the above functions contain about 1×10 5 to 1×10 10 particles / mL, preferably 1×10 6 to 1×10 9 particles / mL, more preferably 1×10 7 to 1×10 9 particles / mL, for example, about 1.33×10 8 particles / mL. For the above methods and uses of the present disclosure, the plant exosomes or compositions containing the same can be administered orally, topically, or parenterally. In particular, topical or transdermal application can be carried out by iontophoresis, sonophoresis, electroporation, mechanical pressure, osmotic gradient, occlusion therapy, microinjection, microneedles (or microneedle arrays), needle-free injection by pressure, by a microelectrical patch, a facial mask, or any combination thereof. Among them, some techniques for creating channels in the skin (such as microneedles or lasers) can, as a certain treatment means in itself, be used in combination with the therapy of plant exosomes or compositions containing the same, helping the plant exosomes or compositions containing the same to be absorbed and reach deeper skin layers, thereby enhancing their active ability. The local area of such combination therapy will be determined by the nature of the condition, disorder, and / or disease to be treated and / or addressed. The daily dosage and dosing frequency of the plant exosomes (preferably wolfberry exosomes) or compositions containing the same can vary according to various factors, such as the stage of the disease to be treated, age, health status, the presence of complications, etc. On the one hand, the composition can be administered once to three times a day at a daily dosage of, for example, 1 μg / kg to 200 mg / kg, more specifically 50 μg / kg to 50 mg / kg. However, the dosage does not limit the scope of the present disclosure in any way. The plant exosomes of the present disclosure also have uses for treating various diseases in mammals (such as humans). In some embodiments, the plant exosomes have uses for treating or preventing diseases related to the following systems: respiratory system, digestive system, circulatory system, nervous system, endocrine system, urogenital system, or musculoskeletal system. In some embodiments, the treatment or prevention of diseases related to the respiratory system includes treating COVID-19, inhibiting lung inflammation, treating pulmonary fibrosis, or preventing pulmonary fibrosis and lung inflammation. In some embodiments, the treatment or prevention of diseases related to the digestive system includes promoting the recovery of colitis, treating colon cancer, treating acute and chronic colitis, treating ulcerative colitis, treating chronic periodontitis, preventing alcohol-induced liver damage, treating IBD and inhibiting the progression of CAC, preventing colitis, preventing dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis, treating DSS-induced colitis, inhibiting liver metastasis of colon cancer, inhibiting Clostridium difficile infection, treating liver inflammation, preventing GalN / LPS-induced acute liver injury, inhibiting the proliferation of hepatocellular carcinoma cells, or inhibiting the growth of tumor cells. In some embodiments, the treatment or prevention of diseases related to the circulatory system includes improving doxorubicin-induced myocardial injury, preventing damage to the vascular system by various stressors, or preventing oxidative stress of human mesenchymal stromal cells. In some embodiments, the treatment or prevention of diseases related to the nervous system includes treating glioma, treating brain glioma, inhibiting the development of glioma, or stimulating the neural differentiation of stem cells. In some embodiments, the treatment or prevention of diseases related to the endocrine system includes preventing insulin resistance and obesity, or preventing or inhibiting obesity-related gastrointestinal inflammation caused by a high-fat and high-sugar diet. In some embodiments, the treatment or prevention of diseases related to the urogenital system includes inhibiting the occurrence and development of breast cancer in mammals, or treating cervical cancer. In some embodiments, the treatment or prevention of diseases related to the musculoskeletal system includes promoting wound healing. In addition, the plant exosomes of the present disclosure can also be used as a drug delivery tool. In some embodiments, the plant exosomes can be used as a drug delivery tool to transport various drug molecules for treating the above diseases, such as MTX for treating colitis, PTX for treating colon cancer, and DOX for treating glioblastoma. In some embodiments, the plant exosomes can be used as a delivery tool for treating plant diseases caused by fungal infections. In some embodiments, different plant exosomes have different characteristics, such as changes in size, charge, and stability. These characteristics will inevitably affect the drug loading in the plant exosomes. For example, in certain embodiments, the plant exosomes used as a drug delivery tool are plant exosomes with a smaller size, such as 30-80um, 30-60um, or 30-50um.Due to the higher surface area to volume ratio, the plant exosomes with smaller sizes have a larger drug-loading capacity, a faster release rate, and higher stability. In some other embodiments, plant exosomes can be used as drug delivery tools to transport positively charged drug molecules. Due to the presence of phosphate, plant exosomes are usually negatively charged, so under the influence of electrostatic attraction, positively charged molecules are more effectively absorbed and encapsulated by these negatively or neutrally charged plant exosomes. Examples The following further describes the technical solutions of the present disclosure in conjunction with specific examples, but the protection scope of the present invention is not limited to these examples. Any change or equivalent substitution that does not deviate from the concept of the present invention is included in the protection scope of the present invention. For the experimental methods and means without specific conditions noted in the following examples, they are generally carried out according to the conventional conditions of such experimental operations in the art. For the experimental equipment without specific sources and models noted in the following examples, they are all conventional equipment in the art well-known to those skilled in the art and can be routinely determined and operated by those skilled in the art. The experimental materials and reagents used in the following examples can be obtained from commercial channels without further purification and can be used directly without special instructions. Unless otherwise stated, percentages and parts are weight percentages and weight parts respectively. Unless otherwise stated, the ratio of liquids is volume ratio, and the temperatures used in the present invention are all in degrees Celsius (°C). 1. Experimental methods 1.1 Preparation of plant crude extract Wash the goji berries and dry them with a clean cloth. Weigh the plant to be processed. According to the mass-volume ratio (m / v, g / mL), plant mass: sodium chloride injection volume = 1:3 - 1:20, mix the weighed plant with sodium chloride injection. Use a blender to crush the plant, and collect the crushed plant residue liquid into a measuring cylinder. Place the measuring cylinder on an ice medium, and use a stirrer at a rotation speed of 200 ± 20 rpm and stir for 30 min. Use a filter screen to pour in the plant residue liquid to separate the plant residue from the juice, and collect the plant juice. Centrifuge the collected plant juice at 2,000 - 5,000 g for 10 - 35 min at 4°C. In a biosafety cabinet, discard the precipitate and collect the supernatant P1 as the plant crude extract. 1.2 Separate and extract plant exosomes using the method of layer-by-layer filtration S1 Deep filtration: In a biosafety cabinet, connect a peristaltic pump, pump tubing, and a deep capsule filter (Supracap TM Depth Filter Capsules, Pall, with a filtration capacity of about 50 - 200 L / m 2)Combine and connect them together. Rinse the deep - capsule filter with sodium chloride injection at a flow rate of 20 - 200 mL / min, and finally empty the liquid. Filter P1 at a flow rate of 20 - 200 mL / min and collect the filtrate P2. Remove the filter, clean the pipeline with sodium chloride injection at a flow rate of 20 - 200 mL / min, and finally empty the liquid and remove the k - pump tube. S2 0.45 - μm filtration: In the biosafety cabinet, connect the peristaltic pump, pump tube, and 0.45 - μm membrane filter (PreFlow membrane filter capsules, Pall) to the peristaltic pump. Rinse the 0.45 - μm membrane filter with sodium chloride injection at a flow rate of 20 - 200 mL / min, and finally empty the liquid. Filter P2 at a flow rate of 20 - 200 mL / min and collect the filtrate P3. Remove the filter, clean the pipeline with sodium chloride injection at a flow rate of 20 - 200 mL / min, and finally empty the liquid and remove the pump tube. S3 0.22 - μm filtration: In the biosafety cabinet, TM EX Grade ECV in Mini Kleenpak TM capsules, Pall) to the peristaltic pump. Rinse the 0.22 - μm membrane filter with sodium chloride injection at a flow rate of 20 - 200 mL / min, and finally empty the liquid. Filter P3 at a flow rate of 20 - 200 mL / min to obtain plant exosomes. Remove the filter, clean the pipeline with sodium chloride injection at a flow rate of 20 - 200 mL / min, and finally empty the liquid and remove the pump tube. 1.3 Separate and extract plant exosomes by ultra - centrifugation Centrifuge the collected crude plant extract P1 at 120000g, 4 °C for 70 min using an ultra - centrifuge. After centrifugation, remove the supernatant and resuspend the precipitate with sodium chloride injection. After centrifuging again at 120000g, 4 °C for 70 min, resuspend the precipitate with sodium chloride injection to obtain plant exosomes. 1.4 Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) detection Take 5 μL of each of the above - prepared plant exosome samples and drop them on the copper grid, incubate at room temperature for 5 min; after incubation, blot the excess liquid on one side with absorbent paper; drop a drop of 2% uranyl acetate on the copper grid and incubate at room temperature for 1 min; after incubation, blot the excess liquid on one side with absorbent paper; dry at room temperature for about 20 min. Use a nano - transmission electron microscope (FEI, Tecnai G2 Spirit BioTwin) to perform transmission electron microscopy (TEM) detection. 1.5 Nanoparticle tracking analysis The particle size and concentration of each plant exosome prepared above were measured using nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA): The stock standard solution was diluted into a calibration mother liquor diluted 1000 times (1 μL of the stock standard solution could be formulated into 1 mL of the calibration mother liquor according to the proportion). 100 μL of the above-prepared standard mother liquor was added to 25 mL of pure water to be diluted into a calibration solution diluted 250,000 times. When testing the sample, the sample was generally diluted 1000 times first. After calibrating the instrument (Particle Metrix, PMX120) with the calibration mother liquor, the test sample was injected into the sample cell with a syringe to measure the sample concentration, and the measurement was repeated three times. 1.6 In vitro labeling of plant exosomes with PKH67 1 mM PKH67 (green fluorescent tracer dye) was diluted 50 times to 20 μM with Diluent C (universal membrane labeling diluent). Subsequently, 5 μL of 20 μM PKH67 and 5 μL of the above-prepared plant exosomes were mixed and incubated at room temperature for 15 min. The positive rate of PKH67 in the plant exosomes was detected using a flow nanoanalyzer. 1.7 Detection of trace proteins After filtering 40% SDS prepared with pure water, it was diluted to 2% SDS with pure water as the standard curve diluent. According to the instructions of the Micro BCA TM Protein Assay Kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific), the reagents MA:MB:MC = 25:24:1 were mixed to prepare the working reagent WR (Working Reagent, WR). 2.0 mg / mL BSA stock solution was formulated into standard curves of 200, 40, 20, 10, 5, 2.5, 1, 0.5, 0 μg / mL with the diluent. After diluting the plant exosomes with the diluent, an equal volume of WR was added, and the mixture was shaken at 100 rpm and 37 °C for 2 h. The absorbance of the standard and sample at 570 nm was detected with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) reader, and the protein concentration of the sample was calculated. 1.8 Detection of TNF-α inhibition rate RAW264.7 cells (mouse monocyte macrophage leukemia cells) were cultured in DMEM basal medium supplemented with 10% FBS for 48 h, and then seeded in a 96-well plate at a density of 1.875×10 4 / cm 2 . The cells were cultured in an incubator at 37.0 °C and 5% CO2 for 24 h. The plant exosomes (1×10 9After pretreatment with granulocytes / mL) and dexamethasone (final concentration 1 μg / mL) for 24 h, LPS (final concentration 5 ng / mL) was added for a total of 4 h. The cell supernatant was collected and centrifuged at 500 g for 5 min at 4 °C. The concentration of TNF-α was detected using a Mouse TNF-α ELISA kit (R&D systems), and the inhibition rate was calculated as follows: Inhibition rate (%) = 1 - (average concentration of the experimental group / average concentration of the LPS treatment group). 1.9 Sample preparation for non-targeted metabolomics analysis of plant exosomes 100 μL of the plant exosome liquid sample was pipetted into a 1.5 mL centrifuge tube, and 400 μL of the extraction solution (acetonitrile:methanol = 1:1, containing 0.02 mg / mL of the internal standard L-2-chlorophenylalanine) was added. After vortex mixing for 30 s, the sample was ultrasonically extracted at low temperature for 30 min (5 °C, 40 KHz), and the sample was left at -20 °C for 30 min. Centrifuge at 13000 g for 15 min at 4 °C, transfer the supernatant, dry it under nitrogen, re-dissolve it with 100 μL of the reconstitution solution (acetonitrile:water = 1:1), ultrasonically extract it at low temperature for 5 min (5 °C, 40 KHz), centrifuge at 13000 g for 10 min at 4 °C, and transfer the supernatant to an injection vial with an inner insert for on-machine analysis. Equal volumes of metabolites from all samples were mixed to prepare a quality control sample (QC). During the instrument analysis process, one QC sample was inserted every 5 - 15 samples to examine the repeatability of the entire analysis process. 1.10 LC-MS / MS analysis Equal volumes of metabolites from all samples were mixed to prepare a quality control sample. During the instrument analysis process, one QC sample was inserted every 5 - 15 samples to examine the repeatability of the entire analysis process. The sample mass spectrometry signal acquisition used positive and negative ion scanning modes, and the mass scanning range was 70 - 1050 m / z. The sheath gas flow rate was 50 psi, the auxiliary gas flow rate was 13 psi, the auxiliary gas heating temperature was 425 °C, the positive mode ion spray voltage was set to 3500 V, the negative mode ion spray voltage was set to -3500 V, the ion transfer tube temperature was 325 °C, and the normalized collision energy was 20 - 40 - 60 V cyclic collision energy. The resolution of the first-stage mass spectrometry was 60000, the resolution of the second-stage mass spectrometry was 7500, and data was collected using the DDA mode. 1.11 Substance identification and analysis After the machine operation was completed, the LC-MS raw data was imported into the metabolomics processing software Progenesis QI (Waters Corporation, Milford, USA) for baseline filtering, peak identification, integration, retention time correction, and peak alignment. Finally, a data matrix of retention time, mass-to-charge ratio, and peak intensity was obtained. At the same time, the MS and MSMS mass spectrometry information was matched with the metabolic public databases HMDB (http: / / www.hmdb.ca / ) and Metlin (https: / / metlin.scripps.edu / ) and the self-built library of Majorbio to obtain metabolite information. The data matrix after database searching was uploaded to the Majorbio Cloud Platform (cloud.majorbio.com) for analysis. First, the data matrix was preprocessed as follows: the 80% rule was used to remove missing values from the data matrix, that is, variables with non-zero values in at least 80% of a group of samples were retained, and then missing values were filled (the minimum value in the original matrix was used to fill the missing values). To reduce the errors caused by sample preparation and instrument instability, the response intensity of the sample mass spectrometry peaks was normalized by the total sum normalization method to obtain a normalized data matrix. At the same time, variables with a relative standard deviation (RSD) of the QC samples > 30% were deleted, and log10 logarithmic transformation was performed to obtain the data matrix finally used for subsequent analysis. Secondly, the ropls package (Version 1.6.2) in R language was used to perform principal component analysis (PCA) and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) on the preprocessed data matrix, and 7-fold cross-validation was used to evaluate the stability of the model. The selection of significantly different metabolites was determined based on the variable importance in the projection (VIP) values obtained from the OPLS-DA model and the p-values of the student's t-test. Metabolites with VIP > 1 and p < 0.05 were significantly different metabolites. The differential metabolites were annotated for metabolic pathways through the KEGG database (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes, https: / / www.kegg.jp / kegg / pathway.html) to obtain the pathways involved in the differential metabolites. The Python software package scipy.stats was used for pathway enrichment analysis, and the biological pathways most relevant to the experimental treatment were obtained through Fisher's exact test. 2. Experimental Results and Analysis 2.1 Screening of Extraction Methods For wolfberry, based on Example 1.1 above, the following different filtration treatment combinations were carried out, and the final results were evaluated. The specific extraction methods and corresponding results are shown in the following table: Among them, "+" represents the presence of relevant treatment, and "-" represents the absence of relevant treatment. 2.2 Extract plant exosomes (PEN) using the methods of layer-by-layer filtration and ultracentrifugation respectively Use the layer-by-layer filtration method in Examples 1.1 - 1.2 to isolate and extract exosomes from Lycium barbarum. Specifically, first mix Lycium barbarum (up to 1000 g) (treat with sodium chloride injection as the solvent according to the mass-volume ratio (g / mL) shown in Table 1), crush and stir to promote the release of plant exosomes into the sodium chloride injection solvent. Remove the plant residues by centrifugation at 4000 g for 15 min to obtain the crude plant extract P1. Remove larger impurities in P1 through S1 (depth filtration) to obtain P2, pre-filter to remove larger particles in P2 through S2 (0.45 μm membrane filtration) to obtain P3, and perform sterile filtration through S3 (0.22 μm membrane filtration) to finally harvest exosomes of sterile grade. On average, it takes about 1 h for 500 mL of the crude plant extract P1. Use the ultracentrifugation method in Example 1.3 to isolate and extract exosomes from Lycium barbarum, mainly by centrifuging the crude plant extract P1 twice at 12000 g for 70 min at 4°C. On average, it takes about 3 h for 500 mL. Table 1 Name labels of PEN isolated from Lycium barbarum using ultracentrifugation and layer-by-layer filtration Perform the following various detections on each plant exosome sample obtained from the above operations. The results show that they have the various characteristics and effects of exosomes described in the detailed description part of the above invention. As a representative example, the following gives the detection results of exosomes (name labels are shown in Table 1) obtained from 100 g of Lycium barbarum after the above treatment. 2.3 Physical properties of plant exosomes After performing NTA detection according to Example 1.5, count the particle concentration, particle size, and final volume of the plant exosomes obtained in Example 2.2 above. As shown in Table 2, the particle sizes of plant exosomes isolated and extracted by the methods of layer-by-layer filtration and ultracentrifugation are all in the range of 30 - 200 nm, but the yield of plant exosomes extracted by layer-by-layer filtration is significantly higher than that of exosomes extracted by ultracentrifugation. The results show that, in terms of both the efficiency of the exosome separation method and the final yield obtained, the layer-by-layer filtration method is significantly superior to ultracentrifugation. Table 2 Particle size and concentration of plant exosomes 2.4 Qualitative metabolomics analysis of plant exosomes 2.4.1 Analysis of specific metabolites The plant metabolomics analysis conducted according to Examples 1.9 to 1.11 showed that in terms of the number of metabolites identified in the Lycium barbarum exosomes obtained in Example 2.2, filtration layer by layer was higher than ultracentrifugation. Specifically, as shown in Table 3. After Venn diagram analysis, the metabolites unique to filtration layer by layer were also higher than those of ultracentrifugation. Table 3 Statistical table of Venn analysis of exosomes extracted from Lycium barbarum using filtration layer by layer and ultracentrifugation 2.4.2 Compound classification analysis Compound classification analysis classifies metabolites into sugars, amino acids, organic acids, lipids, etc. according to their structures and properties. Classified according to the HDMB compound classification hierarchy Superclass, the metabolites in Lycium barbarum exosomes are mainly concentrated in six categories, namely lipids and lipid-like molecules, organic oxygen compounds, phenylpropanoids and polyketides, organic heterocyclic compounds, organic acids and their derivatives, and benzene compounds. As shown in Figure 2-3. · The metabolite classifications that GQV01 has more than LyE01 are phenylpropanoids and polyketides (44), organic oxygen compounds (41), lipids and lipid-like molecules (34), organic acids and their derivatives (18), lignans, neolignans and related compounds (18), and organic heterocyclic compounds (16) 2.4.3 Lipid classification analysis Lipids and lipid-like molecules rank first in compound classification. Lipid classification mainly includes fatty acyl (FA), glycerolipids (GL), glycerophospholipids (GP), prenol lipids (PR), sphingolipids (SP), steroids (ST), and saccharolipids (SP). The lipids and lipid-like molecules in Lycium barbarum exosomes were classified and statistically analyzed. As shown in Table 4, the number of lipid types in the plant exosomes extracted by filtration layer by layer is more than that of ultracentrifugation. The contents of FA, PR, and ST in GQV01 are quite different from those in LyE01. Table 4 Comparison of lipid classification of Lycium barbarum exosomes 2.5 Analysis of differential metabolites between plant exosomes Univariate statistical analysis (t-test) combined with multivariate statistical analysis (OPLS-DA / PLS-DA) and fold change value (FC) were used to jointly screen differential metabolites. The screening conditions were P < 0.05, VIP > 1, and (FC < 1 or FC > 1, FC was not screened by default) [6]. As shown in Figure 4, there are 617 significantly different metabolites between GQV01 and LyE01, including 401 up-regulated metabolites and 216 down-regulated metabolites. 2.6 Analysis of differential metabolic pathways between plant exosomes Generally, multiple metabolites with interrelated functions constitute a metabolic pathway, and the cumulative expression differences of multiple metabolites in the metabolic pathway constitute the expression variation of the entire metabolic pathway. If the proportion of a certain pathway involved in differential metabolism is much greater than the proportion of this pathway involved in background metabolites, it is considered that the experimental treatment is related to the change of this metabolic pathway. During enrichment analysis, based on the KEGG database, pathways with significant enrichment are selected according to the enrichment P value less than 0.05. There are 73 pathways related to differential metabolites between GQV01 and LyE01, and a total of 11 pathways are significantly enriched. As shown in Figure 5, the differential metabolites of plant exosomes extracted by layer-by-layer filtration are mainly up-regulated in Metabolism compared with ultracentrifugation. The main pathways are tryptophan metabolism, arachidonic acid metabolism, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, starch and sucrose metabolism; alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism; galactose metabolism, ABC transporters, valine, leucine and isoleucine biosynthesis; biosynthesis of cutin, suberin and wax; linoleic acid metabolism, β-alanine metabolism, nucleotide metabolism, histidine metabolism, aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis, arginine biosynthesis, biosynthesis of various secondary metabolites. 2.7 TEM identification of plant exosomes separated by layer-by-layer filtration Through the above analysis of the particle concentration, particle size, yield and plant metabolomics of plant exosomes, it shows that the extraction method of layer-by-layer filtration is superior to ultracentrifugation, and higher-yield plant exosomes can be extracted in less time (equivalent to at least 40 times the yield of exosomes extracted by ultracentrifugation). Therefore, we further performed TEM on the plant exosomes extracted by layer-by-layer filtration. As shown in Figures 6A and 6B, wolfberry exosomes have a typical exosome-like saucer shape, and the particle size is in the range of 30 - 200 nm (see Figure 7), which meets the definition of extracellular vesicles by the International Society for Extracellular Vesicles (ISEV). 2.8 PKH67 detection of plant exosomes separated by layer-by-layer filtration The plant exosomes prepared in Example 2.2 above were stained in vitro with the lipophilic dye PKH67, and PKH67-positive particles were detected and analyzed by a nano-flow cytometer. As shown in Figures 8A and 8B, the positive rates of PKH67 of GQV01 are 64.5% or 68.8%. 2.9 Protein content detection of plant exosomes separated by layer-by-layer filtration The protein content of plant exosomes was detected, and it was found that the protein content of wolfberry exosomes was rich. Specifically, as shown in Figure 9A, the protein content of GQV01 was as high as 47434.90 μg / mL. 2.10 Detection of the anti-inflammatory activity of plant exosomes obtained by filtration layer by layer The efficacy of plant exosomes extracted by filtration layer by layer was detected, mainly by observing the inhibition rate of the release of TNF-α induced by LPS in RAW264.7 to evaluate. As shown in Figure 9B, the TNF-α inhibition rate of the positive control group with 1 μg / mL dexamethasone was 91.41%. When wolfberry exosomes with a particle concentration of 1×10 9 / mL were added, the TNF-α inhibition rate of GQV01 was 90.19%. The results showed that the wolfberry exosomes extracted by filtration layer by layer had satisfactory anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory activities. 2.11 Scaling-up process According to the filtration layer by layer method in Examples 1.1 - 1.2, 1000 g of wolfberry was processed to separate and extract exosomes to verify whether filtration layer by layer could process plant raw materials with a mass of about 1000 g or even more. After NTA detection according to Example 1.5, the particle concentration, particle size and final volume of the obtained plant exosomes were counted. As shown in Table 5, after scaling up the 100 g of plant raw materials for obtaining exosomes in Example 2.3 by 5 - 10 times (wolfberry was scaled up by 10 times), about 5000 mL of plant crude extract could be processed by increasing the membrane area in the filtration layer by layer method. The particle sizes of the separated and extracted plant exosomes were all in the range of 30 - 200 nm, and the final yield of the harvested exosomes was also considerable. Table 5 Particle size and concentration of plant exosomes after scaling up the filtration layer by layer process by 5 - 10 times 2.12 Cosmetic efficacy analysis of representative metabolites of wolfberry exosomes Non-targeted metabolomics was used to analyze the metabolites of GQ. A total of 1647 metabolites were identified in GQ. Compound classification analysis classifies metabolites into sugars, amino acids, organic acids, lipids, etc. according to their structures and properties. Comprehensive metabolic databases such as KEGG and HMDB commonly used have metabolite classification information, which can achieve quantitative classification analysis. Most compounds of the same type have similar physical and chemical properties or biological functions, which is convenient for data mining and the elaboration of biological significance. After analysis, the top 100 metabolites of GQ total metabolites were screened by average content, and the cosmetic efficacy analysis of metabolites was carried out according to compound classification (https: / / pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov / ). The results are shown in Table 6. Among them, there are 17 metabolites related to the skin, which are classified as carboxylic acids and their derivatives, flavonoids, organic oxygen compounds, cinnamic acids and their derivatives, coumarins and their derivatives, indoles and their derivatives, keto acids and their derivatives, hydroxy acids and their derivatives, and dihydrofurans. The possible effects in cosmetics are mainly anti-inflammatory, whitening, promoting collagen synthesis, and repairing the skin barrier

[0015] -

[0022] . Table 6 Efficacy of Representative Metabolites of GQ in Cosmetics 2.13. Repair and Moisturizing Effects of GQ on 3D Epidermal Skin Model Long-term exposure of the skin to ultraviolet light may lead to skin erythema, swelling, thickening, melanin deposition, cell sunburn, etc. We used UVB irradiation (600 mJ / cm 2 ) to simulate the damage of UV irradiation to the skin, and then carried out slicing and H&E staining for histological morphology observation This study used a 3D epidermal skin model Lot number: ES230501, provided by Guangdong Boxi Biotechnology Co., Ltd. The administration concentration of wolfberry exosomes was 1.33×10^8 particles / mL, the administration volume was 0.9 mL, and the administration dose was 1.197×10^8 particles. According to the test grouping, the groups that needed to be irradiated with UVB were irradiated with UVB (irradiation dose: 600 mJ / cm 2 ). After irradiation for 3 min 36 s, the model was placed in a CO2 incubator (37℃, 5% CO2) and incubated for another 24 h. After incubation, the residual test substance on the surface of the model was washed with sterile PBS, and the residual liquid inside and outside the model was wiped off with a sterile cotton swab After UVB irradiation, sunburn cells appeared in the epidermal model (Figure 10A). By counting the number of sunburn cells, it can be seen that after treatment with GQ, the skin can resist sunburn caused by ultraviolet rays, and GQ has excellent repair efficacy (Figure 10A-B). At the same time, we also detected the viability of the skin tissue (Figure 10C) and the trans-epidermal water loss rate (TEWL; Figure 10D). The experimental results show that GQ has the ability to relieve the damage of the skin tissue after stimulation and has a repair function on the skin barrier (Figure 10C), and can prevent the epidermal water loss rate after UVB irradiation (Figure 10D) 2.14 Regulation of GQ on the Expression of Skin Barrier Proteins To further study the repair effect of GQ on the skin barrier, we sectioned the 3D epidermal skin model and performed immunohistochemical detection of skin barrier proteins and statistical analysis of the content of each protein by integrated optical density (IOD) (Figure 11). Filaggrin (FLG), loricrin (LOR), and Claudins are key components in the assembly process of the cornified protein membrane sheath and the formation of tight junction structures. We specifically performed immunohistochemical detection of the three proteins (Figure 11A) and separately counted the expression levels of the three barrier proteins (Figure 11B). The results showed that in the UVB-irradiated epidermal model, GQ treatment significantly increased the expression levels of FLG, LOR, and CLDN1, with the promotion rates being 77.50%, 130.00%, and 80.00% respectively. 2.15 Effect of GQ on skin moisturization For the study of moisturization, we detected the expression of aquaporins and moisturizing factors in the epidermal model through experiments. We specifically detected the expression of aquaporin 3 (AQP3) in the epidermal model by immunofluorescence. The results showed that GQ could significantly upregulate the expression of AQP3 in the skin after the skin was subjected to external stimuli (Figure 12A - B). In addition, we also detected the expression of the natural moisturizing factor PCA by HPLC (Figure 12C). PCA is formed by the hydrolysis of FLG by Caspase-14 and can effectively adsorb and lock in moisture, strengthening the moisturizing barrier. GQ could significantly increase the content of PCA in the epidermis, and its effect was better than that of the positive control (WY14643) and the unstimulated normal control group (con), indicating its excellent moisturizing effect. 2.16 Mitigation effect of GQ on lipid peroxidation Lipid peroxide (MDA) is also an important detection index for cell oxidative damage. Through detection by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), we found that the content of malondialdehyde in the 3D epidermal model increased significantly after ultraviolet irradiation, while the lipid peroxidation in the GQ treatment group was significantly alleviated (Figure 13). References [1] Zhang M, Viennois E, Prasad M, Zhang Y, Wang L, Zhang Z, Han MK, Xiao B, Xu C, Srinivasan S, Merlin D. Edible ginger-derived nanoparticles: A novel therapeutic approach for the prevention and treatment of inflammatory bowel disease and colitis-associated cancer. Biomaterials. 2016 Sep;101:321-40. [2] Mu J, Zhuang X, Wang Q, Jiang H, Deng ZB, Wang B, Zhang L, Kakar S, Jun Y, Miller D, Zhang HG. Interspecies communication between plant and mouse gut host cells through edible plant derived exosome-like nanoparticles. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2014 Jul;58(7):1561-73. [3] Baldini N, Torreggiani E, Roncuzzi L, Perut F, Zini N, Avnet S. Exosome-like Nanovesicles Isolated from Citrus limon L. Exert Antioxidative Effect. Curr Pharm Biotechnol. 2018;19(11):877-885. [4] Mu N, Li J, Zeng L, et al. Plant-Derived Exosome-Like Nanovesicles: Current Progress and Prospects. Int J Nanomedicine. 2023;18:4987-5009. Published 2023 Sep 5. [5]Théry C, Witwer KW, Aikawa E, et al. Minimal information for studies of extracellular vesicles 2018 (MISEV2018): a position statement of the International Society for Extracellular Vesicles and update of the MISEV2014 guidelines. J Extracell Vesicles. 2018;7(1):1535750. [6]Wang X, Li J, Zhang A H. Urine metabolic phenotypes analysis of extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma disease using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry[J]. RSC Advances, 2016,6(67):63049 - 63057. [7]CN108384743A. [8]Elias PM. The stratum corneum as an organ of protection: old and new concepts. Curr Probl Dermatol. 1989;18:10 - 21. doi:10.1159 / 000416833. [9].Li Z, Jiang R, Wang M, et al. Ginsenosides repair UVB-induced skin barrier damage in BALB / c hairless mice and HaCaT keratinocytes. J Ginseng Res. 2022;46(1):115 - 125. doi:10.1016 / J.JGR.2021.05.001.

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[0018] . I, L, A, et al. Melatonin in Dermatologic Allergic Diseases and Other Skin Conditions: Current Trends and Reports. Int J Mol Sci. 2023;24(4). doi:10.3390 / IJMS24044039.

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Claims

1. A method for separating and extracting plant exosomes, specifically a method for separating and extracting plant exosomes by depth filtration, the method comprising the following steps: (a) Obtaining plant materials; (b) Pretreating the obtained plant materials to obtain a crude plant extract; and (c) Subjecting the obtained crude plant extract to stepwise filtration treatment, wherein, in step (c), the stepwise filtration treatment includes a depth filtration step and an optional membrane filtration step.

2. The method according to claim 1, wherein in step (c), at least one membrane filtration step is carried out after the depth filtration step; preferably, the membrane filtration includes anti-clogging membrane filtration, or further includes sterilizing membrane filtration; more preferably, the membrane filtration consists of anti-clogging membrane filtration and sterilizing membrane filtration carried out in sequence.

3. The method according to claim 2, wherein the pore size of the anti-clogging membrane filtration is about 0.4 - 0.8 μm, preferably about 0.45 - 0.8 μm, more preferably about 0.45 μm; the pore size of the sterilizing membrane filtration is about 0.1 - 0.3 μm, preferably about 0.1 - 0.22 μm, more preferably about 0.22 μm.

4. The method according to any one of claims 1 - 3, wherein in step (c), the depth filtration uses depth filtration with a pore size of 1 - 50 μm, preferably depth filtration with a pore size of 2 - 30 μm, more preferably depth filtration with a pore size of 6 - 30 μm.

5. The method according to any one of claims 1-4, wherein in step (c), the depth filtration loading is about 50-200 L / m 2 , the filtration flow rate is about 100-1000 LMH; and / or the depth filtration step is carried out using a depth capsule filter, preferably a depth capsule filter with a double-layer membrane structure.

6. The method according to any one of claims 1 - 5, wherein the plant materials are selected from wolfberries.

7. The method according to any one of claims 1 - 6, wherein the weight of the plant raw materials that the method can process is at least about 100 g, 200 g, 300 g, 400 g, 500 g, 600 g, 700 g, 800 g, 900 g, 1000 g, 2000 g, 3000 g, 4000 g, 5000 g, 6000 g, 7000 g, 8000 g, 9000 g, 10000 g, 50000 g, or 100000 g; and / or the yield of the method is increased by at least about 40 times compared with the ultracentrifugation method.

8. Plant exosomes, which are prepared by the method according to any one of claims 1 - 7 or the plant exosomes are derived from wolfberries.

9. The plant exosomes according to claim 8, which have more metabolites in one or more of the following aspects compared with the plant exosomes prepared by the ultracentrifugation method: lipids and lipid-like molecules, organic oxygen compounds, phenylpropanoids and polyketides, organic heterocyclic compounds, organic acids and their derivatives, and / or benzene compounds.

10. A plant exosome composition, comprising the plant exosomes according to claim 8 or 9, and optionally suitable excipients or carriers.

11. The plant exosome composition according to claim 10, which is a pharmaceutical composition, a food composition, a beauty or cosmetic composition, or a nutraceutical composition.

12. Use of the plant exosomes of claim 8 or 9 or the plant exosome composition of claim 10 or 11 in the preparation of a drug, food, nutraceutical, or beauty or cosmetic product, wherein the product is used for treating or preventing inflammation, preferably skin inflammation, or for assisting in improving, alleviating or controlling inflammation, preferably skin inflammation, or for enhancing skin barrier function, repairing, anti - inflammation, antioxidant, anti - aging, whitening or moisturizing in the field of dermatology.

13. The use of claim 12, wherein the drug, food, nutraceutical, or beauty or cosmetic product is used for enhancing skin barrier function, such as increasing the synthesis of filaggrin, loricrin and / or CLDN1 protein; for skin repair, such as reducing the production of sunburn cells, improving skin tissue vitality and / or reducing the transepidermal water loss rate of the skin; for skin moisturization, such as promoting the expression of aquaporin 3 and / or increasing the PCA content; and / or for skin antioxidant, such as reducing the content of MDA.

14. Use of the plant exosomes of claim 8 or 9 or the plant exosome composition of claim 10 or 11 for treating or preventing inflammation, preferably skin inflammation, or for assisting in improving, alleviating or controlling inflammation, preferably skin inflammation, or for enhancing skin barrier function, repairing, anti - inflammation, antioxidant, anti - aging, whitening or moisturizing in the field of dermatology.

15. The use of claim 14, wherein the plant exosomes or plant exosome composition is used for enhancing skin barrier function, such as increasing the synthesis of filaggrin, loricrin and / or CLDN1 protein; for skin repair, such as reducing the production of sunburn cells, improving skin tissue vitality and / or reducing the transepidermal water loss rate of the skin; for skin moisturization, such as promoting the expression of aquaporin 3 and / or increasing the PCA content; and / or for skin antioxidant, such as reducing the content of MDA.

16. A method for treating or preventing inflammation, preferably skin inflammation, which comprises administering the plant exosome composition of claim 10 or 11 to a subject in need thereof.

17. A method for enhancing skin barrier function, repairing, anti - inflammation, antioxidant, anti - aging, whitening or moisturizing in dermatology, which comprises administering the beauty or cosmetic composition and / or nutraceutical composition of claim 11 to a subject in need thereof.

18. A method for improving, alleviating or controlling dermatological symptoms, which comprises administering the plant exosome composition of claim 10 or 11 to a subject in need thereof.

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