Beam forming for waveguide-based end-fire antenna array
The waveguide-based end-fire antenna array employs dielectric plugs for passive beam tilting and a feed network with chamfered corners to achieve compact, efficient, and cost-effective beam shaping and tilting, addressing size and reliability issues in mmWave communications.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2024/077073
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2024-02-08
- Publication Date
- 2025-08-14
AI Technical Summary
Existing waveguide-based end-fire antenna arrays face challenges in achieving compact size, efficient beam shaping, and cost-effective beam tilting due to high atmospheric absorption and small cell sizes in mmWave communications, with existing electrical and mechanical techniques being costly and unreliable.
A waveguide-based end-fire antenna array using dielectric plugs within radiation elements to create progressive phase delays, allowing for passive beam tilting without increasing size or complexity, and utilizing a feed network with chamfered corners and angled feedpaths for impedance matching.
Enables compact, efficient, and cost-effective beam shaping and tilting with reduced interference, maintaining high gain and low loss, and allowing for flexible beam adjustment post-production.
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Figure CN2024077073_14082025_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
BEAM FORMING FOR WAVEGUIDE-BASED END-FIRE ANTENNA ARRAYFIELD
[0001] The present application relates to waveguide-based antenna arrays and, in particular, to methods and devices for realizing beam forming or beam shaping for waveguide-based end-fire antenna arrays.BACKGROUND
[0002] The move to higher capacity wireless communications links has made millimeter-wave (mmWave or mm-wave) technologies more attractive. They can enable high capacity and low latency wireless networks; however, electromagnetic signals at mm-wave frequencies can suffer from high atmospheric absorption. Accordingly, antennas need to be designed for high gain to overcome the attenuation problems.
[0003] The smaller cell sizes of high-capacity next generation wireless networks mean that small compact base stations are important. This puts pressure on the antenna design to be compact and efficient.
[0004] BRIEF SUMMARY
[0005] In one aspect, the present application describes a waveguide-based end-fire antenna. The antenna may include an antenna array formed from a set of radiation elements connected to an input port by a feed network of power dividers, the set of radiation elements having a common output plane and a common depth; and a set of dielectric plugs disposed in the set of radiation elements, wherein each respective dielectric plug has a respective length extending from the common output plane into a respective one of the radiation elements of the set, the respective length being less than the common depth and being selected to produce a respective phase delay for that respective one of radiation elements, wherein the respective phase delays produce a shaped beam radiation pattern.
[0006] In some implementations, the shaped beam radiation pattern is a tilted beam radiation pattern, and the respective phase delays caused by the set of dielectric plugs produce a progressive phase difference between any one of the radiation elements and its adjacent radiation element.
[0007] In some implementations, the progressive phase difference is selected to realize a desired beam tilt angle, and the progressive phase difference is based on a spacing between adjacent radiation elements and a design wavelength of the antenna array. In some cases, the progressive phase difference, φ, is determined by:
[0008] wherein d is the spacing between adjacent radiation elements, λ is the design wavelength of the antenna array, and θ is the desired beam tilt angle.
[0009] In some implementations, the respective length of each dielectric plug is determined based on a relative permittivity of the dielectric plug, the progressive phase difference, and a position of the respective radiation element in the set of radiation elements.
[0010] In some implementations, the set of radiation elements are spaced apart and disposed in a series along an array axis, and the respective length of each respective dielectric plug is determined based on the progressive phase difference and an index for that corresponding radiation element in the series. In some cases, the index ranges from 0 to N-1, where N is a number of radiation elements in the series, and the respective length of each respective dielectric plug is determined to generate the respective phase delay given by the index times the progressive phase difference. In some cases, the set of radiation elements are equally spaced apart and disposed in the series along the array axis. In some examples, they may be spaced apart by no more than one half wavelength. The one half wavelength may be measured from a centerpoint of one of the radiation elements to a centerpoint of an adjacent one of the radiation elements.
[0011] In some implementations, the radiation elements comprise waveguide channels terminating at the common output plane.
[0012] In some implementations, the radiation elements and the feed network of power dividers is constructed from aluminum using computer numerical control machining.
[0013] In a further aspect, the present application describes a wireless base station for sending and receiving wireless communications. The wireless base station may include a waveguide-based end-fire antenna, including an antenna array formed from a set of radiation elements connected to an input port by a feed network of power dividers, the set of radiation elements having a common output plane and a common depth; and a set of dielectric plugs disposed in the set of radiation elements, wherein each respective dielectric plug has a respective length extending from the common output plane into a respective one of the radiation elements of the set of radiation elements, the respective length being less than the common depth and being selected to produce a respective phase delay for that respective one of radiation elements, wherein the respective phase delays produce a shaped beam radiation pattern.
[0014] In a further aspect, the present application describes a method of beam shaping for a waveguide-based end-fire antenna. The method may include providing an antenna array formed from a set of radiation elements connected to an input port by a feed network of power dividers, the set of radiation elements having a common output plane and a common depth; and inserting a set of dielectric plugs in the set of radiation elements, wherein each respective dielectric plug has a respective length extending from the common output plane into a respective one of the radiation elements of the set of radiation elements, the respective length being less than the common depth and being selected to produce a respective phase delay for that respective one of radiation elements, wherein the respective phase delays produce a shaped beam radiation pattern.
[0015] In some implementations, the shaped beam radiation pattern is a tilted beam radiation pattern, and the respective phase delays caused by the dielectric plugs produce a progressive phase difference between any one of the radiation elements and its adjacent radiation element.
[0016] In some implementations, the method may include selecting the progressive phase difference to realize a desired beam tilt angle, and the progressive phase difference may be based on a spacing between adjacent radiation elements and a design wavelength of the antenna array. In some cases, the progressive phase difference, φ, is determined by:
[0017] wherein d is the spacing between adjacent radiation elements, λ is the design wavelength of the antenna array, and θ is the desired beam tilt angle.
[0018] In some implementations, the method may include selecting the respective length of each dielectric plug based on a relative permittivity of the dielectric plug, the progressive phase difference, and a position of the corresponding radiation element in the set of radiation elements.
[0019] In some implementations, the set of radiation elements are spaced apart and disposed in a series along an array axis, and wherein the method further comprises selecting the respective length of each respective dielectric plug based on the progressive phase difference and an index for that respective radiation element in the series. In some cases, the index ranges from 0 to N-1, where N is a number of radiation elements in the series, and the respective length of each respective dielectric plug is determined to generate the respective phase delay given by the index times the progressive phase difference.
[0020] In yet another aspect, the present application describes a waveguide-based end-fire antenna array. The array includes an input aperture; a set of radiation elements having a common output plane; and a feed network of waveguide paths including one or more power dividers connecting the input aperture to the set of radiation elements. The one or more power dividers include one or more T-dividers and, at a last stage, a Y-divider. The Y-divider includes an upwardly-extending input path and a junction with two inclined waveguide paths leading to a pair of the radiation elements, and the junction is formed with a downwardly-depending triangular shaped septum.
[0021] In some implementations, the T-dividers include a downwardly-depending triangular splitter between two outwardly-extending horizontal paths.
[0022] In some implementations, the two outwardly-extending horizontal paths each include a raised ridge at a point where the horizontal paths meet an upwardly-extending input path to the T-divider.
[0023] In some implementations, the radiation elements include a multi-step transformer.
[0024] In some implementations, the feed network includes a plurality of L-junctions at which a horizontal path connects to a vertical path, and the L-junctions are formed with a chamfered external corner.
[0025] Other aspects and features of the present application will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art from a review of the following description of examples in conjunction with the accompanying figures.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0026] Reference will now be made, by way of example, to the accompanying drawings in which:
[0027] FIG. 1 shows a side view of a waveguide-based end-fire antenna array;
[0028] FIG. 2 shows a close up of a pair of radiation elements of the antenna array;
[0029] FIG. 3A shows a graph of return loss within the operating band of one example of the antenna array;
[0030] FIG. 3B shows a graph of gain over the operating band of one example of the antenna array;
[0031] FIGs. 4A to 4C show example graphs of the radiation pattern of the antenna array at various frequencies;
[0032] FIG. 5 shows a simplified example of a waveguide-based end-fire antenna array;
[0033] FIG. 6 shows one example of beam steering of an antenna array using dielectric plugs;
[0034] FIG. 7 shows another example of beam steering of an antenna array using dielectric plugs;
[0035] FIG. 8 shows a gain plot illustrating the beam tilting of the example of FIG. 6;
[0036] FIG. 9 shows a gain plot illustrating the beam tilting of the example of FIG. 7; and
[0037] FIG. 10 shows a graph of return loss over the operating band for an example antenna array under unloaded, -5 degree tilting, and -15 degree tilting conditions.
[0038] Like reference numerals are used in the drawings to denote like elements and features.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0039] In the present application, the phrase “at least one of…or…” is intended to cover any one or more of the listed elements, including any one of the listed elements alone, any sub-combination, or all of the elements, without necessarily excluding any additional elements, and without necessarily requiring all of the elements. The term “and / or” is intended to indicate that either of the two elements may be included or both of the elements may be included.
[0040] In some of the examples below, waveguide-based array antennas are described. In describing operation of the antennas or their characteristics, the description may focus on describing transmission of waves from the antenna. Even if the description focuses on transmitting waves for illustrative purposes, it will be appreciated that the same elements of beam shaping, gain, etc., are applicable to reception of electromagnetic waves using the antenna array.
[0041] As noted above, higher capacity wireless communications links are likely to rely on millimeter-wave technologies. Waveguide antennas are attractive options for transmission of mm-wave signals. They advantageously provide low losses and capability for high power handling. Many waveguide-based antenna arrays for mm-wave signals are end-fired arrays. The beam shape of such an array may be non-ideal for many applications. For example, in a base station, the standard beam shape of a waveguide-based antenna array, depending on its design, may produce significant side lobes. In some cases, they can be highly directional with a narrow main beam; however, in many installations that may be less than optimal. In many cases, beam tilting may be desirable so as to reduce interference and to direct the beam energy within a desired cell location.
[0042] There are various electrical and mechanical techniques for beam shaping and, in particular, beam tilting, some of which involve electrical phase shifting components and / or mechanical antenna tilting features. Both have drawbacks in cost, size, and reliability.
[0043] A waveguide-based end-fired antenna array may employ a multi-stage feed network between the radiation elements and the input aperture. The stages may include a series of waveguide power dividers to ensure the different radiation elements of the array are all fed the same propagating signal at the same time.
[0044] In one aspect, the present application describes a new antenna array that includes radiation elements having a last-stage power divider configured to enable suitable element spacing and impedance matching. In particular, in some examples the antenna array includes chamfered corners. In some examples, the antenna array includes angled feedpaths. In some examples, the power dividers include downwardly-depending triangular splitters.
[0045] Reference is first made to FIG. 1, which shows a side view of the architecture of an example waveguide-based end-fire antenna array 100. The antenna array 100 may be fabricated using any suitable manufacturing technique, such as computer numerical control (CNC) machining, and any suitable material, such as aluminum as an example.
[0046] The antenna array 100 includes 5 power divider stages to result in 32 radiation elements 102. The size of the paths may be designed to correspond to any suitable waveguide standard, depending on the operating frequency band intended for the antenna. In one example, the waveguide paths conform to the WR22 standard.
[0047] The antenna array 100 includes an input aperture 104 followed by four stages of T-dividers 106. The T-dividers 106 each include a downwardly-depending triangular splitter 108 between opposing horizonal paths extending outwards from the T-divider 106. The bottom surface of the outwardly-extending horizontal paths may include a raised ridge 110 at the point where the upwardly-extending input path meets the horizontal paths of the T-divider 106. The combination of the downwardly-depending triangular splitter 108 and the raised ridges 110 may provide suitable tuned matching and equal power splitting.
[0048] It may also be noted that there are L-junctions 112 at which the horizontal paths transition to upwardly-extending paths leading to the next T-divider 106. The L-junctions 112 feature a chamfered external corner 114 to improve impedance matching.
[0049] FIG. 2 shows a close up of a pair of radiation elements 102 and a Y-divider 206 as the fifth-stage power divider. The Y-divider includes a downwardly-depending triangular splitter 208 between opposing angled inclined paths extending outwards and upwards from the junction of the Y-divider 206.
[0050] Although the input to the Y-divider 206 may be designed with dimensions that conform to a waveguide standard, such as WR22, the effect of the Y-divider 206 may be to narrow the waveguide path. The radiation elements 102 may then include a set of one or more step transformers 210 that result in widening the radiation element to the point that it conforms to the waveguide standard, such as WR22, at its output face. The multi-step transformers 210 may assist with wideband impedance matching.
[0051] Notably, an output width 220 of the radiation element 102 is relatively larger than a septum 222 dividing adjacent radiation elements 102. The same spacing appears between adjacent pairs of radiation elements 102, as can be seen in FIG. 1. The use of the multi-step transformers 210 may further enable the antenna array 100 to realize close spacing of radiation elements 102 while still allowing the septum 222 to provide the downwardly-depending triangular splitter 208 at the Y-divider 206. The close arrangement of adjacent radiation elements 102 enables the realization of 0.5λ element spacing. By keeping the radiation element 102 spacing to 0.5λ or lower, the antenna array 100 may avoid the appearance of grating lobes under conditions of beam tilting to sharp angles. Beam tilting is described further below.
[0052] For example, in one implementation, the antenna array 100 is designed for operation over the 37 GHz to 42 GHz band, with a center frequency at 39.5 GHz. In such a case, the 0.5λ spacing means a total spacing of 3.795 mm. If the output width 220 of the radiation element 102 is 2.845 mm, then the septum 222 is 0.950 mm.It will be appreciated that this is one illustrative example and that other sizes may be used in other implementations.
[0053] FIG. 3A shows a graph 300 of return loss within the operating band. The dashed line indicates a measured return loss from a manufactured prototype of the antenna array 100 under test conditions. The solid like shows results from a simulated version of the antenna array 100 using computer modeling.
[0054] FIG. 3B shows a graph 302 of gain in dB over the operating band. The dashed line shows the measured gain and the solid line shows the simulated gain. The discrepancy between measured and simulated gain may be due to loss attributable the connector at the input aperture 104 (FIG. 1) and / or fabrication tolerances.
[0055] The overall size of the antenna array 100 (FIG. 1) is fairly compact, being just 6.5λ high by 16λ wide, and having a depth of about 0.75λ.
[0056] FIGs. 4A to 4C show example graphs of the radiation pattern of the antenna array 100 (FIG. 1) for measured cases at various frequencies.
[0057] As noted above, in certain applications it is desirable to be able to shape an end-fired waveguide-based beam. As an example, if an antenna array is used in a base station for wireless communications, the mounting of the base station in an elevated position may make down-tilting of the beam desirable in order to direct the beam within the desired cell, thereby minimizing interference and unnecessary energy lost to beam propagation upwards.
[0058] In accordance with another aspect of the present application, beam shaping is realized in a waveguide-based antenna array using a series of dielectric plugs disposed within the radiating ends of the array elements. The respective lengths of the dielectric plugs cause a phase delay in the wave for that antenna element. Through selection of suitable plugs, the phase delays can be designed to produce particular beam shaping. For example, a certain series of progressively increasing phase delays in series in an antenna array may result in a certain angle of beam tilting. Advantageously, the dielectric plugs produce the beam shaping by way of passive elements that do not increase antenna size or complexity and are very low cost. Moreover, they can be selected and / or changed after antenna production so as to realize a particular beam shaping suitable for a particular application.
[0059] Reference is now made to FIG. 5, which shows a cross-sectional view of an array antenna 500 having a set of radiation elements 502 fed by an antenna feed network 504, The antenna feed network 504 may be a structure of waveguides and power dividers that route an input wave through the network to the series of radiation elements 502. The radiation elements 502 are the final portions of the waveguides that make up the feed network and they end at an outer plane 506. The electromagnetic wave propagates out from the radiation elements 502 to form the beam. The radiation elements 502 may have cross section that is rectangular in many implementations. In this example, six radiation elements 502 are shown, but the antenna array 500 may be made up of fewer or more elements.
[0060] In order to shape (e.g. tilt) the beam output by an end-fired waveguide-based antenna array, such as the antenna array 500, the radiation elements 502 can be fed waves with different phase delays. To tilt a beam, a certain progression in phase delay between waves fed to each of the radiation elements 502 may produce the desired degree of tilt. However, designing a passive feed network to produce such a delay can be difficult and prone to error. Moreover, once implemented it is fixed. Electronic or mechanical means may be employed to impose phase delays on waves fed to the radiation elements 502 if separate input ports are used for the separate radiation elements 502 but this introduces additional cost and points of potential failure, as well as additional potential bulk to the antenna.
[0061] A plane wave that travels through a dielectric material can experience phase delay as compared to a plane wave traveling through free space. The relative permittivity and length of the dielectric material determines the degree of phase delay. Accordingly, the antenna array 500 of this example includes a set of dielectric plugs 508, indicated individually as 508a, 508b, 508c, 508d, and 508e. Each of the dielectric plugs 508 has a respective length.
[0062] The radiation elements 502 are spaced apart and arranged in a series from a first element to a sixth element. They are arranged linearly along an array axis.
[0063] In this example, the first radiation element 502 has no dielectric plug, meaning no phase delay occurs for the plane wave emitted from that radiation element 502. The second radiation element 502 has a dielectric plug 508a of a first length that produces a first phase delay in the wave emitted from that second radiation element 502. The third radiation element 502 has a dielectric plug 508b of a second length longer than the first length. Accordingly, it produces a second phase delay in the wave emitted from that third radiation element 502. The second phase delay is longer than the first phase delay. Similarly, the fourth radiation element 502 has a dielectric plug 508c of a third length longer than the second length and produces a third phase delay that is greater than the second phase delay. As can be seen, each successive dielectric plug 508 is longer than the previous, meaning the phase delays are progressively longer for each radiation element 502 of the array. These progressively increasing phase delays result in shaping and, in this example, tilting of the beam emitted by the antenna array.
[0064] In an antenna array, to realize a beam-tilt angle of θ, the required progressive phase difference between successive elements of the array can be calculated by using the below equation:
[0065] In this example, the desired beam-tilt angle is θ, the wavelength of the propagating wave is λ, the element spacing of the array is d, and represents the required progressive phase difference from element to element in the array. The equation presumes that the elements of the array are equally spaced apart. The element spacing d may be from centerpoint of an element to centerpoint of the adjacent element.
[0066] Once the progressive phase difference has been determined, the height of each dielectric plug may be determined that will produce that phase difference. In some cases, simulation tools may be used. The phase delay caused by a dielectric having a particular relative permittivity with a regard to a signal at a particular frequency can be determined using standard equations. Reference may be made, by way of example, to D. Pozar, Microwave Engineering, 3rd Ed. John Wiley &Sons, 2005, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference.
[0067] The dielectric plugs may be made from any suitable dielectric material. In one example, the plugs are made from a polypropylene material having a relative permittivity of ∈r = 2.2.
[0068] Using the example antenna of FIG. 1, the length of the radiation elements can be designed to provide sufficient space for placement of dielectric plugs. As described above, the example antenna has an element spacing of half a wavelength. In one example implementation, the radiation elements may be extended in length to have a common depth of over 10 mm (roughly 1.3 λ in this example) . An example is illustrated in FIG. 6, which shows an example antenna array 600.
[0069] With element spacing d = 0.5 λ and with a desired beam tilt of -15 degrees (e.g. ) , the respective phase delay at each successive radiation element is:
[0070] This results in a phase delay of 0.2618 π radians (i.e. 46.6 degrees) . In this example, that phase delay can be caused using a dielectric plug of 1.47 mm with a relative permittivity of ∈r = 2.2. That is, each dielectric plug should be 1.47 mm longer than the previous plug to produce an additional 46.6 degree phase delay.
[0071] It will be appreciated that once the cumulative phase delay exceeds 360 degrees (2 π radians) , the needed phase delay will be realized through a plug that is a fraction of 1.47mm. In one example, the needed phase delay may be calculated as the phase delay time an index corresponding to the position of the radiation element in the series of N radiation elements, where the index ranges from 0 to N-1. For example, with a phase delay of 46.6 degrees, the seventh (7) plug placed in the eighth (8) radiation element will be 10.29 mm long and will produce a phase delay of 7*46.6 = 326.2 degrees. The subsequent radiation element will need to realize a phase delay of 372.8, which is equivalent to a phase delay of 12.8 degrees. This is realizable through a dielectric plug of length 0.40 mm.
[0072] Referring again to FIG. 6, the antenna array 600 in this example includes a series or set of dielectric plugs 604 (shown individually as 604a, 604b, …) . Radiation elements 602 (shown individually as 602a, 602b, …) have respective dielectric plugs 604 disposed within them. The first of the radiation elements 602a does not contain a dielectric plug as no phase delay is needed for this element. The second of the radiation elements 602b contains a first of the dielectric plugs 604a having a length of 1.47 mm to produce a phase delay of 46.6 degrees for that radiation element 602b. The third of the radiation elements 602c contains a second one of the dielectric plugs 604b having a length of 2.94 mm to produce a phase delay of 93.2 degrees for that radiation element 602c, and so on. It will be noted that the ninth radiation element 602i contains a short plug of length 0.40 mm that will result in a phase delay of 12.8 degrees. Each successive dielectric plug 604 is designed to result in 46.6 degrees of further phase delay from the dielectric plug 604 in previous radiation element 602. It will be noted that the dielectric plugs 604 in these examples are set within the radiation element 602 such that the end of the plug 604 is flush with the radiating end of the radiation element 602.
[0073] In another example, if the desired beam tilt is -5 degrees (e.g. ) , the resulting required phase delay is 0.087 π radians (i.e. 15.7 degrees) . In this example, that phase delay can be caused using a dielectric plug of 0.49 mm with a relative permittivity of ∈r = 2.2.
[0074] FIG. 7 shows an example antenna array 700 with a series or set of dielectric plugs 704 set within radiation elements 702. It will be noted that the progressive change in dielectric plug 704 length in this example is smaller than the progressive change in dielectric plug 704 length in the previous example, since each successive plug 704 is only 0.49 mm longer than the previous plug 704 in the series.
[0075] FIG. 8 shows a radiation pattern 800 from a simulation test with an antenna array constructed as shown in FIG. 6 with dielectric plugs arranged to generate a -15 degree beam tilt. The test is based on a 39.5 GHz center frequency. Plots are shown for 37 GHz, 39.5 GHz, and 42 GHz. The radiation pattern 800 shows a main lobe centered at -15 degrees shifted from zero. A beam squint of about 2 degrees and gain variation of about 1.8 dBi is seen over the band spanning 37 –42 GHz. The gain at the center frequency of 39.5 GHz is about 20.6 dBi, which is only about 2 dB lower than simulated gain of the same antenna array without dielectric plugs.
[0076] FIG. 9 shows a radiation pattern 900 from a simulation test with an antenna array constructed as shown in FIG. 7 with dielectric plugs arranged to generate a -5 degree beam tilt. It will be noted that the main lobe is shifted -5 degrees from zero. There is no beam squint and the gain variation over the band is about 1.3 dBi.
[0077] FIG. 10 shows a return loss pattern 1000 for unloaded, -5 degree, and -15 degree cases.
[0078] The various embodiments presented above are merely examples and are in no way meant to limit the scope of this application. Variations of the innovations described herein will be apparent to persons of ordinary skill in the art, such variations being within the intended scope of the present application. In particular, features from one or more of the above-described example embodiments may be selected to create alternative example embodiments including a sub-combination of features which may not be explicitly described above. In addition, features from one or more of the above-described example embodiments may be selected and combined to create alternative example embodiments including a combination of features which may not be explicitly described above. Features suitable for such combinations and sub-combinations would be readily apparent to persons skilled in the art upon review of the present application as a whole. The subject matter described herein and in the recited claims intends to cover and embrace all suitable changes in technology.
Claims
1. A waveguide-based end-fire antenna, comprising:an antenna array formed from a set of radiation elements connected to an input port by a feed network of power dividers, the set of radiation elements having a common output plane and a common depth; anda set of dielectric plugs disposed in the set of radiation elements, wherein each respective dielectric plug has a respective length extending from the common output plane into a respective one of the radiation elements of the set of radiation elements, the respective length being less than the common depth and being selected to produce a respective phase delay for that respective one of radiation elements, wherein the respective phase delays produce a shaped beam radiation pattern.2.The waveguide-based end-fire antenna of claim 1, wherein the shaped beam radiation pattern is a tilted beam radiation pattern, and the respective phase delays caused by the set of dielectric plugs produce a progressive phase difference between any one of the radiation elements and its adjacent radiation element.3.The waveguide-based end-fire antenna of claim 2, wherein the progressive phase difference is selected to realize a desired beam tilt angle, and wherein the progressive phase difference is based on a spacing between adjacent radiation elements and a design wavelength of the antenna array.
4. The waveguide-based end-fire antenna of claim 3, wherein the progressive phase difference, φ, is determined by wherein d is the spacing between adjacent radiation elements, λ is the design wavelength of the antenna array, and θ is the desired beam tilt angle.5.The waveguide-based end-fire antenna of any one of claims 2 to 4, wherein the respective length of each dielectric plug is determined based on a relative permittivity of the dielectric plug, the progressive phase difference, and a position of the respective radiation element in the set of radiation elements.6.The waveguide-based end-fire antenna of claim 2, wherein the set of radiation elements are spaced apart and disposed in a series along an array axis, and wherein the respective length of each respective dielectric plug is determined based on the progressive phase difference and an index for that corresponding radiation element in the series.7.The waveguide-based end-fire antenna of claim 6, wherein the index ranges from 0 to N-1, where N is a number of radiation elements in the series, and the respective length of each respective dielectric plug is determined to generate the respective phase delay given by the index times the progressive phase difference.8.The waveguide-based end-fire antenna of claim 6 or claim 7, wherein the set of radiation elements are equally spaced apart and disposed in the series along the array axis.9.The waveguide-based end-fire antenna of claim 8, wherein the radiation elements are spaced apart by no more than one half wavelength.10.The waveguide-based end-fire antenna of claim 9, wherein the one half wavelength is measured from a centerpoint of one of the radiation elements to a centerpoint of an adjacent one of the radiation elements.11.The waveguide-based end-fire antenna of any one of claims 1 to 10, wherein the radiation elements comprise waveguide channels terminating at the common output plane.12.The waveguide-based end-fire antenna of any one of claims 1 to 11, wherein the radiation elements and the feed network of power dividers is constructed from aluminum using computer numerical control machining.13.A wireless base station for sending and receiving wireless communications, the wireless base station comprising:a waveguide-based end-fire antenna, includingan antenna array formed from a set of radiation elements connected to an input port by a feed network of power dividers, the set of radiation elements having a common output plane and a common depth; anda set of dielectric plugs disposed in the set of radiation elements, wherein each respective dielectric plug has a respective length extending from the common output plane into a respective one of the radiation elements of the set of radiation elements, the respective length being less than the common depth and being selected to produce a respective phase delay for that respective one of radiation elements, wherein the respective phase delays produce a shaped beam radiation pattern.14.A method of beam shaping for a waveguide-based end-fire antenna, comprising:providing an antenna array formed from a set of radiation elements connected to an input port by a feed network of power dividers, the set of radiation elements having a common output plane and a common depth; andinserting a set of dielectric plugs in the set of radiation elements, wherein each respective dielectric plug has a respective length extending from the common output plane into a respective one of the radiation elements of the set of radiation elements, the respective length being less than the common depth and being selected to produce a respective phase delay for that respective one of radiation elements, wherein the respective phase delays produce a shaped beam radiation pattern.15.The method of claim 14, wherein the shaped beam radiation pattern is a tilted beam radiation pattern, and the respective phase delays caused by the set of dielectric plugs produce a progressive phase difference between any one of the radiation elements and its adjacent radiation element.16.The method of claim 15, further comprising selecting the progressive phase difference to realize a desired beam tilt angle, and wherein the progressive phase difference is based on a spacing between adjacent radiation elements and a design wavelength of the antenna array.
17. The method of claim 16, wherein the progressive phase difference, φ, is determined by wherein d is the spacing between adjacent radiation elements, λ is the design wavelength of the antenna array, and θ is the desired beam tilt angle.18.The method of any one of claims 15 to 17, further comprising selecting the respective length of each dielectric plug based on a relative permittivity of the dielectric plug, the progressive phase difference, and a position of the respective radiation element in the set of radiation elements.19.The method claimed in claim 15, wherein the set of radiation elements are spaced apart and disposed in a series along an array axis, and wherein the method further comprises selecting the respective length of each respective dielectric plug based on the progressive phase difference and an index for that corresponding radiation element in the series.20.The method of claim 19, wherein the index ranges from 0 to N-1, where N is a number of radiation elements in the series, and the respective length of each respective dielectric plug is determined to generate the respective phase delay given by the index times the progressive phase difference.
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