Metasurface structures, methods of fabrication, and use thereof
The described method enhances metasurface stability and compatibility by bonding layers and void filling, addressing environmental and production challenges for efficient mass production and CMOS device integration.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2024/078590
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2024-02-26
- Publication Date
- 2025-09-04
AI Technical Summary
Existing metasurfaces lack stability and compatibility with diverse environmental conditions, and there is a need for efficient, high-yield, and precise methods for their fabrication and mass production.
A method involving depositing a protection layer on a silicon wafer, patterning a dielectric layer, filling void spaces, and bonding to a substrate with a bonding layer to enhance stability and resilience, while minimizing fabrication errors, suitable for CMOS mass production.
The method enables metasurfaces with enhanced stability and compatibility for diverse environments, allowing high-speed, efficient, and precise mass production, compatible with CMOS devices and applications like CMOS imaging sensors.
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Figure CN2024078590_04092025_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
METASURFACE STRUCTURES, METHODS OF FABRICATION, AND USE THEREOFBACKGROUND
[0001] Metasurfaces have vast applications for guiding and / or modulating waves, such as electromagnetic waves. Among the applications of metasurfaces is controlling the amplitude, phase, and polarization of electromagnetic waves. Metasurfaces can be used in lenses, holograms, vortex generators, beam deflectors, sensors, imaging devices, and beyond.SUMMARY
[0002] There is a need for improved metasurfaces with higher stability and compatibility with various environmental conditions. There is also a need for efficient, high-yield, and precise methods for fabrication and mass production of such metasurfaces. Provided herein are metasurface structures with enhanced properties and features, such as enhanced resilience and stability, in some cases, with minimal to no void spaces among metasurface layers. Such metasurfaces can have superior stability under diverse and / or complex environmental conditions. Enhanced stability and compatibility with diverse and complex environments can enable applications and use-cases for metasurfaces which may not be otherwise achievable. The metasurfaces can be designed in such a way that is compatible with mass production.
[0003] Also provided herein are methods for fabrication and mass production of metasurfaces, such that the metasurfaces with enhanced stability, resilience, and compatibility with diverse environmental conditions can be produced for use in various applications in need thereof with high speed, efficiency, precision, and accuracy. Fabrication errors can be quantified and minimized to enhance and optimize the resulting metasurfaces.
[0004] In an aspect, provided herein is a method of fabricating a metasurface structure. The method can comprise (a) depositing a protection layer on a silicon wafer; (b) depositing a dielectric layer on the protection layer and patterning the dielectric layer based on a predetermined pattern using photolithography, thereby generating a dielectric layer having a fabricated pattern adjacent to the protection layer; (c) filling one or more void spaces in the fabricated pattern of (b) with a filling material, thereby generating a filled fabricated pattern; (d) providing a bonding layer on the filled fabricated pattern of (c) and bonding the filled fabricated pattern onto a substrate; and (e) removing the silicon wafer, thereby fabricating the metasurface structure. In some embodiments, the substrate can be transparent or reflective. In some embodiments, the fabricated pattern can comprise a plurality of nano-pillars. In some embodiments, the substrate can be a transparent substrate comprising glass, silica, quartz, sapphire or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the dielectric layer can have a substantially uniform thickness.
[0005] In some embodiments, the method can further comprise measuring one or more predetermined parameters of the fabricated pattern, determining a difference or a relationship between the predetermined parameters in the predetermined pattern and the fabricated pattern, and calculating a fabrication error based, at least in part, on the difference or the relationship. In some embodiments, the method can further comprise estimating an influence of the fabrication error. In some embodiments, the method can further comprise simulating a transmission and phase variation in the fabrication error or a range thereof.
[0006] In some embodiments, the patterning in (b) comprises an etching process which ends once the protection layer is reached. In some embodiments, the method can be performed as a mass production process. In some embodiments, the method comprises complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) mass production.
[0007] In some embodiments, the filling material, the bonding layer or both can be made of inorganic materials. In some embodiments, the metasurface can be substantially made of inorganic materials. In some embodiments, the bonding layer can substantially decrease or eliminate gaps and air voids at the cross-section between the filled fabricated pattern and the substrate. In some embodiments, the filling layer can comprise or is silicon dioxide (SiO2) . In some embodiments, the method can comprise producing a CMOS device. In some embodiments, the metasurface structure can be compatible for use in a CMOS imaging sensor (CIS) or other wafer-based optical elements, including but not limited to vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) , LED, and micro-LED. In some embodiments, the method can further comprise producing a CMOS imaging sensor using the metasurface structure.
[0008] In another aspect, provided herein is a metasurface structure comprising: (a) a transparent substrate; (b) a dielectric layer bound to the transparent substrate from a first side, wherein the dielectric layer comprises a pattern etched in a dielectric material, and wherein a plurality of void spaces in the pattern are filled with a filling layer comprising an inorganic filing material; (c) a bonding layer between the transparent substrate and the dielectric layer, wherein the bonding layer facilitates or strengthens the bonding of the dielectric layer and the transparent substrate; and (d) a protection layer attached to the dielectric layer from a second side different from the first side.
[0009] In some embodiments, the pattern comprises a plurality of nano-pillars. In some embodiments, the transparent substrate comprises glass, silica, quartz, sapphire or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the dielectric layer has a substantially uniform thickness.
[0010] In some embodiments, the filling layer, the bonding layer or both are made of inorganic materials. In some embodiments, the metasurface is substantially made of inorganic materials. In some embodiments, the bonding layer substantially decreases or eliminates gaps and air voids at the cross-section between the filled pattern and the transparent substrate. In some embodiments, the filling layer comprises or is silicon dioxide (SiO2) . In some embodiments, the metasurface is used in a CMOS device. In some embodiments, the metasurface is compatible with a CMOS device. In some embodiments, the metasurface is compatible for use in a CMOS imaging sensor (CIS) . In some embodiments, the metasurface comprises a CMOS imaging sensor.
[0011] Additional aspects and advantages of the present disclosure will become readily apparent to those skilled in this art from the following detailed description, wherein only illustrative embodiments of the present disclosure are shown and described. As will be realized, the present disclosure is capable of other and different embodiments, and its several details are capable of modifications in various obvious respects, all without departing from the disclosure.
[0012] Accordingly, the drawings and description are to be regarded as illustrative in nature, and not as restrictive.
[0013] INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE
[0014] All publications, patents, and patent applications mentioned in this specification are herein incorporated by reference to the same extent as if each individual publication, patent, or patent application was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0015] The novel features of the invention are set forth with particularity in the appended claims. A better understanding of the features and advantages of the present invention will be obtained by reference to the following detailed description that sets forth illustrative embodiments, in which the principles of the invention are utilized, and the accompanying drawings of which:
[0016] FIG. 1 shows an example metasurface according to an embodiment of the present disclosure;
[0017] FIG. 2 schematically illustrates a method of fabricating a metasurface according to an embodiment of the present disclosure;
[0018] FIG. 3 presents an example design work process flow for the metasurfaces of the present disclosure; and,
[0019] FIGs. 4A-4D provide example cross section patterns of the metasurfaces according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0020] While various embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described herein, it will be obvious to those skilled in the art that such embodiments are provided by way of example only. Numerous variations, changes, and substitutions can occur to those skilled in the art without departing from the invention. It should be understood that various alternatives to the embodiments of the invention described herein can be employed.
[0021] As used in the specification and claims, the singular form “a” , “an” , and “the” include plural references unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. For example, the term “a layer” includes a plurality of layers.
[0022] Metasurfaces have vast industrial applications for guiding, directing, and manipulating waves, such as electromagnetic waves, for various applications. A metasurface can be a layer of miniaturized scale features, such as micro-and / or nano-structures, which can be used to design and fabricate devices in thin form. In some examples, a metasurface can be a two-dimensional planar thin layer, in some cases, in subwavelength-scale.
[0023] There is a need for metasurfaces with improved features, such as enhanced stability and compatibility with a broad range of environmental conditions, including complex environmental conditions. It would be highly beneficial for such metasurfaces to be compatible with mass production fabrication methods to scale their production reliably. A high production rate up to 5x106 metasurface products (e.g., chip) per week can be achieved. Such metasurfaces, along with methods of fabrication and use thereof, are provided and described herein. The metasurfaces of the present disclosure can be efficiently fabricated and mass-produced in a cost-effective manner, in large quantities with enhanced features and properties compared to existing metasurfaces and fabrication methods. In some aspects, the fabrication errors occurred during manufacturing can be measured, characterized, minimized, and / or compensated. Example functions of the metasurfaces of the present disclosure comprise collimator, diffusor, homogenizer, projector, polarizer, and imaging devices (e.g., polarized-based imaging devices) .
[0024] In an aspect, provided herein is a method of fabricating a metasurface. The fabrication method comprises depositing a protection layer on a silicon wafer. The silicon wafer can act as an initial substrate on which the metasurface is fabricated. The fabricated metasurface can later be transferred to a substrate other than the silicon wafer, such as a transparent and / or a reflective substrate using the methods described herein.
[0025] The method can further comprise depositing and patterning a dielectric layer adjacent to or on the protection layer based on a predetermined pattern using photolithography. The patterning can include etching with an etchant. Photolithography is a method that is often used in semiconductor processing, such as in fabrication of CMOS devices. In some cases, photolithography comprises shining light on the dielectric layer deposited on the silicon wafer through an optical mask which has the predetermined pattern thereon. The mask can comprise opaque portions and transparent portions. Light can pass through the transparent portions of the mask, exposing certain areas of the dielectric layer to a light at a predetermined wavelength, in some cases ultraviolet (UV) light. In some instances, the light can cure the exposed areas of the dielectric layer and leave the unexposed areas (the areas under the opaque portions of the mask) uncured. The uncured portions of the dielectric layer can be washed away and removed using a developer chemical, leaving behind a pattern of the cured areas with a plurality of void spaces therebetween. In some examples, the etched pattern can have the form of nano-pillars which are nano-scale pillars with void areas therebetween. The void spaces can be optionally filled with another material at a later stage. Any suitable pattern can be fabricated with any suitable photolithography approach, thereby generating a fabricated pattern adjacent to or directly on the protection layer.
[0026] The protection layer ultimately acts to protect the fabrication layer. It can also act as an etch stop layer, such that the etching process (e.g., photolithography) discontinues to further penetrate in depth upon the etchant reaching the protection layer. Examples of the etchant can include fluorine (F) , chlorine (CI) , bromine (Br) , and other halogen element or compounds thereof.
[0027] The metasurface fabrication method can further comprise depositing a filling material on and into the void spaces in the fabricated pattern, thereby generating a filled fabricated pattern. In some cases, the filling layer can comprise or be an inorganic filling material. In some cases, the filling material can have properties that are different from glue. In some cases, the filling material can comprise or be silicon dioxide (SiO2) . This step generates a filled fabricated pattern in the dielectric layer adjacent to the protection layer. In some cases, the metasurface fabrication method can further comprise polishing a top surface of the filling material once it is deposited. Examples of the polishing process can include chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) or plasma treatment.
[0028] The metasurface fabrication method can further comprise providing a bonding layer on the filled fabricated pattern and bonding the filled fabricated pattern onto a substrate. The bonding layer can enhance the bond between the filled fabricated pattern and the substrate. In some cases, the bonding layer can increase the resilience and stability of the metasurface. A metasurface comprising the bonding layer can have increased stability and resilience as compared to a metasurface not having the bonding layer. The bonding layer can further fill any void spaces and air gaps (e.g., on a molecular level) between the substrate and the filled fabricated pattern of the dielectric layer. A metasurface having enhanced stability and resilience can be more compatible with a broader range of environmental conditions that may otherwise be difficult for a metasurface to sustain. In some cases, the presence of the bonding layer can make the metasurface compatible with further treatment steps which may be otherwise difficult to perform or may be incompatible with a metasurface not having the bonding layer. An example of such treatment comprises reflow soldering. Such additional treatments can make the metasurface compatible with additional applications which may not be otherwise achievable. The metasurface of the present disclosure can comprise improved or superior performance and stability, at least in part due to the introduction of the filling layer (e.g., inorganic filling layer) and the bonding layer. In some cases, the bonding layer can comprise or be SiO2. A thickness of the bonding layer can be 500 nm to 2 um. In some cases, the filling layer and bonding layer can comprise or be same inorganic material, such as SiO2, and therefore, a deposition of the filling layer and the bonding layer can be performed at the same time. In some cases, the metasurface fabrication method can further comprise polishing a top surface of the bonding layer once it is deposited. Examples of the polishing process can include chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) or plasma treatment.
[0029] The metasurface fabrication method can further comprise removing the silicon wafer, thereby fabricating the metasurface on the substrate. The substrate is other than silicon wafer, such as a transparent substrate. In some cases, the substrate other than the silicon wafer can comprise glass, silica, quartz, sapphire or any combination thereof.
[0030] The metasurface fabrication method can be precise and efficient. A precision can be in a nanometer scale, for example, 10 nm. The error in the metasurface fabrication method can be minimal. In some cases, the error in fabrication can be measured and / or monitored. The error can be optimized and reduced. In some cases, a process control method and / or mechanism can be used to control and minimize the fabrication error.
[0031] In some embodiments, the method can further comprise measuring one or more predetermined parameters of the fabricated pattern, determining a difference or a relationship between the one or more predetermined parameters in the predetermined pattern and the fabricated pattern, and calculating a fabrication error based at least in part, on the difference or the relationship. In some embodiments, the method can further comprise estimating the influence of the fabrication error. In some examples, the method can further comprise simulating a transmission and phase variation in the fabrication error or a range thereof. Such measurements and / or calculations can facilitate an enhanced controlling and reducing the errors of the fabrication method, thereby improving the fabrication method with greater accuracy and precision.
[0032] In some examples, the dielectric layer having the fabricated pattern can comprise a plurality of nano-pillars. In some examples, the etching process can end once the protection layer is reached. In some examples, the dielectric layer can have a substantially uniform thickness. In some examples, the method can be performed as a mass production process.
[0033] In some examples, the filling layer, the bonding layer or both can be made of inorganic materials. In some examples, the metasurface can be substantially made of inorganic materials. In some examples, the bonding layer can substantially decrease or eliminate gaps and air voids at the cross-section between the filled fabricated pattern and the substrate. In some examples, the filling layer can comprise or be silicon dioxide (SiO2) . In some examples, the method comprises producing a CMOS device. In some examples, the metasurface structure is compatible for use in a CMOS imaging sensor (CIS) or other wafer-based optical elements including but not limited to vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) , LED, and micro-LED. For example, the silicon wafer-based metasurface can be transferred onto other wafer-level optical elements as CIS, VCSEL, LED, and micro LED. In some examples, the method further comprises producing a CMOS imaging sensor using the metasurface structure.
[0034] In another aspect, provided herein is a metasurface structure comprising: (a) a transparent substrate; (b) a dielectric layer bound to the transparent substrate from a first side, the dielectric layer comprising a pattern etched in a dielectric material, and a plurality of void spaces in the pattern being filled with an inorganic filing material; (c) a bonding layer between the transparent substrate and the dielectric layer, the bonding layer facilitating or strengthening the bonding of the dielectric layer and the transparent substrate; and (d) a protection layer attached to the dielectric layer from a second side different from the first side.
[0035] In some embodiments, the pattern can comprise a plurality of nano-pillars, such as a nano-pillar array. In some examples, the transparent substrate can comprise glass, silica, quartz, sapphire or any combination thereof. In some examples, the dielectric layer can have a substantially uniform thickness. A thickness of the dielectric layer can be in a range from 200 to 1000 nm.
[0036] In some examples, the filling layer, the bonding layer or both can be made of inorganic materials. Examples of inorganic material can include SiO2, silicon nitride (SiN) , silicon oxynitride (SiON) , and any combination thereof. In some examples, the filling layer, the bonding layer or both can also be made of porous structure to reduce a refractive index thereof. In some examples, the metasurface can be substantially made of inorganic materials. In some examples, the bonding layer can substantially decrease or eliminate gaps and air voids at the cross-section between the pattern and the transparent substrate. In some examples, the filling layer can comprise or can be silicon dioxide (SiO2) . In some examples, the metasurface can be used in a CMOS device. In some examples, the metasurface is compatible with a CMOS device. In some examples, the metasurface is compatible for use in a CMOS imaging sensor (CIS) . In some examples, the metasurface comprises a CMOS imaging sensor.
[0037] FIG. 1 shows an example metasurface according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. The metasurface 100 can comprise a transparent substrate 101, a dielectric layer 107 bound to the transparent substrate 101 from a first side 108. The dielectric layer can comprise a pattern 102 (e.g., nano-pillar pattern) etched in a dielectric material (e.g., using photolithography) . A plurality of void spaces in the pattern can be filled with an inorganic filing material 103 (e.g., inorganic filling material) . The metasurface can further comprise a bonding layer 104 between the transparent substrate 101 and the dielectric layer 107. The bonding layer can facilitate or strengthen the bonding of the dielectric layer and the transparent substrate. The metasurface can further comprise a protection layer 105 attached to the dielectric layer from a second side different from the first side.
[0038] FIG. 2 schematically illustrates a method of fabricating a metasurface according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. The method can comprise depositing a protection layer on a silicon wafer (1, 2) ; depositing and etching a dielectric layer adjacent to the protection layer based on a predetermined pattern using photolithography (2, 3) , thereby generating a dielectric layer with a fabricated pattern adjacent to the protection layer (3) ; depositing a filling material on and into the void spaces in the fabricated pattern (4) and polishing redundant filling materials on the fabricated pattern (5) , thereby generating a filled fabricated pattern (5) ; fabricating a bonding layer on the filled fabricated pattern (6) , and bonding a substrate onto the filled fabricated pattern (7) , wherein the bonding layer enhances the bonding of the filled fabricated pattern and the substrate. The method further comprises removing the silicon wafer, thereby fabricating the metasurface on the substrate (8) .
[0039] With continued reference to FIG. 2, an example protocol for fabricating a metasurface with nano-pillar structure is as follows:
[0040] 1. Prepare a silicon wafer.
[0041] 2. Fabricate a protection layer and a dielectric layer.
[0042] 3. Pattern the dielectric layer using photolithography. Etch the dielectric layer into nano-pillar structures. The etching automatically stops as the etchant touches the protection layer.
[0043] 4. Fill the space between nano-pillar structure using a low-refractive-index filling material.
[0044] 5. Polish the excessive or redundant low-refractive-index material on the nano-pillar structure layer.
[0045] 6. Fabricate a thin bonding layer.
[0046] 7. Bond the sample with a transparent substrate through a bonding layer.
[0047] 8. Remove the silicon wafer substrate.
[0048] In some embodiments, the fabrication method can further comprise measuring and minimizing fabrication error. In some cases, a workflow is provided to compensate for parameter “error” during fabrication. An example design process workflow for the metasurfaces of the present disclosure is provided in FIG. 3.
[0049] An example workflow to compensate the parameter “error” during fabrication of the metasurface is as follows:
[0050] 1. Fabricate periodic arrays of nano-pillar structure in the same pattern. Measure the actual value of a fabricated feature and compare it with its corresponding designed value. Build a linear regression function (Function 1) between two values.
[0051] 2. Fabricate a periodic nano-pillar structure surrounded by different neighbors. Measure the actual parameter values of the center nano-pillar. Use linear regression or machine learning to build the relation between actual value and designed values, resulting in Function 2.
[0052] 3. Use function 1 and 2 to set the error value in the design process.
[0053] In some aspects, the disclosure provides a workflow to design metasurfaces compatible with CMOS mass production processes. This can increase the speed, precision, and overall efficiency of the metasurface fabrication process, while resulting in metasurfaces with superior properties. In some cases, the metasurface of the present disclosure comprises a nano-pillar structure. In some embodiments, the design process can comprise the following steps:
[0054] 1. Build the standard unit model containing all layers of the metasurface and layer deposition steps of the fabrication process. In some cases, each structural parameter follows the fabrication process constraint.
[0055] 2. Sweep the nano-pillar parameters to construct database. Pick up a set of parameters to realize complete phase alteration in 2*pi with high transmission.
[0056] 3. Estimate the influence of fabrication error. Based on the CMOS mass production process, determine the error values of each parameter. Simulate the transmission and phase variation in the error range.
[0057] 4. Use Gerchberg-Saxto (GS) or gradient decent method to design the phase mapping of metasurface.
[0058] 5. Use scalar diffractive projection method to calculate the far-field distribution and performance, which is based on the phase and transmission of each pixel unit.
[0059] 6. Estimate the performance under uniform error and random error situations. The error range in phase and transmission is determined in step 3. After this process, the performance of metasurface can meet the demand for its intended applications under various circumstances.
[0060] 7. Generate a Graphical Design System (gds) file.
[0061] In an example where the metasurface is used as a lens with a high Numerical Aperture (NA) , two or more unit cells can be designed together. In some cases, this can improve the performance of the metasurface. If the metasurface is used under oblique incident irradiation, the unit cell database can contain the phase and transmission related to the incident angle.
[0062] FIGs. 4A-4D provide example cross-section patterns of the metasurfaces according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. FIGs. 4A and 4B show cross section patterns for unpolarized light applications. The arrows depict the line width determined by photolithography. FIG. 4C shows a cross section pattern for linear polarized light applications. The fabrication process results in a rectangle with rounded corners. FIG. 4D presents a cross-section pattern for circular polarized light applications.
[0063] While preferred embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described herein, it will be obvious to those skilled in the art that such embodiments are provided by way of example only. Numerous variations, changes, and substitutions will now occur to those skilled in the art without departing from the invention. It should be understood that various alternatives to the embodiments of the invention described herein may be employed in practicing the invention. It is intended that the following claims define the scope of the invention and that methods and structures within the scope of these claims and their equivalents be covered thereby.
Claims
1.A method of fabricating a metasurface structure, said method comprising:a. depositing a protection layer on a silicon wafer;b. depositing a dielectric layer on the protection layer and patterning the dielectric layer based on a predetermined pattern using photolithography, thereby generating a dielectric layer having a fabricated pattern adjacent to the protection layer;c. filling one or more void spaces in the fabricated pattern of (b) with a filling material, thereby generating a filled fabricated pattern;d. providing a bonding layer on the filled fabricated pattern of (c) and bonding the filled fabricated pattern onto a substrate; ande. removing the silicon wafer, thereby fabricating the metasurface structure.2.The method of claim 1, further comprising measuring one or more predetermined parameters of the fabricated pattern, determining a difference or a relationship between the predetermined parameters in the predetermined pattern and the fabricated pattern, and calculating a fabrication error based, at least in part, on the difference or the relationship.3.The method of claim 1, wherein the substrate is transparent or reflective.4.The method of claim 2, further comprising estimating an influence of the fabrication error.5.The method of claim 4, further comprising simulating a transmission and phase variation in the fabrication error or a range thereof.6.The method of claim 1, wherein the fabricated pattern comprises a plurality of nano-pillars.7.The method of claim 3, wherein the substrate is a transparent substrate comprising glass, silica, quartz, sapphire or any combination thereof.8.The method of claim 1, wherein the patterning in (b) comprises an etching process which ends once the protection layer is reached.9.The method of claim 1, wherein the dielectric layer has a substantially uniform thickness.10.The method of claim 1, wherein the method is performed as a mass production process.11.The method of claim 1, wherein the filling material, the bonding layer or both are made of inorganic materials.12.The method of claim 1, wherein the metasurface structure is substantially made of inorganic materials.13.The method of claim 1, wherein the bonding layer decreases or eliminates gaps and air voids at the cross-section between the filled fabricated pattern and the substrate.14.The method of claim 1, wherein the bonding layer comprises or is silicon dioxide (SiO2) .15.The method of claim 1, wherein the metasurface structure is compatible for use in a CMOS imaging sensor (CIS) .16.The method of claim 15, further comprising producing a CMOS imaging sensor using the metasurface structure.17.A metasurface structure comprising:a. a transparent substrate;b. a dielectric layer bound to the transparent substrate from a first side, wherein the dielectric layer comprises a pattern etched in a dielectric material, and wherein a plurality of void spaces in the pattern are filled with a filling layer comprising an inorganic filing material;c. a bonding layer between the transparent substrate and the dielectric layer, wherein the bonding layer facilitates or strengthens the bonding of the dielectric layer and the transparent substrate; andd. a protection layer attached to the dielectric layer from a second side different from the first side.18.The metasurface structure of claim 17, wherein the pattern comprises a plurality of nano-pillars.19.The metasurface structure of claim 17, wherein the transparent substrate comprises glass, silica, quartz, sapphire or any combination thereof.20.The metasurface structure of claim 17, wherein the dielectric layer has a substantially uniform thickness.21.The metasurface structure of claim 17, wherein the filling layer, the bonding layer or both are made of inorganic materials.22.The metasurface structure of claim 17, wherein the metasurface is substantially made of inorganic materials.23.The metasurface structure of claim 17, wherein the bonding layer substantially decreases or eliminates gaps and air voids at the cross-section between the filled pattern and the transparent substrate.24.The metasurface structure of claim 17, wherein the bonding layer comprises or is silicon dioxide (SiO2) .
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