Inductively-coupled plasma (ICP) source for rectangular substrate
The ICP source with configurable antennas and symmetric dielectric windows addresses non-uniform etching on large substrates, achieving +/-5% uniformity and improving yield and efficiency in advanced packaging.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2024/079043
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2024-02-28
- Publication Date
- 2025-09-04
AI Technical Summary
Current etching technologies using RF-powered capacitive coupled plasma reactors result in non-uniform etching rates on large rectangular substrates, exceeding +/-10% to +/-15%, which is unacceptable for high yield and low cost in advanced integrated circuit packaging, leading to increased processing time and contact resistance.
An inductively-coupled plasma (ICP) source with flexibly configurable antennas and dielectric windows arranged symmetrically to regulate plasma density uniformly across large rectangular substrates, utilizing low-frequency RF power to generate and apply electric and magnetic fields through dielectric windows, allowing independent manipulation of antenna configuration, construction, orientation, and power levels to achieve uniform etching.
Achieves superior etch uniformity across large rectangular substrates, reducing non-uniformity to +/-5%, enhancing yield and reducing processing time while maintaining thermal budget constraints.
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Figure CN2024079043_04092025_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
INDUCTIVELY-COUPLED PLASMA (ICP) SOURCE FOR RECTANGULAR SUBSTRATETECHNICAL FIELD
[0001] The present disclosure relates to an inductively-coupled plasma (ICP) source, primarily for processing workpieces such as rectangular semiconductor substrates.BACKGROUND
[0002] The etching rates in capacitive coupled etching reactors used for the manufacturing of integrated circuit (IC) packages are often non-uniform on large rectangular substrates, with non-uniformity greater than what is acceptable for good device yields. Such large area substrates are highly favored for future advanced packaging of IC chips because of the reduced cost. Substrates for advanced packaging may be silicon-based, polymer / metal composite, or glass. Prior to the deposition of seed and adhesion layer for manufacturing vertical and horizontal interconnects, it is often required to remove contaminant films covering the small metal areas of each packaging die to which the silicon chips will make electrical contacts. When the sputter etch rate on such a substrate is non-uniform it requires more time to complete the etch process and undesirable contaminant materials are sputtered up into the ambient in areas where etch rates are higher, thereby increasing contact resistance, Rc, and lowering yield. Removing native oxides and preparing the interface of the substrate are the major reasons for etching in advanced packaging, ensuring low contact resistance and superior adhesion of the adhesion and seed layers deposited by subsequent sputter deposition process. Key requirements for achieving high process repeatability and yield are good etch uniformity over large areas with small edge exclusion and low particle counts. Substrate damage must be minimized by controlling plasma densities and ion bombardment, while etch powers and etch rates also need to be managed so that the etch process remains within thermal budget.
[0003] Such non-uniformity in etching rates is common in current technology using radio frequency (RF) powered, parallel plate capacitive coupled plasma (CCP) reactors for substrates approximately 0.4 meters or larger on a side. Etch rate non-uniformity is frequently greater than + / -10%and sometimes more than + / -15%which is unacceptable for high yield and low cost in advanced packaging of integrated circuit devices made using small rectangular segments of the processed wafer substrate. It is important for new sputter-clean technology to substantially reduce the non-uniformity in the density of plasma across the plasma volume that is adjacent to the substrate, and to reduce the non-uniformity of sputter etching processes, reactive ion etching processes (RIE) and plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition processes (PE-CVD) . Such an improved uniformity of etching or plasma-enhanced CVD processes can substantially reduce the cost of electronic products employing integrated circuit chips by improving the performance and yield of the components made upon the large rectangular substrates.
[0004] Several approaches have been provided for improving the uniformity in the density of plasma for substrate etching with inductively-coupled plasma (ICP) in the prior art.
[0005] John S. Ogle discloses a plasma generation system in U.S patent No. 5,435,881 entitled “APPARATUS FOR PRODUCING PLANAR PLASMA USING VARYING MAGNETIC POLES” . The patent discloses a varying magnetic pole plasma excitation system that includes a mounting plate that supports a first and second ferromagnetic core coils with a pair of magnetic poles. Ferromagnetic core coils are wired in series with a variable capacitor. Radio frequency (RF) power is coupled into the system through an air-core variable transformer from an RF source. Ferromagnetic core coils preferably comprise several turns of copper wire or tubing on a half-toroid powdered iron or ferrite core or U-core with a generous space allowed between the windings and the core to promote cooling and to limit the heating that would otherwise result from a too tightly coupled winding. The mounting plate is an aluminum sheet with holes cut to allow magnetic poles to peek out toward a process chamber window and a slot cut through the aluminum sheet that connects each hole to an adjacent hole. Ogle teaches that, ferromagnetic core coils are interconnected such that for each cycle of RF input power, magnetic poles will be opposite. The optimum dimension between opposite varying magnetic poles is dependent on the thickness of the process chamber insulating window, the frequency of the radio frequency power, and the mean free path of the electrons, as a function of chamber pressure. Further, Ogle teaches that typical U-cores are made by cutting a toroid powdered iron core into two pieces. In order to decrease the maximum magnetic flux density in the core, and thus the core power loss, two cores can be included at each location for a two-dimensional configuration, thus doubling the core cross sectional area. Further, Ogle teaches that there can be significant power losses in the powdered iron core due to varying electric fields, since the powdered iron core material can have high dielectric losses. The dielectric losses can be reduced by spacing the windings away from the cores and by using fewer turns with higher current in each turn to reduce the voltage across the windings.
[0006] Albert R. Ellingboe discloses apparatus and methods for producing a plasma in a plasma chamber in U.S patent No. 6,204,607, entitled “PLASMA SOURCE WITH MULTIPLE MAGNETIC FLUX SOURCES EACH HAVING A FERROMAGNETIC CORE” . The patent provides an apparatus for producing a plasma includes a plasma chamber and a plurality of magnetic flux sources, each of which is coupled to receive radio-frequency (RF) energy from an RF source and independently deliver time-varying magnetic fields through a generally planar window and into the plasma chamber. Magnetic flux sources have threaded ends that screw into the mating receptacles of a mounting plate. A support plate that includes a flange is provided for supporting the window. Each magnetic flux source includes a container and an antenna formed from a coil. The patent teaches that, the preferred spacing between magnetic flux sources will typically depend upon the plasma process to be implemented inside the chamber. Ellingboe provides several formations for the antennas. In an embodiment, magnetic flux may be induced inside a plasma chamber by antennas, and ferromagnetic cores which are positioned adjacent to the plasma chamber window. Antennas are formed from electrically conductive coils that are generally cylindrical in shape and define a common axis which is substantially normal to a plasma chamber window. Ferromagnetic cores are formed from a plurality of individual ferrite units that are disposed across the surface of window adjacent to antennas. An additional ferromagnetic core is positioned on window at the location of the common axis mentioned above. Antennas and ferromagnetic cores and are cooperatively configured to induce plasma currents inside the plasma chamber that flow in planes that are substantially parallel to the plasma chamber window. Antennas and cores and may be sized to produce a generally uniform plasma at the surface of the substrate to be processed. In another embodiment, two (or more) antennas may be used to produce a generally uniform plasma at the surface of a substrate to be processed. Antennas are formed from respective planar spiral coils, each of which has a center tap and an outer tap for coupling to an RF power source. Antennas may be powered independently of each other. Ferromagnetic cores which are formed from a plurality of individual ferromagnetic units (e.g., powdered iron or ferrite) , are disposed adjacent to the spiral coils. In yet another embodiment, antennas may be formed from two concentric coils, each of which has a center tap and an outer tap for coupling to an RF power source. Coils are constructed to conform to the generally hemispherical outer surface of a plasma chamber window. The antennas can be powered independently. Ferromagnetic cores each consists of a series of individual ferromagnetic units (e.g., powdered iron or ferrite) disposed adjacent to coils, respectively.
[0007] Valery Godyak discloses a method and apparatus are provided for processing a substrate with an RF inductive plasma in the manufacture of a device in U.S patent No. 8.444,870, entitled “INDUCTIVE PLASMA SOURCE WITH HIGH COUPLING EFFICIENCY” . The apparatus includes a processing chamber having an interior volume, an upper applicator wall portion and a lower applicator wall portion. The apparatus further includes a plasma applicator including at least one inductive coupling element (ICE) . The lower applicator wall portion includes a number of recesses for ICEs of the inductive plasma applicator. The ICEs include magnetic flux concentrators and conductors. Each of the ICEs is proximate to the interior wall of the chamber. The interior wall includes associated thin window portions and the lower surface of applicator wall portion. A substrate is held on a substrate holder in the chamber for processing with the inductive plasma processing apparatus. The patent teaches that, introducing feed gas through holes interspersed among ICEs over the substrate provides excellent process uniformity, and in some applications, process uniformity is improved where different feed gas flow rates are directed to the various holes. Each of the feed holes is separately coupled to a gas supply through an associated gas connection on the top applicator wall. A plurality of manifolds are provided within the top applicator wall. Each of these manifolds supplies feed gas to preselected feed holes, and each manifold has an external connection to receive an independent flow of a feed gas. With such configurations, a flow of feed gas to each manifold and its associated feed holes can be independently adjusted to improve processing uniformity.
[0008] Neil Benjamin provides an arrangement for enabling local control of power delivery within a plasma processing chamber during the processing of a substrate, in U.S patent publication No. 2009 / 000073 entitled “ARRAYS OF INDUCTIVE ELEMENTS FOR MINIMIZING RADIAL NON-UNIFORMITY IN PLASMA” . Benjamin recognized that substrate processing in a relatively large processing chamber, such as one that is capable of processing a substrate the size of 300 mm and / or larger, may present many challenges including achieving a uniform result on the substrate. Benjamin realized that local controls are needed in order to achieve more uniform processing. This local control can be accomplished using an array of inductive and / or capacitive antenna elements. To this end, Benjamin proposes several arrangements in order to provide local control during substrate processing. The arrangement may include arrays of inductive elements arranged in a particular manner to provide local control, and may have different shapes. Each inductive element may be arranged in such a manner that minimizes cross coupling and provides local control. According to Benjamin, the arrangement can be a segmented loop arrangement, a loop array arrangement, or a face-centered arrangement.
[0009] Hiroji Hanawa et al. disclose a plasma uniformity control in U.S patent No. 5,897,712, entitled “PLASMA UNIFORMITY CONTROL FOR AN INDUCTIVE PLASMA SOURCE” . The patent discloses that the objective of a uniform etch or deposition rate distribution across the wafer surface is achieved by shaping the RF induction field to be uniform so as to achieve a more uniform ion current flux density distribution across the wafer surface. The objective is met by reducing those portions of the RF induction field over areas of the wafer experiencing higher etch or deposition rates, or by reducing those portions of the RF induction field over areas of the wafer experiencing higher ion current flux densities than those experienced elsewhere on the wafer. Thus, the selection of those portions of the RF induction field which are to be attenuated may be made so as to at least partially compensate for either (a) observed non-uniformities in etch or deposition rate distribution or, (b) observed nonuniformities in ion current flux density distribution. In general, the invention provides a controlled reduction of those portions of the RF induction field whose attenuation results in enhancing uniformity of either (a) etch or deposition rate distribution or (b) ion current flux density distribution. Such a controlled reduction in the RF induction field is obtained by incorporating a plasma uniformity control apparatus into the inductively coupled plasma reactor. The attenuation is based on the principle that when RF current flows in an antenna of an inductively coupled plasma reactor adjacent to a body made of a conductive material, a current is induced in the body of conductive material. The direction of this induced current is such that it produces a magnetic field which counteracts the magnetic field produced by the antenna. The net result of the counteracting effect is to attenuate or reduce the RF power coupled into the reactor chamber from the portion of the antenna which is directly adjacent to the conductive body because the RF induction field created in the chamber by the antenna is attenuated.
[0010] In addition, John S. Ogle discloses in U.S patent No. 5,994,236 that, variations in plasma density result in unacceptable process nonuniformity variations, especially with the larger semiconductor wafer sizes now coming into use. While systematic variations in process nonuniformity can be corrected by introducing local variations in pitch between coil turns, this coil adjustment procedure is time consuming and expensive, and the optimum coil adjustment may vary with process conditions, such as gas pressure or flow.
[0011] Thus, the size of the processable substrate is limited exactly by the uniformity since the larger the substrate is, the larger the variation in uniformity from the center to the edge of the substrate. As a consequence, it is typically ineffective to process a large rectangular substrate, e.g., having a typical length of about 400 mm and 3,000 mm on each side in the existing schemes, at least due to the time-consuming adjustment procedure as discussed above.
[0012] In order to at least alleviate the above issue, the inventors of the present disclosure recognize that, it is possible to provide the flexibility for the configuration and the arrangement of the antennas exerting RF energy into the processing chamber to regulate the distribution of the plasma generated therein. Thereby, it is effective in achieving a desirable distribution of the electromagnetic field within the processing chamber, thus facilitating the achievement of a desired etch rate uniformity across the surface of a large substrate, such as a substrate with a typical length of about 400 mm and 3,000 mm on each side.
[0013] Hence, while the above patents may achieve their intended purposes, there is still a need for a new and improved inductively-coupled plasma (ICP) source having flexibly configurable antennas for processing large rectangular substrates.SUMMARY
[0014] The following is a summary of the subject matter described herein. This summary is not intended to limit the scope of protection of the claims.
[0015] According to an embodiment of the present disclosure, there is provided a chamber lid which may be applicable to a processing chamber for processing a rectangular substrate housed within the processing chamber by means of an inductively coupled plasma (ICP) , the chamber lid defining a plurality of openings within a target area on the chamber lid; where a plurality of dielectric windows each bridging across a respective one of the plurality of openings, are provided, the dielectric windows are arranged in such a substantially symmetric arrangement that, a total number of the dielectric windows arranged along a periphery of the target area is greater than the total number of the dielectric windows arranged around a center and within the periphery of the target area; and a plurality of antennas each being positioned above and proximate a respective one of the dielectric windows, are provided, the antennas are connected in series and are configured to be low-frequency RF power energized to generate and apply an electric and magnetic field through the dielectric windows to regulate the ICP generated within the processing chamber, and at least one of the following aspects, a configuration of each of the antennas, a construction of each of the antennas, an orientation of each of the antennas, or one or both of a frequency and a power level of a low-frequency RF power supplied to the antennas, is independently manipulatable to achieve a predetermined density uniformity of the ICP across an entire surface of the rectangular substrate, and the entire surface of the rectangular substrate is associated with the target area on the chamber lid.
[0016] According to another embodiment of the present disclosure, there is provided an apparatus for processing a rectangular substrate with plasma, which may include, a processing chamber; a vacuum pump configured to connect with the processing chamber to exhaust gas from the chamber such that a gas pressure within the chamber is kept within a predetermined range; a controllable supply of process gas to modulate chamber process pressure; a pedestal within the chamber, configured to support the substrate for subsequent processing; at least two RF generators, with at least one of which being a low-frequency Radio Frequency (RF) generator, and one of which being a high-frequency RF generator; and the chamber lid as described above; where the low-frequency RF generator is connected to antennas, and the high-frequency RF generator is connected to the pedestal.
[0017] According to yet another embodiment of the present disclosure, there is provided a method for regulating the uniformity of an inductively coupled plasma (ICP) during a processing of a rectangular substrate by means of the ICP, the method may include, supporting the rectangular substrate onto a pedestal housed within a processing chamber; mounting a chamber lid above the processing chamber, where a plurality of openings are defined within a target area on the chamber lid; a plurality of dielectric windows are provided with each window bridging across a respective one of the plurality of openings; and the dielectric windows are arranged in such a substantially symmetric arrangement that, a total number of the dielectric windows arranged along a periphery of the target area is greater than the total number of the dielectric windows arranged around a geometric center of the target area and within the periphery of the target area; providing a plurality of antennas each positioned above and proximate a respective one of the dielectric windows; vacuuming the processing chamber to exhaust gas from the processing chamber such that, a gas pressure within the chamber is kept within a predetermined range; controllably supplying a process gas into the processing chamber to modulate chamber process pressure; energizing the pedestal with a first RF generator operated at a first frequency, to apply an electric field onto the process gas, to ignite the plasma within the chamber; energizing the antennas with a second RF generator operated at a second frequency to couple an electromagnetic field to the ignited plasma to generate the ICP within the chamber and to regulate a distribution of the ignited plasma (the overall plasma is termed ICP) ; and independently manipulating at least one of following aspects, a configuration of each of the antennas, a construction of each of the antennas, an orientation of each of the antennas, one or both of the first frequency and a power level of RF power supplied to the pedestal, or one of both of the second frequency and the power level of the RF power supplied to the antennas, to achieve a predetermined density uniformity of the ICP across an entire surface of the rectangular substrate; where the entire surface of the rectangular substrate is associated with the target area on the chamber lid; and the first frequency is higher than the second frequency.
[0018] The above and other aspects and their implementations are described in greater detail in the drawings, the descriptions, and the claims.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS
[0019] The drawings described herein are for illustration purposes only and are not intended to limit the scope of the present disclosure in any way.
[0020] Several embodiments of the present disclosure are illustrated hereinafter in conjunction with the drawings, in which:
[0021] Figure 1 depicts a cross sectional view showing an example system set up for plasma-based processing of flat rectangular substrates according to an embodiment of the present disclosure;
[0022] Figure 2 through Figure 9 respectively depict a top view showing an arrangement for antennas, according to some embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0023] Figure 10 depicts a cross sectional view showing a single window with a dipolar antenna mounted therein;
[0024] Figure 11 depicts a cross sectional view showing a single window with a unipolar antenna mounted therein;
[0025] Figure 12 depicts a schematic diagram showing a dipole antenna with a set of clockwise wire turns and a counter-clockwise wire turns;
[0026] Figure 13 depicts a schematic diagram showing the grouped antennas with RF generators and capacitors;
[0027] Figure 14 depicts a flow chart showing the procedure for the optimization of uniformity of one embodiment of the sputter etching process; and
[0028] Figure 15 depicts a method for processing a rectangular substrate by means of an inductively coupled plasma (ICP) , according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
[0029] The figures are not necessarily to scale, and some features may be exaggerated or minimized, such as to show details of particular components. In some instances, well-known components, systems, materials or methods have not been described in detail in order to avoid obscuring the present disclosure. Therefore, specific structural and functional details disclosed herein are not to be interpreted as limiting, but merely as a basis for the claims and as a representative basis for teaching one skilled in the art to variously employ the present disclosure.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0030] The claimed subject matter is now described with reference to the drawings, where like reference numerals are generally used to refer to like elements throughout. In the following description, for purposes of explanation, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the claimed subject matter. It may be evident, however, that the claimed subject matter may be practiced without these specific details. In other instances, structures and devices are shown in block diagram form in order to facilitate describing the claimed subject matter.
[0031] In case that orientation descriptions are referred to in the description of the disclosure, and those orientations or positional relationships, as indicated by terms such as “upper” , “lower” , “front” , “back” , “left” , “right” , etc, are based on the orientations or positional relationships shown in the drawings, and they are intended for convenient and brief description merely, and they are not intended for any indication or suggestion that the referred device or element must have such a specific orientation, or be constructed and operated in such a specific orientation, and thus, those orientations or positional relationships shall not be construed as limitations to the disclosure.
[0032] In describing the present disclosure, the following terminology will be used: The singular forms “a” , “an” , and “the” include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Thus, for example, reference to an item includes reference to one or more items. The term "ones" refers to one, two, or more, and generally applies to the selection of some or all of a quantity. The term "plurality" refers to two or more of an item. The term "about" means quantities, dimensions, sizes, formulations, parameters, shapes and other characteristics need not be exact, but may be approximated and / or larger or smaller, as desired, reflecting acceptable tolerances, conversion factors, rounding off, measurement error and the like and other factors known to those of skill in the art. The term "substantially" means that the recited characteristic, parameter, or value need not be achieved exactly, but that deviations or variations, including for example, tolerances, measurement error, measurement accuracy limitations and other factors known to those of skill in the art, may occur in amounts that do not preclude the effect the characteristic was intended to provide. Numerical data may be expressed or presented herein in a range format. It is to be understood that such a range format is used merely for convenience and brevity and thus should be interpreted flexibly to include not only the numerical values explicitly recited as the limits of the range, but also interpreted to include all of the individual numerical values or sub-ranges encompassed within that range as if each numerical value and sub-range is explicitly recited. As an illustration, a numerical range of “about 1 to 5” should be interpreted to include not only the explicitly recited values of about 1 to about 5, but also include individual values and sub-ranges within the indicated range. Thus, included in this numerical range are individual values such as 2, 3 and 4 and sub-ranges such as 1-3, 2-4 and 3-5, etc. This same principle applies to ranges reciting only one numerical value (e.g., “greater than about 1” ) and should apply regardless of the breadth of the range or the characteristics being described. A plurality of items may be presented in a common list for convenience. However, these lists should be construed as though each member of the list is individually identified as a separate and unique member. Thus, no individual member of such list should be construed as a de facto equivalent of any other member of the same list solely based on their presentation in a common group without indications to the contrary. Furthermore, where the terms “and” and “or” are used in conjunction with a list of items, they are to be interpreted broadly, in that any one or more of the listed items may be used alone or in combination with other listed items. The term "alternatively" refers to selection of one of two or more alternatives, and is not intended to limit the selection to only those listed alternatives or to only one of the listed alternatives at a time, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise.
[0033] Throughout the present disclosure, the terms “about” and “approximately” refer to a range of values ± 20%of the numeric value that the term precedes.
[0034] Moreover, where a phrase similar to “at least one of A, B, and C” or “at least one of A, B, or C” is used in the claims or specification, it is intended that the phrase be interpreted to mean that A alone may be present in an embodiment, B alone may be present in an embodiment, C alone may be present in an embodiment, or that any combination of the elements A, B and C may be present in a single embodiment; for example, A and B, A and C, B and C, or A and B and C.
[0035] Generally, the apparatus and method disclosed herein are intended for plasma-based processing of flat rectangular substrates that are between about 400 mm and 3,000 mm in length on each side. Such processing may include but is not limited to, sputter etching, reactive ion etching, surface conditioning and plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition, which can be performed with superior etch or deposition uniformity. The disclosed invention has a substantial advantage for mass production in providing such processes with superior uniformity (e.g., + / -5%) of the plasma and the rate of the etch or deposition process upon such large substrates.
[0036] Referring to Figure 1, which depicts a cross sectional view showing an example system set up for plasma-based processing of flat rectangular substrates according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. A chamber 20 is shown in the figure, plasma processes such as etching, deposition, or the like are implemented within chamber 20. The chamber 20 has a body that includes a base 22 defined by sidewalls and a bottom which encloses an internal space, a lid 24 arranged above the base 22, and a pedestal 26 arranged within the internal space enclosed by the sidewalls of the base 22. The lid 24 is made of metal, such as without limitation, stainless steel, or aluminum. The pedestal 26 is configured to support a substrate 28 arranged thereon for subsequent processing, such as etching or deposition. As shown in Figure 1, the pedestal 26 includes a horizontal flat part on which the substrate 28 is supported, and a vertical part that penetrates through the bottom of the chamber 20. Although not shown, it can be conceived that, the vertical part of the pedestal 26 may be coupled to a lifting mechanism, such that the substrate 28 can be moved closer or further away from the lid 24 for processing.
[0037] A through hole is formed on a sidewall on the right side of the base 22, and a process gas such as the argon (Ar) may pass through the through hole and enters the chamber 20, as regulated by a mass flow controller (MFC) 30 connected externally to the base 22. In some embodiments, the through hole may be formed on the sidewall on the left side of the base 22. In some other embodiments, the through hole can also be formed on the front side or the back side in the case of a rectangle-shaped chamber. It shall be noted that, although a rectangle-shaped chamber is mentioned, the chamber 20 may be of another shape such as a cylinder shape, or the like, and the present disclosure does not rely on the particular shape of the chamber 20. In another embodiment, the process gas can be gas of a different type. The chamber 20 is air-tight such that the process gas and thus the gas pressure can accumulate within the internal space of the chamber 20 due to the incoming flow of the process gas into the chamber 20. In some embodiments, the chamber 20 is vacuumed before the process gas flows into the chamber 20. Provided on the bottom of the chamber 20 is a vacuum pump 32. The vacuum pump 30 typically includes a throttle valve or gate valve 34 configured to regulate the gas pressure within the chamber 20, such that appropriate gas pressure is generated within the chamber 20 during processing. In a non-limiting example, the pump can be either a turbo pump or cryo pump. In some embodiments, the gas pressure generated within the chamber 20 is within the range of about 0.3 milliTorr to about 50 milliTorr during processing. In some other embodiments, the gas pressure can be varied, depending upon the practical processing requirements.
[0038] Provided above the chamber 20 are several antennas 36. In a non-limiting example as shown in Figure 1, five antennas 36 each having an arc profile are provided on the cross section, but the present disclosure is not limited thereto. In some embodiments, more or fewer antennas 36 may be provided, depending upon the desired distribution of the magnetic field generated by the antennas 36. In some other embodiments, the antennas 36 may have a different profile than shown. Each antenna 36 is coupled to a RF generator 38 through an impedance matching device 40. The RF generator 38 is configured to provide RF power to each antenna 36 through the impedance matching device 40. In some examples, the impedance matching device 40 may be a matching network, which may be manual or automatic, or a transformer. The impedance matching device 40 is intended to match the impedance of the RF generator 38 with the plasma in chamber 20 to maximize power delivery from the RF source.
[0039] The pedestal 26 is electrically connected to a RF generator 42 through an RF impedance match network 44. The RF generator 42 may output a high-frequency RF power to the pedestal 26, thus igniting a plasma and providing a bias voltage on the substrate 28 placed on the pedestal 26, thereby increasing the energy of ions striking the substrate 28. In some embodiments, the frequency of the high-frequency RF power is greater than or equal to about 1 MegaHertz (MHz) , or up to about 40 MHz.
[0040] The antennas 36 powered by the RF generator 38 can create an electromagnetic field and couple a time-varying electric field within the chamber 20. In some existing technical schemes, the coupled electric field accelerates the free electrons in the process gas up to the ionization energy level of the process gas molecules, thereby generating and maintaining a plasma within the chamber. The plasma generated in this way is known as Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP) . Thereby, the plasma thus generated can be employed for processing the substrate 28. In contrast, in the present disclosure, the plasma is ignited within the chamber 20 by the high-frequency RF power (e.g., frequency greater than or equal to about 1 MHz, or up to about 40 MHz) from the RF generator 42 supplied to the pedestal 26. In some embodiments, the substrate 28 may be biased by the RF power generator 42, through match network 44 to accelerate the processing by increasing the energy of ions striking the substrate 28, as discussed above. In such a case, the antennas 36 powered by the RF generator 38 can generate an electromagnetic field within the chamber 20 to regulate the distribution of the plasma ignited within the chamber 20. It can be conceived that, if the antennas 36 are properly configured and distributed, a desired distribution of the electromagnetic field can be achieved. As such, a desired degree of uniformity of plasma density across the entire surface of the substrate 28 can be achieved.
[0041] It shall be noted that, one RF generator 38 and one impedance matching device 40 are shown in Figure 1 merely by way of example, the present disclosure is however not limited thereto. In an embodiment, a plurality of the RF generators 38 and a plurality of impedance matching devices 40 may be provided, depending upon the practical requirements. For example, the antennas 36 may be divided into several groups, and each group of antennas 36 may be connected to an independent RF generator 38 through an independent impedance matching device 40. The numbers of the antennas 36, the RF generators 38 and the impedance matching devices 40 may be varied, depending upon the practical requirements.
[0042] Provided right below each antenna 36 is a window 46. In an embodiment of the present disclosure, each window 46 is dielectric, and is made of dielectric materials such as quartz, ceramic, or sapphire. Additionally, or alternatively, each window 46 may have a thickness from about 0.5 mm to about 8 mm, but the present disclosure is not limited thereto. In another embodiment, the window 46 may be made from a different material and / or have a different thickness.
[0043] As shown in Figure 1, each window 46 bridges across a respective gap or opening defined in the lid 24. As such, the antennas 36 powered by the RF generator 38 can transmit the power into the plasma, right below the antennas 36 through dielectric windows 46, in the processing chamber 20 with appropriate plasma intensity towards the substrate 28. It shall be appreciated that, the lid 24 is grounded in use, and if no dielectric window 46 or opening is provided on the lid 24, the lid 24 would shield the RF electric field completely. Thus, the openings and thus the window 46 are provided to allow the coupling of the electromagnetic field into the processing chamber 20. Besides, although not shown, it can be conceived that, a gas-tight seal can be provided between a window 46 and the respective opening to prevent the process gas from escaping the processing chamber 20 through the joint between the window 46 and the respective opening. Furthermore, the windows 46 shall be thick and / or strong enough to withstand the pressure difference during processing, since the pressure within the chamber 20 can be below one standard atmospheric pressure.
[0044] As shown in Figure 1, one antenna 36 is positioned above one dielectric window 46. It shall be appreciated by those having ordinary skills in the art that, although the arrangement in which a plurality of antennas 36 are positioned above an individual dielectric window 46 is technically feasible, it is not necessary to have such an arrangement if it is intended for a stronger magnetic field, since many approaches can lead to a stronger magnetic field, like having an antenna 36 with more turns of winding.
[0045] In some embodiments, each antenna 36 is rotatable or displaceable to alter the generated electric field and magnetic field, which will be further illustrated below. Although not shown, the rotation or displacement of the antenna 36 can be done manually or via some controlled mechanical devices, such as motors.
[0046] It shall be understood by those having ordinary skills in the art that, based on the above settings and with appropriate pressure generated by the processing gas within the processing chamber 20 and sufficient intensity of electric field and magnetic field exerted onto the processing chamber 20, the distribution of the plasma ignited by the RF bias power supplied to the pedestal 26 can be regulated and enhanced to achieve a desired degree of uniformity in distribution of the plasma.
[0047] However, the distribution of the plasma ion across the entire surface of large rectangular substrates which have a typical length of about 400 mm and 3,000 mm on each side is generally non-uniform for many reasons. As discussed above, this non-uniformity would pose an adverse impact on the yield of the product, and thus is undesirable due to at least the reduction in yield.
[0048] In view of the above, the inventors of the present disclosure found that, proper configuration and arrangement of the antennas 36 can contribute to a desired uniform distribution of the plasma density across the entire surface of large rectangular substrates, which will be illustrated below. It shall be noted that, the configuration and arrangement of the antennas 36 described herein can be also applied to substrates of other shapes like round substrates.
[0049] Based on the settings and environment described with respect to Figure 1, several variations will be provided and illustrated below.
[0050] It shall be noted that, although the problem described above is associated with large rectangular substrates, but the present disclosure is not limited thereto. It can be understood by those having ordinary skills in the art that, the technical scheme set forth in the present disclosure can be applied to substrates with any appropriate shapes.
[0051] Embodiments described below with respect to Figure 2 through Figure 9 relate to variations in the arrangement of the antennas 36.
[0052] As discussed above, the proper arrangement of the windows 46 and thus antennas 36 is important to the uniformity of plasma density across the processing chamber 20 above a large rectangular substrate 28. Since the rectangular substrate 28 is axisymmetric with regard to X and Y-axis as shown in the figures, the windows 46 and thus antennas 36 shall be arranged or distributed in a substantially symmetric arrangement with respect to the rectangular substrate 28 right below, in order to achieve the uniformity of plasma density across the entire surface of the substrate 28.
[0053] Generally, the windows 46 and thus antennas 36 are arranged within a target area on the chamber lid 24. The target area can be designed based on the geometry of the substrate. The target area is associated with or corresponds to the profile of the entire surface of the rectangular substrate 28. In some embodiments, the projected profile of the rectangular substrate 28 onto the chamber lid 24 falls within the target area. In some other embodiments, the projected profile of the rectangular substrate 28 onto the chamber lid 24 substantially coincides with the target area.
[0054] Referring to Figure 2, which depicts a top view showing an arrangement in which four antennas 36, and four dielectric windows 42 are provided in the chamber lid 24 for the chamber 20 with one antenna 36 in each of the dielectric windows 46, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. The settings and environment as described with respect to Figure 1 can be applied to this embodiment. As shown in Figure 2, the chamber lid 24 for the chamber 20 is provided with four dielectric windows 46 arranged or distributed in a substantially symmetric arrangement, with one dielectric window 46 arranged at one corner. In some embodiments, the number of the dielectric windows 46 may vary. Each dielectric window 46 is smaller than about 20 cm in length and width, with the length being defined as the dimension along the direction from the center of the window 46 to the center of the pedestal 26, and the width being defined as the dimension that is perpendicular to the dimension of the length. In some embodiments, the dielectric window 46 may be smaller in length than in width. The dielectric windows 46 are arranged to be approximately above the locations on the pedestal corresponding to the four corners of the rectangular substrate 28 that will be placed on the pedestal 26 for processing (the projected profile of rectangular substrate 28 onto the chamber lid 24 is schematically shown with dashed lines) . It should be understood that, there are metal wires connecting the antennas 36 to the matching transformer 40 and connecting the transformer to the RF generator 38, all of those metal wires are not shown in the figure. The location of each antenna 36 with respect to its respective dielectric window 46 can be adjusted linearly in the direction from the center of the pedestal 26 or lid 24 to the center of the window 46. Additionally or alternatively, each antenna 36 is rotatable in the plane (i.e., X-Y plane as shown) of chamber lid 24 to different orientations within its respective dielectric window 46 to vary the generated distribution of the electromagnetic field for the optimization of process uniformity, and the magnetic pole 48 of each antenna 36 remain facing the bottom of its respective window 46 while being rotated.
[0055] As shown in Figure 2, the angles of the magnetic pole 48 of the antennas 36 with X axis are about 45 and 135 degrees. However, the angle may be varied due to the rotation of the antenna 36 within the X-Y plane by the rotation of the antenna 36, as discussed above.
[0056] Referring to Figure 3, which depicts a top view showing an arrangement in which eight antennas 36, and eight dielectric windows, i.e., four windows 46 and four windows 50, are provided in the chamber lid 24 for the chamber 20 with one antenna 36 in each of the dielectric windows 46 and 50, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. The settings and environment as described with respect to Figure 1 can be applied to this embodiment. The dielectric windows 46 and 50 are shown to be arranged or distributed in a substantially symmetric arrangement. As shown in Figure 3, four of the windows 46, are arranged to be approximately above locations on the pedestal 26 corresponding to the corners of the rectangular substrate 28 that will be placed on the pedestal 26 for processing (the projected profile of rectangular substrate 28 onto the chamber lid 24 is schematically shown with dashed lines) , while four other windows 50, are placed approximately above locations on the pedestal 26 corresponding to the midpoints of the four edges of the rectangular substrate 28.
[0057] The differences between the arrangement shown in Figure 3 and that shown in Figure 2 lie in the numbers of antennas 36 and the dielectric windows 46 or 50, the orientations of the antennas 36, as well as the position where the dielectric windows 46 or 50 are arranged.
[0058] As shown in Figure 3, the angles of the magnetic pole 48 of the antennas 36 with X axis are about 0, 45, 90 and 135 degrees. However, the angles may be varied due to the rotation of the antennas 36 within the X-Y plane by the rotation of the antenna 36, as discussed above.
[0059] Referring to Figure 4, which depicts a top view showing an arrangement in which nine antennas 36 and nine dielectric windows, are provided in the chamber lid 24 for the chamber 20, with one antenna 36 in each of the dielectric windows, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. The settings and environment as described with respect to Figure 1 can be applied to this embodiment. The dielectric windows are shown to be arranged or distributed in a substantially symmetric arrangement. In addition to the eight antennas 36 and eight windows 46 and 50 shown in Figure 3, the nine-antenna 36 configuration has one extra antenna 36 and corresponding window, 52, above the approximate center of the pedestal 26 to address any issue of relatively low ion density at the center, if present.
[0060] As shown in Figure 4, the angles of the magnetic pole 48 of the antennas 36 with X axis are about 0, 45, 90 and 135 degrees. However, the angles may be varied due to the rotation of the antennas 36 within the X-Y plane, as discussed above.
[0061] Referring to Figure 5, which depicts a top view showing an arrangement in which thirteen antennas 36 and thirteen dielectric windows are provided in the chamber lid 24 for the chamber 20, with one antenna 36 in each of the dielectric windows, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. The dielectric windows 46, 50, 52, 54 are arranged or distributed in a symmetric arrangement. The settings and environment as described with respect to Figure 1 can be applied to this embodiment. Compared with the nine-antenna configuration shown in Figure 4, the thirteen-antenna configuration has additional four antennas 36 within their respective dielectric windows, 54, with each window approximately above the locations on the pedestal 26 corresponding to half-way points from the center to four corners of the rectangular substrate 28 that will be placed on the pedestal 26 for plasma-based processing (the projected profile of rectangular substrate 28 onto the chamber lid 24 is schematically shown with dashed lines) .
[0062] As shown in Figure 5, the angles of the magnetic pole 48 of the antennas 36 with X axis are about 0, 45, 90 and 135 degrees. However, the angles may be varied due to the rotation of the antennas 36 within the X-Y plane by the rotation of the antenna 36, as discussed above.
[0063] Referring to Figure 6, which depicts a top view showing an arrangement in which fifteen antennas 36 and fifteen dielectric windows are provided in the chamber lid 24 for the chamber 20, with one antenna 36 in each of the dielectric windows, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. The dielectric windows are shown to be arranged or distributed in a substantially symmetric arrangement. The arrangement can be intended for processing a rectangular substrate 28 with two edges, 56, substantially longer than the other two edges, 58. The settings and environment as described with respect to Figure 1 can be applied to this embodiment. In addition to nine windows placed approximately above locations on the pedestal 26 corresponding to the center, 52, four midpoints, 54, from the center to the corners, and four corners, 46, of the rectangular substrate 28 which will be placed on the pedestal 26 for plasma-based processing, one window, 50, is placed approximately above a location on the pedestal 26 corresponding to the midpoint of each of the two shorter edges, 58, while two windows, 60, are placed approximately above the locations on the pedestal 26 corresponding to two equally-spaced points on each of the two longer edges, 56, of the rectangular substrate 28 which will be placed on the pedestal 26 for processing (the projected profile of rectangular substrate 28 onto the lid 24 is schematically shown with dashed lines) .
[0064] As shown in Figure 6, the angles of the magnetic pole 48 of the antennas 36 with X axis are about 0, 45, 90 and 135 degrees. However, the angles may be varied due to the rotation of the antennas 36 within the X-Y plane by the rotation of the antenna 36, as discussed above.
[0065] Referring to Figure 7, which depicts is a top view showing an arrangement in which seventeen antennas 36 and seventeen dielectric windows are provided in the lid 24 for the chamber 20, with one antenna 36 in each of the dielectric windows, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. The dielectric windows are shown to be arranged or distributed in a substantially symmetric arrangement. The settings and environment as described with respect to Figure 1 can be applied to this embodiment. The seventeen windows are arranged to be above positions on the pedestal 26 corresponding to the center, 52, the four corners, 46, half-way points, 54, from the center to each of the four corners, and two equally-spaced points, 60, on each of the four edges of the rectangular substrate 28 that will be placed on the pedestal 26 for processing.
[0066] As shown in Figure 7, the angles of the magnetic pole 48 of the antennas 36 with X axis are about 0, 45, 90 and 135 degrees. However, the angles may be varied due to the rotation of the antennas 36 within the X-Y plane by the rotation of the antenna 36, as discussed above.
[0067] Referring to Figure 8, which depicts a top view showing an arrangement in which twenty-one antennas 36 and twenty-one dielectric windows are provided in the chamber lid 24 for the chamber 20, with one antenna 36 in each of the dielectric windows, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. The dielectric windows are shown to be arranged or distributed in a substantially symmetric arrangement. The settings and environment as described with respect to Figure 1 can be applied to this embodiment. The arrangement can be intended for plasma-based processing of a rectangular substrate 28.The twenty-one windows are arranged to be above positions on the pedestal 26 corresponding to the center, 52, the four corners, 46, half-way points, 54, from the center to each of the four corners, half-way points, 62, from the center to each of the four edges, and two equally-spaced points, 60, on each of the four edges of the rectangular substrate 28 that will be placed on the pedestal 26 for processing.
[0068] As shown in Figure 8, the angles of the magnetic pole 48 of the antennas 36 with X axis are about 0, 45, 90 and 135 degrees. However, the angles may be varied due to the rotation of the antennas 36 within the X-Y plane, by the rotation of the antenna 36, as discussed above.
[0069] Referring to Figure 9, which depicts a top view showing an arrangement in which twenty-five antennas 36 and twenty-five dielectric windows are provided in the chamber lid 24 for the chamber 20, with one antenna 36 in each of the dielectric windows, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. The dielectric windows are shown to be arranged or distributed in a substantially symmetric arrangement. The settings and environment as described with respect to Figure 1 can be applied to this embodiment. The twenty-five windows are arranged to be above positions on the pedestal 26 corresponding to the center, 52, the four corners, 46, half-way points, 54, from the center to each of the four corners, half-way points, 62, from the center to each of the four edges, and three equally-spaced points, 64, on each of the four edges of the rectangular substrate 28 that will be placed on the pedestal 26 for processing.
[0070] As shown in Figure 9, the angles of the magnetic pole 48 of the antennas 36 with X axis are about 0, 45, 90 and 135 degrees. However, the angles may be varied due to the rotation of the antennas 36 within the X-Y plane, by the rotation of the antenna 36, as discussed above.
[0071] It can be seen from the above embodiments discussed with respect to Figure 2 through Figure 9, the dielectric windows are arranged in a substantial central or axial (X axis or Y axis) symmetric arrangement, in order to achieve a desired distribution of the electromagnetic field thus generated. The orientation of the magnetic pole of any one of the antennas 22 can be varied independently within the X-Y plane.
[0072] In addition, the number of the dielectric windows is not limited to the arrangement shown in any one of Figure 2 through Figure 9. It can be contemplated by those having ordinary skills in the art that, the arrangement of the windows (and thus the antennas 36) is suitable if a principal that, the total number of windows arranged along the edges and corners (outer windows on the edge or periphery of the area shown with dashed lines) are more than total number of windows arranged around the center (inner windows within the area shown with dashed lines) , is met. For example, Figure 2 shows that, the total number of the outer windows arranged along the edges and corners is four, while no inner window is arranged around the center. Thus, the principle described above is met. For another example, Figure 8 shows that, the total number of outer windows arranged along the edges and corners is twelve, while the total number of inner windows arranged around the center is nine. Thus, the principle described above is also met. It can be seen that, the principle described above is met in the embodiment shown in any one of Figure 2 through Figure 9.
[0073] The embodiments described below with respect to Figure 10 and Figure 11 relate to variations in the configuration and construction of the antennas 36.
[0074] It can be understood that, the embodiments described below with respect to Figure 10 or Figure 11 can be combined with any one of the embodiments described above with respect to Figure 2 through Figure 9 in an appropriate manner.
[0075] Referring to Figure 10, which depicts a cross sectional view showing a single window with a dipolar antenna 36 mounted therein. As shown, the dielectric window, 46, is mounted into the opening of the lid 24, with the dielectric window bridging across the opening in the chamber lid 24. The dielectric window 46 is typically made of quartz, ceramic, sapphire, or any suitable dielectric material. The dielectric window 46 may have a thickness from about 0.5 mm to about 8 mm. The antenna 36 consists of a toroidal ferromagnetic core 66. A set of windings of metal wire 68 is wound around the toroidal ferromagnetic core 66. At least one of the leads to the winding of one antenna 36 is connected to the winding of another antenna 36 that is mounted upon a different window in a separate opening in the chamber lid 24. As such, the antennas 36 are connected in series. The other lead to the winding of the antenna 36 may be connected to another antenna winding or to the secondary of the transformer (that depends on whether the antenna 36 is the most adjacent one to the transformer 40) . The number of turns of the winding for each ferromagnetic core section may be from 2 to about 30, but the present disclosure is not limited thereto. In some embodiments the number of turns per core section may be more preferably from about 8 to about 30.
[0076] Referring to Figure 11, which depicts a cross sectional view showing a single window with a unipolar antenna 36 mounted therein. The unipolar antenna 36 consists of a straight ferromagnetic core, 70, around which are a set of windings of wire, 72. The number of turns of the winding for each ferromagnetic core section may be from 2 to about 30.
[0077] In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the antennas 36 are dipolar, and may include a segment or section of a toroid of ferromagnetic material around which windings or loops of 2 or more turns of metal wire are made.
[0078] In some embodiments, up to 30 windings of metal wire are made. In some embodiments, between 8 and 30 metal windings are made around a segment of ferromagnetic material. In some embodiments, the number of turns of the windings of a first dipolar antenna may be different from those of a second dipolar antenna and other dipolar antennas.
[0079] The antenna transmits magnetic field into the plasma more efficiently by including a segment of ferromagnetic material around which turns or windings of wire are wound. The segment may have one of the shapes: a section of a toroid, a section of cylindrical rod, a rectangular parallelepiped, or a shape in which two vertical members and a horizontal member that connects the tops of the vertical members are provided.
[0080] In some embodiments, the two ends of the segment, which may be called “pole-faces” , are proximate the window and, when electric current is passed through the wire windings, both polarities of magnetic field pass through the window. Here, term “proximate” means the “pole-faces” are so close to the window that the major part of the generated magnetic field can be exerted into the processing chamber 20.
[0081] In some embodiments, these magnetic fields of both polarities are of approximately equal strength into the chamber interior. The use of ferromagnetic material helps reduce the size of the antenna by increasing the magnetic flux in a given area. This allows windows to be smaller and thinner since the antennas themselves are smaller.
[0082] In some embodiments of the present disclosure, as shown in Figure 12, the dipolar antennas positioned above their respective dielectric windows are simply two sets of wire turns, connected in series, where the winding direction of one of the sets of turns is clockwise while the winding direction of the other set is counter-clockwise. Thus, the magnetic field generated when current is passed through the first set of windings, penetrates the window from the first set of windings, and opposes the field penetrating the window from the second set of windings, with approximately equal magnetic field strength. Thus, the magnetic flux from one set of windings penetrates through the window and then returns through the window to pass through the second set. In such a case, the magnetic field will penetrate into the plasma region within the chamber 20 to transfer RF energy from the antenna into the plasma.
[0083] The following part discusses the RF generator, which can be applied to either a bipolar antenna or a unipolar antenna.
[0084] In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the RF power to the antennas 36 coming from at least one low-frequency RF generator is conditioned by a transformer so that the input impedance of the transformer with the series combination of antennas 36 is about 50 Ohms. In some embodiments of the present disclosure, as shown in Figure 13, a plurality of capacitors (i.e., capacitors 1, and capacitors 2, as shown) are provided. Capacitors 1 are wired in series with the antennas 36 in antenna group 1, and capacitors 2 are wired in series with the antennas 36 in antenna group 2, so that the net series impedance of the combined circuit is predominantly resistive. RF generator 1 may energize the antennas 36 in antennas group 1 through transformer 1. RF generator 2 may energize the antennas 36 in antennas group 2 through transformer 2.
[0085] In some embodiments of the present disclosure, an RF generator providing power to at least one antenna winding is operated at a frequency below approximately 1 MegaHertz and above approximately 30 kiloHertz. In some embodiments, the RF generator that is providing power to at least one antenna winding is operated at a frequency more preferably between about 100 kiloHertz and 600 kiloHertz.
[0086] In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the shunt capacitive loss of RF current from leads and antenna windings is less than about 5%of the output RF current from the transformer.
[0087] In some embodiments of the present disclosure, as shown in Figure 1, a high-frequency RF generator 42 is provided, and the output of the high-frequency RF generator 42 is connected electrically to the pedestal 26, providing a bias voltage on the substrate 28 placed on the pedestal 26, thereby increasing the energy of ions striking the substrate 28, and igniting a plasma within the processing chamber 20. In some embodiments, the high-frequency generator is operated at a frequency greater than or equal to about 1 MegaHertz, and up to about 40 MegaHertz.
[0088] In some embodiments of the present disclosure, multiple antennas 36 may be positioned within one or more openings. In the embodiments where only a single antenna 22 is mounted above each dielectric window, the windows can be relatively small. The advantage in having a plurality of small windows, e.g., less than 20 cm in length by less than 20 cm in width, to permit power input from the antennas 36 is that small openings in the chamber lid 24 can allow thinner dielectric and still withstand the pressure differential between atmospheric pressure on the outside and the vacuum (lower than one standard atmospheric pressure) inside the chamber 20. The thinner dielectric window allows the antenna 36 to be closer to the plasma and hence allows the magnetic flux to more efficiently penetrate the windows to the plasma and produce stronger coupling of RF power therein. The windows are large enough to be able to accommodate some linear shifting in the position of the antenna 36 in a direction toward or away from the center of the pedestal 26, and some rotating of the antenna 36.
[0089] In some embodiments of the present disclosure, there are eight or more antennas 36, all antennas 36 may be powered by a single low-frequency RF generator 38 providing current to the antennas connected in series with each other, or alternatively there may be two or more low-frequency RF generators 38 configured to power those antennas 36. In some embodiments of the present disclosure, as shown in Figure 13, all the antennas 36 may be divided into two or more groups connected in series and there may be two or more low-frequency RF generators and transformers, with each generator connected to the primary windings of each of the transformers, and the secondary windings of each of said transformers are connected to each of said two or more groups of antenna windings connected in series. Possible wiring configurations for two or more low-frequency RF generators are as follows: the four or more antennas 36 in the inside are powered by a low-frequency RF generator through one transformer; while the outside antennas 36, i.e., those above the periphery of the substrate 28, including corners and midpoints of edges, are powered by a second or a third low-frequency RF generators through their respective transformers. The use of multiple low-frequency RF generators to power the antennas 36 may make the tuning of process uniformity easier and allow wider windows of process conditions.
[0090] Based on the above physical settings, an embodiment of the present disclosure provides a method for optimization of uniformity in a sputter etching process.
[0091] Referring to Figure 14, which depicts a flow chart is shown with the procedure for the optimization of uniformity of one embodiment of the sputter etching process. In Step 80, prior to starting process optimization nine antennas 36 are placed respectively on nine windows above locations on the pedestal 26 corresponding to the four corners, the midpoints of each of the four edges, and the geometric center of the rectangular substrate 28 that will be placed the pedestal 26 for processing. Depending on the size of the substrate 28, additional antennas 36 may also be placed on windows above the locations on the rectangular substrate 28. All antennas 36 initially have the same number of turns. Step 82 is to operate the plasma with the antenna 36 arrangement and measure the plasma density profile. Step 84 is to test whether the non-uniformity of the plasma density is within the specification of + / -5%. If it is not, the method proceeds to step 86 which is to move linearly and / or rotate the antenna 36 within its window or change the number of turns on one or more antennas 36 in such a way that areas with low plasma density have an antenna or antennas 36 moved closer to that location or the nearest antennas 36 are given more turns, while areas of high plasma density have number of turns reduced or antennas 36 moved further away from that location. If the non-uniformity of plasma density is less than + / -5%, then Step 88 is to measure the uniformity of the sputter etch rate, and make further adjustments of the locations of the antennas 36 or changes in number of wire turns to reduce power input in locations with too high a sputter rate or increase power input to regions with too low a sputter rate. If the non-uniformity of measured sputter etch rate is still too large, then further adjustments of antenna locations and number of turns are required. This iterative process will conclude when uniformity is adequate and should take usually less than ten iterations.
[0092] Referring to Figure 15, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure, there is provided a method for regulating a uniformity of an inductively coupled plasma (ICP) during a processing of a rectangular substrate 28 by means of the ICP. The settings and environment as described with respect to Figure 1, and the settings in any one of Figures 1 to 13, if appropriate, can be applied to this embodiment.
[0093] The method includes the following steps.
[0094] In Step 90, a rectangular substrate 28 is supported onto a pedestal 26 housed within a processing chamber 20.
[0095] In Step 92, a chamber lid 24 is mounted above the processing chamber 20, and a plurality of dielectric windows is provided on the lid with each window bridging across a respective one of the plurality of openings on the lid, and a plurality of antennas are provided with each positioned above and proximate a respective one of the dielectric windows.
[0096] In an embodiment, the chamber lid 24 is defined thereon a plurality of openings within a target area.
[0097] In an embodiment, a plurality of dielectric windows are provided with each window bridging across a respective one of the plurality of openings.
[0098] In an embodiment the dielectric windows are arranged in such a substantially symmetric arrangement that, a total number of the dielectric windows arranged along a periphery of the target area is greater than the total number of the dielectric windows arranged around a geometric center of the target area and within the periphery of the target area.
[0099] In an embodiment the dielectric windows are arranged in such a substantially symmetric arrangement as shown in any one of Figure 2 to Figure 9.
[0100] In an embodiment, a plurality of antennas 36 are provided, with each antenna 36 positioned above and proximate a respective one of the dielectric windows.
[0101] In Step 94, the processing chamber 20 is vacuumed to exhaust gas from the processing chamber such that a gas pressure within the chamber 20 is kept within a predetermined range; and a process gas is controllably supplied into the processing chamber to modulate chamber process pressure.
[0102] In Step 96, the pedestal 26 is energized with a first RF generator operated at a first frequency, to apply an electric field onto the process gas, to ignite the ICP within the chamber 20.
[0103] In Step 98, the antennas 36 are energized with a second RF generator operated at a second frequency to couple an electromagnetic field to the ignited plasma to generate the ICP within the chamber and to regulate a distribution of the ICP.
[0104] In Step 100, at least one of the following aspects is independently manipulated to achieve a predetermined density uniformity of the ICP across an entire surface of the rectangular substrate 28. The factors include a configuration of each of the antennas 36, a construction of each of the antennas 36, an orientation of each of the antennas 36, one or both of the first frequency and a power level of RF power supplied to the pedestal 26, or one or both of the second frequency and the power level of the RF power supplied to the antennas 36.
[0105] In an embodiment, the entire surface of the rectangular substrate 28 is associated with the target area.
[0106] In an embodiment, the first frequency is higher than the second frequency.
[0107] In an embodiment, the first frequency is greater than or equal to about 1 MHz and less than about 40 MHz.
[0108] In an embodiment, the second frequency is below approximately 1 MHz and above approximately 30 kHz, or between about 100 kHz and 600 kHz.
[0109] The properties and features of the elements involved in the steps are not described in detail in this method embodiment for brevity, and can be found in the related embodiment (s) as described above.
[0110] Some embodiments of the present disclosure have been illustrated above. The description of the present disclosure is merely illustrative in nature and variations that do not depart from the gist of the present disclosure are intended to be within the scope of the present disclosure. Such variations are not to be regarded as a departure from the scope of the present disclosure.
Claims
1.A chamber lid applicable to a processing chamber for processing a rectangular substrate housed within the processing chamber by means of an inductively coupled plasma (ICP) , the chamber lid defining a plurality of openings within a target area on the chamber lid; wherein,a plurality of dielectric windows each bridging across a respective one of the plurality of openings, are provided, the dielectric windows are arranged in such a substantially symmetric arrangement that, a total number of the dielectric windows arranged along a periphery of the target area is greater than the total number of the dielectric windows arranged around a geometric center of the target area and within the periphery of the target area; anda plurality of antennas each being positioned above and proximate a respective one of the dielectric windows, are provided, the antennas are connected in series and are configured to be energized to generate and apply an electromagnetic field through the dielectric windows to regulate the ICP generated within the processing chamber, and at least one of following aspects, a configuration of each of the antennas, a construction of each of the antennas, an orientation of each of the antennas, or one or both of a frequency and a power level of a radio frequency (RF) power supplied to the antennas is independently manipulatable to achieve a predetermined density uniformity of the ICP across an entire surface of the rectangular substrate, and the entire surface of the rectangular substrate is associated with the target area on the chamber lid.2.The chamber lid as claimed in claim 1, wherein,the chamber lid defines at least four openings whose positions are approximately above locations on a pedestal where corners of the rectangular substrate are located during a subsequent processing;at least one low-frequency RF generator is provided, the low-frequency RF generator is connected through an RF power impedance matching device to windings of the antennas; andthe entire surface of the rectangular substrate is associated with the target area such that a projected profile of the rectangular substrate onto the chamber lid falls within the target area or substantially coincides with the target area.3.The chamber lid as claimed claim 1 wherein the configuration of each of the antennas is manipulatable such that, each antenna is provided as a unipolar antenna, so that a magnetic field of a single polarity penetrates the respective window directly under the respective antenna.4.The chamber lid as claimed claim 1, wherein the configuration of each of the antennas is manipulatable such that, each antenna is provided as a dipolar antenna comprising at least two turns of metal wire wound so that approximately equal strength magnetic fields of both polarities penetrate the respective dielectric window directly under the respective antenna.5.The chamber lid as claimed in claim 4, wherein each antenna comprises a ferromagnetic segment, and between 8 and 30 turns of metal wire are wound around the ferromagnetic segment in such manner that magnetic fields produced by a current passing through the metal wire produces magnetic fields of both polarities penetrating the respective window with approximately equal strength.6.The chamber lid as claimed in claim 5, wherein the ferromagnetic segment has one of shapes of, a section of a toroid, a section of cylindrical rod, a rectangular parallelepiped, or a shape in which two vertical members and a horizontal member that connects tops of the vertical members are provided.7.The chamber lid as claimed in claim 4 wherein the construction of the antennas is manipulatable such that, each dipolar antenna comprises two sets of wire turns connected in series, wherein a first set of wire turns is wound clockwise while a second set of wire turns is wound counter-clockwise, such that the magnetic field generated when current passing through the windings, penetrates the window from the first set of windings, and opposes the field penetrating the window from the second set of windings, with approximately equal magnetic field strength.8.The chamber lid as claimed in claim 2, wherein the low-frequency RF generator is configured to operate at a frequency below approximately 1 MegaHertz (MHz) and above approximately 30 kiloHertz (kHz) .9.The chamber lid as claimed in claim 8, wherein the low-frequency RF generator is configured to operate at a frequency between about 100 kHz and 600 kHz.10.The chamber lid as claimed in claim 2, wherein the RF power impedance matching device is a transformer, and during processing an input impedance of the transformer connected to the antennas connected in series is about 50 Ohms; and a plurality of capacitors are provided and wired in series with the antennas so that the net series impedance of the combined circuit is predominantly resistive.11.The chamber lid as claimed in claim 2, wherein the pedestal is electrically connected to an output of a high-frequency RF generator, to provide a capacitively coupled bias voltage on the substrate and the high-frequency RF generator is configured to operate at a frequency that is greater than or equal to about 1 MHz and less than about 40 MHz, to ignite a plasma within the processing chamber for subsequent generation of the ICP by the coupling of an electric field generated by the antennas.12.The chamber lid as claimed in claim 2, wherein eight antennas and eight respective windows are provided, with each antenna and window pair in a different one of eight respective openings in the metal lid, with each antenna configured adjacent a dielectric window such that the antennas and the windows are approximately above the locations on the pedestal corresponding to the four corners and four midpoints of the four edges of the rectangular substrate as the substrate is placed on the pedestal for processing.13.The chamber lid as claimed in claim 2, wherein nine antennas and nine respective windows are provided, with each antenna and window in a different one of nine respective openings in the chamber lid, with each antenna configured adjacent a dielectric window such that the antennas and the windows are approximately above the locations on the pedestal corresponding to the geometric center, the four midpoints of the four edges and the four corners of a rectangular substrate as the substrate is placed on the pedestal for processing.14.The chamber lid as claimed in claim 2, wherein thirteen antennas and thirteen dielectric windows are provided, each in a different one of thirteen respective openings in the chamber lid, with each antenna configured adjacent each dielectric window such that the antennas and the windows are approximately above the locations on the pedestal corresponding to the geometric center, the four midpoints of the four edges, the four corners, and four half-way points from the geometric center to each of the corners of a rectangular substrate as the substrate is placed on the pedestal for processing.15.The chamber lid as claimed in claim 2, wherein fifteen antennas and fifteen dielectric windows are provided, each antenna and window in a different one of fifteen respective openings in the chamber lid, with each antenna configured adjacent each dielectric window such that the antennas and the openings are approximately above the locations on the pedestal corresponding to the geometric center, four midpoints from the geometric center to each of the four corners, four corners, the midpoint of each of two short edges, two equally-spaced points on each of the two longer edges of the rectangular substrate as the substrate is placed on the pedestal for processing.16.The chamber lid as claimed in claim 2, wherein seventeen antennas and seventeen dielectric windows are provided, with each window and antenna positioned in a different one of seventeen respective openings in the chamber lid, with each antenna configured adjacent each dielectric window such that the antennas and the windows are approximately above the locations on the pedestal corresponding to the geometric center, four midpoints from the geometric center to each of the four corners, four corners, two equally-spaced points on each of the four edges of the rectangular substrate as the substrate is placed on the pedestal for processing.17.The chamber lid as claimed in claim 2, wherein twenty-one antennas and twenty-one dielectric windows are provided, with each antenna and window in a different one of twenty-one respective openings in the chamber lid, with each antenna configured adjacent each dielectric window such that the antennas and the windows are approximately above the locations on the pedestal corresponding to the geometric center, four midpoints from the geometric center to each of the four corners, four midpoints from the geometric center to each of the four edges, four corners, and two equally-spaced points on each of the four edges of the rectangular substrate as the substrate is placed on the pedestal for processing.18.The chamber lid as claimed in claim 2, wherein twenty-five antennas and twenty-five dielectric windows are provided, with each in a different one of twenty-five respective openings in the chamber lid, with each antenna configured adjacent each dielectric window such that the antennas and the windows are approximately above the locations on the pedestal corresponding to the geometric center, four midpoints from the geometric center to each of the four corners, four midpoints from the geometric center to each of the four edges, four corners, and three equally-spaced points on each of the four edges of the rectangular substrate as the substrate is placed on the pedestal for processing.19.The chamber lid as claimed in claim 2, wherein each window is up to 20 cm in length and width, large enough to be able to accommodate a linear shifting in the position of the antenna in a direction toward or away from the geometric center of the pedestal, and a rotating of the antenna.20.The chamber lid as claimed in claim 1 wherein at least eight antennas connected in series with each other are provided, and each of the antennas is powered by a single low-frequency RF generator.21.The chamber lid as claimed in claim 1 wherein the plurality of antennas comprises at least eight antennas, the at least eight antennas are grouped into at least two groups , with each group of antennas separately connected in series, and two or more low-frequency RF generators comprising a first low-frequency RF generator and a second low-frequency RF generator, and transformers comprising a first transformer and a second transformer are provided, with the first low-frequency RF generator connected to the primary windings of the first transformer whose secondary winding is connected to a first group of the antennas, and the second low-frequency RF generator connected to the primary windings of the second transformer whose secondary is connected to a second group of the antennas.22.An apparatus for processing a rectangular substrate with plasma, comprising,a processing chamber;a vacuum pump, configured to connect with the processing chamber to exhaust gas from the chamber such that a gas pressure within the chamber is kept within a predetermined range;a controllable supply of process gas, to modulate chamber process pressure;a pedestal within the processing chamber, configured to support the substrate for subsequent processing;at least two RF generators, with at least one of which being a low-frequency Radio Frequency (RF) generator, and one of which being a high-frequency RF generator; andthe chamber lid as claimed in claim 1;wherein, the low-frequency RF generator is connected to antennas, and the high-frequency RF generator is connected to the pedestal.23.A method for regulating a uniformity of an inductively coupled plasma (ICP) during a processing of a rectangular substrate by means of the ICP, the method comprising,supporting the rectangular substrate onto a pedestal housed within a processing chamber;mounting a chamber lid above the processing chamber; wherein a plurality of openings are defined within a target area on the chamber lid; a plurality of dielectric windows are provided with each window bridging across a respective one of the plurality of openings; and the dielectric windows are arranged in such a substantially symmetric arrangement that, a total number of the dielectric windows arranged along a periphery of the target area is greater than the total number of the dielectric windows arranged around a geometric center of the target area and within the periphery of the target area; providing a plurality of antennas each positioned above and proximate a respective one of the dielectric windows;vacuuming the processing chamber to exhaust gas from the processing chamber such that, a gas pressure within the chamber is kept within a predetermined range; controllably supplying a process gas into the processing chamber to modulate chamber process pressure;energizing the pedestal with a first RF generator operated at a first frequency, to apply an electric field onto the process gas, to ignite a plasma within the chamber;energizing the antennas with a second RF generator operated at a second frequency to couple an electromagnetic power to the ignited plasma to generate the ICP within the chamber and to regulate a distribution of the ICP; andindependently manipulating at least one of following aspects, a configuration of each of the antennas, a construction of each of the antennas, an orientation of each of the antennas, one or both of the first frequency and a power level of RF power supplied to the pedestal, or one of both of the second frequency and the power level of the RF power supplied to the antennas, to achieve a predetermined density uniformity of the ICP across an entire surface of the rectangular substrate;wherein, the entire surface of the rectangular substrate is associated with the target area on the chamber lid;and the first frequency is higher than the second frequency.
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