Substrate including pattern

Abstract

The present invention relates to a substrate and a planar heating element, sensor, and transparent antenna using same. The substrate includes a base material and an electrode layer formed on the base material, wherein the electrode layer includes a first pattern including a wavy pattern that is formed along a first auxiliary curve and repeats in a first direction and a second pattern including a wavy pattern that is formed along a second auxiliary curve and repeats in a direction parallel to the first auxiliary curve, each of the first auxiliary curve and the second auxiliary curve is composed of repeating unit curves, and the starting points of the unit curves are not the same in the first direction. The present invention may provide a substrate that includes wavy patterns free of intersecting or abutting areas and formed in curved shapes along auxiliary curves, and thus prevents a starburst phenomenon and a vertical line pattern visibility phenomenon, and has excellent visibility.

Description

substrate containing a pattern

[0001] The present invention relates to a substrate including a pattern.

[0002] In general, electronic devices perform functions by using various input devices, such as display devices, portable transmission devices, and other information processing devices, and input and perform signals including electrode patterns.

[0003] In addition, in the construction industry or the transportation industry such as automobiles, railways, and aviation, a surface heating element including a heating electrode pattern can be applied to solve the problem of poor visibility due to fogging or frost caused by temperature differences inside and outside of a vehicle, helmet, or building.

[0004] When including such an electrode pattern, in many cases a metal mesh pattern is formed and used to satisfy the optical characteristics and resistance value, but there is a problem in that a starburst phenomenon occurs in which light spreads or stretches at the intersection area and / or edge portion between the standardized mesh pattern and the metal, and the pattern is visible, which may cause problems in terms of the transmission screen view, driver view, information processing, and software aspects of the camera.

[0005] In relation to this, Korean Patent Publication No. 10-1523325 attempts to prevent sparkling by forming a heating element in the form of a metal mesh through a nano-imprint process without using a planar transparent electrode material with high surface resistance and applying a blackening material to the metal mesh pattern. However, there is still a problem in that it is insufficient to prevent the starburst phenomenon occurring in the intersection area of ​​the metal mesh pattern and the phenomenon in which a vertical line pattern is visible due to the regular rows and columns of the pattern.

[0006] Therefore, there is a need for the development of a substrate that can secure excellent visibility by suppressing the starburst phenomenon and vertical line pattern visibility phenomenon that may occur when including an electrode pattern.

[0007]

[0008] The present invention aims to provide a substrate having a non-degraded visibility by including a wavy pattern capable of preventing the starburst phenomenon and vertical stripe pattern visibility phenomenon.

[0009] In addition, the present invention aims to provide a sensor having excellent visibility, such as a touch sensor, a fingerprint sensor, a pressure sensor, a camera sensor for an automobile, a radar sensor, etc., and a device requiring transparency, such as a transparent antenna, and a surface heating element, by including the substrate, thereby improving the starburst phenomenon and preventing the phenomenon of vertical stripe patterns being visible.

[0010] However, the problems to be solved by the present invention are not limited to the problems mentioned above, and other problems not mentioned will be clearly understood by those skilled in the art from the description below.

[0011] In order to solve the above problem, the present invention provides a substrate including a substrate and an electrode layer formed on the substrate, wherein the electrode layer includes a first pattern including a wavy pattern formed along a first auxiliary curve repeated in a first direction and a second pattern including a wavy pattern formed along a second auxiliary curve repeated in a direction parallel to the first auxiliary curve, wherein the first auxiliary curve and the second auxiliary curve are each composed of repetitions of unit curves, and the starting points of the unit curves are not the same with respect to the first direction.

[0012] The first auxiliary curve and the second auxiliary curve may have a distance difference (△SP) greater than 0 based on the first direction of the starting point of each unit curve.

[0013] The above unit curve may be characterized by including at least one selected from the group consisting of a sine curve, a cosine curve, a catenary, a curve of pursuit, a cycloid, a trochoid, and a cardioid.

[0014] The first auxiliary curve and the second auxiliary curve may have a distance (P) between virtual lines passing through the starting point of each unit curve in the first direction of 30 to 2500 μm.

[0015] The first auxiliary curve and the second auxiliary curve may be repeated alternately, or the first auxiliary curve may be repeated in multiple rows and then the second auxiliary curve may be repeated in multiple rows.

[0016] The first pattern and the second pattern may include continuous virtual unit circles including a portion of a wavy pattern, and the virtual unit circles may have a point that touches an adjacent unit circle.

[0017] The above virtual unit circle may have a radius of 5 to 1,500 μm.

[0018] The distance from the center of the above arbitrary virtual unit circle to the center of the adjacent virtual unit circle may be 10 to 3000 μm.

[0019] The line connecting the centers of any three consecutive virtual unit circles may form a predetermined angle.

[0020] The unit curves of the first auxiliary curve and the second auxiliary curve may include two curves spaced apart from each other.

[0021] The first auxiliary curve and the second auxiliary curve may have a width (first width, W1) of 120 to 40,000 µm in the first direction of each unit curve, and a width (second width, W2) of 60 to 5,000 µm in the second direction perpendicular to the first direction.

[0022] The ratio (W1 / W2) of the first width (W1) to the second width (W2) may be 0.125 to 16.

[0023] The first auxiliary curve and the second auxiliary curve may have the same width in the first direction (first width, W1) and the same width in the second direction perpendicular to the first direction (second width, W2) of each unit curve.

[0024] The above first auxiliary curve and the second auxiliary curve may not touch or intersect each other.

[0025] The above wavy pattern may have a line width of 0.3 μm to 30 μm.

[0026] The above substrate may include a bus bar connected to the electrode layer.

[0027] The above electrode layer and bus bar may be formed of the same material.

[0028] The above electrode layer and bus bar may be formed on the same layer.

[0029] The above electrode layer and bus bar may be formed integrally in the same process step.

[0030] The above electrode layer and bus bar may have a thickness of 0.01 to 50 μm.

[0031] The above bus bar may include a first bus bar connected to both ends of the electrode layer; and a second bus bar formed on the first bus bar.

[0032] The above substrate may further include at least one selected from the group consisting of a blackening layer, a separation protective layer, and an overcoating layer.

[0033] In addition, the present invention provides a planar heating element including the substrate.

[0034] Additionally, the present invention provides a sensor including the substrate.

[0035] The present invention also provides a transparent antenna including the substrate.

[0036]

[0037] The present invention can prevent the occurrence of starburst while preventing the phenomenon of vertical stripe patterns being visible, thereby providing a substrate with excellent visibility.

[0038] In addition, the present invention can provide a sensor having improved visibility, such as a touch sensor, a fingerprint sensor, a pressure sensor, a camera sensor for an automobile, a radar sensor, etc., by including the substrate, and a device requiring transparency, such as a transparent antenna, and a surface heating element, and a sensor having improved visibility, such as a vertical stripe pattern recognition phenomenon and a starburst phenomenon.

[0039] Figure 1 is a plan view and an enlarged view of a substrate according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention.

[0040] Figure 2a is a diagram showing an auxiliary curve according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention.

[0041] Figure 2b is a diagram showing a unit pattern according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention.

[0042] Figure 3a is a diagram showing a unit pattern and auxiliary curve according to another preferred embodiment of the present invention.

[0043] Fig. 3b is a diagram showing the shape of the unit pattern according to Fig. 3a using a virtual unit circle.

[0044] Figure 4 is a plan view of a substrate according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention.

[0045] Fig. 5 is a cross-sectional view of the substrate according to Fig. 4.

[0046] Figures 6 to 11 are cross-sectional views of a substrate according to another embodiment of the present invention.

[0047] FIGS. 12 and 13 are plan views of a heating substrate according to some embodiments of the present invention connected to an external power source.

[0048] Fig. 14 is a cross-sectional view of a surface heating element according to the present invention.

[0049] Figure 15 is a diagram showing the pattern shape according to Examples 1 to 5 and Comparative Examples 1 to 2.

[0050] Figure 16 is a diagram showing the results of pattern shape and visibility evaluation according to Example 1 and Comparative Examples 1 and 2.

[0051]

[0052] What each symbol represents is as follows:

[0053] 100: substrate 200: electrode layer

[0054] 210: Wavy Pattern 210-1: First Pattern

[0055] 210-2: Second pattern 220-1: First auxiliary curve

[0056] 220-2: Second auxiliary curve 300: Busbar

[0057] 300-1: 1st bus bar 300-2: 2nd bus bar

[0058] 500: Blackening layer 600: Separating protective layer

[0059] 700: Overcoating layer 10: Substrate

[0060] 20: External member adhesive layer 30: External member

[0061] 40: External power

[0062]

[0063] The present invention relates to a substrate including a pattern, and includes a wavy pattern formed in a curved shape along an auxiliary curve without intersecting or touching areas, thereby preventing the occurrence of starburst and preventing the vertical line pattern phenomenon by staggering the rows and columns of the pattern, thereby providing a substrate with excellent visibility.

[0064] More specifically, the present invention provides a substrate comprising a substrate, an electrode layer formed on the substrate, the electrode layer comprising a first pattern including a wavy pattern formed along a first auxiliary curve repeated in a first direction, and a second pattern including a wavy pattern formed along a second auxiliary curve repeated in a direction parallel to the first auxiliary curve, wherein the first auxiliary curve and the second auxiliary curve are each composed of repetitions of unit curves, and the starting points of the unit curves are not the same with respect to the first direction.

[0065] In addition, the present invention provides a planar heating element, a sensor and a transparent antenna including the substrate.

[0066]

[0067] Hereinafter, embodiments of the present invention will be described in more detail with reference to the drawings. However, the following drawings attached to this specification illustrate preferred embodiments of the present invention and, together with the contents of the invention described above, serve to further understand the technical concept of the present invention. Therefore, the present invention should not be interpreted as being limited to the matters described in such drawings.

[0068] In this specification, the substrate is described as a heating substrate, but this is merely an example of a preferred embodiment of the present invention, and the technical concept of the present invention is not limited thereto. For example, the substrate can be applied to sensors such as touch sensors, fingerprint sensors, pressure sensors, automotive camera sensors, radar sensors, and devices requiring transparency, such as transparent antennas.

[0069] In this specification, singular forms also include plural forms, unless specifically stated otherwise. Like reference numerals refer to like elements throughout the specification.

[0070] As used herein, the terms “comprises” and / or “comprising” are used to mean that they do not exclude the presence or addition of one or more other components, elements and / or devices other than the components, elements and / or devices mentioned.

[0071] Spatially relative terms such as "below," "below," "underside," "above," "top," and "upper side" can be used to easily describe the relationship between one element or component and another element or component, as depicted in the drawings. Spatially relative terms should be understood to include different directions of the elements during use or operation in addition to the directions depicted in the drawings. For example, if an element depicted in a drawing is flipped over, an element described as "below" or "below" another element may end up being placed "above" the other element. Thus, the exemplary term "below" can include both below and above directions.

[0072]

[0073] As used herein, the term "connection" is used to mean both indirectly connecting and directly connecting multiple components, and to mean both physically connecting and electrically connecting.

[0074]

[0075] < Substrate >

[0076] FIG. 1 is a plan view and an enlarged view of a substrate according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, FIG. 2a is a view showing an auxiliary curve according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, and FIG. 2b is a view showing a unit pattern according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention.

[0077] Referring to FIG. 1, a heating substrate (10) according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention includes a substrate (100), an electrode layer (200) formed on the substrate (100), and the electrode layer (200) includes a first pattern (210-1) including a wavy pattern formed along a first auxiliary curve repeated in a first direction and a second pattern (210-2) including a wavy pattern formed along a second auxiliary curve repeated in a direction parallel to the first auxiliary curve, and the first auxiliary curve (220-1) and the second auxiliary curve (220-2) are each composed of repetitions of unit curves, and the starting points of the unit curves are not the same with respect to the first direction.

[0078] In the present invention, the auxiliary curve and wavy pattern mean a curve in which one or more mountains and valleys are formed alternately, and includes, but is not limited to, a partially protruding shape or a deformed shape.

[0079] In the present invention, the starting point of the unit curve refers to the point where the mountain starts among the boundary points of the mountain and the valley, but is not limited thereto.

[0080] In the present invention, the first direction refers to the direction in which the auxiliary curve progresses, i.e., the direction in which the unit curve is repeatedly extended. For example, if the substrate of the present invention includes bus bars (300) at both ends of the electrode layer (200), described later, the first direction may refer to the direction from the bus bar on one side to the bus bar on the other side.

[0081] In the present invention, the second direction means a direction perpendicular to the first direction in the plane along which the auxiliary curve progresses.

[0082] Additionally, in the present invention, the unit curve means one unit of the auxiliary curve repeated in the first direction, and means the minimum unit that is repeated.

[0083] In the present invention, the first width (W1) means the width in the first direction with respect to the unit curve of the first auxiliary curve and the second auxiliary curve, and the second width (W2) means the width in the second direction perpendicular to the first direction with respect to the unit curve of the first auxiliary curve and the second auxiliary curve.

[0084]

[0085] Referring to FIG. 2a, the auxiliary curves (220-1, 220-2) included in the plurality of rows are characterized in that the starting points of the unit curves in each row, particularly the starting points (Sp1, Sp2) of each of two adjacent rows, are not identical with respect to the first direction.

[0086] That is, the unit curve may have a distance difference (△SP) in the first direction between the two closest starting points (Sp1, Sp2) of two adjacent rows greater than 0, and preferably greater than 0 and less than or equal to W1 / 2.

[0087] If the above starting points (Sp1, Sp2) are at the same position with respect to the first direction in the corresponding curve row, that is, if the distance difference (△SP) in the first direction of each starting point of two adjacent rows is 0, the positions of the peaks and valleys in each auxiliary curve formed by the plurality of rows all match, and in this case, when a light source is shined on them, there is a problem that not only a starburst but also a vertical line pattern is visible because the rows and columns of the pattern are arranged in the same phase. In order to reduce such interference between patterns, the starting points of each unit curve constituting the first auxiliary curve and the second auxiliary curve, which will be the basis for forming the actual wavy pattern, are arranged to be different.

[0088] The above unit curve may include at least one selected from the group consisting of a sine curve, a cosine curve, a catenary, a curve of pursuit, a cycloid, a trochoid, and a cardioid.

[0089] The distance (P) between the imaginary lines passing through the starting points of each unit curve in the first direction of the first auxiliary curve and the second auxiliary curve is preferably 30 to 2500 ㎛, and preferably 50 to 1800 ㎛, in terms of surface resistance, visibility, and transmittance of the electrode layer.

[0090] The first and second auxiliary curves may be alternately repeated, or the first auxiliary curve may be repeated in multiple rows, followed by the second auxiliary curve. For example, based on the second direction, the auxiliary curve appearing after the first auxiliary curve may be the second auxiliary curve, or the first auxiliary curve may appear once more. In this case, the repetition rate of each auxiliary curve is not particularly limited.

[0091] Furthermore, the first pattern and the second pattern are formed so that the wavy pattern is repeated along the direction of progression of the first auxiliary curve and the second auxiliary curve, which are repeated as described above. The first pattern and the second pattern include continuous virtual unit circles that include a portion of the wavy pattern, and the virtual unit circles can have a point in contact with an adjacent unit circle.

[0092] Specifically, referring to FIG. 2b, the wavy pattern is a curve continuously formed along the arc of consecutive virtual unit circles, and the wavy pattern may be formed by connecting from any virtual unit circle to a virtual unit circle that touches it along each contact point of the unit circle. In this way, when all the arcs of adjacent virtual unit circles that are connected through the contact points are added, a continuous wavy pattern is formed. That is, the wavy pattern connects from one contact point to the arc of the unit circle to the other contact point, and passes through the arc of the next unit circle. At this time, Cp1 to Cp2 may be defined as one unit pattern, and as in FIG. 2b according to one embodiment of the present invention, the starting point Cp1 and the ending point Cp2 of the unit pattern may coincide with the starting point Sp1 and the ending point Sp2 of the auxiliary curve.

[0093] The above virtual unit circle may have a radius of 5 to 1,500 μm, and preferably 10 to 300 μm. When the radius of the unit circle satisfies the above range, the starburst phenomenon caused by the continuous wavy pattern of a portion of the unit circle can be effectively prevented, which is more preferable. At this time, the virtual unit circles included in each unit pattern may have the same radius or different radius.

[0094] In addition, the distance from the center of any virtual unit circle to the center of an adjacent virtual unit circle may be 2.5 to 750 μm, and preferably 20 to 600 μm.

[0095]

[0096] Referring back to Fig. 2b, a line connecting the centers of any three consecutive virtual unit circles may form a predetermined angle (θ). It is preferable that the predetermined angle (θ) be less than 180 degrees so that the line connecting the centers of the three unit circles does not form a straight line, and if this is satisfied, a starburst phenomenon caused by a wavy pattern can be prevented, which is preferable. Conversely, if θ forms a straight line by forming 180 degrees, a problem of starburst occurrence may be found.

[0097]

[0098] In one embodiment of the present invention, the unit curves of the first auxiliary curve (220-1) and the second auxiliary curve (220-2) may include two curves spaced apart from each other.

[0099] FIG. 3a is a diagram showing a unit pattern and auxiliary curve according to another preferred embodiment of the present invention, and FIG. 3b is a diagram showing the shape of the unit pattern according to FIG. 3a using an imaginary unit circle.

[0100] Referring to Fig. 3a, the unit curves of the first auxiliary curve and the second auxiliary curve may each include two semicircular curves that are spaced apart. In this case, as illustrated in Fig. 3b, the starting point Sp1 of each unit curve constituting the first auxiliary curve may not coincide with the starting point Cp1 of the first pattern, the ending point Sp2 of each unit curve may not coincide with the ending point Cp2 of the first pattern, and the two curves included in each unit curve may exist spaced apart from each other by a distance d (see Fig. 3b). The distance d may be the diameter of an imaginary unit circle.

[0101] Each unit curve of the first auxiliary curve and the second auxiliary curve may have a width (first width, W1) in the first direction of 120 to 40,000 μm, and preferably 200 to 24,000 μm.

[0102] In addition, each unit curve of the first auxiliary curve and the second auxiliary curve may have a width (second width, W2) in a second direction perpendicular to the first direction of 60 to 5,000 μm, preferably 100 to 3,000 μm.

[0103] When the above range is satisfied, it is preferable because the sheet resistance and transmittance of the electrode layer can be satisfied at the same time. The smaller the first width and the second width, the more advantageous the sheet resistance becomes while the transmittance becomes disadvantageous. However, when the above range is satisfied, there is no problem in achieving the desired transmittance. In addition, the larger the first width and the second width, the more advantageous the transmittance becomes while the resistance becomes disadvantageous. However, there is no problem in providing the sheet resistance of the electrode layer for performing the desired function. For example, when the transmittance is 80% or more, it is considered as a substrate having an applicable transmittance.

[0104] Specifically, the surface resistance of the electrode layer of the heating substrate according to the present invention may preferably be 0.5 to 10Ω. Depending on the shape of the pattern, the surface resistance of the electrode layer may be adjusted. However, if it exceeds the above range excessively, the heating rate may be slowed down, resulting in reduced efficiency. If it falls below the above range excessively, the current consumption may increase.

[0105] Furthermore, considering the surface resistance, transmittance, and vertical stripe pattern visibility of the electrode layer, the ratio of the first width (W1) to the second width (W2) (W1 / W2) may be 0.125 to 16, preferably 0.5 to 10.

[0106] The first auxiliary curve and the second auxiliary curve may have the same width in the first direction (first width, W1) and the same width in the second direction perpendicular to the first direction (second width, W2) of each unit curve. That is, the first width and the second width of the unit curve of the first auxiliary curve may be the same as the first width and the second width of the unit curve of the second auxiliary curve. In this case, the first auxiliary curve and the second auxiliary curve may not touch or intersect each other, so that the occurrence of the starburst phenomenon can be more effectively prevented and excellent visibility can be exhibited, which is preferable.

[0107] The above wavy pattern (210) may have a line width of 0.3 μm to 30 μm, preferably 1 μm to 10 μm. When the above range is satisfied, sufficient driving performance and heat generation performance can be exhibited in devices requiring transparency without compromising visibility, which is desirable. Specifically, forming a micropattern with a line width satisfying the above range may be preferable because it makes it more difficult for the electrode layer having the pattern to be recognized.

[0108]

[0109] The above substrate (100) serves to structurally support the electrode layer (200) and maintain its position, and any substrate commonly used in the field can be used without limitation. The above substrate (100) may be a transparent substrate that can transmit light, and may be one having flexible properties.

[0110] In one embodiment, the substrate (100) may include at least one selected from the group consisting of polymeric materials such as glass, cyclic olefin polymer (COP), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyacrylate (PAR), polyetherimide (PEI), polyethylene naphthalate (PEN), polyphenylene sulfide (PPS), polyallylate, polyimide (PI), cellulose acetate propionate (CAP), polyethersulfone (PES), cellulose triacetate (TAC), polycarbonate (PC), cyclic olefin copolymer (COC), polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA); and / or inorganic insulating materials such as silicon oxide, silicon nitride, silicon oxynitride, and metal oxide.

[0111] The thickness of the above substrate (100) may be 1 to 500 μm, and preferably 5 to 75 μm. When the thickness of the substrate (100) satisfies the above range, it is preferable because it has the advantage of maintaining a stable structure while having transparent and flexible characteristics, making it easy to handle in the process.

[0112]

[0113] The material for forming the above electrode layer (200) is not particularly limited, but a component having transparency may be preferable.

[0114] It may include at least one selected from the group consisting of indium tin oxide (ITO), indium zinc oxide (IZO), zinc oxide (ZnO), indium zinc tin oxide (IZTO), cadmium tin oxide (CTO), aluminum zinc oxide (AZO), gallium zinc oxide (GZO), carbon nanotubes (CNT), graphene, and metals, and the metals are not particularly limited. For example, silver (Ag), gold (Au), aluminum (Al), copper (Cu), molybdenum (Mo), nickel (Ni), zinc (Zn), tungsten (W), titanium (Ti), tellurium (Te), chromium (Cr), etc. can be mentioned, and copper (Cu) can be preferably used. These can be used alone or in combination of two or more. In addition, when the line width of the pattern formed with the above-mentioned materials is adjusted to manufacture a fine pattern that is difficult to see, it can be more preferable in terms of transparency and visibility.

[0115]

[0116] The substrate of the present invention may include a bus bar (300) connected to the electrode layer (200).

[0117]

[0118] The electrode layer (200) is physically directly connected to the bus bars (300) at both ends, so that current flows between the anode and cathode and generates heat. In order to generate heat uniformly throughout the electrode layer (200), a pair of bus bars (300) facing each other with respect to the electrode layer (200) may be formed to be parallel to each other, but is not limited thereto. In one embodiment of the present invention, the bus bars (300) may form a straight line, and the electrode layer (200) may have a rectangular shape, but is not limited thereto, and may have a suitable shape depending on the shape of the transportation means, device, or building to which the heating substrate (10) is applied.

[0119]

[0120] The thickness of the electrode layer (200) may be 0.1 to 1 μm, and preferably 0.3 to 0.8 μm. When the electrode layer (200) satisfies the above thickness, there is an advantage in that the taper of the electrode layer (200) can be appropriately adjusted, and accordingly, the defect rate in the heating substrate manufacturing process can be reduced, and the ESD (electrostatic discharge) durability can be improved, thereby increasing the reliability of the product, which is preferable.

[0121] The taper of the electrode layer (200) may be a forward taper, and preferably may have an angle of 20 to 50°. As the thickness of the electrode layer (200) increases, the taper angle may deviate from the appropriate range, and if a reverse taper or a sharp taper is formed, there may be problems such as an unintentional short circuit in the electrical connection between the upper and lower layers, or the formation of microbubbles between each layer during the lamination process.

[0122] The above bus bar (300) provides a path through which current (or electrons) supplied from an external power source (40) moves. In one embodiment of the present invention, the bus bar (300) is connected to an external power source (40), and the current (or electrons) supplied from the external power source (40) may flow from one end of the electrode layer (200) to the other end through the bus bar (300) and generate heat.

[0123] The above bus bar (300) may include at least one selected from the group consisting of carbon (C), silver (Ag), gold (Au), aluminum (Al), copper (Cu), molybdenum (Mo), nickel (Ni), zinc (Zn), tungsten (W), titanium (Ti), tellurium (Te), and chromium (Cr). The carbon may be, but is not limited to, carbon nanotubes (CNT) or graphene.

[0124]

[0125] The electrode layer (200) and the bus bar (300) may be formed of the same material. By forming the electrode layer (200) and the bus bar (300) of the same material, the occurrence of contact resistance due to contact between two different materials can be prevented. Accordingly, by reducing the current bottleneck phenomenon caused by the occurrence of uneven resistance at the connection between the bus bar (300) and the electrode layer, uniform heat generation performance can be exhibited throughout the electrode layer (200), and there is an advantage in that heat generation time delay and heat loss due to decreased electron mobility between dissimilar metals can be prevented.

[0126]

[0127] In addition, the electrode layer (200) and the bus bar (300) may be formed on the same layer. For example, in a conventional heating substrate, an electrode layer is first formed on a substrate, and a bus bar is formed as a separate layer on top of both ends of the formed electrode layer. However, when the electrode layer and the bus bar are formed on different layers and connected in this way, contact resistance may occur between the bus bar and the electrode layer, and the resulting increase in resistance may deteriorate the heating performance. In addition, when the heating substrate is bonded to a cover glass or the like through a heat-sealing or laminating process, an electrical short circuit may occur with the bus bar, which is an upper layer, due to the tapered step of the mesh-shaped electrode layer, and thus, a problem of increased overall resistance may occur.

[0128]

[0129] In addition, the electrode layer (200) and the bus bar (300) may be formed integrally in the same process step. If the electrode layer (200) and the bus bar (300) are formed in different layers in different process steps and then connected, the above-described problem may occur. In addition, if the electrode layer (200) and the bus bar (300) are formed in different process steps and then connected in the same layer, a problem may occur in which a local overheating phenomenon or uneven heat generation performance occurs due to uneven contact area or poor contact. In addition, as described above, if the bus bar and the electrode layer are formed in separate layers and then connected, the resistance may increase due to an increase in contact resistance and an electrical short circuit between the upper and lower layers.

[0130]

[0131] The thickness of the above bus bar (300) is the same as the thickness of the electrode layer (200), and may be 0.1 to 1 μm, and preferably 0.3 to 0.8 μm. When the bus bar (300) satisfies the above thickness, there is an advantage in that the taper can be appropriately adjusted, and accordingly, the defect rate in the heating substrate manufacturing process can be reduced, and the ESD (electrostatic discharge) durability can be improved, thereby increasing the reliability of the product, which is preferable.

[0132]

[0133] The width of the busbars (300) may be independently 50 mm or less, but is not limited thereto, and may be appropriately adjusted depending on the form of the means of transportation, device, or building to which the heating substrate (10) is applied. For example, when the diagonal width of the heating substrate (10) is 20 inches or less, the width of the busbars (300) may be independently 1 mm to 6 mm, and when the diagonal width of the heating substrate (10) is 20 inches or more, the width of the busbars (300) may be independently 2 mm to 50 mm. When the width of the busbars (300) satisfies the above range, there is an advantage in that current (electrons) can be stably supplied to the electrode layer (200) without a problem of visibility. When the width of the busbars (300) exceeds the above range, the area through which current flows increases, which may reduce the sheet resistance of the busbars. However, the visibility of the busbars increases, which makes it difficult to apply to actual products.

[0134]

[0135] The electrode layer (200) and bus bar (300) can be formed by a method known in the art. For example, the method can be screen printing, photolithography, electroplating, or metal bonding, but is not limited thereto.

[0136] For example, the electrode layer of the present invention can be formed through a photolithography process, and in this case, formation of a micro-pattern with a line width of less than 20 ㎛ is possible, which is preferable in that the electrode layer is more difficult to see.

[0137] The bus bar (300) of the present invention may include, as illustrated in FIG. 6, a first bus bar (300-1) connected to both ends of the electrode layer (200); and a second bus bar (300-2) formed on the first bus bar (300-1).

[0138] The description of the above-described bus bar (300) can be applied equally to the first bus bar (300-1).

[0139]

[0140] In the case where the above bus bar (300) is multi-layered, the second bus bar (300-2) is connected to an external power source (40), and current (or electrons) supplied from the external power source (40) may sequentially flow from one end of the electrode layer (200) to the other end through the second bus bar (300-2) and the first bus bar (300-1) and generate heat.

[0141] The first bus bar (300-1) and the second bus bar (300-2) may each independently include at least one selected from the group consisting of carbon (C), silver (Ag), gold (Au), aluminum (Al), copper (Cu), molybdenum (Mo), nickel (Ni), zinc (Zn), tungsten (W), titanium (Ti), tellurium (Te), and chromium (Cr). The carbon may be, but is not limited to, carbon nanotubes (CNT) or graphene.

[0142] The second bus bar (300-2) may be formed using a conductive paste. The conductive paste may include at least one selected from the group consisting of carbon (C), silver (Ag), gold (Au), aluminum (Al), copper (Cu), molybdenum (Mo), nickel (Ni), zinc (Zn), tungsten (W), titanium (Ti), tellurium (Te), and chromium (Cr). In terms of implementing low surface resistance, it is preferable to include silver (Ag) or gold (Au), and it is most preferable to include silver (Ag).

[0143]

[0144] In addition, the electrode layer (200) and the second bus bar (300-2) may not be in physical contact with each other. As shown in FIG. 6, the electrode layer (200) and the first bus bar (300-1) are formed on the same layer on the substrate (100) and are in physical contact with each other, and the second bus bar (300-2) is formed on the first bus bar (300-1) and is in physical contact with the first bus bar (300-1). However, the electrode layer (200) and the second bus bar (300-2) are not in physical contact with each other.

[0145] As described above, the second bus bar (300-2) is formed in a double layer on the first bus bar (300-1), and the second bus bar (300-2) exhibits a resistance similar to or lower than that of the first bus bar (300-1), thereby forming a parallel resistance, thereby assisting the smooth flow of current (electrons) applied from an external power source, thereby reducing the resistance of the current flowing throughout the bus bar. By reducing the resistance of the entire bus bar in this way, local overheating due to current bottlenecks in some sections can be prevented, and equipotential can be maintained throughout the electrode layer (200) connected to the first bus bar (300-1). However, when the electrode layer (200) and the second bus bar (300-2) are in physical contact with each other, a problem may occur in which the electrical connection with the second bus bar (300-2) is short-circuited due to the tapered step of the electrode layer (200).

[0146] It is preferable that the second bus bar (300-2) does not exceed the width and length of the first bus bar (300-1), and in order to minimize the resistance of the bus bar, it is more preferable that the second bus bar (300-2) has the same width and length as the first bus bar (300-1).

[0147]

[0148] The second bus bar (300-2) may have a surface resistance similar to or lower than that of the first bus bar (300-1). By forming the second bus bar (300-2) having a surface resistance similar to or lower than that of the first bus bar (300-1) on the first bus bar (300-1), it is possible to prevent local overheating due to a current bottleneck at a connection portion connected to an external power source, and by supplying a stable and uniform current (electron) to the entire first bus bar (300-1), it is possible to exhibit uniform heat generation performance throughout the entire electrode layer (200).

[0149]

[0150] The thickness of the second bus bar (300-2) may be 5 to 100 times greater than the thickness of the first bus bar (300-1), and preferably 10 to 50 times greater. When the second bus bar (300-2) satisfies the above thickness ratio, it is preferable because it is easy to adjust it to exhibit resistance similar to or lower than that of the first bus bar (300-1).

[0151] The thickness of the second bus bar (300-2) may be 3 to 30 μm, and preferably 5 to 25 μm. When the second bus bar (300-2) satisfies the above thickness, it exhibits sufficiently low surface resistance, which has the advantage of preventing local overheating and supplying uniform current.

[0152]

[0153] The ratio (Rs1 / Rs2) of the surface resistance (Rs1) of the first bus bar (300-1) to the surface resistance (Rs2) of the second bus bar (300-2) may be 0.1 to 5, preferably 0.2 to 3, and more preferably 0.4 to 1.7. When the above-mentioned ratio of surface resistances is satisfied, uniform heat generation performance can be achieved throughout the entire heat generation substrate by reducing the potential difference between the first and second bus bars, which is preferable.

[0154]

[0155] The surface resistance of the second bus bar (300-2) may be 0.5Ω / sq or less, preferably 0.1Ω / sq or less, and more preferably 0.01 to 0.1Ω / sq.

[0156]

[0157] The heating substrate of the present invention may further include at least one selected from the group consisting of a blackening layer, a separation protective layer, and an overcoating layer.

[0158] The heating substrate (10) according to Fig. 7 further includes a blackening layer (500) on one side of the electrode layer (200). The heating substrate (10) according to Fig. 8 further includes a blackening layer (500) on both sides of the electrode layer (200). The description given for the heating substrates according to Figs. 1 to 6 can be equally applied to the heating substrates illustrated in Figs. 7 and 8, and detailed descriptions of substantially identical or similar components are omitted.

[0159] If the electrode layer (200) includes a material that reflects light in the visible light range, such as metal, problems such as glare may occur due to the electrode layer (200) being visible to the human eye and its high reflectivity to external light.

[0160] Accordingly, the heating substrate (10) of the present invention may further include a blackening layer (500) on one or both sides of the electrode layer (200), thereby reducing the reflectivity of the electrode layer (200) and preventing problems such as visibility and glare.

[0161] When the above busbar is formed in multiple layers, the first busbar (300-1) and the second busbar (300-2) can be formed in parallel with the blackening layer (500) interposed therebetween.

[0162] In this case, the second bus bar (300-2) may be formed at a position corresponding to the upper portion of the first bus bar (300-1) on the blackening layer (500). The first bus bar (300-1) and the second bus bar (300-2) provide a path through which current (or electrons) supplied from an external power source (40) travel. In one embodiment of the present invention, the second bus bar (300-2) may be connected to an external power source (40), and the current (or electrons) supplied from the external power source (40) may sequentially flow from one end of the electrode layer (200) to the other end through the second bus bar (300-2), the blackening layer (500), and the first bus bar (300-1) to generate heat.

[0163] The above blackening layer (500) can be formed of a material that does not hinder the movement of current (electrons) supplied from an external power source from the second bus bar (300-2) to the first bus bar (300-1).

[0164] The above blackening layer (500) can be formed, for example, using a composition for forming a blackening layer. The composition for forming a blackening layer can include at least one selected from the group consisting of manganese (Mn), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), titanium (Ti), and vanadium (V). More specifically, the blackening layer can be formed by including an oxide containing the metal. Examples of the oxide containing the metal include Al2O3, Fe2O3, TiO2, MnO3, Cr2O3, Cu2O, CuO, Cu2O3, ZnO, NiO, and the like.

[0165] As described above, by forming a blackening layer (500) on the electrode layer (200), the problem of contact resistance occurring due to oxidation of the surface of the electrode layer (200) can be improved, thereby improving the reliability of the electrode.

[0166] The above blackening layer (500) may be formed, for example, using a composition for forming a blackening layer, deposited through a deposition process such as sputtering, or formed by electrolytic plating, but is not limited thereto.

[0167] When the heating substrate (10) of the present invention includes a blackening layer (500), the blackening layer (500) may have a thickness of 0.01 to 1 ㎛ in order to prevent problems such as visibility and glare of the electrode layer while not reducing the heating performance.

[0168]

[0169] The heating substrate (10) according to Fig. 9 further includes a separation protective layer (600) between the substrate (100) and the electrode layer (200). The description given for the heating substrate according to Figs. 1 to 8 can be equally applied to the heating substrate illustrated in Fig. 9, and detailed descriptions of substantially identical or similar components are omitted.

[0170] The heating substrate (10) of the present invention may further include a separation protective layer (600) therebetween to improve the adhesive strength between the substrate (100) and the electrode layer (200). The separation protective layer (600) may be formed using an adhesive, and it is preferable that it have appropriate adhesive strength to prevent peeling, bubbles, etc. from occurring when handling the heating substrate (10), while also having transparency and thermal stability.

[0171] The above adhesive may be any adhesive used in the present field without limitation, and for example, a photocurable adhesive may be used. The photocurable adhesive exhibits strong adhesive strength by being crosslinked and cured by receiving active energy rays such as ultraviolet (UV) rays and electron beams (EB), and may include polyester resins, polyether resins, polyurethane resins, epoxy resins, polyacrylic resins, and silicone resins.

[0172] When the heating substrate (10) of the present invention includes a separation protection layer (600), the separation protection layer (600) may have a thickness of 0.1 to 10 µm, preferably 1 to 5 µm, in order to secure sufficient adhesive strength and minimize its thickness.

[0173] The heating substrate (10) according to FIGS. 10 and 11 further includes an overcoating layer (700) at the uppermost portion. The description given for the heating substrate according to FIGS. 1 to 9 can be equally applied to the heating substrate illustrated in FIGS. 10 and 11, and detailed descriptions of substantially identical or similar configurations are omitted.

[0174] The heating substrate (10) of the present invention may include an overcoating layer (700) at the uppermost part of the heating substrate (10) to prevent damage to the electrode layer (200) and further improve mechanical durability.

[0175] The above overcoating layer (700) may include at least one selected from the group consisting of polyacrylic resin, polyurethane resin, polyolefin resin, polyester resin, epoxy resin, melamine resin, polyamide resin, polycarbonate resin, cellulose resin, and combinations thereof.

[0176] When the heating substrate (10) of the present invention includes an overcoating layer (700), the overcoating layer (700) may have a thickness of 0.1 to 10 µm, preferably 1 to 5 µm, in order to secure sufficient mechanical durability while preventing cracks due to bending, etc.

[0177]

[0178] Figures 12 and 13 are plan views of a heating substrate (10) according to some embodiments of the present invention connected to an external power source (40).

[0179]

[0180] As described above, the external power source (40) can be electrically connected to the second bus bar (300-2). Power applied from the external power source (40) to the second bus bar (300-2) is applied to the electrode layer (200) via the first bus bar (300-1), and the electrode layer (200) generates heat through the flow of current (electrons) resulting therefrom.

[0181] As shown in Fig. 12, the external power source (40) may be connected to both ends of the bus bar (300). When the heating substrate (10) of the present invention is applied to a means of transportation or a device, by connecting the external power source (40) to the end of the bus bar (300), the wiring from the external power source (40) to the bus bar (300) can be connected at the shortest distance, thereby increasing design efficiency.

[0182] Meanwhile, the heating substrate (10) according to the present invention can reduce the longest path for current to travel as described above even when the external power source (40) is connected to the end of the bus bar (300), thereby reducing the potential difference across the entire electrode layer (200), and thus exhibiting uniform heating performance.

[0183] As shown in Fig. 13, the external power source (40) may be connected to the center of both sides of the bus bar (300). When the external power source (40) is connected to the center of the bus bar (300), the longest path along which current (electrons) travels can be shortened compared to when the external power source (40) is connected to the end of the bus bar (300), and accordingly, it is easy to exhibit an equipotential across the entire electrode layer (200), so there is an advantage in that more uniform heat generation performance can be exhibited.

[0184]

[0185] <Face heating element>

[0186] Fig. 14 is a cross-sectional view of a surface heating element according to the present invention.

[0187] Referring to FIG. 14, the surface heating element of the present invention may include the substrate (10), the external member adhesive layer (20), and the external member (30) of the present invention.

[0188] The above external member adhesive layer (20) is for bonding the substrate (10) and the external member (30), and may be formed using EVB (Ethyl vinyl benzene), PVA, EVA, PU, ​​etc.

[0189] The above external member (30) may be a glass or plastic substrate, and the contents of the aforementioned substrate (100) may be equally applied. The external member (30) is a target where fog or frost is generated, and when the substrate (10) of the present invention is applied, fog or frost formed inside and outside the external member (30) can be removed in a short period of time.

[0190] The surface heating element of the present invention can be applied to various fields such as, but not limited to, the construction industry such as building windows; transportation means such as vehicles, railways or aviation; helmets; and smart glasses.

[0191] In addition, the substrate of the present invention can be applied to sensors such as touch sensors, fingerprint sensors, pressure sensors, automotive camera sensors, radar sensors, and devices requiring transparency such as transparent antennas, in addition to the surface heating element described above.

[0192]

[0193] Hereinafter, the present invention will be described in more detail through examples. However, the following examples are intended to further illustrate the present invention, and the scope of the present invention is not limited by the following examples.

[0194]

[0195] Examples and Comparative Examples: Manufacturing of Heating Substrates

[0196] A 6000Å thick Cu layer was formed on a 150 mm X 150 mm glass substrate (0.5T Soda lime Eagle XG Glass, Corning) through a vapor deposition method. An etching resist material was patterned on the Cu layer through a photolithography process, and then an electrode layer having a wavy pattern was formed through an etching process. The electrode layer was formed by patterning so that the first width (W1), the second width (W2) of each unit curve constituting the first auxiliary curve and the second auxiliary curve of the electrode layer, the ratio of the first width (W1) to the second width (W2) (W1 / W2), the distance difference in the first direction for the two closest starting points of two rows (△SP), the distance (P) between the imaginary lines passing through the starting points of each unit curve in the first direction, and the line width of the wavy pattern, the radius of an imaginary unit circle including a portion thereof, and the center-to-center distance had the values ​​shown in Table 1 below. A heating substrate was manufactured by forming Ag paste bus bars on both ends of the electrode layer. At this time, the auxiliary line following the wavy pattern of Comparative Example 1 is a straight line extending in the first direction rather than a curve, and the auxiliary line following the wavy pattern of Comparative Example 2 is a straight line in the form of a zigzag that rises and falls diagonally rather than a curve.

[0197]

[0198] (㎛)W1W2W1 / W2△SPP pattern line width Radius of unit circle Distance between centers of adjacent unit circles Example 1886.027216.5064.09216.5072504.545, 55100 Example 2886.027216.5064.09433.0142504.22754 Example 3886.027216.5064.09433.0142212.9555110 Example 4886.027245.5053.61433.0142504.580160 Example 5886.027242.4983.65433.0142504.727144Example 63002015150302.11530Example 71000024908.8750008339.55001000Example 8150101575202.27.515Example 9100008633.8650002600105001000Comparative Example 1886.027216.5064.0902504.6--Comparative Example 2866.027216.5064.09433.0142212.952754

[0199] Experimental example

[0200] 1. Measurement of electrode layer surface resistance

[0201] For the heating substrates of the examples and comparative examples, the surface resistance of the electrode layer was measured using RESISTAGE RG-80 (analysis stage probing) and RESISTEST RT-80 (analyzer) of NAPSON CORPORATION, and the results are shown in Table 2 below.

[0202]

[0203] 2. Transmittance and haze measurement

[0204] For the heating substrates of the examples and comparative examples, the total light transmittance (Tt) and haze were measured using a haze meter HM-150N (Murakami), and the results are shown in Table 2 below.

[0205] 3. Visibility Evaluation

[0206] After fixing the heating substrate of the examples and comparative examples to the evaluation stand, an LED light source (Galaxy S22 flash LED) was installed in front of the sample at a distance of 15 cm to reflect light, and then the visibility of vertical stripe patterns and starburst visibility was evaluated with the naked eye at a distance of 30 cm from the front of the sample using the evaluation criteria below, and the results are shown in Table 2 and Figures 15 and 16 below.

[0207] < Visibility Evaluation Criteria >

[0208] ◎: Vertical stripe pattern and starburst are not recognized

[0209] ○: Vertical stripe pattern or starburst faintly visible

[0210] X: Vertical stripe pattern or starburst is recognized

[0211]

[0212] Sheet resistance (Ω) Transmittance (%) Haze (%) Visibility Example 14.89 0.40.5 ○ Example 24.29 0.60.6 ◎ Example 34.19 0.30.7 ◎ Example 44.59 0.20.8 ○ Example 54.69 0.150.8 ◎ Example 61.28 3.81.9 ○ Example 78.66 99.80.3 ◎ Example 80.68 0.12.9 ○ Example 96.13 99.70.3 ◎ Comparative Example 14.99 0.40.7 X Comparative Example 24.59 0.50.6 X

[0213] With respect to the surface resistance, transmittance and haze values ​​of Table 2 above, the preferred result values ​​in the present invention are as follows.

[0214] Surface resistance (electrode layer): 0.5 to 10 Ω / □ (more preferably, 0.5 to 5 Ω / □)

[0215] Transmittance: The higher the better, over 80%

[0216] Haze: ~1.5%

[0217] Referring to Table 1 and FIG. 15, the pattern shapes of the electrode layers of Examples 1 to 5 and Comparative Examples 1 to 2 manufactured according to Table 1 are as shown in FIG. 15. At this time, the virtual unit circles constituting the patterns of Examples 1 to 5 form a predetermined angle, not 180 degrees, when the centers of any three consecutive virtual unit circles are connected, and the phases of the first pattern and the second pattern confirmed at the same point in the first direction are different from each other. On the other hand, in the case of Comparative Example 1, the line connecting the centers of any three consecutive virtual unit circles among the virtual unit circles constituting the pattern forms a straight line, and since △SP is 0, the phases of the first pattern and the second pattern confirmed at the same point in the first direction are the same. Therefore, the first pattern and the second pattern of Comparative Example 1 appear identically without any misalignment between rows and columns. In this regard, referring to FIG. 16, it can be confirmed that the substrate including the electrode pattern of Comparative Example 1 has a reduced visibility due to the vertical line pattern being recognized by the electrode pattern of Cu metal in which rows and columns are regularly arranged.

[0218] In the case of Comparative Example 2, △SP exceeds 0, but the line connecting the centers of any three consecutive virtual unit circles forms a straight line, so that the overall electrode pattern does not have a curved progression direction, but rather has a zigzag-like progression direction in which the straight line rises and falls. In this regard, referring to Fig. 16, it can be confirmed that a starburst occurs in the substrate including the electrode pattern of Comparative Example 2, thereby reducing visibility.

[0219] On the other hand, Examples 1 to 9 have excellent visibility, above all, because starburst and vertical stripe patterns are not visible, and have a surface resistance of the electrode layer that is desirable as a heating substrate in terms of heating speed and current consumption, and can be confirmed to have low transmittance loss.

[0220] In particular, in the case of Examples 1 to 5 and Example 7, it can be said that by applying the present invention, not only is the visibility excellent, but also more preferable results are shown in terms of surface resistance, transmittance, and haze.

[0221]

[0222] A substrate including a pattern according to one embodiment of the present invention has excellent visibility by suppressing the occurrence of starburst while preventing the vertical line visibility phenomenon that may occur when including an electrode pattern, and can be applied to sensors such as touch sensors, fingerprint sensors, pressure sensors, automotive camera sensors, radar sensors, devices requiring transparency such as transparent antennas, and surface heating elements.

Claims

1. Description; and An electrode layer formed on the above substrate; The electrode layer includes a first pattern including a wavy pattern formed along a first auxiliary curve repeated in the first direction, and A second pattern including a wavy pattern formed along a second auxiliary curve that is repeated in a direction parallel to the first auxiliary curve, A substrate characterized in that the first auxiliary curve and the second auxiliary curve are each composed of repetitions of unit curves, and the starting points of the unit curves are not the same with respect to the first direction.

2. In claim 1, The first auxiliary curve and the second auxiliary curve are substrates in which the distance difference (△SP) of the starting point of each unit curve relative to the first direction is greater than 0.

3. In claim 1, A substrate, characterized in that the unit curve comprises at least one selected from the group consisting of a sine curve, a cosine curve, a catenary, a curve of pursuit, a cycloid, a trochoid, and a cardioid.

4. In claim 1, The substrate of the first auxiliary curve and the second auxiliary curve, wherein the distance (P) between the imaginary lines passing through the starting point of each unit curve in the first direction is 30 to 2500 μm.

5. In claim 1, A substrate in which the first auxiliary curve and the second auxiliary curve are alternately repeated, or the first auxiliary curve is repeated in multiple rows and then the second auxiliary curve is repeated in multiple rows.

6. In claim 1, The first pattern and the second pattern include continuous virtual unit circles that include a portion of the wavy pattern, The above virtual unit circle is a substrate in which one point touches an adjacent unit circle.

7. In claim 6, The above virtual unit circle is a substrate having a radius of 5 to 1,500 μm.

8. In claim 6, A substrate, wherein the distance from the center of the above arbitrary virtual unit circle to the center of an adjacent virtual unit circle is 10 to 3000 μm.

9. In claim 6, A substrate in which a line connecting the centers of three consecutive virtual unit circles forms a predetermined angle.

10. In claim 1, A substrate, wherein the unit curves of the first auxiliary curve and the second auxiliary curve include two curves spaced apart from each other.

11. In claim 1, A substrate in which the first auxiliary curve and the second auxiliary curve have a width (first width, W1) in the first direction of each unit curve of 120 to 40,000 µm and a width (second width, W2) in the second direction perpendicular to the first direction of 60 to 5,000 µm.

12. In claim 11, A substrate, wherein the ratio (W1 / W2) of the first width (W1) to the second width (W2) is 0.125 to 16.

13. In claim 1, A substrate, wherein the first auxiliary curve and the second auxiliary curve are characterized in that the width of each unit curve in the first direction (first width, W1) and the width in the second direction perpendicular to the first direction (second width, W2) are each equal to each other.

14. In claim 1, A substrate, characterized in that the first auxiliary curve and the second auxiliary curve do not touch or intersect.

15. In claim 1, The above wavy pattern is a substrate having a line width of 0.3 ㎛ to 30 ㎛.

16. In claim 1, A substrate, characterized in that the substrate includes a bus bar connected to the electrode layer.

17. In claim 16, A substrate wherein the electrode layer and bus bar are formed of the same material.

18. In claim 16, A substrate wherein the electrode layer and bus bar are formed on the same layer.

19. In claim 16, A substrate wherein the electrode layer and bus bar are formed integrally in the same process step.

20. In claim 16, A substrate wherein the electrode layer and bus bar have a thickness of 0.1 to 50 μm.

21. In claim 16, The above bus bar is a first bus bar connected to both ends of the electrode layer and A substrate comprising a second bus bar formed on the first bus bar.

22. In claim 1, A substrate, wherein the substrate further comprises at least one selected from the group consisting of a blackening layer, a separation protective layer, and an overcoating layer.

23. A surface heating element comprising the substrate of claim 1.

24. A sensor comprising the substrate of claim 1.

25. A transparent antenna comprising the substrate of claim 1.

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