Network node, management system node, and methods therein, in a communications network
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2024/079928
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2024-03-04
- Publication Date
- 2025-10-02
AI Technical Summary
Traditional NETCONF connection models face challenges when network devices are behind firewalls or NAT devices, making it difficult for management systems to establish direct connections, and using TCP connections for NETCONF Call Home increases configuration complexity and resource overhead.
Implementing Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) for event-driven communication, allowing network nodes to initiate SNMP notifications based on identified events, thereby establishing connections with management systems without the need for reserved ports or continuous listening, using SNMP authentication and encryption for secure communication.
This approach provides a lightweight, scalable, and secure method for managing communications networks by reducing deployment costs and overhead, enabling efficient event-driven management without the need for TCP port configuration.
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Abstract
Description
NETWORK NODE, MANAGEMENT SYSTEM NODE, AND METHODS THEREIN, IN A COMMUNICATIONS NETWORKTECHNICAL FIELD
[0001] Embodiments herein relate to a network node, and methods therein. In some aspects, embodiments relate to assisting a management system node for managing a communications network. Embodiments herein further relate to a management system node, and methods therein. In some aspects embodiments relate to managing a communications network.BACKGROUND
[0002] In a typical wireless communication network, wireless devices, also known as wireless communication devices, mobile stations, stations (STA) and / or User Equipment (UE) , communicate via a Wide Area Network or a Local Area Network such as a Wi-Fi network or a cellular network comprising a Radio Access Network (RAN) part and a Core Network (CN) part. The RAN covers a geographical area which is divided into service areas or cell areas, which may also be referred to as a beam or a beam group, with each service area or cell area being served by a radio network node such as a radio access node e.g., a Wi-Fi access point, a Base Station (BS) or a radio base station (RBS) , which in some networks may also be denoted, for example, a Base Station (BS) , a NodeB, eNodeB (eNB) , or gNodeB (gNB) as denoted in Fifth Generation (5G) telecommunications. A service area or cell area is a geographical area where radio coverage is provided by the radio network node. The radio network node communicates over an air interface operating on a radio frequency with the wireless devices within the range of the radio network node.
[0003] 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) is the standardization body for specifying the standards for the cellular system evolution, e.g., including 3G, 4G, 5G and the future evolutions. Specifications for Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA) and Evolved Packet System (EPS) have been completed within the 3GPP. In 4G also called a Fourth Generation (4G) network, EPS is core network and E-UTRA is radio access network. In 5G, 5G Core (5GC) is core network, NR is radio access network. As a continued network evolution, the new release of 3GPP specifies a 5G network also referred to as 5G New Radio (NR) and 5GC.
[0004] Frequency bands for 5G NR are being separated into two different frequency ranges, Frequency Range 1 (FR1) and Frequency Range 2 (FR2) . FR1 comprises sub-6 GHz frequency bands. Some of these bands are bands traditionally used by legacy standards but have been extended to cover potential new spectrum offerings from 410 MHz to 7125 MHz. FR2 comprises frequency bands from 24.25 GHz to 52.6 GHz. Bands in this millimeter wave range have shorter range but higher available bandwidth than bands in the FR1.
[0005] Multi-antenna techniques may significantly increase the data rates and reliability of a wireless communication system. For a wireless connection between a single user, such as UE, and a base station (BS) , the performance is in particular improved if both the transmitter and the receiver are equipped with multiple antennas, which results in a Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) communication channel. This may be referred to as Single-User (SU) -MIMO. In the scenario where MIMO techniques is used for the wireless connection between multiple users and the base station, MIMO enables the users to communicate with the base station simultaneously using the same time-frequency resources by spatially separating the users, which increases further the cell capacity. This may be referred to as Multi-User (MU) -MIMO. Note that MU-MIMO may benefit when each UE only has one antenna. The cell capacity can be increased linearly with respect to the number of antennas at the BS side. Due to that, more and more antennas are employed in BS. Such systems and / or related techniques are commonly referred to as massive MIMO.
[0006] The communications network comprises of network devices such as e.g., switch, router, and a firewall. These network devices facilitate the operations of the communications network e.g., by connecting different devices within the network or e.g., by routing and / or directing the data packet traffic in the network. The network devices operating in the communications network need to be managed and configured. This is typically done by a centralized management system or a Network Management System (NMS) . These management systems use protocols such as e.g., the Network Configuration (NETCONF) protocol to communicate with the network devices. The NETCONF is an Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) network management protocol that provides a secure mechanism for installing, manipulating and deleting the configuration data on the network device. NETCONF uses the Remote Procedure Call (RPC) protocol to carry out communications between a NETCONF client and a NETCONF server. The NETCONF client, which is often part of a network manager such as e.g., the NMS can be a script or an application. The NETCONF server is usually a network device. NETCONF client and NETCONF server may herein be referred to as client and server, respectively. The client i.e., the NMS sends RPC messages that invoke operations on the server i.e., the network device. The client may also subscribe to receive notifications from the server. The server executes the operations invoked by the client and sends notifications to the client. To enable the above-described communication, the client sets up a Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) connection with the server. Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) is another protocol that is used to communicate management information between the client such as e.g., NMS and the network devices.SUMMARY
[0007] As part of developing embodiments herein, the inventors identified some problems that first will be described.
[0008] In the traditional NETCONF connection model as described above, the NMS initiates connections to the network devices. This approach works well in many scenarios but may face challenges when the network devices are located e.g., behind firewalls, Network Address Translation (NAT) devices, or in situations where the devices have e.g., dynamic IP addresses. These firewalls and NAT devices in between the client and server may block incoming connections from the management system e.g., NMS, making it difficult for the NMS to initiate communication with the network devices behind these security barriers.
[0009] To overcome the problem with the traditional NETCONF, NETCONF Call Home was developed for scenarios where network devices need to connect to a central management system such as e.g., NMS. NETCONF Call Home is a feature within the NETCONF protocol that allows network devices to initiate connections to a central management system such as e.g., NMS, instead of relying solely on the traditional model where the NMS initiates connections to the network devices that it manages. This feature is designed to address specific use cases and scenarios in which e.g., the network devices are located behind firewalls or NAT devices, making it challenging for the management system to establish connections directly to the network devices. An example of such a scenario may be in a distributed enterprise network where the network devices, such as routers and switches, are located in remote branch offices behind firewalls or NAT devices. With NETCONF Call Home, network devices are configured to initiate connections to a specified central server or management system, often residing in a data center or a network operations center. This is done through a reverse Secure Shell (SSH) tunnel or other secure communication methods. Thus, the NETCONF Call Home enhances the flexibility, security, and scalability of management of network devices, making it easier to configure and monitor network devices. The following steps as illustrated in Figure 1 describe the communication flow of NETCONF Call Home procedure.
[0010] 101. Device Configuration:
[0011] In NETCONF Call Home, the operator configures the network devices such as e.g., routers, switches, or other managed devices to establish connections with a central management system. This configuration specifies the address or domain name of the management system, transport protocol, and security settings.
[0012] 102. Management System Setup:
[0013] The central management system i.e., the NETCONF client should be configured to listen for incoming connections initiated by the network devices. This configuration includes specifying which network devices are allowed to connect to the central management system, the transport protocol to be used, and the security settings.
[0014] 103. Device Initiation:
[0015] When the network device needs to communicate with the management system, it initiates a connection. This initiation is typically triggered by specific events or conditions such as configuration changes, alarms, or other management-related activities. An example scenario may be when the network device is rebooted and initialized successfully. The network device in such a scenario uses the configuration parameters provided for NETCONF Call Home to establish a TCP connection. Similar to the traditional NETCONF, in the NETCONF Call Home, the communication between the client and server will be through a TCP connection. Thus, TCP supports bidirectional communication allowing the management system to send commands and request data in addition to receiving notifications from the network devices. Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) has assigned three TCP port numbers in the user ports range with the service names netconf-ch-ssh, netconf-ch-tls, and restconf-ch-tls. These ports will be the default ports for NETCONF Call Home and RESTCONF Call Home protocols. RESTCONF protocol is used to provide a programmatic interface for managing network devices using Representational State Transfer (REST) principles. The following is the registration template of the TCP ports following the rules in RFC 8071.
[0016] Service Name: netconf-ch-ssh
[0017] Port Number: 4334
[0018] Transport Protocol (s) : TCP
[0019] Description: NETCONF Call Home (SSH)
[0020] Assignee: IESG <iesg@ietf. org>
[0021] Contact: IETF Chair <chair@ietf. org>
[0022] Reference: RFC 8071
[0023] Service Name: netconf-ch-tls
[0024] Port Number: 4335
[0025] Transport Protocol (s) : TCP
[0026] Description: NETCONF Call Home (TLS)
[0027] Assignee: IESG <iesg@ietf. org>
[0028] Contact: IETF Chair <chair@ietf. org>
[0029] Reference: RFC 8071
[0030] Service Name: restconf-ch-tls
[0031] Port Number: 4336
[0032] Transport Protocol (s) : TCP
[0033] Description: RESTCONF Call Home (TLS)
[0034] Assignee: IESG <iesg@ietf. org>
[0035] Contact: IETF Chair <chair@ietf. org>
[0036] Reference: RFC 8071
[0037] Figure 2 illustrates NETCONF Call Home from a protocol-layering perspective.
[0038] 201. The NETCONF / RESTCONF server begins by initiating a TCP connection to the NETCONF / RESTCONF client. The NETCONF / RESTCONF server when used herein refers to the network device. The NETCONF / RESTCONF client when used herein refers to the management system e.g., NMS.
[0039] 202. Using this TCP connection, the NETCONF / RESTCONF client initiates an SSH / TLS session to the NETCONF / RESTCONF server.
[0040] 203. Using this SSH / TLS session, the NETCONF / RESTCONF client initiates a NETCONF / RESTCONF session to the NETCONF / RESTCONF server.
[0041] 104. Authentication and Security:
[0042] The network device authenticates itself to the management system using credentials, often with mechanisms like username and password or public-private key pairs. The central management system also verifies the authenticity of the network device. This authentication and security phase ensures that only authorized devices can establish connections.
[0043] 105. Message Exchange:
[0044] Once the connection is established and authenticated, the network device and central management system can exchange NETCONF messages. These messages can include requests for configuration changes, operational data retrieval, or other management operations as required.
[0045] Thus, the NETCONF Call Home enhances the flexibility and adaptability of network management systems, as it allows devices to communicate with the management system even when they are located behind firewalls or have dynamic IP addresses. It simplifies device management and monitoring by enabling devices to establish secure connections with the central management system when necessary.
[0046] However, using the TCP connection as described above during the NETCONF Call Home requires the network devices to reserve some ports as TCP ports. This increases the configuration required on the network devices when using TCP connections for NETCONF Call Home. Also, the configured and / or reserved ports in the network devices must in turn be constantly listening to the management system to enable communication between the network device and the management system. This in turn increases the complexity and resource overhead of network management. The setting up of the TCP connections may take more effort in terms of deployment and operations because TCP connections require more overhead for establishing and maintaining connections. NETCONF is designed for both configuration management and monitoring, making it a comprehensive method for the management of network devices. If standard TCP connection is used for NETCONF Call Home, then TCP related design effort and deployment effort need to be introduced in the network devices and the management system as mentioned above.
[0047] An object of embodiments herein is to improve management of a communications network.
[0048] The following Table 1 summarizes the comparison of the SNMP-based NETCONF Call Home described according to embodiments herein with the standard TCP-based NETCONF Call Home according to prior art.
[0049] According to an aspect of embodiments herein, the object is achieved by a method performed by a network node. The method is for assisting a management system node in managing a communications network. The network node configures the network node with a Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) to initiate SNMP notifications. The network node identifies an event in the communications network. The identified event requires any one or more out of: an action from the management system node and to be informed to the management system node. When the event is identified, the network node then initiates SNMP notifications by sending a request to the management system node. This request is to establish a connection and a data session between the management system node and the network node. The request comprises an authentication of the network node based on SNMP. When the sent authentication of the network node is verified and the requested connection and data session is established by the management system node, the network node sends to the management system node information related to the identified event. Thereby the network node assists the management system node in managing the communications network based on event-driven communication using SNMP.
[0050] According to an aspect of embodiments herein, the object is achieved by a method performed by a management system node. The method is for managing a communications network. The management system node configures the management system node with a SNMP to one or more out of: support, receive, process, and interpret the SNMP. The management system node receives a request from the network node. This request is to establish a connection and a data session between the management system node and the network node. The request comprises the SNMP notification initiated by the network node and an authentication of the network node based on SNMP. The management system node then analyses the received request from the network node. The analysis further comprises a verification of the received authentication of the network node. When the analysis has been performed, the management system node establishes the requested connection and data session between the management system node and the network node. When the connection and data session has been established, then the management system node receives, from the network node, information related to an identified event in the communications network. The identified event requires any one or more out of: an action from the management system node and to be informed to the management system node. Thus, the management system node then manages the communications network based on event-driven communication using SNMP.
[0051] According to another aspect of embodiments herein, the object is achieved by a network node. The network node is configured to assist a management system node in managing a communications network. The network node is further being configured to configure the network node with a Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) to initiate SNMP notifications. The network node is further configured to identify an event in the communications network. The event requires any one or more out of: an action from the management system node and to be informed to the management system node. When the event is identified, the network node is further configured to initiate SNMP notifications by sending a request to the management system node. This request is to establish a connection and a data session between the management system node and the network node. The request is adapted to comprise an authentication of the network node based on SNMP. When the sent authentication of the network node is verified and the requested connection and data session is established by the management system node, the network node is further being configured to send to the management system node, information related to the identified event. Thereby the network node is further configured to assist the management system node in managing the communications network based on event-driven communication using SNMP.
[0052] According to an aspect of embodiments herein, the object is achieved by a management system node. The management system node is configured to manage a communications network. The management system node is further being configured to configure the management system node with a Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) to one or more out of: support, receive, process, and interpret the SNMP. The management system node is further being configured to receive a request from the network node. This request is to establish a connection and a data session between the management system node and the network node. The request is adapted to comprise the SNMP notification initiated by the network node and an authentication of the network node based on SNMP. The management system node is further being configured to analyse the received request from the network node. The analysis is adapted to further comprise a verification of the received authentication of the network node. When the analysis is performed, the management system node is further being configured to establish the requested connection and the data session between the management system node and the network node. When the connection and data session has been established, then the management system node is further being configured to receive from the network node, information related to an identified event in the communications network. The identified event requires any one or more out of: an action from the management system node and to be informed to the management system node. Thus, the management system node is further configured to manage the communications network based on event-driven communication using SNMP.
[0053] Thanks to that the network node and the management system node communicate with each other using event-driven communication based on SNMP, the management of the communications network is improved. This is because the SNMP communication is initiated by the network node based on events identified in the communications network thereby preventing the need to configure and / or reserve ports in the network node for communication with the management system node as in the case of TCP connections.
[0054] Embodiments herein may provide one or more of the following advantages:
[0055] A lightweight communication way for NETCONF Call Home.
[0056] Widespread support as the SNMP is a well-established protocol with extensive support across various network nodes and management system nodes.
[0057] Enhance the security of communication between the network node and the management system node by using the SNMP to provide authentication and encryption.
[0058] Reduce unnecessary traffic by using SNMP notifications which are event-driven thereby allowing the network node to communicate only when specific events occur.
[0059] Scalability for network management as SNMP can be used to manage a large number of devices.
[0060] Low-cost management of the communications network as they prevent the need to deploy the TCP protocol thereby reducing the configuration of the network node.
[0061] A more effective method for NETCONF Call Home functionality using SNMP, especially when the network nodes are required to notify the management system node of events.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0062] Examples of embodiments herein are described in more detail with reference to attached drawings in which:
[0063] Figure 1 is a combined schematic block diagram and signalling scheme illustrating an example embodiment of a method herein.
[0064] Figure 2 is a combined flowchart and signalling scheme illustrating embodiments of prior art.
[0065] Figure 3 is a schematic block diagram illustrating embodiments of a communications network.
[0066] Figure 4 is a flowchart depicting an embodiment of a method in a network node.
[0067] Figure 5 is a flowchart depicting an embodiment of a method in a management system node.
[0068] Figure 6 is a combined flowchart and signalling scheme illustrating an example embodiment of a method herein.
[0069] Figure 7 is a schematic block diagram illustrating embodiments of a network node.
[0070] Figure 8 is a schematic block diagram illustrating embodiments of a management system node.
[0071] Figure 9 schematically illustrates embodiments of a communication system.
[0072] Figure 10 is a generalized block diagram of embodiments of a UE.
[0073] Figure 11 is a generalized block diagram of embodiments of a network node.
[0074] Figure 12 is a generalized block diagram of embodiments of a host.
[0075] Figure 13 is a generalized block diagram of embodiments of a virtualization environment.
[0076] Figure 14 is a generalized block diagram of embodiments of a communication diagram of a host.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0077] Examples of embodiments herein provide a method to address the problems of using TCP connections and TCP ports for NETCONF communication between the network node and the management system node. Example of embodiments herein provide a method especially to address problems in NETCONF Call Home communications. According to example embodiments herein, by leveraging the SNMP protocol and packets, the NETCONF achieves a lightweight communication method between the network node and the management system node. Lightweight communication when used herein means e.g., an approach that aims to minimize the overhead and resource consumption associated with the communication process. Examples of embodiments herein also reduces the deployment cost for managing the communications network. This may be achieved by some embodiments herein by avoiding the need to configure and / or reserve ports on the network node to enable communication between the network node and the management system node. In these embodiments, the deployment cost is further reduced by avoiding the need to continuously listen to the configured and / or reserved ports.
[0078] Figure 3 is a schematic overview depicting a communications network 100 wherein embodiments herein may be implemented. The communications network 100 comprises one or more RANs, and one or more CNs such as CN 106. The communications network 100 may be wired or wireless and may use 5G NR but may further use a number of other different technologies, such as, 6G, Wi-Fi, Long Term Evolution (LTE) , LTE-Advanced, Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA) , Global System for Mobile communications / enhanced Data rate for GSM Evolution (GSM / EDGE) , Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMax) , or Ultra Mobile Broadband (UMB) , just to mention a few possible implementations.
[0079] RAN nodes, such as a RAN node 110, operate in the RAN of the communications network 100. The RAN node 110 may be a transmission and reception point e.g. a radio access network node such as a base station, e.g. a radio base station such as a NodeB, an evolved Node B (eNB, eNode B) , an NR Node B (gNB) , a base transceiver station, a radio remote unit, an Access Point Base Station, a base station router, a transmission arrangement of a radio base station, a stand-alone access point, a Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) access point or an Access Point Station (AP STA) , an access controller, or any other network unit capable of communicating with UEs, such as a UE 121, within a cell, served by the respective RAN node 110. The respective RAN node 110 may be referred to as a serving radio network node and may communicate with the UE 121 with Downlink (DL) transmissions to the UE 121 and Uplink (UL) transmissions from the UE 121.
[0080] One or more UEs operate in the wireless communication network 100, such as e.g. the UE 121. The UE 121 may e.g. be 5G-RG, a remote UE, a wireless device, a wired device, an NR device, a mobile station, a wireless terminal, an NB-IoT device, an MTC device, an eMTC device, a CAT-M device, a WiFi device, an LTE device and an a non-access point (non-AP) STA, a STA, that communicates via a RAN node such as e.g. a RAN node 110, one or more Access Networks (AN) , e.g. a RAN, to one or more core network (CN) nodes, in one or more CNs such as e.g., CN 106. It should be understood by the skilled in the art that “UE” is a non-limiting term which means any terminal, client, mobile client, IMS client, wireless communication terminal, user equipment, Device to Device (D2D) terminal, or node e.g. smart phone, laptop, mobile phone, sensor, relay, mobile tablets or even a car or any small base station communicating within a cell.
[0081] A network node such as e.g., network node 150 operates in the communications network 100. According to embodiments herein the network node 150 may be one or more out of: a switch, a router, a firewall, a NETCONF server, a UE such as e.g., UE 121, Baseband Unit and Radio Unit in a RAN node such as e.g., RAN node 110, aNetwork Address Translation (NAT) device, and a load balancer.
[0082] A management system node, such as e.g., a management system node 160, operate in the wireless communications network 100. According to embodiments herein the management system node 160 may be one or more out of: a Network Management System (NMS) , a Central Management System (CMS) , a NETCONF client, a Software- Defined Network (SDN) controller, an Element Management System (EMS) , and a service orchestration and management platform.
[0083] Methods according to embodiments herein are performed by the network node 150 and the management system node 160. These nodes may be Distributed Nodes (DN) sand functionality, e.g. comprised in a cloud 170 as shown in Figure 3.
[0084] Example embodiments herein provide SNMP-based communication between the network node 150 and the management system node 160 for the NETCONF Call home functionality. Example embodiments herein leverage SNMP packets to replace the NETCONF Call Home TCP packets for the network node 150 to initiate connections with the management system node 160.
[0085] A number of embodiments will now be described, some of which may be seen as alternatives, while some may be used in combination.
[0086] A method according to embodiments will first be described as seen from the view of the network node 150 together with Figure 4, and then as seen from the view of the management system node 160 together with Figure 5.
[0087] Figure 4 shows exemplary embodiments of a method performed by the network node 150. The network node 150 may be represented by one or more out of: a switch, a router, a firewall, a NETCONF server, UE, Baseband Unit, Radio Unit, aNAT device, and a load balancer. The method is for assisting the management system node 160 in managing the communications network 100. The management system node 160 may be represented by one or more out of: a NMS, a CMS, aNETCONF client, SDN controller, an EMS, and a service orchestration and management platform.
[0088] According to an example scenario, the network node 150 such as e.g., a router is being installed in the communications network 100. The network nodes such as network node 150 in the communications network 100 may assist in monitoring and / or managing the efficient operation of the communications network 100. The monitoring and / or management of the network nodes such as network node 150 are performed by the management system node 160 such as e.g., the NMS. The network node 150 may have to communicate with the management system node 160 for example during the restart of the network node 150. Thus, the installed network node 150 may have to be prepared for communication with the management system node 160.
[0089] The method comprises the following actions, which actions may be taken in any suitable order. Optional actions are referred to as dashed boxes in Figure 4.
[0090] Action 401. The network node 150 configures the network node 150 with a Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) to initiate SNMP notifications. The configuration may comprise e.g., SNMP community and SNMP authentication and privacy. In some embodiments, the configuring of the network node 150 may be performed by e.g., an operator, and / or the management system node 160 such as e.g., the NMS. According to the example scenario described above, the network node 150 may be prepared by configuring with SNMP to be able to communicate with the management system node 160.
[0091] Action 402. The network node 150 identifies an event in the communications network 100. The identified event may e.g., be the restarting of the network node 150 as described in the example scenario above or e.g., be a process restart. The identified event requires any one or more out of: an action from the management system node 160 and to be informed to the management system node 160. In some embodiments, the management system node 160 collects data from the network node 150 e.g., relating to a state information being updated. In these embodiments, the management system node 160 requires the network node 150 to only inform the identified event without performing any actions in return on the informed identified event. In these embodiments, the collected data from the network node 150 comprises e.g., SNMP configurations and IP address and system information of the network node 150. In some other embodiments, the network node 150 identifies an event such as e.g., acritical process being restarted that requires an action from the management system node 160. In these embodiments, the management system node 160 acts in response to the identified event.
[0092] Action 403. When the event has been identified, the network node 150 initiates SNMP notifications by sending a request to the management system node 160. This request is to establish a connection and a data session between the management system node 160 and the network node 150. The request comprises an authentication of the network node 150 based on SNMP. The SNMP notifications may be initiated in response to the identified event. In some embodiments, the SNMP notifications are SNMP traps and / or SNMP informs which are generated based on the specific event. The SNMP traps are e.g., asynchronous messages sent by a network node 150 to the management system node 160 to notify the management system node 160 about specific events or conditions. The SNMP inform is e.g., atype of SNMP notification that is acknowledged by the receiving management system node 160. When the SNMP inform is sent from the network node 150, the receiving management system node 160 must send an acknowledgment back to the sending network node 150. The authentication of the network node 150 may further comprise encryption.
[0093] Action 404. The network node 150 may receive from the management system node 160, a response related to the sent request. In some embodiments, the response is an acknowledgement that the SNMP notification from the network node 150 has been received by the management system node 160. In some other embodiments, there is no response. In some other embodiments, the response is that the state information of the network node 150 has been updated. If the SNMP notification is SNMP traps, then the management system node 160 need not send a reply with an acknowledgement to the network node 150. If the SNMP notification is SNMP inform, then the management system node 160 may be required to send an acknowledgement to the network node 150.
[0094] When the sent authentication of the network node 150 is verified and the requested connection and data session is established by the management system node 160, the network node 150 performs the following:
[0095] Action 405. The network node 150 sends to the management system node 160, information related to the identified event. The sent information may comprise e.g., information related to the address and the listening ports. In some embodiments, the network node 150 may be aware that the when the requested connection and data session has been established by the management system node 160, then the network node 150 can start to send the information related to the identified event through the established connection and data session. In some other embodiments, the network node 150 requires a response from the management system node 160 to begin sending the information related to the identified event. The response may comprise e.g., an indication of a successful establishment of the connection and data session indicating the network node 150 to begin the sending. By sending, the network node 150 assists the management system node 160 in managing the communications network 100 based on event-driven communication using SNMP.
[0096] Thus, by performing the above method, the network node 150 during NETCONF Call Home may be able to initiate SNMP connection with the management system node 160 only when the network node 150 identifies an event in the communications network 100. In this way, the network node 150 may not have to have one or more out of: ports reserved for connection to the management system node 160 and / or ports continuously listening to the management system node 160. Embodiments herein may also be suitable for NETCONF where the communication is initiated by the management system node 160 towards the network node 150.
[0097] Figure 5 shows exemplary embodiments of a method performed by the management system node 160. The management system node 160 is represented by one or more out of: a Network Management System (NMS) , a Central Management System (CMS) , a NETCONF client, a Software-Defined Network (SDN) controller, an Element Management System (EMS) , and a service orchestration and management platform. The method is for managing the communications network 100.
[0098] According to an example scenario, the management system node 160 such as e.g., NMS may have to monitor and / or manage the efficient operation of the communications network 100 using assistance from the network node 150 such as e.g., a router which is being installed in a communications network 100. To enable this, the network node 150 must be able to communicate with the management system node 160. The network node 150 may have to communicate with the management system node 160 for example during booting or restarting of the network node 150. Thus, the management system node 160 may have to be prepared for communication with the installed network node 150.
[0099] The method comprises the following actions, which actions may be taken in any suitable order. Optional actions are referred to as dashed boxes in Figure 5.
[0100] Action 501. The management system node 160 configures the management system node 160 with a Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) to one or more out of: support, receive, process, and interpret the SNMP. The configuration may comprise e.g., SNMP community and SNMP authentication and privacy. In some embodiments, the configuring of the network node 150 may be performed by e.g., an operator. According to the example scenario described above, the management system node 160 may be prepared by configuring with SNMP to be able to communicate with the network node 150.
[0101] Action 502. The management system node 160 receives a request from the network node 150. The network node 150 may be represented by one or more out of: a switch, a router, a firewall, Network Configuration (NETCONF) server, UE, Baseband Unit, Radio Unit, aNetwork Address Translation (NAT) device, and a load balancer. This request is to establish a connection and a data session between the management system node 160 and the network node 150. The request comprises an SNMP notification initiated by the network node 150 and an authentication of the network node 150 based on SNMP. The SNMP notification comprised in the received request may be initiated by the network node 150 based on an event identified in the communications network 100 by the network node 150. The identified event may e.g., be the restarting of the network node 150 as described in the example scenario above or e.g., be a process restart. In some embodiments, the SNMP notifications are SNMP traps and / or SNMP informs which are generated based on the specific event. The authentication of the network node 150 may further comprise encryption.
[0102] Action 503. The management system node 160 may send to the network node 150, a response related to the received request. In some embodiments, the response is an acknowledgement that the SNMP notification from the network node 150 has been received by the management system node 160. In some other embodiments, there is no response. In some other embodiments, the response is that the state information of the network node 150 has been updated. If the SNMP notification is SNMP traps, then the management system node 160 need not send a reply with an acknowledgement to the network node 150. If the SNMP notification is SNMP inform, then the management system node 160 may be required to send an acknowledgement to the network node 150.
[0103] Action 504. The management system node 160 analyses the received request from the network node 150. The analysis may e.g., be parsing of the received SNMP notification such as e.g., SNMP traps or SNMP informs to extract the relevant information.
[0104] Action 505. The management system node 160 verifies the received authentication of the network node 150. The received authentication may be based on SNMP. The verification, if e.g., SNMPv3 is used, is performed e.g., by validating the received security parameters comprising the authentication protocol e.g., Message-Digest 5 (MD5) or Secure Hash Algorithm (SHA) and the authentication passphrase or key, to authenticate the origin of the SNMP notifications.
[0105] Action 506. When the analysis and further verification has been performed, then the management system node 160 establishes the requested connection and data session between the management system node 160 and the network node 150. In some embodiments, the requested connection and data session is established if the analysis and verification performed above are successful. The connection and data session established may e.g., be SNMP based connection.
[0106] Action 507. When the connection and the data session has been established, then the management system node 160 receives from the network node 150, information related to an identified event in the communications network 100. The identified event requires any one or more out of: an action from the management system node 160 and to be informed to the management system node 160. In some embodiments, the network node 150 may be aware that the when the requested connection and data session has been established by the management system node 160, then the network node 150 can start to send the information related to the identified event through the established connection and data session. In some other embodiments, the management system node 160 requires to send a response to the network node 150 to begin sending the information related to the identified event. The response may comprise e.g., an indication of a successful establishment of the connection and data session indicating the network node 150 to begin the sending.
[0107] Action 508. The management system node 160 manages the communications network 100 based on event-driven communication using SNMP. In some embodiments, the management system node 160 collects data from the network node 150 e.g., relating to a state information being updated. In these embodiments, the collected data from the network node 150 may e.g., be SNMP configurations and IP address and system information of the network node 150. In these embodiments, the management system node 160 requires the network node 150 to only inform the identified event without performing any actions in return on the informed identified event. In some other embodiments, the network node 150 identifies an event such as e.g., restarting of the network node 150 that requires an action from the management system node 160. In these embodiments, the management system node 160 acts in response to the identified event.
[0108] Thus, by performing the above method, the management system node 160 during NETCONF Call Home may be able to receive SNMP notifications from the network node 150 only when the network node 150 identifies an event in the communications network 100. In this way, by leveraging the NETCONF Call Home to receive SNMP notifications from the network node 150, the management system node 160 gains real-time insight into network events, status changes, and potential issues. Embodiments herein may also be suitable for NETCONF where the communication is initiated by the management system node 160 towards the network node 150.
[0109] Embodiments herein such as the embodiments mentioned above will now be further described and exemplified. The text below is applicable to and may be combined with any suitable embodiment described above.
[0110] According to example embodiments herein, the network node 150 is configured with SNMP to allow the network node 150 to initiate SNMP notifications such as e.g., SNMP trap or SNMP inform to the management system node 160 such as e.g., central management system. In some embodiments, the latest version of SNMP such as e.g., SNMPv3 is used for secure communication and authentication. For notification generation, the network node 150 may be configured to generate SNMP notifications based on specific events or conditions. These notifications may then be sent to the management system node 160. On the remote side, the management system node 160 may listen for SNMP notifications from the network node 150. This management system node 160 should be capable of receiving and processing SNMP notifications e.g., SNMP traps and informs.
[0111] In some embodiments, considering the security and integrity, the latest version of SNMP such as e.g., SNMPv3 security features, including authentication and encryption, are employed to secure the SNMP communication between the network node 150 and the management system node 160. Examples of embodiments herein provide a method for the management system node 160 to interpret the received SNMP notifications and take appropriate actions based on the content of these notifications. This may involve responding to specific events, collecting data, or triggering further actions. In some embodiments, the SNMP notifications are customized based on the use case. In these embodiments, the definitions of the SNMP trap and handling of the SNMP notifications need to be well-defined for the specific use cases. Examples of embodiments herein require that the network node 150 and the management system node 160 support and / or be compatible with SNMP.
[0112] Figure 6 along with the following actions describe an example scenario of a NETCONF Call Home using SNMP according to embodiments described herein.
[0113] Action 601. The network node 150 which is working as e.g., the NETCONF / RESTCONF server initiates SNMP notifications e.g., SNMP trap or SNMP inform to the management system node 160. The management system node 160 is working as e.g., NETCONF / RESTCONF client. The network node 150 skips the TCP connection. The network node 150 is aware from the initial configuration as mentioned in Action 401 that the communication with the management system node 160 must be established using SNMP instead of TCP. The network node 150 ensure that the latest version of SNMP e.g., SNMPv3 is used for secure communication and authentication. As mentioned earlier in Action 404 and 503, the SNMP traps does not need a reply with an acknowledgement from the management system node 160 but an SNMP inform request needs an acknowledgement from the management system node 160. Hence SNMP inform based notification may be preferred by the network node 150.
[0114] Action 602. This action is similar to Actions 404 and 503 in which the management system node 160 may optionally reply with a SNMP inform OK message if the inform request is received from a network node 150.
[0115] Action 603. Once the management system node 160 receives the SNMP notification, the management system node 160 analyses the content of the SNMP notification as mentioned earlier in Action 504. If the authentication and verification is successful in the management system node 160, then the management system node 160 will initiate a NETCONF connection and try to establish a NETCONF session as described in Action 506. Through the NETCONF session it may send an RPC with <get> operation.
[0116] Action 604. The network node 150 will then use the established NETCONF session to reply on an RPC with <get-reply> if the NETCONF session is successfully initialized.
[0117] According to example embodiments herein, SNMP-based communication is event-driven, with network node 150 sending SNMP notifications e.g., SNMP traps or SNMP informs to the management system node 160 based on specific events or conditions. In some embodiments, SNMP is well-suited for monitoring of the communications network 100. and event notification to the management system node 160. According to example embodiments herein, the network node 150 informs the management system node 160 of events, allowing it to take appropriate actions.
[0118] Example embodiments herein based on SNMP provides strong authentication and encryption, enhancing the security of communication between the network node 150 and the management system node 160. SNMP-based authentication and encryption is advantageous in comparison to the standard TCP-based authentication because the SNMP security features provide a more robust and comprehensive framework for securing management communication in network environments.
[0119] According to example embodiments herein, SNMP notifications are typically one-way i.e., from the network node 150 to the management system node 160 and do not support the same level of bidirectional configuration management as NETCONF. However, SNMP-based NETCONF supports the SNMP inform request from the management system node 160 to the network node 150 that can get a reply with acknowledge feedback from the network node 150. But, in order for the NETCONF to use SNMP, the network node 150 and the management system node 160 may need to be configured with the corresponding inform type.
[0120] According to example embodiments herein, SNMP is well-suited for the management system node 160. In some embodiments, the SNMP-based communication works together with other operations such as e.g., get and / or get-bulk and other management protocols such as e.g., TCP. Thus, using the SNMP-based NETCONF Call Home may save management developing effort and transport layer adaptation. Saving management developing effort by using SNMP referred to herein refers to e.g., the reduced complexity and effort required to integrate SNMP-based protocols for network management. Saving transport layer adaptation by using SNMP referred to herein means e.g., that the SNMP provides standardized mechanisms for authentication, authorization, and encryption, which are essential for securing communication related to management of the communications network. By leveraging SNMP for these functions, developments related to management of communications network may utilize existing SNMP libraries, tools, and expertise, reducing the need to develop custom security features from scratch. For the operation and deployment, it may also save the efforts taken to configure the TCP protocol which takes more effort compared to SNMP and corresponding port listening job.
[0121] The choice between the SNMP-based NETCONF Call Home as disclosed in example embodiments herein and the standard TCP-based NETCONF Call home according to prior art depends on the specific use case and requirements. See also the comparison of the SNMP-based NETCONF Call Home and the TCP-based NETCONF Call Home mentioned under summary. Example embodiments described herein related to SNMP-based NETCONF Call Home SNMP is well-suited for event-driven monitoring and notifications, while standard TCP-based NETCONF Call Home is designed for broader configuration management and bi-directional communication. Additionally, embodiments herein may also be used in combination with the other protocols such as e.g., TCP to cover two-way of NETCONF communication both from the management system node 160 to the network node 150 and also from the network node 150 to the management system node 160. Optionally, when the network node 150 configures the NETCONF Call Home functions the user may select between the standard TCP connection, or the SNMP connection as described in embodiments herein.
[0122] SNMP MIB definition:
[0123] Management Information Database (MIB) is a database comprising a collection of management information related to the different network nodes such as e.g., network node 150 in the communications network 100. To support the SNMP-based NETCONF Call Home, the following SNMP MIB may be used to define the content and format of SNMP notifications.
[0124] To perform the method actions above, the network node 150 is configured to assist a management system node 160 in managing a communications network 100.
[0125] The network node 150 may comprise an arrangement depicted in Figure 7. The network node 150 may comprise an input and output interface 700 configured to communicate in the communications network 100, e.g., with the management system node 160. The input and output interface 700 may comprise a wireless receiver not shown, and a wireless transmitter not shown.
[0126] The network node 150 is further configured to configure the network node 150 with an SNMP to initiate SNMP notifications.
[0127] The network node 150 is further configured to identify an event in the communications network 100. The event requires any one or more out of: an action from the management system node 160 and to be informed to the management system node 160.
[0128] When the event is identified, the network node 150 is further configured to initiate SNMP notifications by sending a request to the management system node 160. This request is to establish a connection and a data session between the management system node 160 and the network node 150. The request is adapted to comprise an authentication of the network node 150 based on SNMP.
[0129] When the sent authentication of the network node 150 is verified and the requested connection and data session is established by the management system node 160, the network node 150 is further being configured to send to the management system node 160, information related to the identified event. Thereby the network node 150 is further configured to assist the management system node 160 in managing the communications network 100 based on event-driven communication using SNMP.
[0130] In some embodiments, the network node 150 is further being configured to receive from the management system node 160, a response related to the sent request.
[0131] In some embodiments, the network node 150 is adapted to be represented by one or more out of: a switch, a router, a firewall, Network Configuration, NETCONF, server, UE, Baseband Unit, Radio Unit, aNetwork Address Translation (NAT) device, and a load balancer.
[0132] In some embodiments, the management system node 160 is adapted to be represented by one or more out of: a Network Management System, NMS, Central Management System, CMS, a NETCONF client, a Software-Defined Network, SDN, controller, an Element Management System (EMS) , and a service orchestration and management platform.
[0133] To perform the method actions above, the management system node 160 is configured to manage a communications network 100.
[0134] The management system node 160 may comprise an arrangement depicted in Figure 8. The management system node 160 may comprise an input and output interface 800 configured to communicate in the communications network 100, e.g., with the network node node 150. The input and output interface 800 may comprise a wireless receiver not shown, and a wireless transmitter not shown.
[0135] The management system node 160 is further configured to configure the management system node 160 with a SNMP to one or more out of: support, receive, process, and interpret the SNMP.
[0136] The management system node 160 is further configured to receive a request from the network node 150. This request is to establish a connection and a data session between the management system node 160 and the network node 150. The request is adapted to comprise an SNMP notification initiated by the network node 150 and an authentication of the network node 150 based on SNMP.
[0137] The management system node 160 is further configured to analyse the received request from the network node 150. The analysis is adapted to further comprise a verification of the received authentication of the network node 150.
[0138] When the analysis has been performed, then the management system node 160 is further configured to establish the requested connection and the data session between the management system node 160 and the network node 150.
[0139] When the connection and the data session has been established, then the management system node 160 is further configured to receive, from the network node 150, information related to an identified event in the communications network 100. The identified event requires any one or more out of: an action from the management system node 160 and to be informed to the management system node 160.
[0140] Thus, the management system node 160 is further configured to manage the communications network 100 based on event-driven communication using SNMP.
[0141] In some embodiments, the management system node 160 is further being configured to send to the network node 150, a response related to the received request.
[0142] In some embodiments, the SNMP notification adapted to be comprised in the received request is initiated by the network node 150 based on the event identified in the communications network 100 by the network node 150.
[0143] In some embodiments, the network node 150 is adapted to be represented by one or more out of: a switch, a router, a firewall, Network Configuration, NETCONF, server, UE, Baseband Unit, Radio Unit, aNetwork Address Translation (NAT) device, and a load balancer.
[0144] In some embodiments, the management system node 160 is adapted to be represented by one or more out of: a Network Management System, NMS, Central Management System, a NETCONF client, a Software-Defined Network, SDN, controller, an Element Management System (EMS) , and a service orchestration and management platform.
[0145] Embodiments herein may be implemented through a respective processor or one or more processors, such as the respective processor 710 of a processing circuitry in the network node 150 depicted in Figure 7, and processor 810 of a processing circuitry in the management system node 160 depicted in Figure 8 together with respective computer program code for performing the functions and actions of the embodiments herein. The program code mentioned above may also be provided as a computer program product, for instance in the form of a data carrier carrying computer program code for performing the embodiments herein when being loaded into the respective network node 150 and management system node 160. One such carrier may be in the form of a CD ROM disc. It is however feasible with other data carriers such as a memory stick. The computer program code may furthermore be provided as pure program code on a server and downloaded to the respective network node 150 and management system node 160.
[0146] The network node 150 and management system node 160 may further comprise a respective memory 720 and memory 820 comprising one or more memory units. The respective memory 720 and memory 820 comprises instructions executable by the processor in the respective network node 150 and management system node 160. The respective memory 720 and memory 820 are arranged to be used to store e.g., media functions, indications, tags, information, data, configurations, communication data, and applications to perform the methods herein when being executed in the respective network node 150 and management system node 160.
[0147] In some embodiments, a respective computer program 730 and computer program 830 comprises instructions, which when executed by the respective at least one processor 710 and processor 810, cause the at least one processor of respective network node 150 and management system node 160 to perform the actions above.
[0148] In some embodiments, a respective carrier 740 and carrier 840 comprises the respective computer program 730 and computer program 830, wherein the respective carrier 740 and carrier 840 is one of an electronic signal, an optical signal, an electromagnetic signal, a magnetic signal, an electric signal, a radio signal, a microwave signal, or a computer-readable storage medium.
[0149] Those skilled in the art will appreciate that units in the respective network node 150 and management system node 160 described above may refer to a combination of analog and digital circuits, and / or one or more processors configured with software and / or firmware, e.g. stored in the respective network node 150 and management system node 160, that when executed by the respective one or more processors such as the processors described above. One or more of these processors, as well as the other digital hardware, may be included in a single Application-Specific Integrated Circuitry ASIC, or several processors and various digital hardware may be distributed among several separate components, whether individually packaged or assembled into a System-on-a-Chip (SoC) .
[0150] ADDITIONAL EXPLANATION
[0151] Some of the embodiments contemplated herein will now be described more fully with reference to the accompanying drawings. Embodiments are provided by way of example to convey the scope of the subject matter to those skilled in the art.
[0152] Figure 9 shows an example of a communication system QQ100 in accordance with some embodiments.
[0153] In the example, the communication system QQ100 includes a telecommunication network QQ102 that includes an access network QQ104, such as a radio access network (RAN) , and a core network QQ106, which includes one or more core network nodes QQ108. The access network QQ104 includes one or more access network nodes, such as network nodes QQ110a and QQ110b (one or more of which may be generally referred to as network nodes QQ110) , or any other similar 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) access nodes or non-3GPP access points. Moreover, as will be appreciated by those of skill in the art, a network node is not necessarily limited to an implementation in which a radio portion and a baseband portion are supplied and integrated by a single vendor. Thus, it will be understood that network nodes include disaggregated implementations or portions thereof. For example, in some embodiments, the telecommunication network QQ102 includes one or more Open-RAN (ORAN) network nodes. An ORAN network node is a node in the telecommunication network QQ102 that supports an ORAN specification (e.g., a specification published by the O-RAN Alliance, or any similar organization) and may operate alone or together with other nodes to implement one or more functionalities of any node in the telecommunication network QQ102, including one or more network nodes QQ110 and / or core network nodes QQ108.
[0154] Examples of an ORAN network node include an open radio unit (O-RU) , an open distributed unit (O-DU) , an open central unit (O-CU) , including an O-CU control plane (O-CU-CP) or an O-CU user plane (O-CU-UP) , a RAN intelligent controller (near-real time or non-real time) hosting software or software plug-ins, such as a near-real time control application (e.g., xApp) or a non-real time control application (e.g., rApp) , or any combination thereof (the adjective “open” designating support of an ORAN specification) . The network node may support a specification by, for example, supporting an interface defined by the ORAN specification, such as an A1, F1, W1, E1, E2, X2, Xn interface, an open fronthaul user plane interface, or an open fronthaul management plane interface. Moreover, an ORAN access node may be a logical node in a physical node. Furthermore, an ORAN network node may be implemented in a virtualization environment (described further below) in which one or more network functions are virtualized. For example, the virtualization environment may include an O-Cloud computing platform orchestrated by a Service Management and Orchestration Framework via an O-2 interface defined by the O-RAN Alliance or comparable technologies. The network nodes QQ110 facilitate direct or indirect connection of user equipment (UE) , such as by connecting UEs 121, QQ112a, QQ112b, QQ112c, and QQ112d (one or more of which may be generally referred to as UEs QQ112) to the core network QQ106 over one or more wireless connections.
[0155] Example wireless communications over a wireless connection include transmitting and / or receiving wireless signals using electromagnetic waves, radio waves, infrared waves, and / or other types of signals suitable for conveying information without the use of wires, cables, or other material conductors. Moreover, in different embodiments, the communication system QQ100 may include any number of wired or wireless networks, network nodes, UEs, and / or any other components or systems that may facilitate or participate in the communication of data and / or signals whether via wired or wireless connections. The communication system QQ100 may include and / or interface with any type of communication, telecommunication, data, cellular, radio network, and / or other similar type of system.
[0156] The UEs QQ112 may be any of a wide variety of communication devices, including wireless devices arranged, configured, and / or operable to communicate wirelessly with the network nodes QQ110 and other communication devices. Similarly, the network nodes QQ110 are arranged, capable, configured, and / or operable to communicate directly or indirectly with the UEs QQ112 and / or with other network nodes or equipment in the telecommunication network QQ102 to enable and / or provide network access, such as wireless network access, and / or to perform other functions, such as administration in the telecommunication network QQ102.
[0157] In the depicted example, the core network QQ106 connects the network nodes QQ110 to one or more hosts, such as host QQ116. These connections may be direct or indirect via one or more intermediary networks or devices. In other examples, network nodes may be directly coupled to hosts. The core network QQ106 includes one more core network nodes (e.g., core network node QQ108) that are structured with hardware and software components. Features of these components may be substantially similar to those described with respect to the UEs, network nodes, and / or hosts, such that the descriptions thereof are generally applicable to the corresponding components of the core network node QQ108. Example core network nodes include functions of one or more of a Mobile Switching Center (MSC) , Mobility Management Entity (MME) , Home Subscriber Server (HSS) , Access and Mobility Management Function (AMF) , Session Management Function (SMF) , Authentication Server Function (AUSF) , Subscription Identifier De-concealing function (SIDF) , Unified Data Management (UDM) , Security Edge Protection Proxy (SEPP) , Network Exposure Function (NEF) , and / or a User Plane Function (UPF) .
[0158] The host QQ116 may be under the ownership or control of a service provider other than an operator or provider of the access network QQ104 and / or the telecommunication network QQ102, and may be operated by the service provider or on behalf of the service provider. The host QQ116 may host a variety of applications to provide one or more service. Examples of such applications include live and pre-recorded audio / video content, data collection services such as retrieving and compiling data on various ambient conditions detected by a plurality of UEs, analytics functionality, social media, functions for controlling or otherwise interacting with remote devices, functions for an alarm and surveillance center, or any other such function performed by a server.
[0159] As a whole, the communication system QQ100 of Figure 9 enables connectivity between the UEs, network nodes, and hosts. In that sense, the communication system may be configured to operate according to predefined rules or procedures, such as specific standards that include, but are not limited to: Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) ; Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) ; Long Term Evolution (LTE) , and / or other suitable 2G, 3G, 4G, 5G standards, or any applicable future generation standard (e.g., 6G) ; wireless local area network (WLAN) standards, such as the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11 standards (WiFi) ; and / or any other appropriate wireless communication standard, such as the Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMax) , Bluetooth, Z-Wave, Near Field Communication (NFC) ZigBee, LiFi, and / or any low-power wide-area network (LPWAN) standards such as LoRa and Sigfox.
[0160] In some examples, the telecommunication network QQ102 is a cellular network that implements 3GPP standardized features. Accordingly, the telecommunications network QQ102 may support network slicing to provide different logical networks to different devices that are connected to the telecommunication network QQ102. For example, the telecommunications network QQ102 may provide Ultra Reliable Low Latency Communication (URLLC) services to some UEs, while providing Enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB) services to other UEs, and / or Massive Machine Type Communication (mMTC) / Massive IoT services to yet further UEs.
[0161] In some examples, the UEs QQ112 are configured to transmit and / or receive information without direct human interaction. For instance, a UE may be designed to transmit information to the access network QQ104 on a predetermined schedule, when triggered by an internal or external event, or in response to requests from the access network QQ104. Additionally, a UE may be configured for operating in single-or multi-RAT or multi-standard mode. For example, a UE may operate with any one or combination of Wi-Fi, NR (New Radio) and LTE, i.e. being configured for multi-radio dual connectivity (MR-DC) , such as E-UTRAN (Evolved-UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network) New Radio –Dual Connectivity (EN-DC) .
[0162] In the example, the hub QQ114 communicates with the access network QQ104 to facilitate indirect communication between one or more UEs (e.g., UE QQ112c and / or QQ112d) and network nodes (e.g., network node QQ110b) . In some examples, the hub QQ114 may be a controller, router, content source and analytics, or any of the other communication devices described herein regarding UEs. For example, the hub QQ114 may be a broadband router enabling access to the core network QQ106 for the UEs. As another example, the hub QQ114 may be a controller that sends commands or instructions to one or more actuators in the UEs. Commands or instructions may be received from the UEs, network nodes QQ110, or by executable code, script, process, or other instructions in the hub QQ114. As another example, the hub QQ114 may be a data collector that acts as temporary storage for UE data and, in some embodiments, may perform analysis or other processing of the data. As another example, the hub QQ114 may be a content source. For example, for a UE that is a VR headset, display, loudspeaker or other media delivery device, the hub QQ114 may retrieve VR assets, video, audio, or other media or data related to sensory information via a network node, which the hub QQ114 then provides to the UE either directly, after performing local processing, and / or after adding additional local content. In still another example, the hub QQ114 acts as a proxy server or orchestrator for the UEs, in particular if one or more of the UEs are low energy IoT devices.
[0163] The hub QQ114 may have a constant / persistent or intermittent connection to the network node QQ110b. The hub QQ114 may also allow for a different communication scheme and / or schedule between the hub QQ114 and UEs (e.g., UE QQ112c and / or QQ112d) , and between the hub QQ114 and the core network QQ106. In other examples, the hub QQ114 is connected to the core network QQ106 and / or one or more UEs via a wired connection. Moreover, the hub QQ114 may be configured to connect to an M2M service provider over the access network QQ104 and / or to another UE over a direct connection. In some scenarios, UEs may establish a wireless connection with the network nodes QQ110 while still connected via the hub QQ114 via a wired or wireless connection. In some embodiments, the hub QQ114 may be a dedicated hub –that is, a hub whose primary function is to route communications to / from the UEs from / to the network node QQ110b. In other embodiments, the hub QQ114 may be a non-dedicated hub –that is, a device which is capable of operating to route communications between the UEs and network node QQ110b, but which is additionally capable of operating as a communication start and / or end point for certain data channels.
[0164] Figure 10 shows a UE QQ200 in accordance with some embodiments. As used herein, a UE refers to a device capable, configured, arranged and / or operable to communicate wirelessly with network nodes such as e.g., the network node 150 and the management system node 160 and / or other UEs, such as e.g., UE 121 Examples of a UE include, but are not limited to, a smart phone, mobile phone, cell phone, voice over IP (VoIP) phone, wireless local loop phone, desktop computer, personal digital assistant (PDA) , wireless cameras, gaming console or device, music storage device, playback appliance, wearable terminal device, wireless endpoint, mobile station, tablet, laptop, laptop-embedded equipment (LEE) , laptop-mounted equipment (LME) , smart device, wireless customer-premise equipment (CPE) , vehicle, vehicle-mounted or vehicle embedded / integrated wireless device, etc. Other examples include any UE identified by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) , including a narrow band internet of things (NB-IoT) UE, a machine type communication (MTC) UE, and / or an enhanced MTC (eMTC) UE.
[0165] A UE may support device-to-device (D2D) communication, for example by implementing a 3GPP standard for sidelink communication, Dedicated Short-Range Communication (DSRC) , vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) , vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) , or vehicle-to-everything (V2X) . In other examples, a UE may not necessarily have a user in the sense of a human user who owns and / or operates the relevant device. Instead, a UE may represent a device that is intended for sale to, or operation by, a human user but which may not, or which may not initially, be associated with a specific human user (e.g., a smart sprinkler controller) . Alternatively, a UE may represent a device that is not intended for sale to, or operation by, an end user but which may be associated with or operated for the benefit of a user (e.g., a smart power meter) .
[0166] The UE QQ200 includes processing circuitry QQ202 that is operatively coupled via a bus QQ204 to an input / output interface QQ206, a power source QQ208, a memory QQ210, a communication interface QQ212, and / or any other component, or any combination thereof. Certain UEs may utilize all or a subset of the components shown in Figure 10. The level of integration between the components may vary from one UE to another UE. Further, certain UEs may contain multiple instances of a component, such as multiple processors, memories, transceivers, transmitters, receivers, etc.
[0167] The processing circuitry QQ202 is configured to process instructions and data and may be configured to implement any sequential state machine operative to execute instructions stored as machine-readable computer programs in the memory QQ210. The processing circuitry QQ202 may be implemented as one or more hardware-implemented state machines (e.g., in discrete logic, field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) , application specific integrated circuits (ASICs) , etc. ) ; programmable logic together with appropriate firmware; one or more stored computer programs, general-purpose processors, such as a microprocessor or digital signal processor (DSP) , together with appropriate software; or any combination of the above. For example, the processing circuitry QQ202 may include multiple central processing units (CPUs) .
[0168] In the example, the input / output interface QQ206 may be configured to provide an interface or interfaces to an input device, output device, or one or more input and / or output devices. Examples of an output device include a speaker, a sound card, a video card, a display, a monitor, a printer, an actuator, an emitter, a smartcard, another output device, or any combination thereof. An input device may allow a user to capture information into the UE QQ200. Examples of an input device include a touch-sensitive or presence-sensitive display, a camera (e.g., a digital camera, a digital video camera, a web camera, etc. ) , a microphone, a sensor, a mouse, a trackball, a directional pad, a trackpad, a scroll wheel, a smartcard, and the like. The presence-sensitive display may include a capacitive or resistive touch sensor to sense input from a user. A sensor may be, for instance, an accelerometer, a gyroscope, a tilt sensor, a force sensor, a magnetometer, an optical sensor, a proximity sensor, a biometric sensor, etc., or any combination thereof. An output device may use the same type of interface port as an input device. For example, a Universal Serial Bus (USB) port may be used to provide an input device and an output device.
[0169] In some embodiments, the power source QQ208 is structured as a battery or battery pack. Other types of power sources, such as an external power source (e.g., an electricity outlet) , photovoltaic device, or power cell, may be used. The power source QQ208 may further include power circuitry for delivering power from the power source QQ208 itself, and / or an external power source, to the various parts of the UE QQ200 via input circuitry or an interface such as an electrical power cable. Delivering power may be, for example, for charging of the power source QQ208. Power circuitry may perform any formatting, converting, or other modification to the power from the power source QQ208 to make the power suitable for the respective components of the UE QQ200 to which power is supplied.
[0170] The memory QQ210 may be or be configured to include memory such as random access memory (RAM) , read-only memory (ROM) , programmable read-only memory (PROM) , erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM) , electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM) , magnetic disks, optical disks, hard disks, removable cartridges, flash drives, and so forth. In one example, the memory QQ210 includes one or more application programs QQ214, such as an operating system, web browser application, a widget, gadget engine, or other application, and corresponding data QQ216. The memory QQ210 may store, for use by the UE QQ200, any of a variety of various operating systems or combinations of operating systems.
[0171] The memory QQ210 may be configured to include a number of physical drive units, such as redundant array of independent disks (RAID) , flash memory, USB flash drive, external hard disk drive, thumb drive, pen drive, key drive, high-density digital versatile disc (HD-DVD) optical disc drive, internal hard disk drive, Blu-Ray optical disc drive, holographic digital data storage (HDDS) optical disc drive, external mini-dual in-line memory module (DIMM) , synchronous dynamic random access memory (SDRAM) , external micro-DIMM SDRAM, smartcard memory such as tamper resistant module in the form of a universal integrated circuit card (UICC) including one or more subscriber identity modules (SIMs) , such as a USIM and / or ISIM, other memory, or any combination thereof. The UICC may for example be an embedded UICC (eUICC) , integrated UICC (iUICC) or a removable UICC commonly known as ‘SIM card. ’ The memory QQ210 may allow the UE QQ200 to access instructions, application programs and the like, stored on transitory or non-transitory memory media, to off-load data, or to upload data. An article of manufacture, such as one utilizing a communication system may be tangibly embodied as or in the memory QQ210, which may be or comprise a device-readable storage medium.
[0172] The processing circuitry QQ202 may be configured to communicate with an access network or other network using the communication interface QQ212. The communication interface QQ212 may comprise one or more communication subsystems and may include or be communicatively coupled to an antenna QQ222. The communication interface QQ212 may include one or more transceivers used to communicate, such as by communicating with one or more remote transceivers of another device capable of wireless communication (e.g., another UE or a network node in an access network) . Each transceiver may include a transmitter QQ218 and / or a receiver QQ220 appropriate to provide network communications (e.g., optical, electrical, frequency allocations, and so forth) . Moreover, the transmitter QQ218 and receiver QQ220 may be coupled to one or more antennas (e.g., antenna QQ222) and may share circuit components, software or firmware, or alternatively be implemented separately.
[0173] In the illustrated embodiment, communication functions of the communication interface QQ212 may include cellular communication, Wi-Fi communication, LPWAN communication, data communication, voice communication, multimedia communication, short-range communications such as Bluetooth, near-field communication, location-based communication such as the use of the global positioning system (GPS) to determine a location, another like communication function, or any combination thereof. Communications may be implemented in according to one or more communication protocols and / or standards, such as IEEE 802.11, Code Division Multiplexing Access (CDMA) , Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA) , GSM, LTE, New Radio (NR) , UMTS, WiMax, Ethernet, transmission control protocol / internet protocol (TCP / IP) , synchronous optical networking (SONET) , Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) , QUIC, Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) , and so forth.
[0174] Regardless of the type of sensor, a UE may provide an output of data captured by its sensors, through its communication interface QQ212, via a wireless connection to a network node. Data captured by sensors of a UE can be communicated through a wireless connection to a network node via another UE. The output may be periodic (e.g., once every 15 minutes if it reports the sensed temperature) , random (e.g., to even out the load from reporting from several sensors) , in response to a triggering event (e.g., when moisture is detected an alert is sent) , in response to a request (e.g., a user initiated request) , or a continuous stream (e.g., a live video feed of a patient) .
[0175] As another example, a UE comprises an actuator, a motor, or a switch, related to a communication interface configured to receive wireless input from a network node via a wireless connection. In response to the received wireless input the states of the actuator, the motor, or the switch may change. For example, the UE may comprise a motor that adjusts the control surfaces or rotors of a drone in flight according to the received input or to a robotic arm performing a medical procedure according to the received input.
[0176] A UE, when in the form of an Internet of Things (IoT) device, may be a device for use in one or more application domains, these domains comprising, but not limited to, city wearable technology, extended industrial application and healthcare. Non-limiting examples of such an IoT device are a device which is or which is embedded in: a connected refrigerator or freezer, a TV, a connected lighting device, an electricity meter, a robot vacuum cleaner, a voice controlled smart speaker, a home security camera, a motion detector, a thermostat, a smoke detector, a door / window sensor, a flood / moisture sensor, an electrical door lock, a connected doorbell, an air conditioning system like a heat pump, an autonomous vehicle, a surveillance system, a weather monitoring device, a vehicle parking monitoring device, an electric vehicle charging station, a smart watch, a fitness tracker, a head-mounted display for Augmented Reality (AR) or Virtual Reality (VR) , a wearable for tactile augmentation or sensory enhancement, a water sprinkler, an animal-or item-tracking device, a sensor for monitoring a plant or animal, an industrial robot, an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) , and any kind of medical device, like a heart rate monitor or a remote controlled surgical robot. A UE in the form of an IoT device comprises circuitry and / or software in dependence of the intended application of the IoT device in addition to other components as described in relation to the UE QQ200 shown in Figure 10.
[0177] As yet another specific example, in an IoT scenario, a UE may represent a machine or other device that performs monitoring and / or measurements, and transmits the results of such monitoring and / or measurements to another UE and / or a network node. The UE may in this case be an M2M device, which may in a 3GPP context be referred to as an MTC device. As one particular example, the UE may implement the 3GPP NB-IoT standard. In other scenarios, a UE may represent a vehicle, such as a car, a bus, a truck, a ship and an airplane, or other equipment that is capable of monitoring and / or reporting on its operational status or other functions associated with its operation.
[0178] In practice, any number of UEs may be used together with respect to a single use case. For example, a first UE might be or be integrated in a drone and provide the drone’s speed information (obtained through a speed sensor) to a second UE that is a remote controller operating the drone. When the user makes changes from the remote controller, the first UE may adjust the throttle on the drone (e.g. by controlling an actuator) to increase or decrease the drone’s speed. The first and / or the second UE can also include more than one of the functionalities described above. For example, a UE might comprise the sensor and the actuator, and handle communication of data for both the speed sensor and the actuators.
[0179] Figure 11 shows a network node QQ300 in accordance with some embodiments. As used herein, network node refers to equipment capable, configured, arranged and / or operable to communicate directly or indirectly with a UE and / or with other network nodes or equipment, in a telecommunication network. Examples of network nodes include, but are not limited to, access points (APs) (e.g., radio access points) , base stations (BSs) (e.g., radio base stations, Node Bs, evolved Node Bs (eNBs) and NR NodeBs (gNBs) ) , O-RAN nodes or components of an O-RAN node (e.g., O-RU, O-DU, O-CU) .
[0180] Base stations may be categorized based on the amount of coverage they provide (or, stated differently, their transmit power level) and so, depending on the provided amount of coverage, may be referred to as femto base stations, pico base stations, micro base stations, or macro base stations. A base station may be a relay node or a relay donor node controlling a relay. A network node may also include one or more (or all) parts of a distributed radio base station such as centralized digital units, distributed units (e.g., in an O-RAN access node) and / or remote radio units (RRUs) , sometimes referred to as Remote Radio Heads (RRHs) . Such remote radio units may or may not be integrated with an antenna as an antenna integrated radio. Parts of a distributed radio base station may also be referred to as nodes in a distributed antenna system (DAS) .
[0181] Other examples of network nodes include multiple transmission point (multi-TRP) 5G access nodes, multi-standard radio (MSR) equipment such as MSR BSs, network controllers such as radio network controllers (RNCs) or base station controllers (BSCs) , base transceiver stations (BTSs) , transmission points, transmission nodes, multi-cell / multicast coordination entities (MCEs) , Operation and Maintenance (O&M) nodes, Operations Support System (OSS) nodes, Self-Organizing Network (SON) nodes, positioning nodes (e.g., Evolved Serving Mobile Location Centers (E-SMLCs) ) , and / or Minimization of Drive Tests (MDTs) .
[0182] The network node QQ300 includes a processing circuitry QQ302, a memory QQ304, a communication interface QQ306, and a power source QQ308. The network node QQ300 may be composed of multiple physically separate components (e.g., a NodeB component and a RNC component, or a BTS component and a BSC component, etc. ) , which may each have their own respective components. In certain scenarios in which the network node QQ300 comprises multiple separate components (e.g., BTS and BSC components) , one or more of the separate components may be shared among several network nodes. For example, a single RNC may control multiple NodeBs. In such a scenario, each unique NodeB and RNC pair, may in some instances be considered a single separate network node. In some embodiments, the network node QQ300 may be configured to support multiple radio access technologies (RATs) . In such embodiments, some components may be duplicated (e.g., separate memory QQ304 for different RATs) and some components may be reused (e.g., a same antenna QQ310 may be shared by different RATs) . The network node QQ300 may also include multiple sets of the various illustrated components for different wireless technologies integrated into network node QQ300, for example GSM, WCDMA, LTE, NR, WiFi, Zigbee, Z-wave, LoRaWAN, Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) or Bluetooth wireless technologies. These wireless technologies may be integrated into the same or different chip or set of chips and other components within network node QQ300.
[0183] The processing circuitry QQ302 may comprise a combination of one or more of a microprocessor, controller, microcontroller, central processing unit, digital signal processor, application-specific integrated circuit, field programmable gate array, or any other suitable computing device, resource, or combination of hardware, software and / or encoded logic operable to provide, either alone or in conjunction with other network node QQ300 components, such as the memory QQ304, to provide network node QQ300 functionality.
[0184] In some embodiments, the processing circuitry QQ302 includes a system on a chip (SOC) . In some embodiments, the processing circuitry QQ302 includes one or more of radio frequency (RF) transceiver circuitry QQ312 and baseband processing circuitry QQ314. In some embodiments, the radio frequency (RF) transceiver circuitry QQ312 and the baseband processing circuitry QQ314 may be on separate chips (or sets of chips) , boards, or units, such as radio units and digital units. In alternative embodiments, part or all of RF transceiver circuitry QQ312 and baseband processing circuitry QQ314 may be on the same chip or set of chips, boards, or units.
[0185] The memory QQ304 may comprise any form of volatile or non-volatile computer-readable memory including, without limitation, persistent storage, solid-state memory, remotely mounted memory, magnetic media, optical media, random access memory (RAM) , read-only memory (ROM) , mass storage media (for example, a hard disk) , removable storage media (for example, a flash drive, a Compact Disk (CD) or a Digital Video Disk (DVD) ) , and / or any other volatile or non-volatile, non-transitory device-readable and / or computer-executable memory devices that store information, data, and / or instructions that may be used by the processing circuitry QQ302. The memory QQ304 may store any suitable instructions, data, or information, including a computer program, software, an application including one or more of logic, rules, code, tables, and / or other instructions capable of being executed by the processing circuitry QQ302 and utilized by the network node QQ300. The memory QQ304 may be used to store any calculations made by the processing circuitry QQ302 and / or any data received via the communication interface QQ306. In some embodiments, the processing circuitry QQ302 and memory QQ304 is integrated.
[0186] The communication interface QQ306 is used in wired or wireless communication of signaling and / or data between a network node, access network, and / or UE. As illustrated, the communication interface QQ306 comprises port (s) / terminal (s) QQ316 to send and receive data, for example to and from a network over a wired connection. The communication interface QQ306 also includes radio front-end circuitry QQ318 that may be coupled to, or in certain embodiments a part of, the antenna QQ310. Radio front-end circuitry QQ318 comprises filters QQ320 and amplifiers QQ322. The radio front-end circuitry QQ318 may be connected to an antenna QQ310 and processing circuitry QQ302. The radio front-end circuitry may be configured to condition signals communicated between antenna QQ310 and processing circuitry QQ302. The radio front-end circuitry QQ318 may receive digital data that is to be sent out to other network nodes or UEs via a wireless connection. The radio front-end circuitry QQ318 may convert the digital data into a radio signal having the appropriate channel and bandwidth parameters using a combination of filters QQ320 and / or amplifiers QQ322. The radio signal may then be transmitted via the antenna QQ310. Similarly, when receiving data, the antenna QQ310 may collect radio signals which are then converted into digital data by the radio front-end circuitry QQ318. The digital data may be passed to the processing circuitry QQ302. In other embodiments, the communication interface may comprise different components and / or different combinations of components.
[0187] In certain alternative embodiments, the network node QQ300 does not include separate radio front-end circuitry QQ318, instead, the processing circuitry QQ302 includes radio front-end circuitry and is connected to the antenna QQ310. Similarly, in some embodiments, all or some of the RF transceiver circuitry QQ312 is part of the communication interface QQ306. In still other embodiments, the communication interface QQ306 includes one or more ports or terminals QQ316, the radio front-end circuitry QQ318, and the RF transceiver circuitry QQ312, as part of a radio unit (not shown) , and the communication interface QQ306 communicates with the baseband processing circuitry QQ314, which is part of a digital unit (not shown) .
[0188] The antenna QQ310 may include one or more antennas, or antenna arrays, configured to send and / or receive wireless signals. The antenna QQ310 may be coupled to the radio front-end circuitry QQ318 and may be any type of antenna capable of transmitting and receiving data and / or signals wirelessly. In certain embodiments, the antenna QQ310 is separate from the network node QQ300 and connectable to the network node QQ300 through an interface or port.
[0189] The antenna QQ310, communication interface QQ306, and / or the processing circuitry QQ302 may be configured to perform any receiving operations and / or certain obtaining operations described herein as being performed by the network node. Any information, data and / or signals may be received from a UE, another network node and / or any other network equipment. Similarly, the antenna QQ310, the communication interface QQ306, and / or the processing circuitry QQ302 may be configured to perform any transmitting operations described herein as being performed by the network node. Any information, data and / or signals may be transmitted to a UE, another network node and / or any other network equipment.
[0190] The power source QQ308 provides power to the various components of network node QQ300 in a form suitable for the respective components (e.g., at a voltage and current level needed for each respective component) . The power source QQ308 may further comprise, or be coupled to, power management circuitry to supply the components of the network node QQ300 with power for performing the functionality described herein. For example, the network node QQ300 may be connectable to an external power source (e.g., the power grid, an electricity outlet) via an input circuitry or interface such as an electrical cable, whereby the external power source supplies power to power circuitry of the power source QQ308. As a further example, the power source QQ308 may comprise a source of power in the form of a battery or battery pack which is connected to, or integrated in, power circuitry. The battery may provide backup power should the external power source fail.
[0191] Embodiments of the network node QQ300 may include additional components beyond those shown in Figure 11 for providing certain aspects of the network node’s functionality, including any of the functionality described herein and / or any functionality necessary to support the subject matter described herein. For example, the network node QQ300 may include user interface equipment to allow input of information into the network node QQ300 and to allow output of information from the network node QQ300. This may allow a user to perform diagnostic, maintenance, repair, and other administrative functions for the network node QQ300.
[0192] Figure 12 is a block diagram of a host QQ400, which may be an embodiment of the host QQ116 of Figure 9, in accordance with various aspects described herein. As used herein, the host QQ400 may be or comprise various combinations hardware and / or software, including a standalone server, a blade server, a cloud-implemented server, a distributed server, a virtual machine, container, or processing resources in a server farm. The host QQ400 may provide one or more services to one or more UEs.
[0193] The host QQ400 includes processing circuitry QQ402 that is operatively coupled via a bus QQ404 to an input / output interface QQ406, a network interface QQ408, a power source QQ410, and a memory QQ412. Other components may be included in other embodiments. Features of these components may be substantially similar to those described with respect to the devices of previous figures, such as Figures QQ2 and QQ3, such that the descriptions thereof are generally applicable to the corresponding components of host QQ400.
[0194] The memory QQ412 may include one or more computer programs including one or more host application programs QQ414 and data QQ416, which may include user data, e.g., data generated by a UE for the host QQ400 or data generated by the host QQ400 for a UE. Embodiments of the host QQ400 may utilize only a subset or all of the components shown. The host application programs QQ414 may be implemented in a container-based architecture and may provide support for video codecs (e.g., Versatile Video Coding (VVC) , High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) , Advanced Video Coding (AVC) , MPEG, VP9) and audio codecs (e.g., FLAC, Advanced Audio Coding (AAC) , MPEG, G. 711) , including transcoding for multiple different classes, types, or implementations of UEs (e.g., handsets, desktop computers, wearable display systems, heads-up display systems) . The host application programs QQ414 may also provide for user authentication and licensing checks and may periodically report health, routes, and content availability to a central node, such as a device in or on the edge of a core network. Accordingly, the host QQ400 may select and / or indicate a different host for over-the-top services for a UE. The host application programs QQ414 may support various protocols, such as the HTTP Live Streaming (HLS) protocol, Real-Time Messaging Protocol (RTMP) , Real-Time Streaming Protocol (RTSP) , Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP (MPEG-DASH) , etc.
[0195] Figure 13 is a block diagram illustrating a virtualization environment QQ500 in which functions implemented by some embodiments may be virtualized. In the present context, virtualizing means creating virtual versions of apparatuses or devices which may include virtualizing hardware platforms, storage devices and networking resources. As used herein, virtualization can be applied to any device described herein, or components thereof, and relates to an implementation in which at least a portion of the functionality is implemented as one or more virtual components. Some or all of the functions described herein may be implemented as virtual components executed by one or more virtual machines (VMs) implemented in one or more virtual environments QQ500 hosted by one or more of hardware nodes, such as a hardware computing device that operates as a network node, UE, core network node, or host. Further, in embodiments in which the virtual node does not require radio connectivity (e.g., a core network node or host) , then the node may be entirely virtualized. In some embodiments, the virtualization environment QQ500 includes components defined by the O-RAN Alliance, such as an O-Cloud environment orchestrated by a Service Management and Orchestration Framework via an O-2 interface.
[0196] Applications QQ502 (which may alternatively be called software instances, virtual appliances, network functions, virtual nodes, virtual network functions, etc. ) are run in the virtualization environment Q400 to implement some of the features, functions, and / or benefits of some of the embodiments disclosed herein.
[0197] Hardware QQ504 includes processing circuitry, memory that stores software and / or instructions executable by hardware processing circuitry, and / or other hardware devices as described herein, such as a network interface, input / output interface, and so forth. Software may be executed by the processing circuitry to instantiate one or more virtualization layers QQ506 (also referred to as hypervisors or virtual machine monitors (VMMs) ) , provide VMs QQ508a and QQ508b (one or more of which may be generally referred to as VMs QQ508) , and / or perform any of the functions, features and / or benefits described in relation with some embodiments described herein. The virtualization layer QQ506 may present a virtual operating platform that appears like networking hardware to the VMs QQ508.
[0198] The VMs QQ508 comprise virtual processing, virtual memory, virtual networking or interface and virtual storage, and may be run by a corresponding virtualization layer QQ506. Different embodiments of the instance of a virtual appliance QQ502 may be implemented on one or more of VMs QQ508, and the implementations may be made in different ways. Virtualization of the hardware is in some contexts referred to as network function virtualization (NFV) . NFV may be used to consolidate many network equipment types onto industry standard high volume server hardware, physical switches, and physical storage, which can be located in data centers, and customer premise equipment.
[0199] In the context of NFV, a VM QQ508 may be a software implementation of a physical machine that runs programs as if they were executing on a physical, non-virtualized machine. Each of the VMs QQ508, and that part of hardware QQ504 that executes that VM, be it hardware dedicated to that VM and / or hardware shared by that VM with others of the VMs, forms separate virtual network elements. Still in the context of NFV, a virtual network function is responsible for handling specific network functions that run in one or more VMs QQ508 on top of the hardware QQ504 and corresponds to the application QQ502.
[0200] Hardware QQ504 may be implemented in a standalone network node with generic or specific components. Hardware QQ504 may implement some functions via virtualization. Alternatively, hardware QQ504 may be part of a larger cluster of hardware (e.g. such as in a data center or CPE) where many hardware nodes work together and are managed via management and orchestration QQ510, which, among others, oversees lifecycle management of applications QQ502. In some embodiments, hardware QQ504 is coupled to one or more radio units that each include one or more transmitters and one or more receivers that may be coupled to one or more antennas. Radio units may communicate directly with other hardware nodes via one or more appropriate network interfaces and may be used in combination with the virtual components to provide a virtual node with radio capabilities, such as a radio access node or a base station. In some embodiments, some signaling can be provided with the use of a control system QQ512 which may alternatively be used for communication between hardware nodes and radio units.
[0201] Figure 14 shows a communication diagram of a host QQ602 communicating via a network node QQ604 with a UE QQ606 over a partially wireless connection in accordance with some embodiments. Example implementations, in accordance with various embodiments, of the UE (such as a UE QQ112a of Figure 9 and / or UE QQ200 of Figure 10) , network node (such as network node QQ110a of Figure 9 and / or network node QQ300 of Figure 11) , and host (such as host QQ116 of Figure 9 and / or host QQ400 of Figure 12) discussed in the preceding paragraphs will now be described with reference to Figure 14.
[0202] Like host QQ400, embodiments of host QQ602 include hardware, such as a communication interface, processing circuitry, and memory. The host QQ602 also includes software, which is stored in or accessible by the host QQ602 and executable by the processing circuitry. The software includes a host application that may be operable to provide a service to a remote user, such as the UE QQ606 connecting via an over-the-top (OTT) connection QQ650 extending between the UE QQ606 and host QQ602. In providing the service to the remote user, a host application may provide user data which is transmitted using the OTT connection QQ650.
[0203] The network node QQ604 includes hardware enabling it to communicate with the host QQ602 and UE QQ606. The connection QQ660 may be direct or pass through a core network (like core network QQ106 of Figure 9) and / or one or more other intermediate networks, such as one or more public, private, or hosted networks. For example, an intermediate network may be a backbone network or the Internet.
[0204] The UE QQ606 includes hardware and software, which is stored in or accessible by UE QQ606 and executable by the UE’s processing circuitry. The software includes a client application, such as a web browser or operator-specific “app” that may be operable to provide a service to a human or non-human user via UE QQ606 with the support of the host QQ602. In the host QQ602, an executing host application may communicate with the executing client application via the OTT connection QQ650 terminating at the UE QQ606 and host QQ602. In providing the service to the user, the UE's client application may receive request data from the host's host application and provide user data in response to the request data. The OTT connection QQ650 may transfer both the request data and the user data. The UE's client application may interact with the user to generate the user data that it provides to the host application through the OTT connection QQ650.
[0205] The OTT connection QQ650 may extend via a connection QQ660 between the host QQ602 and the network node QQ604 and via a wireless connection QQ670 between the network node QQ604 and the UE QQ606 to provide the connection between the host QQ602 and the UE QQ606. The connection QQ660 and wireless connection QQ670, over which the OTT connection QQ650 may be provided, have been drawn abstractly to illustrate the communication between the host QQ602 and the UE QQ606 via the network node QQ604, without explicit reference to any intermediary devices and the precise routing of messages via these devices.
[0206] As an example of transmitting data via the OTT connection QQ650, in step QQ608, the host QQ602 provides user data, which may be performed by executing a host application. In some embodiments, the user data is associated with a particular human user interacting with the UE QQ606. In other embodiments, the user data is associated with a UE QQ606 that shares data with the host QQ602 without explicit human interaction. In step QQ610, the host QQ602 initiates a transmission carrying the user data towards the UE QQ606. The host QQ602 may initiate the transmission responsive to a request transmitted by the UE QQ606. The request may be caused by human interaction with the UE QQ606 or by operation of the client application executing on the UE QQ606. The transmission may pass via the network node QQ604, in accordance with the teachings of the embodiments described throughout this disclosure. Accordingly, in step QQ612, the network node QQ604 transmits to the UE QQ606 the user data that was carried in the transmission that the host QQ602 initiated, in accordance with the teachings of the embodiments described throughout this disclosure. In step QQ614, the UE QQ606 receives the user data carried in the transmission, which may be performed by a client application executed on the UE QQ606 associated with the host application executed by the host QQ602.
[0207] In some examples, the UE QQ606 executes a client application which provides user data to the host QQ602. The user data may be provided in reaction or response to the data received from the host QQ602. Accordingly, in step QQ616, the UE QQ606 may provide user data, which may be performed by executing the client application. In providing the user data, the client application may further consider user input received from the user via an input / output interface of the UE QQ606. Regardless of the specific manner in which the user data was provided, the UE QQ606 initiates, in step QQ618, transmission of the user data towards the host QQ602 via the network node QQ604. In step QQ620, in accordance with the teachings of the embodiments described throughout this disclosure, the network node QQ604 receives user data from the UE QQ606 and initiates transmission of the received user data towards the host QQ602. In step QQ622, the host QQ602 receives the user data carried in the transmission initiated by the UE QQ606.
[0208] One or more of the various embodiments improve the performance of OTT services provided to the UE QQ606 using the OTT connection QQ650, in which the wireless connection QQ670 forms the last segment. More precisely, the teachings of these embodiments may improve the latency and thereby provide benefits such as reduced user waiting time.
[0209] In an example scenario, factory status information may be collected and analyzed by the host QQ602. As another example, the host QQ602 may process audio and video data which may have been retrieved from a UE for use in creating maps. As another example, the host QQ602 may collect and analyze real-time data to assist in controlling vehicle congestion (e.g., controlling traffic lights) . As another example, the host QQ602 may store surveillance video uploaded by a UE. As another example, the host QQ602 may store or control access to media content such as video, audio, VR or AR which it can broadcast, multicast or unicast to UEs. As other examples, the host QQ602 may be used for energy pricing, remote control of non-time critical electrical load to balance power generation needs, location services, presentation services (such as compiling diagrams etc. from data collected from remote devices) , or any other function of collecting, retrieving, storing, analyzing and / or transmitting data.
[0210] In some examples, a measurement procedure may be provided for the purpose of monitoring data rate, latency and other factors on which the one or more embodiments improve. There may further be an optional network functionality for reconfiguring the OTT connection QQ650 between the host QQ602 and UE QQ606, in response to variations in the measurement results. The measurement procedure and / or the network functionality for reconfiguring the OTT connection may be implemented in software and hardware of the host QQ602 and / or UE QQ606. In some embodiments, sensors (not shown) may be deployed in or in association with other devices through which the OTT connection QQ650 passes; the sensors may participate in the measurement procedure by supplying values of the monitored quantities exemplified above, or supplying values of other physical quantities from which software may compute or estimate the monitored quantities. The reconfiguring of the OTT connection QQ650 may include message format, retransmission settings, preferred routing etc. ; the reconfiguring need not directly alter the operation of the network node QQ604. Such procedures and functionalities may be known and practiced in the art. In certain embodiments, measurements may involve proprietary UE signaling that facilitates measurements of throughput, propagation times, latency and the like, by the host QQ602. The measurements may be implemented in that software causes messages to be transmitted, in particular empty or ‘dummy’ messages, using the OTT connection QQ650 while monitoring propagation times, errors, etc.
[0211] Although the computing devices described herein (e.g., UEs, network nodes, hosts) may include the illustrated combination of hardware components, other embodiments may comprise computing devices with different combinations of components. It is to be understood that these computing devices may comprise any suitable combination of hardware and / or software needed to perform the tasks, features, functions and methods disclosed herein. Determining, calculating, obtaining or similar operations described herein may be performed by processing circuitry, which may process information by, for example, converting the obtained information into other information, comparing the obtained information or converted information to information stored in the network node, and / or performing one or more operations based on the obtained information or converted information, and as a result of said processing making a determination. Moreover, while components are depicted as single boxes located within a larger box, or nested within multiple boxes, in practice, computing devices may comprise multiple different physical components that make up a single illustrated component, and functionality may be partitioned between separate components. For example, a communication interface may be configured to include any of the components described herein, and / or the functionality of the components may be partitioned between the processing circuitry and the communication interface. In another example, non-computationally intensive functions of any of such components may be implemented in software or firmware and computationally intensive functions may be implemented in hardware.
[0212] In certain embodiments, some or all of the functionality described herein may be provided by processing circuitry executing instructions stored on in memory, which in certain embodiments may be a computer program product in the form of a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium. In alternative embodiments, some or all of the functionality may be provided by the processing circuitry without executing instructions stored on a separate or discrete device-readable storage medium, such as in a hard-wired manner. In any of those particular embodiments, whether executing instructions stored on a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium or not, the processing circuitry can be configured to perform the described functionality. The benefits provided by such functionality are not limited to the processing circuitry alone or to other components of the computing device, but are enjoyed by the computing device as a whole, and / or by end users and a wireless network generally.
[0213] When using the word "comprise" or “comprising” it shall be interpreted as non-limiting, i.e. meaning "consist at least of" .
[0214] The embodiments herein are not limited to the preferred embodiments described above.Various alternatives, modifications and equivalents may be used.
Claims
1.A method performed by a network node (150) for assisting a management system node (160) in managing a communications network (100) , the method comprising:configuring (401) the network node (150) with a Simple Network Management Protocol, SNMP, to initiate SNMP notifications,when identifying (402) an event in the communications network (100) , which event requires any one or more out of: an action from the management system node (160) and to be informed to the management system node (160) , initiating SNMP notifications by sending (403) a request to the management system node (160) , to establish a connection and a data session between the management system node (160) and the network node (150) , which request comprises an authentication of the network node (150) based on SNMP, andwhen the sent authentication of the network node (150) is verified and the requested connection and data session is established by the management system node (160) , sending (405) to the management system node (160) , information related to the identified event, thereby assisting the management system node (160) in managing the communications network (100) based on event-driven communication using SNMP.2.The method according to claim 1, wherein the method further comprises:receiving (404) , from the management system node (160) , a response related to the sent (403) request.3.The method according to any of claims 1-2, wherein the network node (150) is represented by one or more out of: a switch, a router, a firewall, Network Configuration, NETCONF, server, User Equipment, UE, Baseband Unit, Radio Unit, a Network Address Translation, NAT, device, and a load balancer.4.The method according to any of claims 1-3, wherein the management system node (160) is represented by one or more out of: a Network Management System, NMS, Central Management System, CMS, a NETCONF client, Software-Defined Network, SDN, controller, an Element Management System, EMS, and a service orchestration and management platform.5.A computer program comprising instructions, which when executed by a processor, causes the processor to perform actions according to any of the claims 1-4.6.A carrier comprising the computer program of claim 5, wherein the carrier is one of an electronic signal, an optical signal, an electromagnetic signal, a magnetic signal, an electric signal, a radio signal, a microwave signal, or a computer-readable storage medium.7.A method performed by a management system node (160) for managing a communications network (100) , the method comprising:configuring (501) the management system node (160) with a Simple Network Management Protocol, SNMP, to one or more out of: support, receive, process, and interpret the SNMP,receiving (502) a request from the network node (150) , to establish a connection and a data session between the management system node (160) and the network node (150) , which request comprises an SNMP notification initiated by the network node (150) and an authentication of the network node (150) based on SNMP,when analysing (504) the received request from the network node (150) , which analysis further comprises a verification (505) of the received authentication of the network node (150) , and establishing (506) the requested connection and data session between the management system node (160) and the network node (150) , receiving (507) from the network node (150) , information related to an identified event in the communications network (100) , which identified event requires any one or more out of: an action from the management system node (160) and to be informed to the management system node (160) , andmanaging (508) the communications network (100) based on event-driven communication using SNMP.8.The method according to claim 7, wherein the method further comprises:sending (503) , to the network node (150) , a response related to the received (502) request.9.The method according to any of claims 7-8, wherein the SNMP notification comprised in the received (502) request is initiated by the network node (150) based on the event identified in the communications network (100) by the network node (150) .10.The method according to any of claims 7-9, wherein the network node (150) is represented by one or more out of: a switch, a router, a firewall, Network Configuration, NETCONF, server, UE, Baseband Unit, Radio Unit, a Network Address Translation, NAT, device, and a load balancer.11.The method according to any of claims 7-10, wherein the management system node (160) is represented by one or more out of: a Network Management System, NMS, Central Management System, a NETCONF client, a Software-Defined Network, SDN, controller, an Element Management System, EMS, and a service orchestration and management platform.12.A computer program comprising instructions, which when executed by a processor, causes the processor to perform actions according to any of the claims 7-11.13.A carrier comprising the computer program of claim 12, wherein the carrier is one of an electronic signal, an optical signal, an electromagnetic signal, a magnetic signal, an electric signal, a radio signal, a microwave signal, or a computer-readable storage medium.14.A network node (150) configured to assist a management system node (160) in managing a communications network (100) , the network node (150) further being configured to:configure the network node (150) with a Simple Network Management Protocol, SNMP, to initiate SNMP notifications,when identifying an event in the communications network (100) , which event requires any one or more out of: an action from the management system node (160) and to be informed to the management system node (160) , the network node (150) is further configured to initiate SNMP notifications by sending a request to the management system node (160) , to establish a connection and a data session between the management system node (160) and the network node (150) , which request is adapted to comprise an authentication of the network node (150) based on SNMP, andwhen the sent authentication of the network node (150) is verified and the requested connection and data session is established by the management system node (160) , the network node (150) is further being configured to send to the management system node (160) , information related to the identified event, thereby assisting the management system node (160) in managing the communications network (100) based on event-driven communication using SNMP.15.The network node (150) according to claim 14, further being configured to:receive, from the management system node (160) , a response related to the sent request.16.The network node (150) according to any of claims 14-15, wherein the network node (150) is adapted to be represented by one or more out of: a switch, a router, a firewall, Network Configuration, NETCONF, server, User Equipment, UE, Baseband Unit, Radio Unit, a Network Address Translation, NAT, device, and a load balancer.17.The network node (150) according to any of claims 14-16, wherein the management system node (160) is adapted to be represented by one or more out of: a Network Management System, NMS, Central Management System, CMS, a NETCONF client, a Software-Defined Network, SDN, controller, an Element Management System, EMS, and a service orchestration and management platform.18.A management system node (160) configured to manage a communications network (100) , the management system node (160) further being configured to:configure the management system node (160) with a Simple Network Management Protocol, SNMP, to one or more out of: support, receive, process, and interpret the SNMP,receive a request from the network node (150) , to establish a connection and a data session between the management system node (160) and the network node (150) , which request is adapted to comprise an SNMP notification initiated by the network node (150) and an authentication of the network node (150) based on SNMP,when analysing the received request from the network node (150) , which analysis is adapted to further comprise a verification of the received authentication of the network node (150) , and establishing the requested connection and the data session between the management system node (160) and the network node (150) , the management system node (160) is further configured to receive, from the network node (150) , information related to an identified event in the communications network (100) , which identified event requires any one or more out of: an action from the management system node (160) and to be informed to the management system node (160) , andmanage the communications network (100) based on event-driven communication using SNMP.19.The management system node (160) according to claim 18, further being configured to:send, to the network node (150) , a response related to the received request.20.The management system node (160) according to any of claims 18-19, wherein the SNMP notification adapted to be comprised in the received request is initiated by the network node (150) based on the event identified in the communications network (100) by the network node (150) .21.The management system node (160) according to any of claims 18-20, wherein the network node (150) is adapted to be represented by one or more out of: a switch, a router, a firewall, Network Configuration, NETCONF, server, UE, Baseband Unit, Radio Unit, a Network Address Translation, NAT, device, and a load balancer.22.The management system node (160) according to any of claims 18-21, wherein the management system node (160) is adapted to be represented by one or more out of: a Network Management System, NMS, Central Management System, a NETCONF client, a Software-Defined Network, SDN, controller, an Element Management System, EMS, and a service orchestration and management platform.