Precision probiotics for blood glucose control

Abstract

Described herein are compositions and methods for controlling blood glucose levels in a subject. In some embodiments, the compositions and methods comprise a probiotic cocktail comprising one or more probiotic bacterial strains. The compositions and methods may further comprise one or more metabolite extracts from the probiotic bacterial strains. Also described herein are kits comprising compositions comprising probiotic cocktails for controlling blood glucose levels in a subject.

Description

[0001]PRECISION PROBIOTICS FOR BLOOD GLUCOSE CONTROL CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No.63 / 561,890, filed on March 6, 2024, which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. BACKGROUND Hyperglycemia, or high blood glucose levels, among Americans is reaching an epidemic proportion and is a significant health and costly concern. Nearly one-third of the US population suffers from poor glucose homeostasis with predictions of this incidence significantly increasing over the next decade. Chronic hyperglycemia may result in several serious life-threatening chronic conditions, such as retinopathy, neuropathy, nephropathy, cardiovascular disease (CVD) and diabetic ketoacidosis, if left untreated. Hyperglycemia due to daily high sugar intake is closely associated with the development of obesity and metabolic syndrome and has shown to decrease quality of life and reduce lifespan. Individuals with obesity are susceptible to multiple severe noncommunicable diseases like type 2 diabetes (T2D), CVD, and cancer. Notably, hyperglycemia is the most common in people with diabetes, and currently it is approximated that nearly 115 million Americans have diabetes or prediabetes. Hyperglycemia can arise from a multitude of factors like medications, genetic conditions, illness, and stress, but it most commonly originates from poor daily lifestyle habits and consuming foods high in added sugar. When sugar is ingested, it is primarily broken down and circulated as glucose in the blood stream for ATP production in surrounding tissues. When energy needs are met, glucose is stored as glycogen for later use or converted to adipose tissue when stores are full. The pancreatic hormone insulin is vital in regulating blood sugar due to its role in glucose cellular uptake. If sugar is chronically consumed in excess of daily amounts, the ability of insulin to properly bind to cells for glucose uptake will eventually decline and result in worsened hyperglycemia. Excessive added sugar intake has also shown to have negative consequences in the gut. An increase in intestinal permeability has been observed due to affected enterocyte tight junctions, resulting in raised bloodstream endotoxin levels. Similar poor dietary habits have been associated with gut microbiome composition alterations, which have critical roles in metabolism, immunity, inflammation, and the gut-brain axis. Currently, the average American is ingesting two to three times the recommended amount for daily added sugar intake. Sugar sweetened beverages are a leading source of added sugar intake in the U.S. and account for nearly one-fourth of its intake in Americans. Increased daily sugar intake can also be from poor dietary habits, which are riddled with ultra-processed foods and added sugar. A recent study found that ingesting the high fat and high sugar diet only once per week for twelve weeks resulted in insulin resistance and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in C57BL / 6J mice. Efforts to combat this dietary trend and reduce hyperglycemic-related conditions are largely failing due multifaceted complexities like food swamps and desserts. Alternatives to promoting nutritional guidelines and expensive medications are becoming essential therapeutic targets for blood glucose regulation. Probiotics have shown to be promising interventions to combat the health complications related to high blood sugar levels. A recent meta-analysis of seven studies in adults with prediabetes found that probiotic supplementation significantly decreased glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), reduced homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), and improved high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL). However, fasting blood glucose (FBG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL), total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), and body mass index (BMI) were unchanged. Among adults with T2D, thirty clinical trials largely found significant improvements in FBG, HbA1c, and HOMA-IR. A separate review of previous studies aiming to develop probiotics for improved digestion, blood glucose, cholesterol, immunity, and inflammation found that primarily Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium were the most successful in achieving the desired benefits. Yet, the capability of specifically combined probiotic strains to consume glucose in the gut and subsequently lower host blood sugar is still largely unknown. Moreover, a wide screening of specific probiotic strains is needed for determining optimized performance. What is needed are probiotic cocktails to increase gut microbial glucose consumption and reduce blood glucose levels. SUMMARY One embodiment described herein is a composition comprising a probiotic cocktail comprising one or more probiotic bacterial strains and one or more extracts from the probiotic bacterial strains. In one aspect, the composition further comprises one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients. In another aspect, the probiotic cocktail is in a freeze-dried lyophilized form, a liquid form, or a combination thereof. In another aspect, the extracts comprise bacterial metabolites. In another aspect, the one or more probiotic bacterial strains comprises Lactobacillus acidophilus (L. acidophilus), Lactobacillus casei (L. casei), Lactobacillus gasseri (L. gasseri), Lactobacillus plantarum (L. plantarum), Lactobacillus paracasei (L. paracasei), Lactobacillus rhamnosus (L. rhamnosus), Lactobacillus reuteri (L. reuteri), Lactobacillus salivarius (L. salivarius), Bifidobacterium animalis (B. animalis), Bifidobacterium bifidum (B. bifidum), Bifidobacterium longum (B. longum), or combinations thereof. In another aspect, the one or more probiotic bacterial strains comprises L. rhamnosus, L. reuteri, and L. salivarius. In another aspect, the composition comprises a weight ratio of the L. rhamnosus, L. reuteri, and L. salivarius of about 1:1:1, and wherein the composition comprises extracts from each of the L. rhamnosus, L. reuteri, and L. salivarius at a weight ratio of about 1:1:1. In another aspect, the probiotic cocktail comprises from about 1 × 107CFU to about 1 × 108CFU of the one or more probiotic bacterial strains. Another embodiment described herein is a method for controlling blood glucose levels in a subject, the method comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a composition comprising a probiotic cocktail comprising one or more probiotic bacterial strains. In one aspect, the composition further comprises one or more extracts from the probiotic bacterial strains, one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients, or a combination thereof. In another aspect, the one or more probiotic bacterial strains comprises L. rhamnosus, L. reuteri, and L. salivarius. In another aspect, the method reduces body weight and body fat percentage in the subject. In another aspect, the method reduces serum insulin levels in the subject. In another aspect, the method reduces serum total cholesterol levels in the subject. In another aspect, the method reduces serum very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels in the subject. In another aspect, the method reduces serum total cholesterol / high-density lipoprotein (HDL) ratio in the subject. In another aspect, the subject has, or is at risk of developing, one or more disease conditions related to high blood glucose levels. In another aspect, the one or more disease conditions related to high blood glucose levels comprises diabetes, retinopathy, neuropathy, nephropathy, cardiovascular disease, diabetic ketoacidosis, obesity, metabolic disorders, cancer, or combinations thereof. Another embodiment described herein is a kit comprising a composition comprising a probiotic cocktail comprising one or more probiotic bacterial strains for controlling blood glucose levels in a subject. Another embodiment described herein is a use of a composition comprising a probiotic cocktail comprising one or more probiotic bacterial strains for controlling blood glucose levels in a subject. DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 shows a schematic of the approach to develop precision probiotics for blood glucose control. FIG.2A–B show 24-hr glucose consumption by bacterial strains in vitro. FIG.2A shows glucose consumption for MRS Broth + probiotics (Lactobacillus + Bifidobacterium); MRS pH: 6.0. FIG.2B shows glucose consumption for GAM Broth + probiotics (all probiotics); GAM pH: 6.99. **** P < 0.0001 vs. Broth, ** P < 0.01 vs. Broth, * P < 0.05 vs. Broth. FIG.3A–C show an assessment of the probiotic and control groups after administration of the precision probiotic cocktail over 8 weeks. FIG.3A shows blood glucose levels over 8 weeks. FIG.3B shows body weight over 8 weeks. FIG.3C shows body fat percentage at 8 weeks. *** P <0.001, ** P <0.01, * P < 0.05. FIG. 4A–F show an assessment of the probiotic and control groups on circulating biomarkers of metabolic health after administration of the precision probiotic cocktail over 8 weeks. FIG.4A shows serum insulin levels at 8 weeks. FIG.4B shows total cholesterol levels (TC) at 8 weeks. FIG.4C shows triglyceride levels (TG) at 8 weeks. FIG.4D shows the very low- density lipoprotein and low-density lipoprotein levels (VLDL / LDL) at 8 weeks. FIG. 4E shows high-density lipoprotein levels (HDL) at 8 weeks. FIG.4F shows the total cholesterol and high- density lipoprotein ratio (TC / HDL) at 8 weeks. * P < 0.05. DETAILED DESCRIPTION Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art. For example, any nomenclatures used in connection with, and techniques of biochemistry, molecular biology, immunology, microbiology, genetics, cell and tissue culture, and protein and nucleic acid chemistry described herein are well known and commonly used in the art. In case of conflict, the present disclosure, including definitions, will control. Exemplary methods and materials are described below, although methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used in practice or testing of the embodiments and aspects described herein. As used herein, the terms “amino acid,” “nucleotide,” “polynucleotide,” “vector,” “polypeptide,” and “protein” have their common meanings as would be understood by a biochemist of ordinary skill in the art. Standard single letter nucleotides (A, C, G, T, U) and standard single letter amino acids (A, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, K, L, M, N, P, Q, R, S, T, V, W, or Y) are used herein. As used herein, terms such as “include,” “including,” “contain,” “containing,” “having,” and the like mean “comprising.” The present disclosure also contemplates other embodiments “comprising,” “consisting essentially of,” and “consisting of” the embodiments or elements presented herein, whether explicitly set forth or not. As used herein, “comprising,” is an “open- ended” term that does not exclude additional, unrecited elements or method steps. As used herein, “consisting essentially of” limits the scope of a claim to the specified materials or steps and those that do not materially affect the basic and novel characteristics of the claimed invention. As used herein, “consisting of” excludes any element, step, or ingredient not specified in the claim. As used herein, the term “a,” “an,” “the” and similar terms used in the context of the disclosure (especially in the context of the claims) are to be construed to cover both the singular and plural unless otherwise indicated herein or clearly contradicted by the context. In addition, “a,” “an,” or “the” means “one or more” unless otherwise specified. As used herein, the term “or” can be conjunctive or disjunctive. As used herein, the term “and / or” refers to both the conjunctive and disjunctive. As used herein, the term “substantially” means to a great or significant extent, but not completely. As used herein, the term “about” or “approximately” as applied to one or more values of interest, refers to a value that is similar to a stated reference value, or within an acceptable error range for the particular value as determined by one of ordinary skill in the art, which will depend in part on how the value is measured or determined, such as the limitations of the measurement system. In one aspect, the term “about” refers to any values, including both integers and fractional components that are within a variation of up to ± 10% of the value modified by the term “about.” Alternatively, “about” can mean within 3 or more standard deviations, per the practice in the art. Alternatively, such as with respect to biological systems or processes, the term “about” can mean within an order of magnitude, in some embodiments within 5-fold, and in some embodiments within 2-fold, of a value. As used herein, the symbol “~” means “about” or “approximately.” All ranges disclosed herein include both end points as discrete values as well as all integers and fractions specified within the range. For example, a range of 0.1–2.0 includes 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4 . . . 2.0. If the end points are modified by the term “about,” the range specified is expanded by a variation of up to ±10% of any value within the range or within 3 or more standard deviations, including the end points, or as described above in the definition of “about.” As used herein, the terms “active ingredient” or “active pharmaceutical ingredient” refer to a pharmaceutical agent, active ingredient, compound, or substance, compositions, or mixtures thereof, that provide a pharmacological, often beneficial, effect. As used herein, the terms “control,” or “reference” are used herein interchangeably. A “reference” or “control” level may be a predetermined value or range, which is employed as a baseline or benchmark against which to assess a measured result. “Control” also refers to control experiments or control cells. As used herein, the term “dose” denotes any form of an active ingredient formulation or composition, including cells, that contains an amount sufficient to initiate or produce a therapeutic effect with at least one or more administrations. “Formulation” and “composition” are used interchangeably herein. As used herein, the term “prophylaxis” refers to preventing or reducing the progression of a disorder, either to a statistically significant degree or to a degree detectable by a person of ordinary skill in the art. As used herein, the terms “effective amount” or “therapeutically effective amount,” refers to a substantially non-toxic, but sufficient amount of an action, agent, composition, or cell(s) being administered to a subject that will prevent, treat, or ameliorate to some extent one or more of the symptoms of the disease or condition being experienced or that the subject is susceptible to contracting. The result can be the reduction or alleviation of the signs, symptoms, or causes of a disease, or any other desired alteration of a biological system. An effective amount may be based on factors individual to each subject, including, but not limited to, the subject’s age, size, type or extent of disease, stage of the disease, route of administration, the type or extent of supplemental therapy used, ongoing disease process, and type of treatment desired. As used herein, the term “subject” refers to an animal. Typically, the subject is a mammal. A subject also refers to primates (e.g., humans, male or female; infant, adolescent, or adult), non- human primates, rats, mice, rabbits, pigs, cows, sheep, goats, horses, dogs, cats, fish, birds, and the like. In one embodiment, the subject is a primate. In one embodiment, the subject is a human. As used herein, a subject is “in need of treatment” if such subject would benefit biologically, medically, or in quality of life from such treatment. A subject in need of treatment does not necessarily present symptoms, particular in the case of preventative or prophylaxis treatments. As used herein, the terms “inhibit,” “inhibition,” or “inhibiting” refer to the reduction or suppression of a given biological process, condition, symptom, disorder, or disease, or a significant decrease in the baseline activity of a biological activity or process. As used herein, “treatment” or “treating” refers to prophylaxis of, preventing, suppressing, repressing, reversing, alleviating, ameliorating, or inhibiting the progress of biological process including a disorder or disease, or completely eliminating a disease. A treatment may be either performed in an acute or chronic way. The term “treatment” also refers to reducing the severity of a disease or symptoms associated with such disease prior to affliction with the disease. “Repressing” or “ameliorating” a disease, disorder, or the symptoms thereof involves administering a cell, composition, or compound described herein to a subject after clinical appearance of such disease, disorder, or its symptoms. “Prophylaxis of” or “preventing” a disease, disorder, or the symptoms thereof involves administering a cell, composition, or compound described herein to a subject prior to onset of the disease, disorder, or the symptoms thereof. “Suppressing” a disease or disorder involves administering a cell, composition, or compound described herein to a subject after induction of the disease or disorder thereof but before its clinical appearance or symptoms thereof have manifested. Hyperglycemia, or high blood glucose levels, among Americans is reaching an epidemic proportion and is a significant health and costly concern. Chronic high blood sugar typically results from poor daily dietary intake and consuming foods high in added sugar. If untreated, several serious life-threatening chronic conditions can arise, such as retinopathy, neuropathy, nephropathy, and cardiovascular disease. Probiotics have shown to be promising interventions to combat the health complications related to high blood sugar levels. In the studies described herein, a precision probiotic cocktail was developed for blood glucose control. Eleven bacterial strains were tested and L. rhamnosus, L. reuteri, and L. salivarius were selected for their enhanced glucose consumption, in vitro. In addition, the strains’ efficacy was evaluated in C57BL / 6J male mice on a high fat diet in vivo. Compared to a control group, the probiotic group had significantly lower blood glucose levels over eight weeks. In addition, the probiotic cocktail also demonstrated the ability to reduce serum insulin, total cholesterol, very low-density lipoprotein / low-density lipoprotein (VLDL / LDL) cholesterol, and total cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein (HDL) ratio. Further, the probiotic cocktail group had significantly lower body weight and body fat percentage. A blend of three probiotics demonstrated an enhanced capability to consume glucose in vitro and efficiently reduce blood sugar levels in vivo. It is expected that the precision probiotic cocktails described herein can mitigate adverse health effects due to reduced sugar bioavailability in the host. In some embodiments described herein, a composition may comprise a probiotic cocktail comprising one or more probiotic bacterial strains and one or more extracts from the probiotic bacterial strains containing aqueous metabolites from the bacteria. In certain aspects, the bacterial metabolite extracts can be derived from a probiotic cocktail comprising a plurality of probiotic bacterial strains. In other aspects, the bacterial metabolite extracts can be derived from individual probiotic bacterial strain cultures. In certain aspects, the weight ratio of each probiotic bacterial strain in the composition can be varied X:X:X:X:X:X:X:X:X:X, X:X:X:X:X:X:X:X:X, X:X:X:X:X:X:X:X, X:X:X:X:X:X:X, X:X:X:X:X:X, X:X:X:X:X, X:X:X:X, X:X:X, or X:X, where X is any integer from 0.1 to 10. In certain aspects, the weight ratio of each bacterial extract in the composition can be varied X:X:X:X:X:X:X:X:X:X, X:X:X:X:X:X:X:X:X, X:X:X:X:X:X:X:X, X:X:X:X:X:X:X, X:X:X:X:X:X, X:X:X:X:X, X:X:X:X, X:X:X, or X:X, where X is any integer from 0.1 to 10. In certain aspects, the weight ratio of each probiotic bacterial strain to each bacterial extract in the composition can be varied X:X:X:X:X:X:X:X:X:X, X:X:X:X:X:X:X:X:X, X:X:X:X:X:X:X:X, X:X:X:X:X:X:X, X:X:X:X:X:X, X:X:X:X:X, X:X:X:X, X:X:X, or X:X, where X is any integer from 0.1 to 10. For example, in certain exemplary embodiments, a composition may comprise a weight ratio of probiotic bacterial strains of about 1:1:1, and a weight ratio of extracts from each of the probiotic bacterial strains of about 1:1:1. In one non-limiting exemplary embodiment, the composition comprises a weight ratio of L. rhamnosus, L. reuteri, and L. salivarius probiotic bacterial strains of about 1:1:1, and comprises extracts from each of the L. rhamnosus, L. reuteri, and L. salivarius probiotic bacterial strains at a weight ratio of about 1:1:1. One embodiment described herein is a composition comprising a probiotic cocktail comprising one or more probiotic bacterial strains and one or more extracts from the probiotic bacterial strains. In one aspect, the composition further comprises one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients. In another aspect, the probiotic cocktail is in a freeze-dried lyophilized form, a liquid form, or a combination thereof. In another aspect, the extracts comprise bacterial metabolites. In another aspect, the one or more probiotic bacterial strains comprises Lactobacillus acidophilus (L. acidophilus), Lactobacillus casei (L. casei), Lactobacillus gasseri (L. gasseri), Lactobacillus plantarum (L. plantarum), Lactobacillus paracasei (L. paracasei), Lactobacillus rhamnosus (L. rhamnosus), Lactobacillus reuteri (L. reuteri), Lactobacillus salivarius (L. salivarius), Bifidobacterium animalis (B. animalis), Bifidobacterium bifidum (B. bifidum), Bifidobacterium longum (B. longum), or combinations thereof. In another aspect, the one or more probiotic bacterial strains comprises L. rhamnosus, L. reuteri, and L. salivarius. In another aspect, the composition comprises a weight ratio of the L. rhamnosus, L. reuteri, and L. salivarius of about 1:1:1, and wherein the composition comprises extracts from each of the L. rhamnosus, L. reuteri, and L. salivarius at a weight ratio of about 1:1:1. In another aspect, the probiotic cocktail comprises from about 1 × 107CFU to about 1 × 108CFU of the one or more probiotic bacterial strains. Another embodiment described herein is a method for controlling blood glucose levels in a subject, the method comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a composition comprising a probiotic cocktail comprising one or more probiotic bacterial strains. In one aspect, the composition further comprises one or more extracts from the probiotic bacterial strains, one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients, or a combination thereof. In another aspect, the one or more probiotic bacterial strains comprises L. rhamnosus, L. reuteri, and L. salivarius. In another aspect, the method reduces body weight and body fat percentage in the subject. In another aspect, the method reduces serum insulin levels in the subject. In another aspect, the method reduces serum total cholesterol levels in the subject. In another aspect, the method reduces serum very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels in the subject. In another aspect, the method reduces serum total cholesterol / high-density lipoprotein (HDL) ratio in the subject. In another aspect, the subject has, or is at risk of developing, one or more disease conditions related to high blood glucose levels. In another aspect, the one or more disease conditions related to high blood glucose levels comprises diabetes, retinopathy, neuropathy, nephropathy, cardiovascular disease, diabetic ketoacidosis, obesity, metabolic disorders, cancer, or combinations thereof. Another embodiment described herein is a kit comprising a composition comprising a probiotic cocktail comprising one or more probiotic bacterial strains for controlling blood glucose levels in a subject. Another embodiment described herein is a use of a composition comprising a probiotic cocktail comprising one or more probiotic bacterial strains for controlling blood glucose levels in a subject. It will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the relevant art that suitable modifications and adaptations to the compositions, formulations, methods, processes, and applications described herein can be made without departing from the scope of any embodiments or aspects thereof. The compositions and methods provided are exemplary and are not intended to limit the scope of any of the specified embodiments. All of the various embodiments, aspects, and options disclosed herein can be combined in any variations or iterations. The scope of the compositions, formulations, methods, and processes described herein include all actual or potential combinations of embodiments, aspects, options, examples, and preferences herein described. The exemplary compositions and formulations described herein may omit any component, substitute any component disclosed herein, or include any component disclosed elsewhere herein. The ratios of the mass of any component of any of the compositions or formulations disclosed herein to the mass of any other component in the formulation or to the total mass of the other components in the formulation are hereby disclosed as if they were expressly disclosed. Should the meaning of any terms in any of the patents or publications incorporated by reference conflict with the meaning of the terms used in this disclosure, the meanings of the terms or phrases in this disclosure are controlling. Furthermore, the foregoing discussion discloses and describes merely exemplary embodiments. All patents and publications cited herein are incorporated by reference herein for the specific teachings thereof. Various embodiments and aspects of the inventions described herein are summarized by the following clauses: Clause 1. A composition comprising a probiotic cocktail comprising one or more probiotic bacterial strains and one or more extracts from the probiotic bacterial strains. Clause 2. The composition of clause 1, further comprising one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients. Clause 3. The composition of clause 1 or 2, wherein the probiotic cocktail is in a freeze-dried lyophilized form, a liquid form, or a combination thereof. Clause 4. The composition of any one of clauses 1–3, wherein the extracts comprise bacterial metabolites. Clause 5. The composition of any one of clauses 1–4, wherein the one or more probiotic bacterial strains comprises Lactobacillus acidophilus (L. acidophilus), Lactobacillus casei (L. casei), Lactobacillus gasseri (L. gasseri), Lactobacillus plantarum (L. plantarum), Lactobacillus paracasei (L. paracasei), Lactobacillus rhamnosus (L. rhamnosus), Lactobacillus reuteri (L. reuteri), Lactobacillus salivarius (L. salivarius), Bifidobacterium animalis (B. animalis), Bifidobacterium bifidum (B. bifidum), Bifidobacterium longum (B. longum), or combinations thereof. Clause 6. The composition of any one of clauses 1–5, wherein the one or more probiotic bacterial strains comprises L. rhamnosus, L. reuteri, and L. salivarius. Clause 7. The composition of any one of clauses 1–6, wherein the composition comprises a weight ratio of the L. rhamnosus, L. reuteri, and L. salivarius of about 1:1:1, and wherein the composition comprises extracts from each of the L. rhamnosus, L. reuteri, and L. salivarius at a weight ratio of about 1:1:1. Clause 8. The composition of any one of clauses 1–7, wherein the probiotic cocktail comprises from about 1 × 107CFU to about 1 × 108CFU of the one or more probiotic bacterial strains. Clause 9. A method for controlling blood glucose levels in a subject, the method comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a composition comprising a probiotic cocktail comprising one or more probiotic bacterial strains. Clause 10. The method of clause 9, wherein the composition further comprises one or more extracts from the probiotic bacterial strains, one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients, or a combination thereof. Clause 11. The method of clause 9 or 10, wherein the one or more probiotic bacterial strains comprises L. rhamnosus, L. reuteri, and L. salivarius. Clause 12. The method of any one of clauses 9–11, wherein the method reduces body weight and body fat percentage in the subject. Clause 13. The method of any one of clauses 9–12, wherein the method reduces serum insulin levels in the subject. Clause 14. The method of any one of clauses 9–13, wherein the method reduces serum total cholesterol levels in the subject. Clause 15. The method of any one of clauses 9–14, wherein the method reduces serum very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels in the subject. Clause 16. The method of any one of clauses 9–15, wherein the method reduces serum total cholesterol / high-density lipoprotein (HDL) ratio in the subject. Clause 17. The method of any one of clauses 9–16, wherein the subject has, or is at risk of developing, one or more disease conditions related to high blood glucose levels. Clause 18. The method of any one of clauses 9–17, wherein the one or more disease conditions related to high blood glucose levels comprises diabetes, retinopathy, neuropathy, nephropathy, cardiovascular disease, diabetic ketoacidosis, obesity, metabolic disorders, cancer, or combinations thereof. Clause 19. A kit comprising a composition comprising a probiotic cocktail comprising one or more probiotic bacterial strains for controlling blood glucose levels in a subject. Clause 20. Use of a composition comprising a probiotic cocktail comprising one or more probiotic bacterial strains for controlling blood glucose levels in a subject. EXAMPLES Example 1 Probiotic Strains The following bacterial strains were purchased from American Type Culture Collection (ATCC, Manassas, VA, USA): Lactobacillus acidophilus (L. acidophilus) (ATCC No. 4356), Lactobacillus casei (L. casei) (ATCC No. 393), Lactobacillus gasseri (L. gasseri) (ATCC NO. 33323), Lactobacillus plantarum (L. plantarum) (ATCC No. 14917), Lactobacillus paracasei (L. paracasei) (ATCC No. 334), Lactobacillus rhamnosus (L. rhamnosus) (ATCC No. 7469), Lactobacillus reuteri (L. reuteri) (ATCC No.23272), Lactobacillus salivarius (L. salivarius) (ATCC No. 11741), Bifidobacterium animalis (B. animalis) (ATCC No. 27536), Bifidobacterium bifidum (B. bifidum) (ATCC No. 29521), and Bifidobacterium longum (B. longum) (ATCC No. 15707). Nissle 1917 was provided by the School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, USA. Bacterial Culture and Broth Formation All bacteria were cultured at 37 °C in an anaerobic chamber (Whitley Workstation DG250, Microbiology International) under conditions of 80% N2, 10% H2, and 10% CO2. MRS Broth (MilliporeSigma, Burlington, MA) and Gifu Anaerobic Broth (GAM, HiMedia, Kennett Square, PA) were equilibrated in an anaerobic environment prior to use. After 24 hours of incubation at 37 °C, the bacterial sample was centrifuged at 5,000 × g for 5 min, and the supernatant was collected for further measurement. Approximately 20 μL of medium was used to measure glucose levels with a glucometer (OneTouch Ultra 2 Blood Glucose Meter Kit, LifeScan, Milpitas, CA). Animals and Probiotic Cocktail L. rhamnosus, L. reuteri, and L. salivarius were cultured at 37 °C in an anaerobic chamber (Whitley Workstation DG250, Microbiology International) under conditions of 80% N2, 10% H2, and 10% CO2with GAM Broth. After 24 hours of incubation at 37 °C, bacterial were collected and freeze-dried at −80 °C. Before oral gavage to mice, freeze-dried probiotics were thawed and diluted with sterile PBS to 5 × 108CFU / 100 μL. Seven-week-old C57Bl / 6J male mice were purchased from Charles River Labs (Wilmington, MA) and acclimatized for a week. They were housed at 23 °C with a 12-h light-dark cycle in regular open cages. All animals were fed with a 45% high fat diet (D12451, Research Diets, New Brunswick, NJ), and had free access to water for 8 weeks. Each mouse was randomly assigned to the control group or probiotic treatment group. After 1-week of adaptation, each group of mice received either bacterial suspensions or the vehicle (sterile PBS) three times per week (every other day). Bacterial cells of L. rhamnosus, L. reuteri, and L. salivarius were administered via oral gavage in a 100 μL (5 × 108CFU / 100 μL) suspension. Sterile PBS, used as vehicle in the control group, was administered with the same procedure. At the end of 8-week study, mice were euthanized after 16 h fasting, and blood and tissues were harvested for analysis. Glucose and Biomarker Measurement After fasting, a small piece of the tail tip was cut with sharp scissors, and blood was collected by gently squeezing the tail or by direct flow. The glucometer (OneTouch Ultra 2 Blood Glucose Meter Kit, LifeScan, Milpitas, CA) was placed against the tail tip and the blood was measured. Mice serum HDL and VLDL / LDL levels were measured using the HDL and VLDL / LDL Assay Kits (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO). TC and TG were measured with the LabAssay™ Cholesterol and Triglyceride Assay Kits (Wako Chemicals USA, Richmond, VA). Insulin was measured with an Ultra-Sensitive Mouse Insulin ELISA Kit (Crystal Chemical, Ivyland, PA). Body Composition (EchoMRI) Body composition changes were assessed using magnetic resonance imaging (EchoMRI, Houston, TX). MRI measurements were performed on unconscious mice placed in a thin-walled plastic cylinder with a cylindrical plastic insert added to limit movement of the mice. Mice were briefly submitted to a low intensity electromagnetic field, and fat mass, lean mass, free water, and total water were measured. Statistical Analyses Independent sample t-tests were performed to examine between group differences for bacterial strain glucose consumption analysis, blood glucose, body weight, body fat percentage, insulin, HDL, VLDL / LDL, total cholesterol, and triglyceride levels. In vitro Glucose Consumption by Probiotic Bacterial Strains FIG. 1 shows the schematic overview to develop a novel precision probiotic cocktail to increase gut microbial glucose consumption and regulated blood glucose levels. First, eleven bacterial strains were obtained and tested. Glucose consumption by each bacterial strain was measured with a glucometer after 24 hours in deMan–Rogosa–Sharpe (MRS) and GAM broths (FIG. 2). In the MRS broth, L. acidophilus, L. casei, L. gasseri, L. plantarum, L. paracasei, L. rhamnosus, L. reuteri, and L. salivarius had significantly higher glucose consumption (P < 0.0001), while B. bifidum was also increased (P < 0.01) (FIG.2A). L. gasseri, L. rhamnosus, L. reuteri, and L. salivarius reported the highest consumption and nearly consumed all available glucose. In the GAM broth, nearly all bacterial strains had significantly higher glucose consumption, including L. acidophilus, L. casei, L. gasseri, L. plantarum, L. paracasei, L. rhamnosus, L. reuteri, L. salivarius, B. animalis, B. bifidum, and Nissle 1917 (P < 0.0001), while B. longum was also increased (P < 0.05) (FIG. 2B). Interestingly, L. gasseri had the second highest glucose abundance, but L. rhamnosus, L. reuteri, and L. salivarius were again the highest consumers. In vivo Testing of Precision Probiotics in C57BL / 6J Mice Based on the in vitro results, three bacterial strains were selected for in vivo testing of the precision probiotic cocktail in twelve C57BL / 6J male mice over eight weeks (n = 6 per group). The blend included L. rhamnosus, L. reuteri, and L. salivarius (5 × 108CFU / 100 μL). As shown in FIG.3, beyond week 1, the probiotic group demonstrated consistent and reduced fasting blood glucose despite a high-fat diet that typically results in elevated blood glucose levels. In fact, weekly blood glucose measures found significant decreases (P < 0.01) in the probiotic group at weeks 2, 4, 7, and 8 compared with the controls. Fasting blood glucose concentrations at week 6 was also reported to be significantly lower (P < 0.05) in the probiotic group (FIG.3A). In addition, mouse body weight was significantly and consistently decreased in the probiotic group at weeks 1–8, in comparison with the control group (FIG.3B). Group differences at weeks 1 and 2 were significant (P < 0.05), while the weight gain in the control group grew more significantly over weeks 3–7 (P < 0.01). At week 8, the greatest body weight difference was observed (P < 0.001), suggesting continued effects and potential long-term benefits. In addition, body fat percentage was measured after eight weeks for adiposity in both groups and determined that the probiotic group had approximately 10% lower body fat percentage (P < 0.001) (FIG.3C). In addition to blood glucose and body composition benefits, the effects of the probiotics cocktail were measured in circulating biomarkers of metabolic health. As shown in FIG.4, serum insulin, total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), very low-density and low-density lipoproteins (VLDL / LDL), and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels were assessed after eight weeks in both the control and probiotic cocktail groups. Nearly a fifty percent decrease in insulin levels (P < 0.05) was observed in the probiotic group compared to the controls, which could be related to the reductions in fasting blood glucose (FIG.4A). The probiotics also appeared to have a beneficial effect on TC as the levels were significantly lower compared to the controls (P < 0.05) (FIG.4B). In addition, circulating TG concentrations were also positively impacted over the control group, but did not reach a significant reduction (FIG.4C). Fasting VLDL and LDL levels were significantly reduced by approximately 9.0 mg / dL in the probiotic group (P < 0.05) (FIG.4D). There was no significant difference in HDL concentrations between the two groups (FIG. 4E); however, the probiotic group had a significantly better TC / HDL ratio (P < 0.05) (FIG.4F). A precision probiotic cocktail to increase gut microbial glucose consumption and reduce blood glucose levels in the host is described herein. Eleven bacterial strains were tested after 24 hours of in vitro incubation with a glucometer for their enhanced glucose consumption. In both MRS and GAM broths, the probiotics of L. rhamnosus, L. reuteri, and L. salivarius had the greatest measured glucose consumption. A probiotic cocktail was created with these bacterial strains of approximately 5 × 108CFU / 100 μL and was evaluated in C57BL / 6J male mice over eight weeks. The precision probiotic cocktail demonstrated a substantial reduction in the fasting blood glucose levels in comparison with the controls. In addition, the probiotic cocktail also demonstrated the ability to reduce serum insulin, total cholesterol, VLDL / LDL cholesterol, and total cholesterol to HDL ratio. Further, the mice receiving the probiotic cocktail had consistent body weight and body fat percentage that were significantly lower than the controls. These findings have demonstrated the benefits of reducing host glucose bioavailability through increased probiotic gut consumption, and these probiotics have shown the ability to potentially mitigate hyperglycemia related health conditions like obesity and other metabolic disorders. Hyperglycemia is typically an added effect of sedentary behavior and poor dietary intake including foods high in added sugar and fat. It has been reported that the average American currently consumes nearly two to three times of the AHA recommendations for daily sugar intake. This behavior coupled with other poor dietary habits is often referred as the Western Diet, which embodies calorically dense food that is sparse in nutrients. High sugar intake is closely correlated with developing obesity and metabolic syndrome, which may lead to severe conditions like type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. In fact, nearly one-third of Americans have diabetes or prediabetes and suffer from poor glycemic control with incidence significantly increasing in the near future. Excessive sugar intake has also shown to have negative effects in the gastrointestinal tract and on the gut microbiome. Affected enterocyte tight junctions have shown to cause increased intestinal permeability resulting in raised bloodstream endotoxin levels. dietary habits and high sugar intake have also been associated with alterations to the gut microbiome composition, which have vital roles in metabolism, immunity, inflammation, and the gut-brain axis. Low-cost measures to protect the health of the gut microbiome and host from excessive sugar intake are urgently needed. In order to combat the negative health effects of hyperglycemia and high sugar consumption, researchers and companies have turned to probiotics as a potentially promising intervention. While established probiotic brands have made claims of similar benefits, the majority of bacterial blends utilize less efficient strains. The glucose consumers used in this probiotic cocktail have been previously studied with reported benefits. L. rhamnosus is a commonly used probiotic for the prevention and treatment of gastrointestinal (GI) infections through improved gut motility and for alleviating allergic symptoms by immune response activation. The bacterial strain is also thought to inhibit certain gut pathogens and protect the mucosa through biofilm production. L. reuteri has recently shown to regulate gut microbiome activity and improve blood glucose levels in rats with diabetes and metabolic syndrome. A recent study in humans found that its supplementation increased insulin secretion through incretins like glucose stimulated glucagon- like peptides GLP-1 and GLP-2. L. reuteri is also able to produce antimicrobial metabolites like ethanol and organic acids that aid in the remodeling of the gut microbiome. Its other capacities like increasing intestinal barrier strength can reduce pathogen translocation and subsequently decrease tissue inflammation. L. salivarius has also demonstrated protective metabolic effects and beneficial impacts on fasting blood glucose, glycemic control, and blood lipid profiles. It is thought to activate glucose transporter 2 expression in human GI epithelial cells that are vital in regulating blood glucose and lipid levels. Metabolites produced by L. salivarius have also shown to possess antioxidant and antimicrobial effects that result in promoting a healthy gut microbiome and host health. The use of beneficial probiotic strains capable of gut glucose consumption may be a solution to reduce chronic hyperglycemia and its related metabolic conditions. Described herein is a protocol to develop a precision probiotic cocktail for blood glucose control and to reduce the risk of hyperglycemia associated diseases. Three bacterial strains, L. rhamnosus, L. reuteri, and L. salivarius, were identified as the most efficient consumers of glucose. Using in vivo testing in C57BL / 6J mice under a high-fat diet for eight weeks, the probiotic cocktail blunted changes in fasting blood glucose and body weight compared to the control group. Moreover, the probiotic group demonstrated significant improvements in circulating insulin, total cholesterol, VLDL / LDL levels, body weight, and body fat percentage. The precision probiotic cocktail increased gut glucose consumption, reduced glucose bioavailability to the host, and potentially reduced the risk for hyperglycemic adverse conditions. Example 2 Prebiotic Metabolite Extraction Aqueous metabolites are extracted from the cultured probiotic cocktails described above and used as prebiotics. Briefly, after collecting the medium in centrifuge tubes, the bacteria are transferred to 1.5 mL centrifuge tubes and centrifuged at 5,000 × g for 5 min. The bacterial pellets are washed twice with ice-cold phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and collected by centrifugation at 21,694 × g for 5 min. To extract the aqueous metabolites from the bacteria, the pellet is placed on dry ice and mixed with 1 mL of ice-cold 80% ethanol to quench metabolism. The bacterial cell wall is disrupted by sonication on ice for 30 sec (Q125 Sonicator, Qsonica, Newtown, CT, USA). The supernatant is collected after centrifugation at 14,000 rpm for 10 min, and dried completely using a Speedvac concentrator (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) at 30 °C. The lyophilized metabolite extracts from the probiotic cocktail are mixed in various weight ratios with the probiotic cocktail to form bacterial compositions. Exemplary compositions containing bacteria and metabolite extracts from the probiotic cocktail are shown in Table 1. In alternative embodiments, individual probiotic bacteria are cultured, and metabolites are extracted as described above. The metabolites from the individual cultures are combined with metabolites from other probiotic bacteria in various ratios and / or combined with the probiotic cocktail at various ratios. Exemplary compositions containing bacteria and metabolite extracts from individual bacterial strains are shown in Table 2. Table 1. Exemplary Bacterial Compositions with Metabolite Extracts from Probiotic Cocktail Probiotic Total Bacterial Bacterial Total Bacterial Sample Cocktail Bacteria Strain Extract Bacterial Extract No. Bacterial (CFU) Weight io S Extract Weight Strains Rat ource (ng) Ratio L. rhamnosus 1 L. reuteri 1 × 1071:1:1 Probiotic 10 1:1:1 Cocktail L. salivarius L. rhamnosus 7 Probiotic 2 L. reuteri 1 × 10 1:1:1 Cocktail 25 1:1:1 L. salivarius L. rhamnosus 3 L. reuteri 1 × 1071:1:1 Probiotic 50 1:1:1 Cocktail L. salivarius L. rhamnosus Probiotic 4 L. reuteri 1 × 1071:1:1 Cocktail 100 1:1:1 L. salivarius L. rhamnosus 5 L. reuteri 1 × 1071:1:1 Probiotic 500 1:1:1 Cocktail L. salivarius L. rhamnosus 7 Probiotic 6 L. reuteri 5 × 10 1:1:1 Cocktail 10 1:1:1 L. salivarius L. rhamnosus 7 L. reuteri 5 × 1071:1:1 Probiotic 25 1:1:1 Cocktail L. salivarius L. rhamnosus Probiotic 8 L. reuteri 5 × 1071:1:1 Cocktail 50 1:1:1 L. salivarius L. rhamnosus 9 L. reuteri 5 × 1071:1:1 Probiotic 100 1:1:1 Cocktail L. salivarius L. rhamnosus 7 Probiotic 10 L. reuteri 5 × 10 1:1:1 Cocktail 500 1:1:1 L. salivarius L. rhamnosus L. reuteri 1 × 1081:1:1 Probiotic Cocktail 10 1:1:1 L. salivarius L. rhamnosus 8 Probiotic L. reuteri 1 × 10 1:1:1 Cocktail 25 1:1:1 L. salivarius L. rhamnosus L. reuteri 1 × 1081:1:1 Probiotic Cocktail 50 1:1:1 L. salivarius L. rhamnosus L. reuteri 1 × 1081:1:1 Probiotic 100 1:1:1 Cocktail L. salivarius L. rhamnosus L. reuteri 1 × 1081:1:1 Probiotic Cocktail 500 1:1:1 L. salivarius L. rhamnosus L. reuteri 1 × 1072:1:1 Probiotic 10 2:1:1 Cocktail L. salivarius L. rhamnosus L. reuteri 1 × 1071:4:1 Probiotic Cocktail 25 1:4:1 L. salivarius L. rhamnosus L. reuteri 1 × 1081:1:5 Probiotic 50 1:1:5 Cocktail L. salivarius L. rhamnosus L. reuteri 1 × 1071:2:1 Probiotic Cocktail 100 1:2:1 L. salivarius L. rhamnosus L. reuteri 1 × 1073:1:1 Probiotic 500 3:1:1 Cocktail L. salivarius L. rhamnosus L. reuteri 5 × 1071:1:2 Probiotic Cocktail 10 1:1:2 L. salivarius L. rhamnosus L. reuteri 1 × 1082:1:1 Probiotic 25 2:1:1 Cocktail L. salivarius L. rhamnosus 23 L. reuteri 5 × 1074:1:1 Probiotic Cocktail 50 4:1:1 L. salivarius L. rhamnosus 7 Probiotic 24 L. reuteri 5 × 10 1:1:2 Cocktail 100 1:1:2 L. salivarius L. rhamnosus 25 L. reuteri 1 × 1082:1:1 Probiotic Cocktail 500 2:1:1 L. salivarius Table 2. Exemplary Bacterial Compositions with Metabolite Extracts from Individual Bacterial Strains Probiotic l Total Bacterial Strain Bacterial Bac Bacterial Sample Cocktai terial Extract No. Bacterial Bacteria Extract Extracts (CFU) Weight Source (ng) Weight Strains Ratio Ratio L. rhamnosus L. rhamnosus 10 26 L. reuteri 1 × 1071:1:1 L. reuteri 10 1:1:1 L. salivarius L. salivarius 10 L. rhamnosus L. rhamnosus 25 27 L. reuteri 1 × 1071:1:1 L. reuteri 25 1:1:1 L. salivarius L. salivarius 25 L. rhamnosus L. rhamnosus 50 28 L. reuteri 1 × 1071:1:1 L. reuteri 50 1:1:1 L. salivarius L. salivarius 50 L. rhamnosus L. rhamnosus 100 29 L. reuteri 1 × 1071:1:1 L. reuteri 100 1:1:1 L. salivarius L. salivarius 100 L. rhamnosus L. rhamnosus 500 30 L. reuteri 1 × 1071:1:1 L. reuteri 500 1:1:1 L. salivarius L. salivarius 500 L. rhamnosus L. rhamnosus 10 31 L. reuteri 5 × 1071:1:1 L. reuteri 10 1:1:1 L. salivarius L. salivarius 10 L. rhamnosus L. rhamnosus 25 32 L. reuteri 5 × 1071:1:1 L. reuteri 25 1:1:1 L. salivarius L. salivarius 25 L. rhamnosus L. rhamnosus 50 33 L. reuteri 5 × 1071:1:1 L. reuteri 50 1:1:1 L. salivarius L. salivarius 50 L. rhamnosus L. rhamnosus 100 L. reuteri 5 × 1071:1:1 L. reuteri 100 1:1:1 L. salivarius L. salivarius 100 L. rhamnosus L. rhamnosus 500 L. reuteri 5 × 1071:1:1 L. reuteri 500 1:1:1 L. salivarius L. salivarius 500 L. rhamnosus L. rhamnosus 10 L. reuteri 1 × 1081:1:1 L. reuteri 10 1:1:1 L. salivarius L. salivarius 10 L. rhamnosus L. rhamnosus 25 L. reuteri 1 × 1081:1:1 L. reuteri 25 1:1:1 L. salivarius L. salivarius 25 L. rhamnosus L. rhamnosus 50 L. reuteri 1 × 1081:1:1 L. reuteri 50 1:1:1 L. salivarius L. salivarius 50 L. rhamnosus L. rhamnosus 100 L. reuteri 1 × 1081:1:1 L. reuteri 100 1:1:1 L. salivarius L. salivarius 100 L. rhamnosus L. rhamnosus 500 L. reuteri 1 × 1081:1:1 L. reuteri 500 1:1:1 L. salivarius L. salivarius 500 L. rhamnosus L. rhamnosus 10 L. reuteri 1 × 1072:1:1 L. reuteri 10 1:1:3 L. salivarius L. salivarius 30 L. rhamnosus L. rhamnosus 25 L. reuteri 1 × 1071:4:1 L. reuteri 50 1:2:1 L. salivarius L. salivarius 25 L. rhamnosus L. rhamnosus 100 L. reuteri 1 × 1081:1:5 L. reuteri 50 2:1:1 L. salivarius L. salivarius 50 L. rhamnosus L. rhamnosus 100 L. reuteri 1 × 1071:2:1 L. reuteri 100 1:1:1 L. salivarius L. salivarius 100 L. rhamnosus L. rhamnosus 25 L. reuteri 1 × 1073:1:1 L. reuteri 25 1:1:2 L. salivarius L. salivarius 50 L. rhamnosus L. rhamnosus 10 L. reuteri 5 × 1071:1:2 L. reuteri 50 1:5:1 L. salivarius L. salivarius 10 L. rhamnosus L. rhamnosus 75 L. reuteri 1 × 1082:1:1 L. reuteri 25 3:1:1 L. salivarius L. salivarius 25 L. rhamnosus L. rhamnosus 50 L. reuteri 5 × 1074:1:1 L. reuteri 200 1:4:1 L. salivarius L. salivarius 50 L. rhamnosus L. rhamnosus 100 L. reuteri 5 × 1071:1:2 L. reuteri 100 1:1:2 L. salivarius L. salivarius 200 L. rhamnosus L. rhamnosus 500 L. reuteri 1 × 1082:1:1 L. reuteri 500 1:1:1 L. salivarius L. salivarius 500

Claims

CLAIMS What is claimed:

1. A composition comprising a probiotic cocktail comprising one or more probiotic bacterial strains and one or more extracts from the probiotic bacterial strains.

2. The composition of claim 1, further comprising one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients.

3. The composition of claim 1, wherein the probiotic cocktail is in a freeze-dried lyophilized form, a liquid form, or a combination thereof.

4. The composition of claim 1, wherein the extracts comprise bacterial metabolites.

5. The composition of claim 1, wherein the one or more probiotic bacterial strains comprises Lactobacillus acidophilus (L. acidophilus), Lactobacillus casei (L. casei), Lactobacillus gasseri (L. gasseri), Lactobacillus plantarum (L. plantarum), Lactobacillus paracasei (L. paracasei), Lactobacillus rhamnosus (L. rhamnosus), Lactobacillus reuteri (L. reuteri), Lactobacillus salivarius (L. salivarius), Bifidobacterium animalis (B. animalis), Bifidobacterium bifidum (B. bifidum), Bifidobacterium longum (B. longum), or combinations thereof.

6. The composition of claim 5, wherein the one or more probiotic bacterial strains comprises L. rhamnosus, L. reuteri, and L. salivarius.

7. The composition of claim 6, wherein the composition comprises a weight ratio of the L. rhamnosus, L. reuteri, and L. salivarius of about 1:1:1, and wherein the composition comprises extracts from each of the L. rhamnosus, L. reuteri, and L. salivarius at a weight ratio of about 1:1:

1.

8. The composition of claim 1, wherein the probiotic cocktail comprises from about 1 × 107CFU to about 1 × 108CFU of the one or more probiotic bacterial strains.

9. A method for controlling blood glucose levels in a subject, the method comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a composition comprising a probiotic cocktail comprising one or more probiotic bacterial strains.

10. The method of claim 9, wherein the composition further comprises one or more extracts from the probiotic bacterial strains, one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients, or a combination thereof.

11. The method of claim 9, wherein the one or more probiotic bacterial strains comprises L. rhamnosus, L. reuteri, and L. salivarius.

12. The method of claim 9, wherein the method reduces body weight and body fat percentage in the subject.

13. The method of claim 9, wherein the method reduces serum insulin levels in the subject.

14. The method of claim 9, wherein the method reduces serum total cholesterol levels in the subject.

15. The method of claim 9, wherein the method reduces serum very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels in the subject.

16. The method of claim 9, wherein the method reduces serum total cholesterol / high-density lipoprotein (HDL) ratio in the subject.

17. The method of claim 9, wherein the subject has, or is at risk of developing, one or more disease conditions related to high blood glucose levels.

18. The method of claim 17, wherein the one or more disease conditions related to high blood glucose levels comprises diabetes, retinopathy, neuropathy, nephropathy, cardiovascular disease, diabetic ketoacidosis, obesity, metabolic disorders, cancer, or combinations thereof.

19. A kit comprising a composition comprising a probiotic cocktail comprising one or more probiotic bacterial strains for controlling blood glucose levels in a subject.

20. Use of a composition comprising a probiotic cocktail comprising one or more probiotic bacterial strains for controlling blood glucose levels in a subject.

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