Hole transport material, solar cell, electric device and power generation device

Abstract

Disclosed in the present application are a hole transport material, a solar cell, an electric device and a power generation device. The hole transport material comprises a carbazolyl group; and the hole transport material further comprises a phenyl group linked to one benzene ring of the carbazolyl group, and an R2 group linked to the other benzene ring of the carbazolyl group. In the embodiments of the present application, by adjusting and controlling the molecular structure of the hole transport material comprising a carbazolyl group, the homogeneous distribution of HOMO electron density over the entire molecular structure is improved, thereby improving the hole transport capability of a corresponding hole transport material; and the surface performance of a corresponding hole transport layer is improved, thereby improving the interface performance of the hole transport layer and adjacent functional film layers, and improving the overall performance of a corresponding solar cell.

Description

Hole transport materials, solar cells, electrical equipment and power generation equipment

[0001] This disclosure claims priority to Chinese patent application No. 2024103854197, filed on March 29, 2024, entitled “Hole Transport Materials, Solar Cells, Electrical Equipment and Power Generation Equipment,” which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Technical Field

[0002] The present invention relates to the technical field of photovoltaic devices, and in particular to a hole transport material, a solar cell, an electrical device and a power generation device. Background Art

[0003] This section merely provides background information related to the present application and is not necessarily prior art.

[0004] Solar cells have broad application prospects due to their high conversion efficiency and ease of fabrication. The hole transport layer is a key film structure of solar cells, and the composition of the hole transport material that forms the hole transport layer has a significant impact on the overall performance of solar cells. Summary of the Invention

[0005] In view of the technical problems existing in the background technology, the present application provides a hole transport material, a solar cell, an electrical device and a power generation device, aiming to improve the overall performance of the solar cell.

[0006] In order to achieve the above-mentioned object, the first aspect of the present application provides a hole transport material, and the hole transport material is shown in formula (I):

[0007] wherein R1 is independently selected from any one of hydrogen, a halogen group, a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic group having 6 to 15 ring atoms, and a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaromatic group having 5 to 15 ring atoms;

[0008] n is selected from any integer from 0 to 5;

[0009] R2 is selected from one or more of hydrogen, halogen group, substituted or unsubstituted aliphatic hydrocarbon group;

[0010] L is selected from any one or more of a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic subunit having 6 to 15 ring atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaromatic subunit having 5 to 15 ring atoms, and a substituted or unsubstituted alkane subunit having 1 to 8 carbon atoms;

[0011] A is selected from oxoacid groups.

[0012] The embodiments of the present application improve the hole transport ability of the corresponding hole transport material by regulating the molecular structure of the hole transport material including the carbazole group, improving the uniform distribution of the HOMO orbital electron cloud throughout the molecular structure; improving the surface properties of the corresponding hole transport layer, thereby improving the interface properties between the hole transport layer and its adjacent functional film layer, and improving the overall performance of the corresponding solar cell.

[0013] In some embodiments, the hole transport material is represented by formula (II):

[0014] In the embodiment of the present application, a phenyl group is set at the 3rd substitution position of the carbazole group, and an R2 group is set at the 6th substitution position of the carbazole group, which is beneficial to reducing the difficulty of preparing the formed hole transport material. The above-mentioned setting of the phenyl group and the R2 group is beneficial to the formed hole transport material to generate a larger dipole moment in the direction of the substrate pointing to the hole transport layer, thereby promoting the transmission of holes from the light absorbing material to the substrate.

[0015] In some embodiments, R1 is independently selected from any one of hydrogen, a halogen group, a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted phenyl group, and a substituted or unsubstituted carbazolyl group.

[0016] The embodiments of the present application, through the provided R1 group, are conducive to improving the energy level matching between the corresponding hole transport layer and its adjacent functional film layer, improving the hole transport capacity, and making the corresponding hole transport material have good surface properties, thereby improving the overall performance of the corresponding solar cell.

[0017] In some embodiments, R2 is selected from one or more of hydrogen, halogen, unsubstituted alkyl with 2 to 8 carbon atoms, alkoxy, carboxyl, hydroxy, sulfonyl, phosphonic acid, and amino-substituted alkyl with 2 to 8 carbon atoms.

[0018] The embodiments of the present application regulate the molecular structure of the hole transport material through the provided R2 group, thereby facilitating regulation of the steric hindrance of the R2 group and regulation of the ability of the corresponding hole transport material to extract and transport holes, thereby improving the surface properties of the hole transport layer and improving the overall performance of the corresponding solar cell.

[0019] In some embodiments, L is selected from any one or more of a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic subunit having 6 to 15 ring atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaromatic subunit having 5 to 15 ring atoms, and a substituted or unsubstituted alkane subunit having 2 to 4 carbon atoms.

[0020] The embodiments of the present application regulate the specific structure of the L group and the uniformity of the distribution of the HOMO orbital electron cloud on the entire molecule, so as to facilitate the resulting hole transport material to generate a larger dipole moment in the direction from the substrate to the hole transport layer, thereby promoting the transmission of holes from the light absorbing material to the substrate.

[0021] In some embodiments, n is selected from any integer between 0 and 2.

[0022] The embodiments of the present application regulate the work function of the corresponding hole transport material by regulating the number of substituents R1 on the phenyl group, which is beneficial to regulating the energy level matching of the corresponding hole transport layer and its adjacent functional film layer, thereby improving the hole transport capability.

[0023] In some embodiments, the oxoacid group is selected from any one of a phosphonic acid group, a phosphinic acid group, a sulfonic acid group, a carboxyl group, a sulfinic acid group, a boric acid group, or a silicic acid group.

[0024] The embodiments of the present application provide specific components of oxygen-containing acid groups to achieve good anchoring effects.

[0025] In some embodiments, the oxoacid group is selected from any one of a phosphonic acid group, a phosphinic acid group, or a carboxyl group.

[0026] The embodiments of the present application provide oxygen-containing acid groups with moderate acidity, which is conducive to achieving a good anchoring effect.

[0027] In some embodiments, the hole transport material includes one or more of the following hole transport materials:

[0028] One or more of SAM11.

[0029] The embodiments of the present application improve the uniform distribution of the HOMO orbital electron cloud throughout the molecular structure by providing a specific molecular structure of the hole transport material, thereby improving the hole transport ability of the corresponding hole transport material; improving the surface properties of the corresponding hole transport layer, thereby improving the interface properties between the hole transport layer and its adjacent functional film layer, and improving the overall performance of the corresponding solar cell.

[0030] In a second aspect, an embodiment of the present application provides a solar cell, which includes any hole transport material provided in the first aspect.

[0031] The embodiments of the present application improve the overall performance of the corresponding solar cell by providing a solar cell including the hole transport material provided by the present application.

[0032] In some embodiments, the solar cell includes a perovskite layer and a hole transport layer arranged in a stacked manner; at least one of the perovskite layer and the hole transport layer includes a hole transport material.

[0033] In the embodiments of the present application, the overall performance of the corresponding solar cell is improved by applying the provided hole transport material to at least one of the perovskite layer and the hole transport layer.

[0034] In a third aspect, embodiments of the present application provide an electrical device comprising any solar cell provided in aspect 2. The electrical device employing the solar cell provided in this application has at least the same advantages as a solar cell and can improve the battery performance of the electrical device.

[0035] In a fourth aspect, embodiments of the present application provide a power generation device comprising any of the solar cells provided in aspect 2. The power generation device employing the solar cell provided in this application has at least the same advantages as the solar cell and can improve the power generation performance of the power generation device. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0036] In order to more clearly illustrate the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present application, the following briefly introduces the drawings required for use in the description of the embodiments. Obviously, the drawings described below are only some embodiments of the present application. For ordinary technicians in this field, other drawings can be obtained based on these drawings without any creative work.

[0037] FIG1 is a schematic structural diagram of a solar cell provided in an embodiment of the present application;

[0038] FIG2 is a schematic structural diagram of an electrical device provided in an embodiment of the present application;

[0039] FIG3 is a schematic structural diagram of a power generation device provided in an embodiment of the present application.

[0040] Explanation of the accompanying drawings: 100 - solar cell, 10 - light absorption layer, 20 - hole transport layer, 1000 - power-consuming equipment, 2000 - power generation equipment. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0041] The present application will be further described below in conjunction with specific embodiments. It should be understood that these specific embodiments are only used to illustrate the present application and are not used to limit the scope of the present application.

[0042] For the sake of clarity, only some numerical ranges are specifically disclosed herein. However, any lower limit may be combined with any upper limit to form an unspecified range; and any lower limit may be combined with other lower limits to form an unspecified range, and similarly, any upper limit may be combined with any other upper limit to form an unspecified range. In addition, each individually disclosed point or single value may itself serve as a lower limit or upper limit and be combined with any other point or single value, or with other lower limits or upper limits, to form an unspecified range.

[0043] In the description herein, unless otherwise indicated, the term "or" is inclusive. That is, the phrase "A or B" means "A, B, or both A and B." More specifically, the condition "A or B" is satisfied by any of the following conditions: A is true (or exists) and B is false (or does not exist); A is false (or does not exist) and B is true (or exists); or both A and B are true (or exist).

[0044] In the description of this article, it should be noted that, unless otherwise specified, “above” and “below” include the number itself, and “several” in “one or several” means two or more.

[0045] Unless otherwise specified, the terms used in this application have the commonly understood meanings commonly understood by those skilled in the art. Unless otherwise specified, the numerical values ​​of the various parameters mentioned in this application can be measured using various measurement methods commonly used in the art (for example, they can be tested according to the methods given in the examples of this application).

[0046] Solar cells are usually formed by stacking several functional film layers. The performance of the hole transport layer itself and the interface-interface performance between it and the adjacent functional film layers are important factors affecting the overall performance of solar cells.

[0047] First, as a functional film layer for extracting and transporting photogenerated holes, the hole transport layer's ability to extract and transport holes directly affects the overall performance of the corresponding solar cell.

[0048] Secondly, the surface properties of the hole transport layer directly affect whether the functional film layer adjacent to the hole transport layer can be evenly spread and deposited on the surface of the hole transport layer, thereby affecting the film quality, film forming area and interface contact degree between the functional film layer and the hole transport layer, thereby affecting the functional effect of the functional film layer and the extraction and transport of holes, and thus affecting the overall performance of the corresponding solar cell.

[0049] The embodiments of the present application improve the performance of the hole transport layer itself and the interface-interface performance between the hole transport layer and the adjacent functional film layer by regulating the molecular structure of the hole transport material, thereby improving the overall performance of the corresponding solar cell.

[0050] To solve the above technical problems, embodiments of the present application provide a hole transport material, a solar cell, an electrical device, and a power generation device.

[0051] The technical solutions described in the embodiments of this application are applicable to hole transport materials, solar cells, electrical devices, and power generation equipment. The solar cells disclosed in this application can be used in tandem solar cells containing perovskites, such as perovskite-perovskite tandem solar cells, silicon-perovskite tandem solar cells, and perovskite-heterojunction tandem solar cells, without limitation in this application.

[0052] In order to achieve the above-mentioned object, the first aspect of the present application provides a hole transport material, which is shown in formula (I):

[0053] wherein R1 is independently selected from any one of hydrogen, a halogen group, a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic group having 6 to 15 ring atoms, and a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaromatic group having 5 to 15 ring atoms;

[0054] n is selected from any integer from 0 to 5;

[0055] R2 is selected from one or more of hydrogen, halogen group, substituted or unsubstituted aliphatic hydrocarbon group;

[0056] L is selected from any one or more of a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic subunit having 6 to 15 ring atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaromatic subunit having 5 to 15 ring atoms, and a substituted or unsubstituted alkane subunit having 1 to 8 carbon atoms;

[0057] A is selected from oxoacid groups.

[0058] Among them, hole transport materials are used to extract and transport photogenerated hole carriers.

[0059] Carbazole, also known as 9-azafluorene and iminodiphenylene, is an organic compound with the chemical formula C 12 H9N, whose structural formula is shown in formula (III):

[0060] Carbazole has several substitution positions, as shown in formula (III). These include positions 1 to 8, positions a to d, and the nitrogen (N) position. A carbazolyl group is a functional group formed by removing a hydrogen atom from at least one substitution position of carbazole.

[0061] In organic hole transport materials, holes are transported through the HOMO orbital (highest occupied molecular orbital) of the organic hole transport material. Therefore, the HOMO orbital electron cloud is evenly distributed throughout the molecule, which is beneficial to the transport of holes.

[0062] Carbazole has a large conjugated rigid structure, which is beneficial to improving the uniform distribution of the HOMO orbital electron cloud throughout the molecular structure, thereby improving the hole transport ability of the material; carbazole has more substitution sites, which can be combined with several functional groups to functionally modify the hole transport material. In summary, hole transport materials containing carbazole and its derivatives have good application prospects. Continuing with formula (III), the carbazole group can be regarded as two benzene rings and a pyrrole ring, and one of the two benzene rings is connected to a phenyl group. The phenyl group can be connected to any substitution position of the benzene ring. It is understandable that the hole transport material provided in the embodiments of the present application may also include several other groups to regulate the properties of the hole transport material formed. Other groups can be connected to several vacant substitution positions of the carbazole group. This application does not specifically limit the specific components of other groups, and those skilled in the art can make specific arrangements as needed.

[0063] Phenyl groups are groups with a benzene ring as a functional group. Phenyl groups have good electron-donating ability and a rigid planar structure. Connecting to one of the benzene rings of the carbazole group facilitates the formation of a well-conjugated structure with the carbazole group, increasing the uniform distribution of the HOMO orbital electron cloud throughout the molecular structure, thereby improving the hole transport capacity of the corresponding hole transport material. The introduction of the phenyl group also helps expand the range of the HOMO orbital electron cloud and deepen the HOMO energy level, making the HOMO energy level of the hole transport material more closely aligned with the valence band energy level of the light-absorbing material, thereby reducing hole transmission losses.

[0064] A large dihedral angle is easily formed between the phenyl group and the carbazole group. The introduction of the phenyl group is conducive to establishing a steric effect within a certain range, reducing the degree of aggregation of the corresponding hole transport material, and is conducive to the uniform distribution of the light absorbing material on the surface of the corresponding hole transport layer. In some embodiments, the hole transport material of the present application also includes a plurality of R1 groups connected to the phenyl group to regulate the molecular structure and performance of the corresponding hole transport material, improve the ability of the hole transport material to extract and transmit holes, and the surface properties of the corresponding hole transport layer, thereby improving the device performance of the corresponding solar cell. R1 can be connected to any vacant substitution position of the phenyl group.

[0065] In the selection scheme of the R1 group, the halogen group refers to a group composed of halogen elements. In some embodiments, the halogen group may include one or more of -F (fluorine), -Cl (chlorine), -Br (bromine), and -I (iodine). An alkyl group refers to a hydrocarbon group formed by removing a hydrogen atom from an alkane molecule. An aromatic group refers to a group formed by removing a hydrogen atom from an unsaturated carbocyclic compound with special stability, and the atoms constituting the ring system are carbon atoms. A heteroaromatic group refers to a group formed by removing a hydrogen atom from an unsaturated cyclic compound with special stability, and the atoms constituting the ring system include atoms of other elements in addition to carbon, such as one or more of oxygen, sulfur, and nitrogen. The substitution in the R1 group refers to a group that replaces several hydrogens on an alkyl, aromatic, or heteroaromatic group to regulate the molecular structure and properties of the hole transport material.

[0066] The embodiments of the present application regulate the work function of the corresponding hole transport material by placing different R1 groups on the phenyl group, which is beneficial for regulating the energy level matching between the corresponding hole transport layer and its adjacent functional film layer, thereby improving the hole transport capacity. Furthermore, by placing different R1 groups on the phenyl group, the surface properties of the corresponding hole transport material are regulated, resulting in a more uniform distribution of the light absorbing material on the surface of the corresponding hole transport layer, which is beneficial for improving the overall performance of the corresponding solar cell.

[0067] In the selection scheme of the R2 group, the aliphatic hydrocarbon group refers to one or more of aliphatic alkyl, aliphatic alkenyl, and aliphatic alkynyl.

[0068] The introduction of the R2 group is beneficial to regulating the molecular structure of the hole transport material to improve the surface properties of the hole transport layer and the overall performance of the corresponding solar cell.

[0069] In the selection scheme of the L group, an aromatic subunit is a group formed by eliminating a hydrogen atom from an aromatic group. A heteroaromatic subunit is a group formed by eliminating a hydrogen atom from a heteroaromatic group. An alkane subunit is a group formed by eliminating a hydrogen atom from an alkyl group.

[0070] The L group is positioned between the carbazolyl group and the A group. One end of the L group is connected to the carbazolyl group, which helps to improve the uniformity of the distribution of the HOMO orbital electron cloud across the molecule. This helps the resulting hole transport material generate a larger dipole moment in the direction from the substrate to the hole transport layer, promoting hole transport from the light-absorbing material to the substrate. The other end of the L group is connected to the A group to regulate the degree of freedom of the A group, thereby facilitating its arrangement on the substrate and adjusting the solubility of the resulting hole transport material, thereby reducing the processing difficulty of the resulting hole transport material.

[0071] In the selection scheme of group A, the oxygen-containing acid group refers to a group formed by removing several hydrogen atoms from an acid radical containing an oxygen atom.

[0072] The A group is selected from oxygen-containing acid groups, which can anchor to the surface of the substrate rich in oxygen atoms and hydroxyl groups, so that the hole transport material in which it is located is anchored and combined with the substrate to form an interface dipole, thereby achieving the effect of improving the work function of the substrate, thereby achieving the effect of reducing the hole transport barrier and promoting hole transport.

[0073] The above-mentioned hole transport material can not only be used as a material for the hole transport layer, but also as a passivation material. The oxygen-containing acid groups contained therein can combine with metal ions such as trivalent nickel, or can anchor the hole transport layer, or can interact with the A-site cations in the perovskite through hydrogen bonds, thereby enabling the organic compound to play the role of passivating metal ions.

[0074] The embodiments of the present application improve the hole transport ability of the corresponding hole transport material by regulating the molecular structure of the hole transport material including the carbazole group, improving the uniform distribution of the HOMO orbital electron cloud throughout the molecular structure; improving the surface properties of the corresponding hole transport layer, thereby improving the interface properties between the hole transport layer and its adjacent functional film layer, and improving the overall performance of the corresponding solar cell.

[0075] In some embodiments, the hole transport material is represented by formula (II):

[0076] The positioning effect of the NH group at the N-substituted position of the carbazole group within the aromatic ring facilitates the activation of the hydrogen atom in the aromatic ring opposite to the NH group. This makes functional modification easy at the 3rd and 6th substitution positions of the carbazole group.

[0077] In the embodiment of the present application, a phenyl group is set at the 3rd substitution position of the carbazole group, and an R2 group is set at the 6th substitution position of the carbazole group, which is beneficial to reducing the difficulty of preparing the formed hole transport material. The above-mentioned setting of the phenyl group and the R2 group is beneficial to the formed hole transport material to generate a larger dipole moment in the direction of the substrate pointing to the hole transport layer, thereby promoting the transmission of holes from the light absorbing material to the substrate.

[0078] In some embodiments, R1 is independently selected from any one of hydrogen, a halogen group, a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted phenyl group, and a substituted or unsubstituted carbazolyl group.

[0079] The embodiments of the present application, through the provided R1 group, are conducive to improving the energy level matching between the corresponding hole transport layer and its adjacent functional film layer, improving the hole transport capacity, and making the corresponding hole transport material have good surface properties, thereby improving the overall performance of the corresponding solar cell.

[0080] In some embodiments, the plurality of R1 groups includes an R1 group that is para to the carbazole group.

[0081] The carbazolyl group is an electron-donating group, and its positioning effect on the phenyl group facilitates the activation of hydrogen atoms in the para and / or ortho positions on the phenyl group. Therefore, it is easy to place the R1 group in the para or ortho position relative to the carbazolyl group on the phenyl group, which helps reduce the difficulty in preparing the resulting hole transport material. Furthermore, due to the significant steric hindrance of the carbazolyl group, it is easy to place the R1 group in the para position relative to the carbazolyl group on the phenyl group.

[0082] In some embodiments, R2 is selected from one or more of hydrogen, halogen, unsubstituted alkyl with 2 to 8 carbon atoms, alkoxy, carboxyl, hydroxy, sulfonyl, phosphonic acid, and amino-substituted alkyl with 2 to 8 carbon atoms.

[0083] The chemical formula of an alkoxy group is -OR, where R represents an alkyl group. The chemical formula of a carboxyl group is -COOH. The chemical formula of a hydroxyl group is -OH. The chemical formula of a sulfonic acid group is -SO3H. The chemical formula of a phosphonic acid group is -PO3H2. The chemical formula of an amino group is -NH2.

[0084] The embodiments of the present application regulate the molecular structure of the hole transport material through the provided R2 group, thereby facilitating regulation of the steric hindrance of the R2 group and regulation of the ability of the corresponding hole transport material to extract and transport holes, thereby improving the surface properties of the hole transport layer and improving the overall performance of the corresponding solar cell.

[0085] In some embodiments, L is selected from any one or more of a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic subunit having 6 to 15 ring atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaromatic subunit having 5 to 15 ring atoms, and a substituted or unsubstituted alkane subunit having 2 to 4 carbon atoms.

[0086] The embodiments of the present application regulate the specific structure of the L group and the uniformity of the distribution of the HOMO orbital electron cloud on the entire molecule, so as to facilitate the resulting hole transport material to generate a larger dipole moment in the direction from the substrate to the hole transport layer, thereby promoting the transmission of holes from the light absorbing material to the substrate.

[0087] In some embodiments, n is selected from any integer between 0 and 2.

[0088] The embodiments of the present application regulate the work function of the corresponding hole transport material by regulating the number of substituents R1 on the phenyl group, which is beneficial to regulating the energy level matching of the corresponding hole transport layer and its adjacent functional film layer, thereby improving the hole transport capability.

[0089] In some embodiments, the oxoacid group is selected from any one of a phosphonic acid group, a phosphinic acid group, a sulfonic acid group, a carboxyl group, a sulfinic acid group, a boric acid group, or a silicic acid group.

[0090] The chemical formula of the phosphonic acid group is -PO3H2, the chemical formula of the phosphinic acid group is -PO2H2, the chemical formula of the sulfonic acid group is -SO3H, the chemical formula of the sulfinic acid group is -SOH, the chemical formula of the boric acid group is -BOOH2, and the chemical formula of the silicic acid group is -SiO3H3.

[0091] The embodiments of the present application provide specific components of oxygen-containing acid groups to achieve good anchoring effects.

[0092] In some embodiments, the oxoacid group is selected from any one of a phosphonic acid group, a phosphinic acid group, or a carboxyl group.

[0093] The embodiments of the present application provide oxygen-containing acid groups with moderate acidity, which is conducive to achieving a good anchoring effect.

[0094] In some embodiments, the hole transport material includes one or more of the following hole transport materials:

[0095] One or more of the .

[0096] The embodiments of the present application improve the uniform distribution of the HOMO orbital electron cloud throughout the molecular structure by providing a specific molecular structure of the hole transport material, thereby improving the hole transport ability of the corresponding hole transport material; improving the surface properties of the corresponding hole transport layer, thereby improving the interface properties between the hole transport layer and its adjacent functional film layer, and improving the overall performance of the corresponding solar cell.

[0097] A second aspect of the present application provides a solar cell, which includes any hole transport material provided in the first aspect.

[0098] Among them, solar cells refer to devices that convert light energy into electrical energy through the photovoltaic effect.

[0099] The embodiments of the present application improve the overall performance of the corresponding solar cell by providing a solar cell including the hole transport material provided by the present application.

[0100] Please refer to FIG1 , which is a schematic structural diagram of a solar cell provided in an embodiment of the present application.

[0101] 1 , an embodiment of the present application provides a solar cell 100. The solar cell 100 includes a stacked perovskite layer 10 and a hole transport layer 20. At least one of the perovskite layer 10 and the hole transport layer 20 includes the hole transport material provided in the present application.

[0102] Among them, the perovskite layer 10 refers to the core component of the solar cell 100, which is used to absorb the photon energy of sunlight, generate electron-hole pairs, and separate the electron-hole pairs into free electrons and holes under the action of the built-in electric field. The holes and electrons are collected by two different electrodes respectively, and the two electrodes are connected to form a circuit to generate photocurrent. The hole transport layer 20 refers to a functional layer that extracts and transports the photogenerated holes generated by the perovskite light absorption layer 30. In some embodiments, the perovskite layer 10 can be directly disposed on one side surface of the hole transport layer 20. In some embodiments, the perovskite layer 10 can also be separated from the hole transport layer 20 by a passivation layer.

[0103] The hole transport material provided in the present application can not only be used as the material of the hole transport layer 20, but also as a passivation material. The oxygen-containing acid groups contained therein can be combined with metal ions such as trivalent nickel in the hole transport layer 20, or can have hydrogen bond interactions with the A-site cations in the perovskite, thereby enabling the organic compound to play the role of passivating the metal ions.

[0104] In some embodiments, it can be understood that the component of the hole transport layer 20 can be a single hole transport material or a multi-component, including the above-mentioned hole transport material and other hole transport materials commonly used in the art. At this time, in the hole transport layer 20, the above-mentioned hole transport material and other hole transport materials commonly used in the art can be in a mixed doped state, and can be formed into films in a stacked state.

[0105] Other commonly used hole transport materials in the art are specifically not limited to one or more of the following materials and their derivatives: nickel oxide, zinc oxide, molybdenum oxide, 2,2',7,7'-tetrakis(N,N-p-methoxyanilino)-9,9'-spirobifluorene (Spiro-OMeTAD), poly[bis(4-phenyl)(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)amine] (PTAA), and [4-(3,6-dimethyl-9H-carbazol-9-yl)butyl]phosphoric acid (Me-4PACz).

[0106] In some embodiments, the hole transport layer 20 includes a first hole transport layer and a second hole transport layer having different compositions and stacked together, and the second hole transport layer includes the hole transport material.

[0107] It is understandable that the components of the first hole transport layer may be other hole transport materials commonly used in the art, and the details are as described above and will not be repeated here.

[0108] In some embodiments, the first hole transport layer comprises an inorganic hole transport material, such as nickel oxide. Compared to the first hole transport layer, the second hole transport layer is closer to the perovskite layer 10.

[0109] In some embodiments, the thickness ratio of the first hole transport layer and the second hole transport layer is (0.1-10):(0.1-10); specifically, it can be 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 1:4, 1:5, 1:6, 1:7, 1:8, 1:9, 1:10, 2:1, 3:1, 4:1, 5:1, 6:1, 7:1, 8:1, 9:1, 10:1, 0.1:1 or a range consisting of any two values.

[0110] In addition to the perovskite layer 10 and the hole transport layer 20, the solar cell 100 may further include other film layer structures. In some embodiments, the other film layer structures may include a substrate structure, a first electrode layer, an electron transport layer, and a second electrode layer. The perovskite layer 10 is disposed between the hole transport layer 20 and the electron transport layer. The hole transport layer 20, the perovskite layer 10, and the electron transport layer are disposed between the first electrode layer and the second electrode layer. The substrate structure is disposed on the side of the first electrode layer away from the perovskite layer 10. The first electrode layer is used to collect one of the electrons or holes generated by the light absorption layer, and the second electrode layer is used to collect the other of the electrons or holes generated by the light absorption layer.

[0111] In some embodiments, the first electrode layer is a transparent electrode for incident light. The transparent electrode may be a transparent conductive metal oxide electrode. Without limitation, the material of the transparent electrode may include, but is not limited to, one or more of the following materials: FTO (fluorine-doped tin oxide), ITO (tin-doped indium oxide), AZO (aluminum-doped zinc oxide), BZO (boron-doped zinc oxide), IZO (indium zinc oxide), IWO (tungsten-doped indium oxide), lanthanide metal-doped indium oxide, antimony-doped tin oxide, etc.

[0112] In some embodiments, the material of the second electrode layer includes a conductive material. Further, the conductive material can be an organic conductive material, an inorganic conductive material, or a combination thereof. Non-limiting examples of inorganic conductive materials include metal conductive materials. Further, the metal conductive material can include any one of gold (Au), silver (Ag), copper (Cu), aluminum (Al), nickel (Ni), chromium (Cr), bismuth (Bi), platinum (Pt), magnesium (Mg), etc., or any suitable mixture of the foregoing elements. The conductive material can include a conductive oxide. Further, the conductive material can be a conductive oxide; non-limiting examples of conductive oxides can include one or more of FTO, ITO, IWO, AZO, etc.

[0113] The present application does not specifically limit the electron transport material used in the electron transport layer, and the electron transport materials commonly used in the art can be used. For example, the electron transport material includes one or more of fullerene and its derivatives, imide compounds, metal oxides, metal sulfides, metal fluorides, cyano-containing polyphenylene vinylene, boron-containing polymers, bathocuproin, red phenanthroline, hydroxyquinoline aluminum, oxadiazole compounds, and quinone compounds. Exemplarily, fullerene and its derivatives include one or more of fullerene C60, fullerene C70, PCBM ([6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester), [6,6]-phenyl C71 butyric acid methyl ester (PC71BM); imide compounds include one or more of perylene imide materials, naphthalimide materials, phthalimide, succinimide, N-bromosuccinimide, glutarimide or maleimide; the metal element in the metal oxide can be Including one or more of Mg, Ni, Cd, Zn, In, Pb, Mo, W, Sb, Bi, Cu, Hg, Ti, Ag, Mn, Fe, V, Sn, Zr, Sr, Ga and Cr, such as one or more of tin oxide (SnO2), zinc oxide (ZnO), titanium oxide; metal sulfides such as indium sulfide or zinc sulfide; metal fluorides such as one or more of lithium fluoride (LiF), sodium fluoride, magnesium fluoride (MgF2), calcium fluoride (CaF2).

[0114] In some embodiments, the solar cell 100 includes a substrate structure, a first electrode layer, a hole transport layer 20, a perovskite layer 10, an electron transport layer, and a second electrode layer stacked in sequence; in other embodiments, the solar cell 100 includes a substrate structure, a first electrode layer, an electron transport layer, a perovskite layer 10, a hole transport layer 20, and a second electrode layer stacked in sequence.

[0115] In some embodiments, the substrate structure may be made of a hard material or a flexible material. In some embodiments, the substrate structure may be made of transparent glass. The material of the substrate structure is specifically set according to needs and is not limited in this application.

[0116] In the embodiments of the present application, the hole transport material provided is applied to at least one of the perovskite layer 10 and the hole transport layer 20 , thereby improving the overall performance of the corresponding solar cell 100 .

[0117] Please refer to FIG2 , which is a schematic structural diagram of an electrical device provided in an embodiment of the present application.

[0118] In the third aspect, referring to FIG. 2 , an embodiment of the present application provides an electrical device 1000 , including the solar cell 100 provided in the second aspect.

[0119] In the embodiments of the present application, a solar cell 100 serves as a power source for an electrical device 1000, enabling normal operation of the electrical device 1000. Electrical device 1000 employing the solar cell 100 provided herein has at least the same advantages as the solar cell 100, and can improve battery performance of the electrical device 1000. For example, the electrical device 1000 may include a lighting device, a display device, or a new energy vehicle.

[0120] Please refer to FIG3 , which is a schematic structural diagram of a power generation device provided in an embodiment of the present application.

[0121] In the fourth aspect, referring to FIG3 , an embodiment of the present application provides a power generation device 2000 , comprising the solar cell 100 provided in the second aspect.

[0122] In the embodiments of the present application, a solar cell 100 serves as the energy source for a power generation device 2000, enabling the power generation device 2000 to output electrical energy. Power generation device 2000 utilizes the solar cell 100 provided in the present application and has at least the same advantages as solar cell 100, thereby improving the power generation performance of power generation device 2000. For example, power generation device 2000 can be used in fields such as building power generation, wearable device power generation, smartphone power generation, and vehicle battery power generation.

[0123] The features and performance of the present application are further described in detail below with reference to the embodiments.

[0124] Synthesis of SAM1:

[0125] Process 1: Compound 1 (1 mmol), compound 2 (8 mL), 50% potassium hydroxide aqueous solution [KOH (aq, solution, 5 mL], and tetrabutylammonium bromide (TBAB, 0.05 mmol) were mixed and heated at 70 degrees Celsius for 20 hours under nitrogen protection. Compound 3 was obtained after separation by silica gel chromatography column with a yield of about 83%. 1 H NMR (400MHz, CDCl3) δ8.17(d,J=7.2Hz,1H),7.99(d,J=7.2Hz,1H),7.94(d,J=7.2Hz,1H),7.89(s,2H),7.78- 7.75(m,3H),7.66-7.64(m,1H),7.55-7.33(m,5H),4.18-4.15(m,2H),3.54-3.51(m,2H),1.83-1.74(m,4H).

[0126] Process 2: Compound 3 (1 mmol) and triethyl phosphite (P(OEt)3, 10 mL) were mixed and heated at 180 degrees Celsius for 12 hours under nitrogen protection. The triethyl phosphite was removed by vacuum distillation. The crude product was mixed with tributylsilane bromide (TMSBr, 0.72 mmol) and 1,4-dioxane (5 mL). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 20 hours under nitrogen protection and the solvent was removed. Methanol (5 mL) was added and stirred for 12 hours. Deionized water (1 mL) was added to precipitate a solid powder, which was filtered and washed to obtain SAM1 with a yield of about 45%. 1 H NMR (400MHz, DMSO-d6) δ8.17(d,J=7.2Hz,1H),7.99(d,J=7.2Hz,1H),7.94(d,J=7.2Hz,1H),7.89(s,2H),7.78 -7.75(m,3H),7.66-7.64(m,1H),7.55-7.33(m,5H),4.18-4.15(m,2H),1.83-1.74(m,4H),1.26-1.22(m,2H).

[0127] The synthesis of SAM2 to SAM7 is similar to that of SAM1, except that compound 1 in process 1 is replaced by compounds 4 to 9, respectively, to finally obtain SAM2 to SAM7. The structural formulas of compounds 4 to 9 are shown below:

[0128] The structural formulas of the formed SAM2 to SAM7 are shown below:

[0129] The synthesis of SAM8 is similar to that of SAM1, except that compound 2 in process 1 is replaced by 1,2-dibromoethane to finally obtain SAM8.

[0130] The structural formula of the formed SAM8 is shown below:

[0131] The synthesis of SAM9 is similar to that of SAM2, except that compound 2 in process 1 is replaced by 1,2-dibromoethane to finally obtain SAM9.

[0132] The structural formula of the formed SAM9 is shown below:

[0133] Synthesis of SAM10:

[0134] Process 1: Compound 1 (1 mmol), compound 10 (1.2 mmol), cuprous iodide (CuI, 0.05 mmol), potassium hydroxide (KOH, 1.2 mmol), and toluene (10 mmol) were mixed and heated at 110 degrees Celsius for 20 hours under nitrogen protection. Compound 11 was obtained after separation by silica gel chromatography column with a yield of about 76%. 1 H NMR (400MHz, CDCl3) δ8.17(d,J=7.2Hz,1H),7.99(d,J=7.2Hz,1H),7.94(d,J=7.2Hz,1H),7.89(s,2H),7.78- 7.75(m,3H),7.66-7.64(m,1H),7.55-7.33(m,7H),7.31-7.28(m,2H),4.18-4.15(m,2H),3.54-3.51(m,2H).

[0135] Process 2: The same as process 2 for the synthesis of SAM1, except that compound 11 was used to replace compound 3 (1 mmol), and compound SAM10 was obtained with a yield of 35%. 1 H NMR (400MHz, DMSO-d6) δ8.17(d,J=7.2Hz,1H),7.99(d,J=7.2Hz,1H),7.94(d,J=7.2Hz,1H),7.89(s,2H),7.78-7.75(m, 3H),7.66-7.64(m,1H),7.55-7.33(m,7H),7.31-7.28(m,2H),4.82-4.80(s,2H),3.06-3.03(m,2H),2.03-1.99(m,2H).

[0136] Synthesis of SAM11:

[0137] Process 1: Compound 1 (1 mmol), compound 12 (1.2 mmol), cuprous iodide (CuI, 5% mmol), potassium hydroxide (KOH, 1.2 mmol), and toluene (10 mmol) were mixed and heated at 110 degrees Celsius for 20 hours under nitrogen protection. Compound 13 was obtained after separation by silica gel chromatography column with a yield of about 76%. 1H NMR (400MHz, CDCl3) δ8.55(d,J=7.2Hz,1H),7.99(d,J=7.2Hz,1H),7.94(d,J=7.2Hz,1H),7.89(s,2H),7.78-7.75(m,3 H),7.66-7.64(m,1H),7.55-7.33(m,5H),4.04-4.00(m,2H),2.87-2.84(m,2H),2.53-2.51(m,2H),1.08-1.06(m,3H).

[0138] Process 2: The same as process 2 for the synthesis of SAM1, except that compound 13 was used to replace compound 3 (1 mmol), and compound SAM11 was obtained with a yield of 35%. 1 H NMR (400MHz, DMSO-d6) δ12.09(s,1H),8.17(d,J=7.2Hz,1H),7.99(d,J=7.2Hz,1H),7.94(d,J=7.2Hz,1H),7 .89(s,2H),7.78-7.75(m,3H),7.66-7.64(m,1H),7.55-7.33(m,5H),2.77-2.74(m,2H),2.54-2.51(m,2H).

[0139] Device preparation:

[0140] Example 1:

[0141] (1) The ITO conductive glass was ultrasonically cleaned with glass cleaner, deionized water, ethanol and isopropyl alcohol in sequence for 15 minutes. After vacuum drying, the ITO conductive glass was UV cleaned for 15 minutes.

[0142] (2) Using SAM1 as a hole transport material and isopropanol as a solvent, SAM1 was added to isopropanol to prepare a precursor solution with a solution concentration of 0.6 mg / mL; the ITO glass treated in step (1) was placed on a spin coater, 30 μl of the aforementioned precursor solution was taken, and spin-coated on the surface of the ITO glass at a speed of 5000 rpm for 30 seconds, and then annealed at 100°C for 10 minutes to obtain a hole transport layer 20 with a thickness of 1 nm to 2 nm (due to the thickness being too thin, it is difficult to accurately characterize).

[0143] (3) 4.2 mmol of FAI, 4.41 mmol of PbI2, and 0.651 mmol of MACl were added to a mixed solvent of 2.4 mL of N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) and 0.6 mL of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) to prepare a perovskite precursor solution. 100 μL of the prepared perovskite precursor solution was taken out and spin-coated onto the surface of the hole transport layer 20 at a speed of 1000 rpm. After spin-coating for 20 seconds, it was spin-coated at a speed of 4000 rpm for 35 seconds. Chlorobenzene antisolvent was added dropwise during the last 10 seconds of spin-coating. The layer was annealed at 110°C for 30 minutes to obtain a perovskite layer 10 with a thickness of 650 nm.

[0144] (4) A 30 nm electron transport layer C is sequentially deposited on the surface of the perovskite layer 10 obtained in step (3) 60 and a 5 nm barrier layer of BCP (2,9-dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline).

[0145] (5) A 110 nm thick Cu layer was vacuum-deposited on the surface of the product obtained in step (4) as an electrode.

[0146] Completed the preparation of perovskite solar cell devices with an effective area of ​​7mm 2 Finally, a solar simulator was used to test the open circuit voltage, short circuit current and fill factor of the device.

[0147] Examples 2 to 11: The preparation process of the perovskite solar cell device is the same as that of Example 1, except that the SAM1 in Example 1 is replaced by SAM2 to SAM11 respectively.

[0148] Comparative Examples 1 to 3: The preparation process of the perovskite solar cell device is the same as that of Example 1, except that the SAM1 in Example 1 is replaced by 4PACz, Me-4PACz and Br-4PACz, respectively.

[0149] Among them, the structural formula of 4PACz is The structural formula of Me-4PACz is The structural formula of Br-4PACz is

[0150] Device performance test:

[0151] (1) The contact angle between the surface of the hole transport layer 20 formed in step (2) of each embodiment and comparative example and water was tested using a contact angle meter LSA100. The test results are shown in Table 1.

[0152] (2) The photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cells 100 formed in each embodiment and comparative example was tested. The test results are shown in Table 1.

[0153] The test is carried out in accordance with the IEC61215 standard, using a Guangyan solar simulator and a crystalline silicon solar cell to calibrate the light intensity to reach the intensity of one sun (the solar energy test standard is AM1.5). The solar cell 100 is connected to a digital source meter, and its volt-ampere characteristic curve is measured under light. The short-circuit current, open-circuit voltage and fill factor of the solar cell 100 are obtained according to the volt-ampere characteristic curve, and the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell 100 is obtained according to the product of the short-circuit current, open-circuit voltage and fill factor.

[0154] PCE = Voc × Jsc × FF / Pin, where Voc, Jsc, and FF are the open circuit voltage, short circuit current, and fill factor of the battery, respectively, and Pin is the incident light intensity, which is 100 mW / cm 2 .

[0155] Table 1 Performance test results of solar cells of various embodiments and comparative examples

[0156] The results show that:

[0157] (1) The hole transport materials used in each embodiment perform better on photovoltaic devices than the comparative examples, indicating that the hole transport materials provided in this application are beneficial to improving device performance when used in solar cells 100.

[0158] (2) The contact angles of the hole transport layer 20 formed in each embodiment with water are all smaller than those in each comparative example, indicating that the hole transport material provided in the present application can regulate the surface properties of the hole transport layer 20, which is beneficial to improving the overall performance of the corresponding solar cell 100. This may be due to the improvement in the surface properties of the hole transport layer 20 in each embodiment, which makes it easier for the perovskite layer 10 to spread and deposit evenly on the surface of the hole transport layer 20, thereby improving the interface properties between the hole transport layer 20 and the perovskite layer 10, and improving the overall performance of the corresponding solar cell 100.

[0159] In order to make the technical problems, technical solutions and beneficial effects solved by the embodiments of the present application clearer, the following will be further described in detail with reference to the embodiments and drawings. Obviously, the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present application, rather than all the embodiments. The following description of at least one exemplary embodiment is actually only illustrative and is in no way intended to limit the present application and its applications. Based on the embodiments in this application, all other embodiments obtained by ordinary technicians in this field without creative work are within the scope of protection of this application.

[0160] In the several embodiments provided in this application, it should be understood that the disclosed systems, devices and methods can be implemented in other ways. For example, the device embodiments described above are merely schematic. For example, the division of units is only a logical function division. In actual implementation, there may be other division methods, such as multiple units or components can be combined or integrated into another system, or some features can be ignored or not executed. Another point is that the mutual coupling or direct coupling or communication connection shown or discussed can be an indirect coupling or communication connection through some interface, device or unit, which can be electrical, mechanical or other forms.

[0161] In addition, the functional units in the various embodiments of the present application may be integrated into a single processing unit, or each unit may exist physically separately, or two or more units may be integrated into a single unit. The aforementioned integrated units may be implemented in the form of hardware or software functional units.

[0162] The above description is only an implementation method of the present application and does not limit the patent scope of the present application. Any equivalent structure or equivalent process transformation made using the contents of the description and drawings of this application, or directly or indirectly applied in other related technical fields, are also included in the patent protection scope of the present application.

Claims

1. A hole transport material, wherein The hole transport material is shown in formula (I): wherein R1 is independently selected from any one of hydrogen, a halogen group, a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic group having 6 to 15 ring atoms, and a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaromatic group having 5 to 15 ring atoms; n is selected from any integer from 0 to 5; R2 is selected from one or more of hydrogen, halogen group, substituted or unsubstituted aliphatic hydrocarbon group; L is selected from any one of a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic subunit having 6 to 15 ring atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaromatic subunit having 5 to 15 ring atoms, and a substituted or unsubstituted alkane subunit having 1 to 8 carbon atoms; A is selected from oxoacid groups.

2. The hole transport material according to claim 1, wherein The hole transport material is shown in formula (II):

3. The hole transport material according to claim 1 or 2, wherein R1 is independently selected from any one of hydrogen, a halogen group, a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted phenyl group, and a substituted or unsubstituted carbazolyl group.

4. The hole transport material according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein The R2 is selected from one or more of hydrogen, halogen group, unsubstituted alkyl group with 2 to 8 carbon atoms, alkoxy group, carboxyl group, hydroxyl group, sulfo group, phosphonic acid group, and amino-substituted alkyl group with 2 to 8 carbon atoms.

5. The hole transport material according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein L is selected from any one of a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic subunit having 6 to 15 ring atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaromatic subunit having 5 to 15 ring atoms, and a substituted or unsubstituted alkane subunit having 2 to 4 carbon atoms.

6. The hole transport material according to any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein n is any integer selected from 0 to 2.

7. The hole transport material according to any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein The oxygen-containing acid group is selected from any one of a phosphonic acid group, a phosphinic acid group, a sulfonic acid group, a carboxyl group, a sulfinic acid group, a boric acid group or a silicic acid group.

8. The hole transport material according to claim 7, wherein The oxygen-containing acid group is selected from any one of a phosphonic acid group, a phosphinic acid group or a carboxyl group.

9. The hole transport material according to claims 1 to 8, wherein The hole transport material includes one or more of the following hole transport materials: One or more of the .

10. A solar cell, wherein: The solar cell comprises the hole transport material according to any one of claims 1 to 9.

11. The solar cell according to claim 10, wherein The solar cell includes a stacked perovskite layer and a hole transport layer; at least one of the perovskite layer and the hole transport layer includes the hole transport material.

12. An electrical device, wherein: Comprising the solar cell according to claim 10 or 11.

13. A power generation device, wherein: Comprising the solar cell according to claim 10 or 11.

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