Collagen peptide composition and use thereof in ameliorating neurological conditions and fibrosis

Abstract

The present invention pertains to a cyclic(glycine-proline)-enriched peptide composition and the use thereof particularly for ameliorating neurological conditions or fibrosis. The present invention furthermore pertains to a method for obtaining a peptide composition enriched in cyclic(glycine-proline), the method comprising providing a collagen hydrolysate enriched in gly-pro-x tripeptides, and heat-treating the collagen hydrolysate to allow cyclization of at least part of the gly-pro-x tripeptides to cyclic(glycine-proline).

Description

[0001]P36332PC00 / MCRTitle: Collagen peptide composition and use thereof in ameliorating neurological conditionsand improving brain-related functions TECHNICAL FIELDThe invention pertains to a collagen peptide composition enriched in cyclic(glycine-proline)and a method for obtaining the collagen peptide composition. The peptide composition can beused as active ingredient in food supplements. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Oxidative stress is increasingly considered a major mechanism that underlies the aetiology ofa variety of conditions including brain-related conditions (e.g. neurological conditions, reducedcognitive ability) or pathological wound healing such as fibrosis (Shroff et al. Curr Pathobiol Rep.2014; 2(4): 257–267; Antar et al. Int J Mol Sci.2023 Feb 16;24(4):4004). Cyclic(glycine-proline) (i.e. “cGP”) is an endogenous diketopiperazine and cyclic dipeptide compound that may be derived from cyclization of glycine-proline-glutamate (naturally cleaved from the IGF-1 N-terminal). It is considered that cGP may exhibit anti-inflammatoryeffects and immune-modulatory effects, and may be capable of reducing oxidative stress andtherefore suitable for ameliorating brain-related conditions or pathological wound healing. As a drawback, the synthesis of cyclic peptides such as cGP can be complex and expensive. Conventional methods to produce cGP includes their synthesis from amino acids followed by cyclization. These conventional methods are typically complicated because of the need to remove the organic solvent and resin used for solid-phase synthesis. The cost of production may be a limiting factor in the development and accessibility of cGP for therapeutic use.The beneficial effects of cGP, when used alone, appear insufficient (compared to e.g.pharmacological interventions) to lead to its widespread use. Thus, there is a need for a safeand more effective active ingredients or compositions. The object for the present invention is to provide a novel active ingredient or composition which can overcome one or more of aforementioned limitations, and which is preferablyobtainable by natural materials and / or which can be provided as a functional food or foodsupplement. It is a particular objection of the present invention to provide a safe and effectiveactive ingredient or composition suitable for ameliorating brain-related conditions (e.g.neurological conditions, reduced cognitive ability) or pathological wound healing such as fibrosis. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTIONThe present inventors discovered a peptide composition obtainable from collagen and whichexerts strong anti-oxidative, anti-(neuro)inflammatory and anti-fibrotic properties. The peptidecomposition is found to be effective, among others, as active ingredient for amelioratingneurological diseases, in improving / preventing decline in normal cognitive functions such asability in learning and memory, and / or preventing and / or treating fibrosis.The peptide composition of the invention is characterized by its particularly high concentrationof cyclic(glycine-proline) (i.e. cGP) and further content of (cyclic) di- and tripeptides, inparticular the presence of glycine-proline hydroxyproline and glycine-proline-alanine tripeptide(in their relative amounts).The present inventors found that heating of an intermediate collagen hydrolysate rich inglycine-proline-x tripeptide sequences achieves a peptide composition enriched in ~20 timesmore cGP (e.g. 1.0x104 – 1.0x105 ppm) and further comprising desirable amounts of (cyclic)di- and tripeptides.Present inventors furthermore found that cyclisation by heating led to changes in relatively lower molecular weight fractions, which in particular resulted in a peptide composition with a characteristic peak in the 250-450 Da molecular weight range which was not apparent before cyclisation. It is considered that cGP (Mw=154 Da) contributes to this characteristic peak because cGP, due to its shape, shows a typical peak in a size exclusion chromatogram at 250-450 Da. Thus, the molecular weight distributions before and after cyclisation are also characteristic for the products disclosed herein. The present inventors identified at least two enzymatic hydrolysis protocols to obtain an intermediate collagen hydrolysate product which upon heating leads to a characteristic cGP- enriched peptide composition with the desirable biological effects as disclosed herein. A first method involves enzymatic hydrolysis of gelatin with a microbial collagenase having cleavage activity at Xaa-|-Gly bonds in collagen. A second method involves sequential enzymatichydrolysis of gelatin in a first step with a bacterial endopeptidase comprising of a metallo- andserine protease, which is then continued in a second step with the addition of papain (acysteine endopeptidase). The cGP and the further peptides in the peptide composition were surprisingly found to havesynergistic anti-oxidative, anti-(neuro)inflammatory properties and anti-fibrotic properties. Inparticular, synergistic anti-oxidative and anti-(neuro)inflammatory and anti-fibrotic effects werediscovered for the combination of cGP, glycine-proline-hydroxyproline and glycine-proline-alanine tripeptides. Without being bound by theory, the present inventors consider that furthercollagen dipeptides may also contribute to the anti-oxidative properties. In addition or alternatively, the combination of the various peptides may together provide highest health benefits. In a first aspect, the present invention pertains to a peptide composition, optionally obtainable by the method disclosed herein, the composition preferably comprising1.0x104 ppm or more cyclic(glycine-proline), preferably 1.0x104 ppm - 1.0x105 ppmcyclic(glycine-proline), glycine-proline-hydroxyproline tripeptide, and / or glycine-proline-alanine tripeptide,wherein the ppm is calculated on the total weight of peptides in the peptide composition.In a second aspect, the present invention pertains to a method for obtaining a peptidecomposition comprising cyclic(glycine-proline), the method preferably comprisinga) providing a collagen hydrolysate comprising 1.0x104 ppm or more gly-pro-x tripeptidescalculated on total weight of peptides in the collagen hydrolysate and having a weight-average molecular weight of at least 500 Da and at most 3000 Da; andb) heat-treating the collagen hydrolysate at a temperature of at least 65 °C to obtain a peptidecomposition enriched in cyclic(glycine-proline). In a third aspect, the present invention pertains to the peptide composition optionally obtainable by the method disclosed herein, for use as a medicament. In a fourth aspect, the present invention pertains to the peptide composition optionallyobtainable by the method disclosed herein, for use in preventing and / or treating a conditionselected from the group consisting of oxidative stress, inflammation, a neurological conditionand fibrosis.In a fifth aspect, the present invention pertains to the non-therapeutic use of the peptidecomposition disclosed herein, preferably in non-therapeutic improvement of cognitivefunction. In a further aspect, the present invention pertains to a topical formulation comprising the peptide composition disclosed herein. In a further aspect, the present invention pertains to a cosmetic composition comprising thepeptide composition disclosed herein, e.g. suitable for non-therapeutic improvement of skinappearance in a fibrotic condition. In a further aspect, the present invention pertains to a substrate coated with the peptide composition defined herein, wherein the substrate is preferably a medical implant. In a further aspect, the present invention pertains to a peptide composition, obtainable by the method disclosed herein. DETAILLED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION Various embodiments of the invention are exemplified by a peptide composition optionallyobtainable by the method as disclosed herein. When referring to a peptide composition, the ppm in the present disclosure is calculated on total weight of peptides in the peptide composition, unless indicated otherwise. When referring to a specific collagen hydrolysate, the ppm in the present disclosure is calculated on total weight of peptides in the collagen hydrolysate, unless indicated otherwise.In an embodiment, the peptide composition of the present invention comprises:- cyclic(glycine-proline) (e.g.1.0x104 ppm or more);- preferably glycine-proline-hydroxyproline tripeptide (e.g. 1 ppm or more); and / or- preferably glycine-proline-alanine tripeptide (e.g.10 ppm or more).In a preferred embodiment, the composition comprises cyclic(glycine-proline) in an amount of1.0x104 ppm or more calculated on total weight of peptides in the peptide composition,and further comprising glycine-proline-alanine and / or glycine-proline-hydroxyproline tripeptides, wherein the weight-average molecular weight of the peptide composition is 1000-2000 Da, preferably 1100-2000.In an embodiment, the peptide composition preferably comprises 1.0x104 – 2.0x105 ppm,such as 1.0x104 – 1.0x105 ppm, cyclic(glycine-proline).In an embodiment, the peptide composition of the present invention comprises at least1.0x104 ppm cyclic(glycine-proline). Preferably, the peptide composition comprises 1.0x104 –1.0x105ppm cyclic(glycine-proline). It is preferred in the context of the present invention to determine the concentration of a peptide in a composition by UPLC-MS analysis (ultra-performance liquid chromatography- mass spectrometry). The term “cyclic(glycine-proline)” (i.e. cGP) in the context of the current invention means acyclic dipeptide comprising the amino acids glycine and proline, typically formed by thecondensation of a glycine- and (hydroxy)proline-containing linear dipeptide (e.g. Gly-Pro, Pro-Gly, Gly-Hyp or Hyp-Gly) or a linear tripeptide (e.g. Gly-Pro-Z, Pro-Gly-Z, Gly-Hyp-Z or Hyp-Gly-Z, wherein Z can be any amino acid. In cGP, the amino acids are linked together in acircular or closed-loop arrangement, typically through a peptide bond between the carboxylgroup of glycine and the amino group of proline. In the context of the current invention, “cyclicglycine-proline” means the same and can be used interchangeably with “Cyclo(Gly-Pro)”,“Cyclo(prolylglycyl)”, “cyclic proline-glycine”, “Cyclo (Pro-Gly)” and”Cyclo(glycylprolyl)”.In an embodiment, the peptide composition of the present invention comprises glycine-proline-hydroxyproline tripeptide.In embodiments, the peptide composition of the present invention comprises at least 0.1 ppmglycine-proline-hydroxyproline tripeptide, or at least 1 ppm glycine-proline-hydroxyproline tripeptide, or at least 5 ppm glycine-proline-hydroxyproline, or at least 10 ppm glycine-proline-hydroxyproline. In addition or alternatively, in embodiments the peptide composition of thepresent invention comprises no more than 10000 ppm glycine-proline-hydroxyproline, or no more than 7500 ppm glycine-proline-hydroxyproline, or no more than 5000 ppm glycine-proline-hydroxyproline. In a preferred embodiment, the peptide composition of the presentinvention comprises 1 – 1000 ppm glycine-proline-hydroxyproline tripeptide, preferably 5-500ppm glycine-proline-hydroxyproline tripeptide, more preferably 10 – 100 ppm glycine-proline-hydroxyproline tripeptide. For example, the peptide composition of the present invention maypreferably comprise 1-500 ppm, 2-250 ppm, 5-200 ppm or 10-100 ppm glycine-proline-hydroxyproline tripeptide. In a preferred embodiment, the peptide composition of the presentinvention comprises 1 – 10000 ppm glycine-proline-hydroxyproline tripeptide, preferably 5-7500 ppm glycine-proline-hydroxyproline tripeptide, more preferably 10 – 5000 ppm glycine-proline-hydroxyproline tripeptide.In an embodiment, the peptide composition of the present invention comprises at least1.0x103ppm glycine-proline-hydroxyproline tripeptide. Preferably, the peptide compositioncomprises 1.0x103 – 1.0x104 ppm glycine-proline-hydroxyproline tripeptide.In an embodiment, the peptide composition of the present invention comprises glycine-proline-alanine tripeptide.In an embodiment, the peptide composition of the present invention comprises at least1.0x101 ppm glycine-proline-alanine tripeptide. Preferably, the peptide composition comprises1.0x101 – 1.0x103 ppm glycine-proline-alanine tripeptide.1.0x101as used herein means the same as 1.0x10 (i.e.10).1.0x102as used herein means the same as 1.0x100 (i.e.100).1.0x103as used herein means the same as 1.0x1000 (i.e. 1000).1.0x104as used herein means the same as 1.0x10000 (i.e.10000).1.0x105as used herein means the same as 1.0x100000 (i.e.100000).1.0x106as used herein means the same as 1.0x1000000 (i.e.1000000).In an embodiment, the peptide composition has a weight-average molecular weight of 800 –2500 Da (Dalton). In an embodiment, the peptide composition has a weight-averagemolecular weight of 1000 – 2000 Da. In an embodiment, the peptide composition has aweight-average molecular weight of 1100 – 2000 Da. In an embodiment, the peptidecomposition has a weight-average molecular weight of 1200-1800 Da, preferably 1500-1700 Da. The peptide composition preferably has a weight-average molecular weight (Mw) in the rangeof 500 Da – 5000 Da, preferably 750 Da – 3000 Da, more preferably 1000 – 2500 Da, evenmore preferably 1200 – 2000 Da. In addition or alternatively, the peptide composition may have a weight-average molecular weight of at least 500 Da, 600 Da, 700 Da, 800 Da, 900 Da, 1000 Da, 1100 Da, 1200 Da, 1300 Da, 1400 Da, 1500 Da, 1750 Da, 2000 Da, 2250 Da, 2500 Da, 2750 Da or 3000 Da. In addition or alternatively, the peptide composition may have aweight average molecular weight of at most 3500 Da, 3000 Da, or 2500 Da, or 2250 Da, or2000 Da, or 1750 Da, or 1700 Da, or 1650 Da or 1600 Da. In an embodiment, the peptidecomposition preferably has a weight-average molecular weight in the range of 1100 Da –1500 Da, preferably 1200 Da – 1400 Da. In an embodiment, the peptide compositionpreferably has a weight-average molecular weight in the range of 1000 Da – 2000 Da,preferably 1200 Da – 1800 Da, preferably 1300 – 1700 Da.A preferred way of measuring the (average) molecular weight and / or molecular weight distribution (from which the molecular weight distribution can also be derived), of the collagen hydrolysate is by high performance size exclusion chromatography (HPSEC). The following protocol is a preferred HPSEC protocol: The Agilent HPLC, 1260 Infinity series (G1316A, G1329B, G1311C, G1315D) with a TSKgel SWXL precolumn und a G2000SWXL column (Tosoh Bioscience) is used. Analysis is performed with the WinGPC software (PSS). The eluent is 100 mM phosphate buffer pH 5.3. Samples are eluted from the column (e.g.0.5 mL / min, isocractic) and monitored with UV detection (e.g.214 nm, analysis time: 40 min per injection + 180 min equilibration). Calibration is performed with the Narrow Calibration Standard (Low FILK). Without being bound by theory, the present inventors consider that the relative amounts of cyclic peptides (especially cGP) and other peptides in the peptide composition (especially gly- pro-x, gly-pro-hyp, gly-pro-ala) contribute to its biological activity, although further collagen dipeptides may also contribute thereto.In embodiment, the peptide composition comprises 1.0x102 – 1.0x105 ppm total gly-pro-x totaltripeptides and / or total tripeptides. In an embodiment, the peptide composition comprises5.0x102 – 1.0x104 ppm gly-pro-x tripeptides and / or total tripeptides. In an embodiment, thepeptide composition comprises 1.0x103 – 8.0x103 ppm gly-pro-x tripeptides and / or totaltripeptides. In embodiment, the peptide composition comprises 3.0x103 – 6.0x103 ppm gly-pro-x tripeptides and / or total tripeptides. In an embodiment, the peptide compositioncomprises 2.0x103 – 5.0x103 ppm gly-pro-x tripeptides and / or total tripeptides.In embodiments of the invention, the peptide composition comprises 1.0x103 - 2.0x105 ppm,preferably 1.0x104 – 1.0x105 ppm, more preferably 2.0x104 – 8.0x104 ppm cGP, even morepreferably 4.0x104 – 6.0x104 ppm cGP.In embodiments of the invention, the peptide composition comprises 5.0x102 – 1.0x104 ppm,preferably 2.0x103 – 8.0x103 ppm, more preferably 3.0x103 – 7.0x103 ppm, even morepreferably 4.0x103 – 6.0x103 ppm gly-pro-hyp tripeptide.In an embodiment, the peptide composition of the present invention comprises at least 0.1ppm glycine-proline-hydroxyproline tripeptide, or at least 1 ppm glycine-proline-hydroxyproline tripeptide, or at least 5 ppm glycine-proline-hydroxyproline, or at least 10 ppm glycine-proline-hydroxyproline. In addition or alternatively, in embodiments the peptide composition of thepresent invention comprises no more than 10000 ppm glycine-proline-hydroxyproline, or no more than 7500 ppm glycine-proline-hydroxyproline, or no more than 5000 ppm glycine-proline-hydroxyproline. In a preferred embodiment, the peptide composition of the presentinvention comprises 1 – 1000 ppm glycine-proline-hydroxyproline tripeptide, preferably 5-500ppm glycine-proline-hydroxyproline tripeptide, more preferably 10 – 100 ppm glycine-proline-hydroxyproline tripeptide. In a preferred embodiment, the peptide composition of the presentinvention comprises 0.1 - 8.0x103 ppm, preferably 1 - 7.0x103 ppm glycine-proline-hydroxyproline tripeptide.In embodiments of the invention, the peptide composition comprises 1.0x101 - 1.0x104 ppm,preferably 2.0x101 – 0.5x104 ppm, more preferably 5.0x101 – 1.0x103 ppm, even morepreferably 1.0x102 – 5.0x102 ppm gly-pro-ala tripeptide.In an embodiment, the peptide composition comprises 1.0x104 - 3.0x104 ppm cGP and further5 – 200 ppm gly-pro-ala and / or 0.5-50 ppm gly-pro-hyp.In embodiments of the invention, the peptide composition comprises 0.1 – 50 ppm, preferably0.5-20 ppm, more preferably 1-10 ppm pro-gly-pro tripeptide. In embodiments of theinvention, the peptide composition comprises 0.1 – 50 ppm, preferably 0.5-20 ppm, morepreferably 1-10 ppm pro-hyp-gly tripeptide.In various embodiments, the peptide composition comprises hydroxylysine in an amount of 100-2500 ppm, preferably 200-2000 ppm. The amount of hydroxylysine in the peptidecomposition may be preferably 300-1500 ppm, more preferably 400-1000 ppm. In variousembodiments, the peptide composition comprises hydroxyproline in an amount of 1000- 50000 ppm, preferably 2000-25000 ppm. The amount of hydroxyproline in the peptide composition may be preferably 5000-30000 ppm, more preferably 10000-20000 ppm, even more preferably 14000-18000 ppm.Preferably, the peptide composition is characterized by a cGP:Gly-Pro-Hyp weight ratio of 1:1– 1000:1, preferably 10:1 – 100:1, calculated on total weight of peptides in the peptidecomposition. Preferably, the peptide composition is characterized by a cGP:Gly-Pro-Alaweight ratio of 10:1 – 10000:1, preferably 100:1 – 1000:1. Preferably the peptide compositionis characterized by a cGP:(Gly-Pro-Hyp+gly-pro-ala) weight ratio of 1:1 – 1000:1, preferably10:1 – 100. Preferably, the peptide composition is characterized by a cGP:Gly-Pro-x weightratio of 1:1 – 1000:1, preferably 10:1 – 100:1. Preferably, the peptide composition ischaracterized by a Gly-Pro-Hyp:Gly-Pro-Ala weight ratio of 1:1 – 1000:1, preferably 10:1 –100:1. Preferably, the peptide composition is characterized by a cGP:total linear dipeptidesweight ratio of 1:1 – 10000:1, preferably 1:10 – 1:1000. Preferably, the peptide composition ischaracterized by a total linear dipeptides:total linear dipeptides weight ratio of 10:1 – 1:10,preferably 5:1 – 1:5, more preferably 2:1 – 1:2.In embodiments of the invention, the peptide composition comprises 0.1 – 100 ppm,preferably 0.5-50 ppm, more preferably 1-20 ppm, even more preferably 2-15 ppm pro-hypdipeptide. In embodiments of the invention, the peptide composition comprises 0.1 – 200ppm, preferably 0.5-100 ppm, more preferably 1-50 ppm, even more preferably 5-30 ppmhyp-gly dipeptide. In embodiments of the invention, the peptide composition comprises1.0x10-1 (i.e.0.1)– 1.0x104 ppm, preferably 1.0x101 (i.e.10)– 0.5x104 ppm pro-gly dipeptide.The amount of pro-gly dipeptide is more preferably 10 – 1.0x103 ppm or 2.0x102 – 8.0x102ppm. In embodiments, the amount of pro-gly dipeptide is 5- 500 ppm, preferably 10-250 ppm,more preferably 25-100 ppm. In embodiments of the invention, the peptide compositioncomprises 1.0x101 – 5.0x104 ppm, preferably 1.0x102 – 1.0x104 ppm gly-pro dipeptide. Theamount of gly-pro dipeptide is more preferably 5.0x102 – 8.0x103 ppm or 1.0x103 – 4.0x103ppm. In embodiments of the invention, the peptide composition comprises 0.1 – 100 ppm,preferably 0.5-50 ppm ala-pro dipeptide. The amount of ala-pro dipeptide is more preferably1-20 ppm or 2-40 ppm.In embodiments of the invention, the peptide composition comprises an amount of collagendipeptides of less than 5.0x104ppm, preferably less than 1.0x104ppm. The amount ofcollagen dipeptides can be less than 5.0x103 ppm or less than 3.0x103 ppm. The amount ofcollagen dipeptides can for example be 1.0x102 – 2.0x104 ppm. More preferably, the amountof collagen dipeptides is 0.5x103 – 2.0x104 or 1.0x103 – 1.0x104 ppm or 2.0x103 – 5.0x103ppm. The skilled person knows how to convert “ppm” values to “mg / kg”, “mg / g” or “wt.%” valueswith respect to the concentration of peptides in a peptide composition. For solids, 1 ppmequals 1 mg of substance per kg of solid (mg / kg). A value of 1000 ppm of peptide X in apeptide composition therefore equals 1000 mg / kg or 1 mg / g or 0.1 wt.%, calculated on total weight of peptides in the peptide composition.In embodiments of the invention, the peptide composition comprises 0-5%, preferably 0.1-2%,more preferably 0.2-1% by weight of peptides with a molecular weight of at most 250 Da.In embodiments of the invention, the peptide composition comprises 1-25%, preferably 5-15%, more preferably 7-13% by weight of peptides with a molecular weight of 250-450 Da.In embodiments of the invention, the peptide composition comprises 1-25%, preferably 5-15%, more preferably 7-13% by weight of peptides with a molecular weight of at most 450Da.In embodiments of the invention, the peptide composition comprises 10-40%, preferably 15-35%, more preferably 20-30% by weight of peptides with a molecular weight of 450-1000 Da.In embodiments of the invention, the peptide composition comprises 2-30%, preferably 5-20%, more preferably 7-15% by weight of peptides with a molecular weight of 0-500 Da or atmost 500 Da.In embodiments of the invention, the peptide composition comprises 10-40%, preferably 15-35%, more preferably 20-30% by weight of peptides with a molecular weight of 500-1000 Da.In embodiments of the invention, the peptide composition comprises 20-70%, preferably 35-50% by weight of peptides with a molecular weight of 1000-2000 Da.In embodiments of the invention, the peptide composition comprises 10-40%, preferably 15-30% by weight of peptides with a molecular weight of 2000-5000 Da.In embodiments of the invention, the peptide composition comprises 0.1-10%, preferably 0.5-5% by weight of peptides with a molecular weight of 5000-10000 Da. In an embodiment, thepeptide composition comprises at most 5%, preferably 0.01-3%, by weight of peptides with amolecular weight of 5000-10000 Da.In embodiments of the invention, the peptide composition comprises at most 2%, preferably0.01-2%, more preferably 0.1-1% by weight of peptides with a molecular weight more than 10000 Da, calculated on total weight of total peptides in the peptide composition. In a preferred embodiment, the peptide composition comprises 10-60%, more preferably 20- 40% by weight of peptides with a molecular weight below 1000 Da. In a preferred embodiment, the peptide composition comprises 15-50% by weight of peptides with a molecular weight of at most 1000 Da. In a preferred embodiment, the peptidecomposition comprises 35-65% by weight of peptides with a molecular weight of 1000-2000Da. In a preferred embodiment, the peptide composition comprises 5-30% by weight ofpeptides with a molecular weight of 2000-5000 Da. In a preferred embodiment, the peptidecomposition comprises at most 5%, preferably 0.01-3%, by weight of peptides with amolecular weight of 5000-10000 Da.In a preferred embodiment, the peptide compositioncomprises at most 2%, preferably 0.01-1%, by weight of peptides with a molecular weightmore than 10000 Da, calculated on total weight of peptides in the peptide composition. The peptide composition according to the invention preferably has a polydispersity of 1.3-1.9, more preferably 1.4-1.8, even more preferably 1.5-1.7The peptide composition obtainable by the method may be subjected to processes such asfiltration, centrifugation, concentration, ultrafiltration, lyophilization, and / or powdering, ifdesired. The peptide composition is preferably provided as a dried powder.The peptide composition of the invention is preferably a collagen peptide composition. In addition or alternatively, in an embodiment the peptide composition of the invention is entirely obtained from collagen, more preferably a collagen hydrolysate. Use of the Oxidative stress may occur when there is an imbalance between the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the body's ability to neutralize them with antioxidants. ROS are highly reactive molecules that can damage cellular components such as proteins, lipids, and DNA. It is generally believe that this damage can trigger inflammation, neuro-inflammatoryresponses and / or responses activating fibrogenic pathways. Chronic inflammation is alsoconsidered a key driver of fibrosis by promoting the activation of fibroblasts.The in vitro 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay measures the ability of a substanceor composition to neutralize free radicals, specifically the DPPH radical, and assesses itsantioxidant activity. The DPPH assay is used in the field of biochemistry, pharmacology, andfood science to screen and evaluate the antioxidant potential of various substances compositions. The presents inventors demonstrated with the DPPH assay that cGP and further peptides in the peptide composition of the invention have surprising synergistic anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory properties, encompassing also anti-neuroinflammatory properties. In particular,synergistic and anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects were observed for thecombination of cGP with glycine-proline- hydroxyproline and glycine-proline-alaninetripeptide. Without being bound by theory, the present inventors consider that further collagendipeptides may also contribute to the anti-oxidative properties. In addition or alternatively, thecombination of the various peptides may together provide highest health benefits.Various embodiments of the invention are exemplified by a peptide composition disclosedherein, for use as a medicament.In an embodiment, the peptide composition as disclosed herein is an active ingredient.In preferred embodiments, the invention pertains to a use of the peptide composition disclosed herein for reducing oxidative stress. In preferred embodiments, the invention pertains to a peptide composition disclosed herein, for use preventing and / or treating oxidative stress. The peptide composition in addition or alternatively is useful in preventingand / or treating resulting conditions or symptoms associated with oxidative stress, such as,but not limited to inflammatory conditions (e.g. rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease), fibrosis, infection, autoimmune disease (e.g. rheumatoid arthritis, thyroid disease), neurological conditions, cancer, kidney diseases (e.g. chronic kidney disease, nephropathy), atherosclerosis, or eye diseases (e.g. age-related macular degeneration, cataract). The term “preventing and / or treating” in the context of the current invention can also be encompassed by the term "ameliorating”, which means encompasses both the “preventing” and the “treating” of a condition. As used herein, “ameliorating” also encompasses “curing”. The term "oxidative stress" in the context of the present invention means a condition characterized by an excess of oxidants and / or a decrease in antioxidant levels. Cellular oxidants may include, but are not limited to, one or more of: radicals of oxygen (superoxide anion, hydroxyl radical, and / or peroxy radicals); reactive non-radical oxygen species such as, for example, hydrogen peroxide and singlet oxygen; carbon radicals; nitrogen radicals; and sulfur radicals. The condition of oxidative stress may result in, for example, cellular damage, impaired performance of cells and / or cell death. In preferred embodiments, the invention pertains to a use of the peptide composition disclosed herein for prevention and / or treating inflammation and / or diseases that arecharacterized by an inflammatory component, including, but are not limited to inflammation(e.g. neuroinflammation), fibrosis, diseases characterized by an acute inflammation causedby a bacterial or viral infection e.g. meningitis, sepsis, malaria or chronic inflammation such as rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, psoriasis, chronic bronchitis, chronic obstructivepulmonary disease, inflammatory bowel disease (ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease) andmultiple sclerosis. In preferred embodiments, the invention pertains to a use of the peptide composition disclosed herein for reducing inflammation. Antioxidants can play a role in mitigating inflammation by neutralizing reactive oxygen species(ROS) and free radicals, which are often associated with inflammatory processes. It isconsidered by present inventors that the peptide composition of the invention is particularly suitable for reducing inflammation and treatment of inflammatory conditions. In particular, oxidative stress is implicated in various neurological conditions, in particular neuro-inflammatory conditions and / or neurodegenerative diseases. Accumulating evidencesuggests that mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress play especially major roles inaging and age-dependent neurological disorders. Without being bound by theory, thecompounds with anti-oxidative and / or anti-inflammatory effects are considered useful to treatthese conditions including by targeting the underlying cause. In various embodiments, the present invention pertains to the peptide composition (obtainable by the method) disclosed herein for the manufacture of a medicament, preferably amedicament for preventing and / or treating a condition disclosed herein. In a preferredembodiment, the present invention pertains to the peptide composition for the manufacture ofa medicament for preventing and / or treating a condition selected from the group consisting ofoxidative stress, inflammation, a neurological condition and fibrosis.In various embodiments, the present invention pertains to a method of preventing and / or treating a subject, comprising administering the peptide composition (obtainable by the method) disclosed herein to said subject. The method preferably relates to a method for the prevention and / or treatment of an individual suffering from a condition disclosed herein, suchas a subject suffering a condition selected from the group consisting of oxidative stress,inflammation, a neurological condition and fibrosis. The method preferably relates toadministering an amount of the peptide composition effective in preventing and / or treatingsaid condition. Use in ameliorating fibrosis Wound healing is a dynamic and multi-stage process necessary to reconstruct andregenerate the tissue after damage. The wound healing process can be classified into thefour distinct phases: (1) hemostasis, involving vasoconstriction, primary hemostasis, and secondary hemostasis, and that stops the bleeding; (2) inflammatory phase, in which damaged and dead cells, along with pathogens or debris, are cleared out; (3) proliferative phase, in which new tissue formation and angiogenesis occurs; (4) remodelling phase, wherein appropriate tensile strength is achieved through reorganization, degradation, and resynthesis of the extracellular matrix (in particular collagens). An abnormal or exuberant response in one or more of the wound healing phases can lead to an undesirable amount of pathological fibrous tissue formation, referred to as fibrosis or scar tissue formation. The activation of fibroblastic or highly contractile myofibroblasts is thought to be a major contributor to the accumulation of excessive and stiff scar tissue as seen in pathological fibrotic conditions. Although mild fibrosis to a certain extent can be part of the normal tissue replacement process, excessive fibrosis can lead to physical, along withsignificant psychological, emotional, and social problems. Several examples of the negativeimpact of excessive fibrosis are illustrated herein. First, fibrosis can manifest as an organ-specific condition. Organ-specific fibrosis can have different underlying reasons, but is often associated with inflammation and / or occurring as a symptom of underlying disease. Unchecked fibrosis can result in destruction of the architecture of the underlying organ and impairment of organ function. Organ-specific fibrotic disorders include, for example pulmonary fibrosis, pulmonary hypertension, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, liver fibrosis, kidney fibrosis, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), musculoskeletal fibrosis, atrial fibrosis, Dupuytren’s contracture, cellulite, endometriosis, keloid formation in the connective tissue and the like. Second, fibrosis can occur after tissue manipulation resulting from surgery, i.e. in the form of post-operative fibrosis. For example, post-operative fibrosis is a typical problem seen following abdominal, neurological, spinal, vascular, thoracic or other types of surgery using both classical open and arthroscopic / laparoscopic procedures. Post-operative fibrosis can negatively influence the result of surgery and healing. For example, glaucoma surgery is a challenging procedure and not performed widespread clinically because of the severe complications that can arise from excessive fibrosis. Postoperative adhesions (PA) are examples of fibrotic tissues that are the most common driver of long-term morbidity after for instance abdominal, thoracic and pelvic surgery. Third, fibrosis can occur around a medical implant and / or device, e.g. due to trauma, abnormal inflammation / infection, a foreign body response and / or implant / device (micro)movement. In that case, the fibrosis can also be referred to as implant-related fibrosis. For instance, breast implants and methods for breast reconstruction and augmentation are well known and have been used for a period of over twenty years. However, the formation of excess fibrosis remains an important issue associated with breast implants. The excessive fibrosis may lead to pathological tightening around the implant, also known as capsular contracture. Capsular contraction can lead to an implant that is misshapen, painful, hard and can attain an unnatural appearance and feel. Unwanted fibrosis around implants is also typically seen for implantable sensors, drug delivery devices, pacemakers, cardiovascular stents, and orthopedic implants, to name a few. The encapsulation of such implants by a fibrotic membrane can “shield off” the implant from the body, thus preventing adequate tissue integration and ultimately necessitating implant removal. Fourth, skin-related fibrosis can occur as a result of acute injury or irritation to the skin, and which mostly can be classified as being either hypertrophic scars or keloids. The differencebetween hypertrophic scars and keloids lies in that hypertrophic scars typically develop withinthe original wound boundaries and are prone to regress over time, while keloids typically grow without limitation and rarely regressing. Hypertrophic scars or keloids frequently are the result of cuts, burns, acne scars, chickenpox scars, piercings, scratches, surgical cuts, tattoos, tattoo removal, insect bites, and vaccination sites, to name a few. The mechanisms of formation of hypertrophic scar and keloids are not yet completely understood, however it is believed that inflammation is involved in modulating collagen synthesis, since the degree of inflammation tend to positively correlate to final scar size. Finally, fibrosis is a common symptom resulting from medical conditions such as fatty liver disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, or systemic sclerosis. There are several anti-fibrotic drugs known that can play a role in reducing excessive fibrosis. These include for lung fibrosis-approved drug Pirfenidone or pan-αv integrin inhibitors for lung fibrosis. A limitation of these drugs is that they require approval from federal agencies and medical prescription, and are associated with several adverse effects. For example, Pirfenidone reduces fibrosis by downregulating the production of growth factors and procollagens I and II. However, Pirfenidone is also associated with gastrointestinal, skin, and hepatic side effects. Other, non-pharmaceutical, anti-fibrotic products including both traditional plant-based materials and protein, however, there currently is no strong evidence to support their efficacy. Overall, the currently-known anti-fibrotic products appear insufficiently effective particular with regard to limiting tissue contraction and activation and / or transdifferentiation in skin cells and / or stromal cells such as myofibroblasts. There remains an unmet need for active ingredients that ameliorate fibrosis, in particular more effectively and / or safely. Foremost, there is a need for active ingredients that can prevent fibrosis, e.g. by reducing cellular contraction, activation and / or transdifferentiation in skin cells and / or stromal cells such as myofibroblasts, by ameliorating oxidative stress and / or by ameliorating inflammation, in particular as implant coatings with myofibroblast-suppressing and contraction-supressing features. Present inventors found that the peptide composition disclosed herein may be particularly effective in ameliorating fibrosis. Without being bound by theory, the mechanism of action is considered to involve the prevention of the contraction, activation, transdifferentiation and / or collagen (type I) overproduction in skin cells and / or stromal cells (e.g. fibroblasts and myofibroblasts). The present findings by the inventors are surprising, because cGP has been suggested in the art (JP2019206481A) as a promoter of production of type I and type V collagen and therefore suggested as a suitable skin anti-aging agent. Considering that fibrosis is characterized by excess collagen synthesis (mostly collagen type I), this points to the direction that cGP would worsen fibrosis. However, the current inventors unexpectedly found that cGP, in conjunction with other peptides, may allow for collagen synthesis but at the same time inhibit excessive collagen synthesis as a hallmark of fibrosis. Without being bound by theory, providing for a balanced collagen synthesis may be in part a mechanism by which cGP in conjunction with other peptides effectively prevent and / or treat fibrosis. Embodiments of the invention include a peptide composition disclosed herein, for use in preventing and / or treating fibrosis. The peptide composition may ameliorate excessive fibrosis in one of the aforementioned examples, thus providing an alternative to anti-fibrotic drugs described herein.The term "fibrosis" in the context of the current invention means a condition in which there isabnormal production, accumulation, and / or deposition of extracellular matrix (proteins) such as by skin cells and / or stromal cells, in particular fibroblasts and / or myofibroblasts. For example, an “abnormal production” means that the production of extracellular matrix (proteins) exceeds the degradation rate. The term “fibrosis” encompasses an abnormal contraction of extracellular matrix (proteins). For example, an “abnormal contraction” means that the contraction is too high, so that the tissue is overly stiff and such that it is associated with negative functional and / or cosmetic effects. Typically, contraction occurs during the proliferative phase, during which a cell-rich granulation tissue is formed. The skilled person is aware that contraction is an important part of wound healing, as it enables wound closure. However, wound contraction in has both positive and negative effects. It is beneficial to wound healing by narrowing the wound margins, which leads to wound closure; however, excessive contraction causes formation of undesirable contracture and scarring, leading to cosmetic and functional problems (Li et al. J Tissue Viability.2011 Nov; 20(4): 108–120). There are different methods that are capable of measuring presence of fibrosis (and theinhibition thereof) in the context of the current invention, which encompass in vitro and in vivomethods. Suitable in vitro models include the hydrogel contraction assay and / or themyofibroblast transformation assay as disclosed herein in the Examples. A suitable in vivo model is the subcutaneous or intraperitoneal implantation model as disclosed by Farah et al. (Nat Mater.2019 August; 18(8): 892–904), for instance to study efficacy of peptide-loadedand / or - coated implants.Suitable models to study fibrosis include models that have been developed to asses theamount of foreign body response (FBR) in vitro or in vivo. For example, Sharifi et al. (AdvHealthc Mater. 2019 Feb;8(4):e1801425) have developed an in vitro FBR-on-a-chip model asa physiologically relevant in vitro setting which reproduces the innate immune cell interactionswith implants. The FBR-on-a-chip model is a suitable model to study fibrosis in the context of the current invention. The prevention and / or the treatment of the fibrosis can in the context of the current invention be of therapeutic or non-therapeutic, depending on the severity of fibrosis and / or the context. The professional medical practitioner is able to determine on a case-by-case basis whether the fibrosis is pathological or in a pathological subject, or non-pathological or in a healthy subject. Therapeutic use can for example mean a use in severe fibrosis and / or pathological situation and / or where there are symptoms of pain and suffering which may lead to (serious) health and psychological risks. Non-therapeutic use can for example mean a use fibrosis having a nature or severity such that there are no symptoms of pain and suffering and / or it naturally disappears over time (i.e. it is not chronic). A non-therapeutic use in particular encompasses a cosmetic use e.g. to improve the appearance of the skin affected by fibrosis, but in a non-pathological context and / or in absence of symptoms of pain and suffering. In a preferred embodiment, the fibrosis is one or more selected from the group consisting ofmedical implant-related fibrosis, surgery-related fibrosis, adhesion formation including post-surgical adhesion formation, skin fibrosis, a hypertrophic scar, a keloid, liver fibrosis,pulmonary fibrosis, pancreatic fibrosis, kidney fibrosis, vascular fibrosis, endometriosis, atrialfibrosis and heart fibrosis.In an preferred embodiment, the fibrosis is organ-specific fibrosis. The organ-specific fibrosisis preferably one or more selected from the group consisting of pulmonary fibrosis, liver fibrosis, pancreatic fibrosis, kidney fibrosis, musculoskeletal fibrosis, atrial fibrosis, heart fibrosis, Dupuytren’s contracture, cellulite, endometriosis and keloid formation in the connective tissue. In a preferred embodiment, the fibrosis is a symptom in a condition selected from the group consisting of pulmonary hypertension, fatty liver disease, Dupuytren’s contracture, cellulite,chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), asthma andsystemic sclerosis. In an embodiment, the fibrosis as disclosed herein is not the condition of cystic fibrosis and / orthe peptide composition is not for the prevention and / or treatment of the condition of cysticfibrosis. Cystic fibrosis is a genetic condition that typically causes damage and scarring in different organs and may necessitate treatment of thick mucus formation and infection.Nevertheless, the peptide composition may prevent and / or treat the fibrosis as a symptom ofcystic fibrosis (without targeting the disease itself). Hence, in an embodiment, the fibrosis isfibrosis (as symptom) in the condition cystic fibrosis.In an embodiment, the fibrosis as disclosed herein is not the condition of myelofibrosis and / orthe peptide composition is not for the prevention and / or treatment of the conditionmyelofibrosis. Myelofibrosis is a bone marrow blood cancer, wherein healthy marrow is typically replaced by scar tissue. Prevention and / or treatment of myelofibrosis may necessitate a therapy that targets the cause of these disease and / or the underlyingmyeloproliferative condition. Nevertheless, the peptide composition may prevent and / or treatthe fibrosis as a symptom in myelofibrosis (without targeting the disease itself). Hence, in anembodiment, the fibrosis is fibrosis (as symptom) in the condition myelofibrosis.The present inventors found a dose-response effect of the peptide composition of theinvention in ameliorating fibrosis. Hence, the current invention pertains also to a most optimalamount of the peptide composition for achieving a highest effect in preventing and / or treating fibrosis. Without being bound by theory, there may be different mechanisms that alone or inconjunction lead to the beneficial anti-fibrosis effects.The present inventors found that the peptide composition is surprisingly effective inpreventing fibrosis, at least in part by preventing the contraction, activation and / or transdifferentiation in skin cells and / or stromal cells, particularly fibroblasts and / ormyofibroblasts. In particular, it was found that the peptide composition can ameliorate the(trans)differentiation of skin cells (e.g. fibroblasts) and / or stromal cells into myofibroblasts.Moreover, the present inventors also found that the peptide composition inhibits anoverproduction of collagen and / or provides for a balanced collagen synthesis (e.g. in skin cells and / or stromal cells), foremost seen for collagen type I. Excess collagen production is typically a hallmark in fibrosis. The cells responsible for collagen production in fibrosis are believed to be fibroblasts and myofibroblasts. For instance, lung fibrosis and other types of fibrosis typically favor a predominance of at least type I and / or type III collagen, but also collagen type V and other types of collagen can be overexpressed in fibrosis. There often additionally is an increase in other extracellular matrix proteins such as fibronectin, elastin, laminin, hyaluronan, chondroitin sulfate and / or heparin sulfate proteoglycans. Without being bound by theory, providing for a balanced collagen synthesis may be in part amechanism by which the peptide composition of the invention is highly effective inameliorating (in particular preventing) fibrosis, without counteracting the normal wound healing (by not completely bringing collagen synthesis to a halt). In a preferred embodiment, the preventing and / or treating fibrosis is by ameliorating, preferably decreasing, cell activation. In a preferred embodiment, the preventing and / or treating fibrosis is by ameliorating, preferably decreasing, cell transdifferentiation. In a preferred embodiment, the preventing and / or treating fibrosis is by ameliorating, preferably decreasing, overproduction of collagen.In an embodiment, the peptide composition reduces or increases the migration of a cell,preferably a skin cell and / or a stromal cell. In an embodiment, the peptide composition reduces or increases proliferation of a cell, preferably a skin cell and / or stromal cell. In anembodiment, the peptide composition reduces or increases the (trans)differentiation of a cell,preferably a skin cell and / or a stromal cell. In an embodiment, the peptide composition reduces or increases the activation of a cell, preferably a skin cell and / or a stromal cell. In anembodiment, the peptide composition reduces or increases the contraction of extracellularmatrix, a skin cell and / or a stromal cell. In an embodiment, the peptide composition reducesor increases wound contraction.In a preferred embodiment, the peptide composition ameliorates, preferably reduces, the(trans)differentiation of a skin cell (e.g. fibroblast) and / or a stromal cell into a myofibroblast. In an embodiment, a reduced contraction means a reduction in at least 5%, preferably at least 10%, more preferably at least 20%, even more preferably at least 30%, most preferably at least 50%, e.g. compared to a negative control group (not receiving the treatment). A reduction in contraction is preferably measured in the collagen hydrogel contraction assay as disclosed herein. In an embodiment, a reduced differentiation and / or transdifferentiation means a reduction in at least 5%, preferably at least 10%, more preferably at least 20%, even more preferably at least 30%, most preferably at least 50%, e.g. compared to a negative control group (not receiving the treatment). A reduction in differentiation and / or transdifferentiation is preferably measured in the myofibroblast transformation assay as disclosed herein.In an embodiment, the peptide composition reduces or inhibits the overexpression of one ormore extracellular matrix proteins, preferably one or more collagens, more preferably one or more of collagen type I, III and / or V (e.g. in a skin cell and / or stromal cell). In an embodiment,the peptide composition promotes a balanced synthesis of one or more extracellular matrixproteins, preferably one or more collagens, more preferably one or more of collagen type I, III and / or V (e.g. in a cell such as a skin cell and / or stromal cell). The term “skin cell” in the context of the current invention means any type of cell that is predominantly found in the skin (particularly epidermis) any type of cell that provides aspecialized function in the skin (particularly epidermis), and / or any type of cell that forms theskin (particularly epidermis), and encompasses keratinocytes, melanocytes, Langerhans cells, and Merkel cells. The term “stromal cell” in the context of the current invention means any multipotent or pluripotent cell capable of developing specifically into a distinct type of connective tissue cell. The stromal cell may be a fibroblast, myofibroblast, smooth muscle cell, pericyte, or mesenchymal stem / stromal cell. The term “myofibroblast” in the context of the current invention means a cell type that is in between a fibroblast and a smooth muscle cell in differentiation. The “myofibroblast” may be formed for instance by one or more of the following pathways: partial smooth muscle differentiation of a fibroblastic cell, activation of a stellate cell, loss of contractile phenotype of a smooth muscle cell, direct myofibroblastic differentiation of a progenitor cell resident in a stromal tissue, homing and recruitment of a circulating mesenchymal precursor which can directly differentiate as above or indirectly differentiate through the other cell types as intermediates and / or epithelial to mesenchymaltransdifferentiation of an epithelial cell. In a preferred embodiment, the myofibroblast is a cellthat is positive (e.g. shown by staining) for the markers intermediate filament vimentin, α- smooth muscle actin and for paladin. Coatings, immobilizationA known strategy to reduce fibrosis around medical implants is to coat (e.g. immobilise) theirsurface with anti-fibrotic molecules in an attempt to reduce excessive fibrosis. These include coatings based on anti-inflammatory drugs, anti-fibrotic drugs, anti-proliferative drugs, and / orpro-angiogenic drugs to prevent excessive cellular fibrosis encapsulation. For instance,US6110155A describes a medical catheter carrying the anti-inflammatory corticosteroid dexamethasone, as a means of preventing tissue fibrosis. However, anti-inflammatory agents are preferably avoided, in order not to negatively influence normal wound healing and to avoid common side effects of corticosteroids and other anti-inflammatory agents.Advantageously, in view of the aforementioned limitations, the peptide composition disclosedherein appears particularly suitable to prevent fibrosis around a medical implantable, e.g. to thereby prevent and / or treat medical implant-related fibrosis.In an aspect, the present invention pertains to a substrate coated with the peptidecomposition disclosed herein.In an embodiment, the peptide composition is provided as a coating on a substrate. Thesubstate is preferably a medical device such as a medical implant. The medical device ispreferably selected from the group consisting of a suture material, a drug-eluting bead, a cardiovascular implant, a stent, a catheter, a pacemaker, an electrical lead, an implantable cardiac defibrillator, a nerve stimulator, a degradable implant, an interocular lense, an implantable drug delivery device, an implantable pump, an intra-uterine device, a surgical mesh implant, a breast implant and a prosthesis. The term “medical implant” in the context of the current invention means a device or tissue that is placed inside or on the surface of the body. The medical implant can be prosthetics, intended to replace missing body parts. The medical implant can be intended to deliver medication (e.g. as a drug delivery device), monitor body functions, or provide support to organs and tissues. The term “medical implant” encompasses implants made from skin, bone or other body tissues. The “medical implant” in the context of the current invention can be placed permanently or it may be removed once no longer needed. For example, a stent or hip implant is typically intended to be permanent, but chemotherapy ports or screws to repair broken bones can be removed when they no longer needed. The term “medical device” in the context of the current invention means any instrument, machine, implant, intended to treat, cure, prevent, mitigate, diagnose disease, and includes any medical device classified as such by the Medical Device Regulation in the European Union and / or the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.In various embodiments, the peptide composition is immobilized on the substrate. The term“immobilization” or “to immobilize” in the context of the current invention means that a molecule (e.g. peptide) is chemically linked to a substrate, wherein the linking may be directly (e.g. by direct chemical conjugation) or indirectly (e.g. through a linker moiety or following chemical functionalization of the substrate). The immobilization in the context of the currentinvention may be reversible or irreversible. In an embodiment, the peptide composition is notreleased from the substrate preferably following immobilization. The immobilization in thecontext of the current invention encompasses non-specific immobilization (i.e. leading to immobilized molecules oriented in a random fashion), such as non-covalent adsorption or covalent non-specific attachment. The molecule or compound may directly immobilized to the substrate without requiring a linker. In addition or alternatively, one or more linker molecules may be provided as intermediate between the substrate and the molecule to be immobilized. The “linker” in the context of the current invention preferably means a chemical linker, providing one or more chemical bonds as disclosed herein. In an embodiment, the substrate is functionalized during or after immobilization of the molecule to be immobilized, e.g. such as when the substrate is considered chemically inert and / or lacks functional moieties for chemical conjugation. The term “functionalization” in the context of the current invention means to alter the physical and / chemical properties of a surface, preferably to provide functional groups allowing for improved immobilization of a molecule.In various embodiments, the peptide composition is provided in an amount of 0.00001 – 10 g,preferably 0.0001 – 1 g, more preferably 0.001 – 0.1 g, even more preferably 0.01 – 0.1 g,wherein the amount is the average amount per cm2surface area of the substrate.In various embodiments, the peptide composition is provided in a carrier material (i.e. carrier)on the substrate. The carrier material may for instance be a degradable material, allowing for more sustained and / or tuneable release of an embedded molecule. The carrier may for instance be one or more of a polymer film, microparticle, hydrogel, collagen gel, extracellular matrix gel, or mixtures thereof. Example of carrier materials suitable in the context of the current invention include carbohydrates and polysaccharides such as starch, cellulose, dextran, methylcellulose, and hyaluronic acid, proteins or polypeptides such as albumin, fibrin collagen, and gelatin, or combinations thereof. In various embodiments, the substrate and / or carrier material may be fibrous, wherein the fibers can be for instance in the micron and / or nanometer diameter range such as 100 nm-50 μm, or 200 nm-10 μm, or 500 nm 5 μm or 1-2 μm.In various embodiments, the peptide composition is provided in a carrier in an amount of forexample 0.00001 – 25 wt.%, or 0.0001 – 10 wt.% or 0.005 – 1 wt.%, calculated on the weightof the carrier. Based on dose-response curves in vitro, the present inventors found that apreferred concentration for anti-fibrosis may be in the range of 0.0001 – 5 wt.%, preferably0.001 – 1 wt.%, more preferably 0.01 – 0.1 wt.%, calculated on the weight of the carrier.Preferably, the carrier is adapted and / or provides a release profile that lasts for at least 2 days, or 3 days, or 4 days, or 5 days, or 6 days, 1 week, or 2 weeks, or 3 weeks, or 4 weeks, or 6 weeks, or 8 weeks, or 12 weeks. Preferably, the carrier is adapted and / or provides arelease profile that lasts for at most 12 weeks, or 8 weeks, or 6 weeks, or 4 weeks, or 3weeks, or 2 weeks, or 1 week. The skilled person knows how to adapt the carrier to accommodate the appropriate release rate and / or release profile, e.g. by selecting the appropriate polymer of mixture thereof, the concentration of said polymer, the thickness of the coating.In an embodiment, the peptide composition is releasable from the substrate and / or thecoating. In an embodiment, the substrate and / or the coating is configured for release of thepeptide composition. In an embodiment, the release is a sustained release. In an embodiment, the release is according to a sustained release profile.As used herein the terms "sustained release" or "sustained release profile" mean a release ofsubstance of compound (e.g. peptide) gradually over an extended period of time (e.g. a period of several days, weeks, or months). In an embodiment, the amount released over an initial period is similar to or less than the amount released over the same period after several days or weeks. Preferably, the sustained release profile lasts at least 1 week, or 2 weeks, or 3 weeks, or 4 weeks, or 6 weeks, or 8 weeks, or 12 weeks.In an embodiment, the release exhibits a substantially linear rate of release. The term “linearrate of release” in the context of the current invention means that the substance or compound (e.g. peptide) is released at a rate that does not vary by more than about 20% over the desired period of time, preferably by not more than 10%.In an embodiment, the peptide composition is released for least 2 days, or 3 days, or 4 days,or 5 days, or 6 days, 1 week, or 2 weeks, or 3 weeks, or 4 weeks, or 6 weeks, or 8 weeks, or12 weeks. In addition or alternatively, the peptide composition is released for at most 12weeks, or 8 weeks, or 6 weeks, or 4 weeks, or 3 weeks, or 2 weeks, or 1 week.In an embodiment, the peptide composition is released in an amount of 0.0001 g – 10 g, or0.001 g – 1 g, or 0.01 g – 0.1 g per day on average.The desired release rate, release profile and / or the amount released can vary depending on the bodily site and / or the application.The “release” in the context of the current invention preferably means the in vivo release, i.e.following implantation. The in vivo release can be determined by implanting coated sampleswith known peptide content, harvesting samples at various time points, and then determining the amount of residual peptide (i.e. non-released peptide) in the samples. Based on these values, a release profile curve can be plotted. In addition or alternatively, the “release” can be determined in vitro, preferably under conditions that approximate or mimic the in vivo conditions (temperature, pH, aqueous medium, and / or presence of enzymes etc…) that mayinfluence the release rate in vivo. A preferred in vitro protocol for measuring release involvesincubating samples in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) at 37 °C, and collecting / refreshing the PBS with eluted peptide at different time points. The concentration of peptide in the released samples can be measured by any suitable method, such as HPLC. A suitable HPLC protocol for measuring cyclic glycine-proline involves using two eluents, A [0.1% (v / v) TFA / water] andB [0.1% (v / v) TFA / CAN], linearly increasing eluent B: 0% (0 - 15 min), 0% - 50% (15 – 45min), 50% - 0% (45 - 50 min), and 0% (50 - 60 min). A suitable flow rate is 1.0 mL / min, and asuitable column temperature is 30℃. Elution can be monitored by absorbance at 214 nm.Concentrations are normalized against a calibration curve obtained by diluting stock solutions in PBS. Use in ameliorating neurological conditions / improving brain-related functionsMaintenance or improvement of neurological and brain functions is important to the generalwell-being throughout all stages of life. A decline of the neurological and brain functions typically leads to reduced daily functioning and overall health, e.g. due to the negative impact on several neurological functions such as neuro-motoric functions, neuro-sensory functions or cognitive functions (e.g. more specifically memory, mental flexibility and speed, learning). The decline of the neurological and brain functions is increasingly becoming apparent in the elderly as part of the ageing population and is recognized as a major health and social problem.There are also several conditions that lead to pathologically impaired function of the nervoussystem and brain, examples thereof being neurodegenerative and / or neuroinflammatoryconditions (e.g. Alzheimer's, Parkinson’s), brain injury (e.g. cerebral ischemia), dementia,depressive disorders or neuropathy.Because the efficiency of an individual’s neurological and brain function can make all thedifference in daily life, there is an unmet need for active ingredients suitable for amelioratingneurological conditions, either characterized an pathologically impaired function of thenervous system (e.g. due to a disease or disorder) or active ingredients which may simplylead to improvement of the neurological functions, such as by enhancing and / or preventingdecline in the normal cognitive ability such as in terms of learning and memory. Currently, the approach for improving neurological conditions is mostly by pharmacological intervention. For example, for treating Alzheimer's disease dementia, cholinesterase inhibitors such as donepezil (Aricept®), galantamine (Razadyne®, Razadyne ER®, Reminyl®,Nivalin®) and rivastigmine tartrate (Exelon®) are known to be efficacious. For treatment ofneuropathy, cyclic antidepressants, such as amitriptyline and nortriptyline are prescribed.Strategies for improving cognitive function typically involves improving neurotransmitter level and signal transmission in neurotransmitter pathways which are believed to be involved in the process of learning ability and memory formation. A major drawback of aforementioned pharmacological interventions is that they typically have side effects, which limits their widespread use and which in some cases lead todiscontinuation of the therapy. In addition, not all of the aforementioned pharmacologicalinterventions have been considered effective enough, hampering their widespread use. The peptide composition disclosed herein presents a safe and effective alternative to aforementioned pharmacological interventions. The D-galactose model is a well-recognized animal model to mimic the incremental loss ofcognitive and motor performances in age-dependent neurological disorders (Parameshwaranet al. Rejuvenation Res.2010 Dec; 13(6): 729–735). The D-galactose model is used to studydiseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson’s disease, cognitive decline, neuroinflammation, ischemic stroke, age-related changes in the central nervous system. The present inventors have shown that the peptide composition of the invention has the followingsurprisingly therapeutic benefits in the D-galactose model, although the effects do not appearto be limited to this list:- increase in the spatial memory and learning,- decrease in neuropathy / improved neuromotor (rotarod latency), neuromuscular (gripstrength) and electrophysiological performances,- decrease in neuroinflammation.Embodiments of the invention include a peptide composition disclosed herein, for use inpreventing and / or treating a (central) neurological condition, or a symptom resulting thereof, wherein the neurological condition, encompasses one or more selected from the group central nervous system inflammation and / or injury, movements conditions or disorders,neuromotor disease, neuromuscular disease, neurosensory disease, psychotic conditions ordisorders, depressive conditions or disorders, anxiety conditions or disorders, nervous systemand / or brain damage, cognitive conditions or disorders, personality conditions or disorders,mood conditions or disorders, migraine, epilepsy or convulsive disorders, neurodegenerativecondition or disorder, autistic disorders, neuropathy, a neurodevelopmental disorder andneurotoxicity. The central nervous system inflammation and / or injury may include one or more of concussive or traumatic injury and cognitive, learning or memory impairments resulting therefrom.The movement condition or disorder disclosed herein can be one or more selected from thegroup consisting of Parkinson's disease, second Parkinsonism (e.g. postencephaliticParkinsonism, Lewy body disease, degenerative diseases of the basal ganglia,extrapyramidal and movement disorders (e.g. including but not limited to tremor, essential tremor and drug-induced tremor, myoclonus, chorea and drug-induced chorea, drug-induced tics and tics of organic origin, drug-induced acute dystonia, drug-induced tardive dyskinesia,L-dopa-induced dyskinesia), neuroleptic-induced movement disorders (e.g. including but notlimited to neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS), neuroleptic induced parkinsonism, neuroleptic-induced early onset or acute dyskinesia, neuroleptic-induced acute dystonia, neuroleptic-induced acute akathisia, cerebral palsy, neuroleptic-induced tardive dyskinesia,neuroleptic-induced tremor), restless leg syndrome and Stiff-man syndrome.The psychotic condition or disorder disclosed herein can be one or more selected from thegroup consisting of schizophrenia (e.g. paranoid, disorganized, catatonic, undifferentiated or residual type), schizophreniform disorder, schizoaffective disorder (e.g. delusional or depressive type), delusional disorder, substance-induced psychotic disorder (e.g. psychosis induced by alcohol, amphetamine, cannabis, cocaine, hallucinogens, inhalants, opioids, or phencyclidine), personality disorders of the paranoid type and personality disorder of the schizoid type. The anxiety condition or disorder disclosed herein may be one or more selected from the group consisting agoraphobia, generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), mixed anxiety and depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), panic disorder, posttraumatic stressdisorder (PTSD), social phobia and other phobias and panic attack.Examples of nervous system and / or brain damage in the context of the current inventioninclude but are not limited to cerebral ischemia, stroke, traumatic brain injury and spinal cordinjury and spinal cord trauma.The cognitive condition or disorder disclosed herein may be one or more selected from thegroup consisting of Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, delirium, substance-inducedpersisting delirium, dementia, dementia due to HIV disease, dementia due to Huntington's disease, dementia due to Parkinson's disease, dementia of the Alzheimer's type, dementia associated with beta-amyloid, behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia, substance-induced persisting dementia and mild cognitive impairment. The personality disorder disclosed herein may be one or more selected from the groupconsisting of obsessive-compulsive personality disorder and schizoid, schizotypal disorder.The mood disorder disclosed herein may be one or more selected from the group consisting of bipolar disorders (I & II), cyclothymic disorder, depression, dysthymic disorder, major depressive disorder, treatment resistant depression, bipolar depression and substance- induced mood disorder. The neurodegenerative condition disorder may be one or more selected from the groupconsisting of oxidative stress, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, multiplesclerosis, amyotrophic lateral Sclerosis (i.e. Lou Gehrig's disease), Huntington's Disease andneurodegenerative lysosomal storage diseases. The neuropathy as disclosed herein may be one or more selected from the group consisting of diabetic neuropathy, peripheral neuropathy, carpal tunnel, syndrome, alcoholic neuropathy, idiopathic neuropathy, Guillain-Barré Syndrome.The neurodevelopmental disorder in the context of the present invention may be one or moreselected from the group consisting of autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), Intellectual Disability(ID), Specific Learning Disorder (SLD), a Communication Disorder (e.g. speech sounddisorder, language disorder, and social communication disorder), a Motor Disorders (e.g.Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) and Tourette Syndrome) and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), preferably ADHD. In a preferred embodiment, theneurological condition disclosed herein is ADHD and / or the use pertains to amelioratingADHD.The invention is further illustrated by a peptide composition disclosed herein, for use inpreventing and / or treating neuron, central nervous system and / or brain damage such as in frailty syndrome, aging, injuries, pathologies, diseases, infections and conditions causingand / or associated with an increased amount of central nervous system inflammation and / orcentral nervous system oxidative stress, or accelerating the recovery of central nervoussystem neuron or brain damage in individuals having injuries, pathologies (e.g. AmyotrophicLateral Sclerosis and / or Multiple Sclerosis) and cognitive, learning or memory impairmentsresulting therefrom, diseases, infections and conditions causing and / or associated with anincreased amount of central nervous system inflammation and / or central nervous systemoxidative stress, and cognitive, learning or memory impairments resulting therefrom.The uses of the invention disclosed herein may comprise administering to a subject in needthereof a therapeutically effective amount of a peptide composition as described herein, e.g. amethod of treating.In an aspect, the invention pertains to a use of a peptide composition as described herein formaintaining or improving cognition comprises, in particular for maintaining or improving oflearning, plasticity and / or long term memory, wherein said use can be in a therapeutic and / or non-therapeutic context. In addition or alternatively, the use of the invention can pertain tomaintaining and / or improving neurological and / or brain function, such as selected from thegroup consisting of memory, attention, concentration, alertness, mental flexibility and / or speed, learning, intelligence, language skills, problem solving capacity, consciousness, coping with psychological stress or tension, motivation, mobility, decision making capacity, reaction time and regulation of emotions, wherein said use can be in a therapeutic and / ornon-therapeutic context. In embodiments, the maintaining and / or improving neurologicaland / or brain function can be associated with neurological dysfunction, condition, disordersuch as disclosed herein. The terms "cognition", "cognitive function" and "cognitive performance" can be used interchangeably in the context of the current invention and are related to any mental process or state that involves but is not limited to learning, memory, creation of imagery, thinking, awareness, reasoning, spatial ability, speech and language skills, language acquisition, capacity for judgment attention, alertness, mental flexibility and / or speed, coping withpsychological stress or tension, decision making capacity and reaction time.The composition as disclosed herein can have non-therapeutic and / or therapeutic use in thecontext of the current invention. Non-therapeutic use is illustrated by administering thecomposition of the invention in healthy subjects who do not receive therapeutic benefit, whichin the context of the current invention typically means enhancing performance (e.g. cognitivefunction) starting from a normal healthy state. Therapeutic use is illustrated by administeringthe composition of the invention in pathological subjects and / or subjects who receivetherapeutic benefit, such as by preventing and / or treating one or more of disease, health risk, psychological risks or symptoms of pain and suffering. In an embodiment, the present invention pertains to a use of the composition in non- therapeutic improvement of cognitive function. In an embodiment, the cognitive function is selected from the group consisting of learning ability, memory, spatial memory, problem solving capacity, capacity for remembering, attention span, concentration, ability of language processing, spatial ability, speech, language skills, ability to focus, mental alertness and reaction time.Embodiments of the invention are exemplified by non-therapeutic use of a peptidecomposition disclosed herein. Such embodiments include enhancing performance, e.g.cognitive function, starting from a normal healthy state and / or in otherwise healthy individuals.In preferred embodiments, the invention pertains to non-therapeutic use of the peptide composition in improving one or more cognitive functions, preferably selected from the group consisting of learning, memory, creation of imagery, thinking, awareness, reasoning, spatial ability, speech skills, language skills, language acquisition, capacity for judgment attention, alertness, mental flexibility, speed, coping with psychological stress and / or tension, decision making capacity and reaction time. A non-therapeutic use of the composition of the invention may also pertain to generalimprovement of the control of muscles or improving neuro-motoric functions or neuro-sensoryfunctions. Administration of the peptide compositionIn preferred embodiments, the peptide composition (obtainable by the method) is provided asor is present in one or more formulations selected from the group consisting of foodformulation, feed formulation, food supplement formulation, feed supplement formulation, or pharmaceutical formulation, preferably a food supplement formulation. In a preferredembodiments, the composition according to the invention is provided as or in a foodsupplement.In preferred embodiments, the peptide composition (obtainable by the method) is provided ina formulation selected from the group consisting of a capsule, a tablet or a powder, preferablya powder. In preferred embodiments, the peptide composition (obtainable by the method) is provided ina formulation selected from the group consisting of a drinkable solution or suspension, drinksuch as beer, syrup, artificially-flavoured drink, carbonated beverage, (water-soluble) powdered mixture, (water-soluble) paste, (water-soluble) powder, (water-soluble) tablet, (water-soluble) pill, (water-soluble) dragee, (water-soluble) caplet, (water-soluble) sachet, or (water-soluble) capsule. In addition or alternatively, the peptide composition as (obtainable by the method) may be present in a functional food such as a juice, shake, dairy drink, yoghurt, yoghurt drink, dessert, energy bar, nutritional bar, slimming bar, or confectionery such as gummies or centre-filled gummies. In preferred embodiments, the peptide composition (obtainable by the method) isadministered at a daily dose of 20 mg – 50 g, preferably 50 mg – 40 g, more preferably 0.1 g– 20 g, even more preferably 0.5 g – 10 g, yet even more preferably 1 g – 5 g, wherein thedaily dose is the total dry weight amount of the composition. In a preferred embodiments, thepeptide composition (obtainable by the method) is administered disclosed herein isadministered at a unit dose of 10 mg – 25 g, preferably 25 mg – 10 g, more preferably 50 mg– 5 g, even more preferably 0.1 g – 1 g, wherein the unit dose is the total dry weight amountof the composition. In a preferred embodiment, the daily dose and / or unit dose is 0.1 g – 20 gor 0.5 g – 10 g.The term “daily dose” as used herein refers to the total dry weight amount administered to asubject per day. The daily dose of the composition may be administered as a single unit dose,or as two, three, four or more unit doses. The two or more unit doses may be equal or different in amount. The daily dose of the composition as disclosed herein is preferably administered as two unit doses, more preferably as two unit doses each corresponding to 30-70%, preferably 40-60% of the daily dose amount. The term “unit dose” as used hereinrelates to the total dry weight amount administered to a subject in a single dose. The unit dose typically is in a pre-prepared form (e.g. prepacked dosage) ready for administration. The unit dose may for example (also) be identifiable from the product packaging or label.In a preferred embodiments, the peptide composition (obtainable by the method) isadministered to a subject repeatedly, preferably at least once every day or at least once every other day, and / or administered to a subject for at least two consecutive weeks, preferably for at least four consecutive weeks, more preferably for at least six consecutive week, most preferably for at least eight consecutive weeks. The terms “consecutive” or “consecutively” used in the context of administration means thatthe administrations follow one another in order without gaps in a given time period. Forexample, when composition is administered “for 4 consecutive days”, this means that the composition is administered for at least once a day for 4 days in a row (e.g. on Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, and Thursday of the same week), irrespective of the number of administrations per day or the total number of administrations. For example, when acomposition is administered “for 4 consecutive weeks”, this means that the composition isadministered for at least once a week for 4 weeks in a row, irrespective of the number of administrations per day, the number of administrations per week or the total number of administrations.In a preferred embodiment, the peptide composition is administered orally, such as in theform of a food supplement.In a preferred embodiment, the peptide composition is administered locally, such asparenterally, preferably subcutaneously and / or trans-dermally. In an embodiment, the peptide composition is administered by injection.In a preferred embodiment, the peptide composition is provided in a topical formulation. Thetopical formulation is preferably selected from the group consisting of a wound dressing, a hydrogel, a gel, an ointment, a plaster, a skin substitute, a tissue adhesive, a tissue sealant, a hemostat, a spray and a bandage. In various embodiments, the current invention pertains to atopical formulation comprising the peptide composition disclosed herein.The peptide composition may be provided in the topical formulation in an amount of forexample 0.00001 – 25 wt.%, or 0.0001 – 10 wt.% or 0.005 – 1 wt.%, calculated on the weightof the topical formulation. Based on dose-response curves in vitro, the present inventorsfound that a preferred concentration for anti-fibrosis may be in the range of 0.0001 – 5 wt.%,preferably 0.001 – 1 wt.%, more preferably 0.01 – 0.1 wt.%, calculated on the weight of thetopical formulation. In various embodiments, the current embodiment pertains to a non-therapeutic cosmetic useof the peptide composition disclosed herein. The cosmetic use can for example be for non-therapeutically improving skin appearance, such as due to scars, wrinkles, dyscolorations of the skin, skin irritation, volume augmentation, baldness, after skin peeling, dermabrasion and medical needling. The cosmetic use can be one or more of topical, intralesional, intraepithelial, intra-epidermal, intra-cutaneous, and subcutaneous administration into or onto the skin. In a preferred embodiment, the administration is topical administration onto the skin, e.g. wounded skin. In various embodiments, the current invention pertains to a cosmetic composition comprisingthe peptide composition disclosed herein.The peptide composition can be in a cosmetic composition, and therefore preferably furtherinclude acceptable excipients, lubricants and additives. The cosmetic composition may be in any form suitable for local application, for example, a solution, a gel, a solid, a paste anhydrous product, an emulsion obtained by dispersing an oil phase in water phase, anemulsion obtained by dispersing a water phase in an oil phase, a multi-emulsion, asuspension, a microemulsion, a microcapsule, microgranules, ionic (liposome) and non-ionic vesicle dispersants, a foam, and an aerosol or patch form further containing a compressed propellant. The cosmetic composition may be selected from the group consisting of a soap- type preparation, skin toner, nutrition lotion, essence, nutrition cream, massage cream, pack, gel, makeup base, foundation, powder, lipstick, patch, eye cream, eye essence, cleansing cream, cleansing foam, cleansing water, a cleanser, hair shampoo, hair conditioning, hair treatment, hair essence, hair lotion, scalp hair tonic, scalp essence, hair gel, hair spray, hair pack, body lotion, body cream, body oil and body essence.Method for obtaining the Conventional methods to produce cGP includes their synthesis from amino acids followed bycyclization. These conventional methods are typically complicated because of the need toremove the organic solvent and resin used for solid-phase synthesis.For example, Hayasaka et al. (Food Science and Technology Research.2016.22(4):477-483) describes a method to obtain cGP peptide from natural collagen, involving the steps: i) enzymatic hydrolysis of collagen; ii) isolating a collagen tripeptide (CTP) fraction from the hydrolysate (by reverse-phase HPLC); iii) heating the CTP fraction to induce cyclization to cyclic peptides including cGP peptide The method of Hayasaka et al. enriches the amount of cGP (e.g. to >20%), and relies on first isolating the CTP fraction. Isolating the CTP is considered to remove most of the dipeptides and free amino acids, which typically contribute to the biological effect of collagen peptide compositions. Moreover, the isolation step involves increased costs and time required for production, i.e. reduced efficiency. The present inventors discovered a method for production of cGP starting of a natural material, which has higher practical value and may therefore be a more promising alternative. In particular, it was found that heat-treating an intermediate collagen hydrolysate product with appropriate and relative amount of peptides leads to a peptide composition enriched in cGPand further comprising desirable amounts of (cyclic) di- and tripeptides. Without being boundby theory, the present inventors consider that the heating promotes cyclization of linear peptides in the intermediate collagen hydrolysate product, in particular gly-pro-x tripeptides, mostly gly-pro-hyp and gly-pro-ala peptides present in the intermediate collagen hydrolysate product. It was furthermore found that the heating to induce cyclisation considerably increases the amount of hydroxylysine and hydroxyproline. Therefore, the peptide composition of the invention may also have a characteristic content in hydroxylysine and / or hydroxyproline. In various embodiments, the method of the invention allows obtaining the peptide composition disclosed herein. In embodiments, the method of the invention comprisesa) providing a collagen hydrolysate, preferably comprising at least 1.0x104 ppm gly-pro-xtripeptides, calculated on total weight of peptides in the collagen hydrolysate, andb) heating the collagen hydrolysate, preferably at a temperature of at least 65 °C, therebyallowing to obtain a peptide composition enriched in cyclic(glycine-proline). Preferably, the collagen hydrolysate in the first step has a weight-average molecular weightof at least 500 Da and at most 3000 Da.The collagen hydrolysate (provided in step a) preferably comprises 1000 - 2.0x105 ppm, morepreferably 2.0x104 – 2.0x105 ppm glycine-proline-x tripeptides. The collagen hydrolysateprovided in step a) preferably comprises 10-1.0x105 ppm (e.g. 100- 1.0x105 ppm, 1000-1.0x105 ppm or 1.0x104 – 1.0x105 ppm) glycine-proline-hydroxyproline tripeptide. Thecollagen hydrolysate (provided in step a) preferably comprises 100– 5.0x104 ppm (e.g.1000-5.0x104 ppm, or 5.0x103 – 5.0x104 ppm) more preferably 1.0x104 – 3.0x104 ppm glycine-proline-alanine tripeptide. In an embodiment, the collagen hydrolysate (provided in step a) preferably comprises glycine- proline-hydroxyproline tripeptide in an amount of 10000-100000 ppm, preferably 20000- 80000 ppm. For example, the amount of glycine-proline-hydroxyproline tripeptide may be 30000-60000 ppm. In an embodiment, the collagen hydrolysate (provided in step a) preferably comprises glycine- proline-hydroxyproline tripeptide in an amount of 1-1000 ppm, preferably 10-100 ppm. In an embodiment, the collagen hydrolysate (provided in step a) preferably comprises glycine- proline-hydroxyproline tripeptide in an amount of 1-100000 ppm, preferably 10-10000 ppm, more preferably 100-1000 ppm. In addition or alternatively, the collagen hydrolysate (provided in step a) preferably comprisesan amount of collagen tripeptides, in particular gly-pro-x tripeptide or glycine-proline-alaninetripeptide and / or glycine-proline-hydroxyproline tripeptide, of at least 1.0x104ppm, preferably at least 5.0x104ppm, more preferably at least 1.0x105ppm, calculated on total weight of peptides in the collagen hydrolysate. In a preferred embodiment, the collagen hydrolysate(provided in step a) comprises an amount of collagen tripeptides, in particular gly-pro-xtripeptide, of 25000 ppm – 150000 ppm, preferably 50000 ppm – 100000 ppm, calculated ontotal weight of peptides in the collagen hydrolysate. In a preferred embodiment, the collagenhydrolysate (provided in step a) comprises an amount of glycine-proline-hydroxyprolinetripeptide of 10000-100000 ppm, preferably 20000-80000 ppm, more preferably 30000-60000 ppm, calculated on total weight of peptides in the collagen hydrolysate.In a preferred embodiment, the collagen hydrolysate (provided in step a) comprises anamount of glycine-proline-alanine tripeptide of 5000-75000 ppm, preferably 10000-50000 ppm, more preferably 20000-40000 ppm, calculated on total weight of peptides in the collagen hydrolysate.In a preferred embodiment, the collagen hydrolysate (provided in step a) comprises anamount of glycine-proline-alanine tripeptide of 10-10000 ppm, preferably 100-1000 ppm,calculated on total weight of peptides in the collagen hydrolysate.In a preferred embodiment, the collagen hydrolysate (provided in step a) comprises anamount of glycine-proline-alanine tripeptide of 10-75000 ppm, preferably 100-50000 ppm,more preferably 1000-40000 ppm, calculated on total weight of peptides in the collagen hydrolysate. The collagen hydrolysate (provided in step a) preferably has an amount of collagendipeptides of less than 5.0x103 ppm, preferably less than 1.0x103 ppm, more preferably lessthan 5.0x102 ppm, even more preferably less than 1.0x102 ppm, for example 10 – 1000 ppmor 50-500 ppm.The collagen hydrolysate (provided in step a) preferably has an amount of free amino acids ofless than 1.0x105 ppm, preferably less than 5.0x104 ppm, more preferably less than 1.0x104ppm, even more preferably less than 0.5x104ppm, most preferably less than 1.0x103ppm.The collagen hydrolysate (provided in step a) preferably is characterized by a weight averagemolecular weight of at least 800 Da, more preferably at least 1000 Da. The collagenhydrolysate (provided in step a) preferably is characterized by a weight average molecularweight of at most 2500 Da, more preferably at most 2000 Da. In embodiments, the collagenhydrolysate (provided in step a) preferably has a weight-average molecular weight (Mw) inthe range of 500 Da – 5000 Da, preferably 750 Da – 3000 Da, more preferably 1000 – 2500Da, even more preferably 1200 – 2000 Da. The collagen hydrolysate may have a weightaverage molecular weight of at least 500 Da, 600 Da, 700 Da, 800 Da, 900 Da, 1000 Da, 1100 Da, 1200 Da, 1300 Da, 1400 Da, 1500 Da, 1750 Da, 2000 Da, 2250 Da, 2500 Da, 2750Da or 3000 Da. In addition or alternatively, the collagen hydrolysate may have a weightaverage molecular weight of at most 3500 Da, 3000 Da, or 2500 Da, or 2250 Da, or 2000 Da,or 1750 Da, or 1700 Da, or 1650 Da or 1600 Da. In preferred embodiments, the collagen hydrolysate has a molecular weight distributiondefined by a polydispersity index of 1.0 – 2.0 preferably 1.2– 1.8, more preferably 1.4-1.7,even more preferably 1.5-1.6. In preferred embodiments, the collagen hydrolysate has amolecular weight distribution defined by a polydispersity of 1.1– 1.7, more preferably 1.2-1.6,even more preferably 1.3-1.5. In embodiments of the invention, the collagen hydrolysate comprises 0-5%, preferably 0.1-2%, more preferably 0.2-1% by weight of peptides with a molecular weight of 0-250 Da or atmost 250 Da. In embodiments of the invention, the collagen hydrolysate comprises 0-5%, preferably 0.1- 2%, more preferably 0.2-1% by weight of peptides with a molecular weight of at most 450 Da. In embodiments of the invention, the collagen hydrolysate comprises 0-5%, preferably 0.1- 2%, more preferably 0.2-1% by weight of peptides with a molecular weight of 250-450 Da.In embodiments of the invention, the collagen hydrolysate comprises 25-55%, preferably 30-50%, more preferably 35-45% by weight of peptides with a molecular weight of 450-1000 Da.In embodiments of the invention, the collagen hydrolysate comprises 0.1-10%, preferably 0.5-5%, more preferably 1-4% by weight of peptides with a molecular weight of at most 500 Da.In embodiments of the invention, the collagen hydrolysate comprises 20-60%, preferably 25-50%, more preferably 30-45% by weight of peptides with a molecular weight of 500-1000 Da.In embodiments of the invention, the collagen hydrolysate comprises 20-60%, preferably 25-50%, more preferably 30-45% by weight of peptides with a molecular weight of 1000-2000Da.In embodiments of the invention, the collagen hydrolysate comprises 5-40%, preferably 0.5-30%, more preferably 15-20 by weight of peptides with a molecular weight of 2000-5000 Da.In embodiments of the invention, the collagen hydrolysate comprises 0.1-10%, preferably 0.2-5%, more preferably 0.5-2% by weight of peptides with a molecular weight of 5000-10000 Da.In embodiments of the invention, the collagen hydrolysate comprises at most 2%, preferably0.01-2%, more preferably 0.1-1% by weight of peptides with a molecular weight more than 10000 Da, calculated on total weight of total peptides in the peptide composition. Preferably, the collagen hydrolysate has 20-60%, more preferably 30-50% by weight of peptides with a molecular weight below 1000 Da. In various embodiments, the collagen hydrolysate (provided in step a) of the method and / or the peptide composition obtainable in step b) comprises one or more cyclic (i.e. cyclo) peptides selected from the group consisting of Cyclo(Gly-Ala), Cyclo(Gly-Leu), Cyclo(Gly- Glu), Cyclo(Gly-Ser), Cyclo(Gly-Phe), Cyclo(Gly-Val), Cyclo (Leu-Hyp) and Cyclo (Ala-Hyp).In various embodiments, the collagen hydrolysate (provided in step a) of the methodcomprises cGP in an amount of 500-20000 ppm, preferably 1000-10000 ppm. The amount ofcGP in the collagen hydrolysate may be preferably 1000-5000 ppm, more preferably 2000-4000 ppm.In various embodiments, the collagen hydrolysate (provided in step a) of the methodcomprises hydroxylysine in an amount of 1-200 ppm, preferably 2-100 ppm. The amount of hydroxylysine in the collagen hydrolysate may be preferably 10-50 ppm, more preferably 15-30 ppm. In various embodiments, the collagen hydrolysate (provided in step a) of the methodcomprises hydroxyproline in an amount of 100-2500 ppm, preferably 200-1500 ppm. The amount of hydroxyproline in the collagen hydrolysate may be preferably 300-1000 ppm, more preferably 400-800 ppm. In various embodiments, the collagen hydrolysate (provided step a) of the method and / or the peptide composition obtainable in step b) comprises one or more linear tripeptides selected from the group consisting of Gly-Pro-Hyp, Gly-Pro-Pro, Gly-Pro-Ala, Gly-Ala-Hyp, Gly-Ala-Pro, Gly-Leu- Hyp, Gly-Glu-Hyp, Gly-Glu-Arg, Gly-Pro-Arg, Gly-Ser-Hyp, Gly-Ala-Lys, Gly-Ala-Arg, Gly-Pro-Lys, Gly-Pro-Ser, Gly-Phe-Hyp, Gly-Pro-Gln, Gly-Ala-Ala, Gly-Pro-Val, Gly- Asp-Ala, Gly-Glu-Ala, Gly-Ala-Asp, Gly-Arg-Hyp and Ala-Hyp-Gly. In various embodiments, the collagen hydrolysate (provided in step a) of the method and / or the peptide composition obtainable in step b) comprises one or more linear dipeptidesselected from the group consisting of Gly-Pro, Pro-Gly, Gly-Hyp, Pro-Hyp, Hyp-Gly, Ala-Hypand Pro-Ala.The heat treatment (in step b) may cause a dehydration and / or cyclization reaction. Theheating time and / or temperature is variable, and can be adapted according to the yield of peptides that is desired. In addition or alternatively, the heating time can be dependent on thehydrolysis step(s) performed. For instance, the present inventors found that the hydrolysistime and / or heat treatment time may be reduced when consecutively hydrolysing with two ormore enzymes. The heat treatment may be performed at a temperature of preferably 70 °C orhigher, such as 70 – 120 °C, preferably 80 – 110 °C, more preferably 90 – 100 °C. Thetemperature is preferably the temperature of the liquid formulation wherein the collagen hydrolysate is provided.The heat treatment in the context of the current invention is preferably for 8 – 36 hours, morepreferably 12 – 24 hours, even more preferably 16-20 hours. In various embodiments, theheating time is at least 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18 or 20 h, and in addition oralternatively at most 48, 36, 30, 24, 20, 18, 16, 14, 12, 10, 8, 6, 5 or 4 h.Method for obtaining the collagen hydrolysate The present inventors found that the appropriate digestion of collagen obtains an intermediate collagen hydrolysate product rich in glycine-proline-x tripeptide sequences (e.g. at least1.0x104 ppm, preferably 2.0x104 - 2.0x105 ppm gly-pro-x tripeptides) – in particular glycine-proline-hydroxyproline (e.g. 1.0x104 – 1.0x105 ppm) and glycine-proline-alanine tripeptide(e.g. 5x103 – 5x104 ppm) sequences – and rich in further collagen di- and tripeptides. Inaddition, the intermediate collagen hydrolysate is characterized by a relatively low amount of dipeptides and free amino acids and further desirable molecular weight distribution. The “x” amino acid in the “gly-pro-x” tripeptide in the context of the current invention can beany amino acid residue (arginine, lysine, histidine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, leucine,isoleucine, methionine, valine, alanine, glycine, proline, glutamic acid, glutamine, serine, threonine, aspartic acid, asparagine, tryptophan, cysteine, hydroxyproline, or hydroxylysine). The terms “dipeptide” and “tripeptide” in the context of the current invention refer to respectively linear dipeptide and linear tripeptide (i.e. different from cyclic peptides) unless stated otherwise.In embodiments, the method of the invention pertains to a method for obtaining a collagenhydrolysate, preferably a collagen hydrolysate as disclosed herein.The method for obtaining the collagen hydrolysate preferably involves hydrolysing a collagenand / or gelatin starting material, more preferably with a microbial collagenase.In an embodiment, the collagen and / or gelatin starting material is preferably comprised of orderived from one or more (animal) collagen-containing tissues. The term “collagen” in the context of the current invention means an amino acid sequence comprising a repeating (Gly-X-Y) sequence, preferably comprising at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 200, 300, or 400 sequences containing the sequence Gly-X-Y, where X and Y are an amino acid residue independently chosen from each other, but X and / or Y are morepreferably proline. The “collagen” preferably has a sequence found in native collagen in oneor more animal species. In addition, or alternatively, the “collagen” can mean a full-length sequence or fragment or subunit thereof of (native) collagen, preferably one or more ofcollagen types I – XXVII, more preferably one or even more of type I, II, III, IV, V, or Xcollagen, even more preferably one or more of type I, II, III or IV collagen, or any combination thereof. For example, the term “collagen” may refer to an alpha-1(I), alpha-2(I), alpha-1(II) or alpha-1(III) chain, or a fragment thereof. The term “collagen” encompasses the triple helix structure as formed by three subunits as present in native collagen. The gelatin in the context of the current invention may be derived from partial hydrolysis of one or more types ofcollagen selected from collagen types I – XXVII, preferably one or more of type I, II,III or IVcollagen, or any combination thereof. In a preferred embodiments of the invention, thecollagen is derived from one or more of skin, cartilage, bone, scale, sternum, or the collagenmay be a mixture of collagens derived from different tissues. The term “skin” as disclosedherein encompasses “hide”, i.e. meaning the outer covering of large animals such as frombovine (species) or any other large animals. The terms “skin” and “hide” may herein be usedinterchangeably, and may refer the outer coverage of an animal, irrespective of size. As used herein, the term “collagen hydrolysate” means a mix of short chains of amino acids derived from a collagen-containing material having native (full-length) collagen, preferably obtained via hydrolysis steps, including enzymatic hydrolysis (also called enzymatic hydrolyzation). The “collagen hydrolysate” herein may encompasses collagen which is subjected to hydrolysis or partial hydrolysis. The term “collagen hydrolysate” may be used interchangeably and synonymously with the terms “collagen hydrolysate” “hydrolysed collagen” or “collagen peptide”. The term “gelatin” in the context of the current invention means a mixture of water-soluble peptides and / or proteins derived from partial hydrolysis of collagen. The gelatin of the invention may be type A gelatin, type B gelatin or a combination thereof. The hydrolysis may be performed by any acid or alkali condition, or by enzymatic hydrolysis, as known in the art. Depending on the physical and chemical methods of the partial hydrolysis, the molecular weight of the peptides can fall within a broad range (e.g.10-95 kDa). The partial hydrolysis provides the gelatin the ability to hold water and its gellingcapacity, typically distinguishing it from “collagen hydrolysate”, i.e. products obtained byfurther hydrolysis of collagen.In embodiments, the “collagen hydrolysate” disclosed herein is produced from a collagen-containing material in a one-step process. In embodiments, the “collagen hydrolysate”disclosed herein is produced via the intermediate gelatin stage, in which e.g. type A and / ortype B gelatin (e.g. a mixture of type A and type B gelatin) are preferably used. In embodiments, the collagen may be derived from partial hydrolysis of one or more types of collagen and / or of one more animals or species of animals, such as collagen of bovine (species), pig (species), chicken and fish (species), or combinations thereof. For hydrolysis, the collagen-containing material (e.g. collagen, gelatin) is preferably providedin a liquid formulation together with one or more enzymes.The hydrolysis of the collagen and / or gelatin in the context of the current invention preferably involves enzymatic hydrolysis. Enzymes suitable for enzymatic hydrolysis in the context of the current invention include one or more selected from the group consisting of collagenase such as a collagenase, acid protease, amino protease, serine protease, alkaline protease, neutral protease, flavour protease, complex protease, thiol protease, bromelain, metalloprotease, aspartame, protease, carboxypeptidase, pepsin, chymotrypsin, trypsin, cathepsin K,chymotrypsin, papain and subtilisin. In a preferred embodiment, the enzyme cleaves at Xaa-|-Gly bonds. In an embodiment, the enzyme cleaves at Y-Gly bonds in repeating Gly-X-Y triplets in a collagen sequence, wherein X or Y represent any amino acid residue. In anembodiment, the enzyme cleaves at -Gly bonds in the sequence -Xaa-Gly-Pro- or -Pro-Xaa-Gly-Pro-. In an embodiment, the enzyme is a collagenase, more preferably a microbial collagenase. It is preferred if the context of the present invention that the enzyme does not produce free amino acids or only produces relatively low amounts of free amino acids. The present inventors identified at least two enzymatic hydrolysis protocols to obtain an intermediate collagen hydrolysate product which upon heating leads to a characteristic cGP- enriched peptide composition with the desirable biological effects as disclosed herein. A first method involves enzymatic hydrolysis of gelatin with a microbial collagenase having cleavage activity at Xaa-|-Gly bonds in collagen. This first method obtains a product herein exemplified by product “AP”.A second method involves sequential enzymatic hydrolysis of gelatin in a first step with abacterial endopeptidase comprising of a metallo- and serine protease, which is thencontinued in a second step with the addition of papain (a cysteine endopeptidase). Thissecond method obtains a product herein exemplified by product “AP-2”. The present inventors found that the digestion of collagen with a microbial collagenase having cleavage activity at Xaa-|-Gly bonds obtains an intermediate collagen hydrolysate productrich in glycine-proline-x tripeptide sequences– in particular rich in glycine-prolinehydroxyproline and glycine-proline-alanine tripeptide sequences – and comprising furthercollagen di- and tripeptides.In an embodiment, the enzyme used for hydrolysis is preferably not ginger powder and / or anenzyme cleaving preferentially at peptide bonds with Pro / Hyp at the P2 position. Withoutbeing bound by theory, the present inventors consider that cleavage of collagen peptidebonds with Pro / Hyp at the P2 position leads to a collagen hydrolysate which containssubstantial amounts of X-Hyp-Gly-type peptides, and which upon heating do not achieve the desirable relative amounts of cyclic (peptides). Without being bound by theory, the presentinventors consider that cleaving peptide bonds with Pro / Hyp at the P2 position does not leadto sufficient enrichment of glycine-proline-x tripeptide sequences – in particular glycine-prolinehydroxyproline and glycine-proline-alanine tripeptide sequences – in the intermediatecollagen hydrolysate product. In the notation “Xaa-|-Gly”, "Xaa" represents any amino acid residue, "|" signifies the cleavagesite, "Gly" specifically indicates glycine. An enzyme with cleavage activity at Xaa-|-Gly bondswill cleave peptide bonds where the amino acid on the N-terminal side can be any amino acid ("Xaa"), and the amino acid on the C-terminal side is glycine. In an embodiment, the microbial collagenase in the context of the current invention morepreferentially cleaves at Xaa-|-Gly bonds when compared to other bonds in collagen.In an embodiment, the microbial collagenase in the context of the current invention morepreferentially cleaves at Xaa-|-Gly bonds when compared to the cleavage activity at peptidebonds with Pro / Hyp at the P2 position.In the context of the current invention, the cleavage activity of a collagenase can bedetermined by subjecting the collagen to the collagenase, mapping the peptides generated byenzymatic digestion (e.g. by mass spectrometry analysis), and determine the relativeabundance of each peptide to quantify the extent of cleavage at different sites. This method issuitable to assess the substrate specificity of an enzyme. The microbial collagenase in the context of the invention is preferably isolated from Bacilluscereus, Clostridium histolyticum, Empedobacter collagenolyticum, Pseudomonasmarinoglutinosa, Streptomyces sp. such as Streptomyces violaceoruber, Vibrio sp., such asVibrio B-30 (ATCC 21250) or Vibrio alginolyticus (previously Achromobacter iophagus) orClostridium histolyticum. In an embodiment, the microbial collagenase is from Streptomycessp. In an embodiment, the microbial collagenase is produced by a self-cloning-strain, whereinthe strain is preferably a strain as disclosed herein.In an embodiment, the microbial collagenase belongs to peptidase family M9. In anembodiment, the microbial collagenase is classified according to Enzyme Commission (EC) number as EC 3.4.24 (accepted name “Metallo endopeptidases”), preferably EC 3.4.24.3 (accepted name “microbial collagenase”).In a preferred embodiment, the method comprises hydrolysing gelatin with a first enzyme toobtain gelatin hydrolysate and hydrolysing the gelatin hydrolysate with a second enzyme toobtain collagen hydrolysate.In a preferred embodiment, the method for obtaining the collagen hydrolysate comprises thesteps:- obtaining a gelatin by alkali or acid hydrolysis of collagen,- hydrolysing the gelatin with a first enzyme to obtain a gelatin hydrolysate, wherein the firstenzyme is preferably one or more selected from the group consisting of collagenase, acid protease, amino protease, serine protease, alkaline protease, neutral protease, flavour protease, complex protease, thiol protease, bromelain, metalloprotease, aspartame, protease, carboxypeptidase, pepsin, chymotrypsin, trypsin, cathepsin K, chymotrypsin,papain and subtilisin and / or wherein the first enzyme is preferably not a microbial collagenasehaving cleavage activity at Xaa-|-Gly bonds;- hydrolysing the gelatin hydrolysate with a second enzyme which is preferably a microbialcollagenase having cleavage activity at Xaa-|-Gly bonds in collagen, to obtain a collagenhydrolysate.In a preferred embodiment, the first enzyme is a bacterial endopeptidase comprising of ametallo- and serine protease, preferably from Bacillus subtilis. In addition or alternatively, in apreferred embodiment the first enzyme is classified according to EC 3.4.24.33. In addition oralternatively, in a preferred embodiment the first enzyme is a commercially available enzyme(mixture) Corolase® 7089.In a preferred embodiment, the second enzyme is a cysteine endopeptidase. In addition oralternatively, in a preferred embodiment the second enzyme is derived from papaya latex. Inaddition or alternatively, in a preferred embodiment the second enzyme is papain. In additionor alternatively, in a preferred embodiment the second enzyme is classified according to EC3.4.22.2. In a preferred embodiment, the method for obtaining the collagen hydrolysate comprises the steps:- obtaining a gelatin by alkali or acid hydrolysis of collagen,- hydrolysing the gelatin with a first enzyme to obtain a gelatin hydrolysate, wherein the firstenzyme is a bacterial endopeptidase comprising of a metallo- and serine protease,preferably from Bacillus subtilis, and / or is classified according to EC 3.4.24.33,- hydrolysing the gelatin hydrolysate with a second enzyme, wherein the second enzyme ispapain and / or classified according to EC 3.4.22.2, wherein the first enzyme may be presentduring hydrolysis with the second enzyme (e.g. combined hydrolysis with the first and second enzymes) In embodiments, the hydrolysis with the second enzyme is in conjunction with the first enzyme, e.g. by adding the second enzyme to the process with the first enzyme and continuing the hydrolysis.The present inventors found that the consecutive hydrolysis with the first enzyme and secondenzymes can reduce the hydrolysis time and / or time needed for cyclization of peptidesincluding cGP. In addition or alternatively, consecutive hydrolysis with the first and secondenzymes may improve the obtained peptide composition and its biological activity (e.g.antioxidant, anti-neuro(inflammatory) effect and / or anti-fibrotic effect.For hydrolysis, the material is preferably subjected to an enzyme concentration of 100-10000 ppm, preferably 500-5000 ppm, more preferably 1000-3000 ppm, even more preferably 1500– 2500 ppm, calculated on the total weight of the collagen-containing material and the liquidformulation. In a preferred embodiment, the hydrolysis involves subjecting the collagen and / orgelatin to a microbial collagenase having cleavage activity at Xaa-|-Gly bonds at aconcentration of 500-5000 ppm, preferably 1000-3000 ppm, more preferably 1500 – 2500ppm, calculated on the total weight of the collagen-containing material and the liquid formulation. In embodiments of the invention, the hydrolysis is performed at pH 6.5-9.5, preferably pH 7.0- 9.0, more preferably pH 7.5-8.5. In embodiments of the invention, the hydrolysis is performedat 15-45 °C, preferably 20-40 °C, more preferably 25-35°C. In embodiments of the invention,the hydrolysis is performed for 4-24 h, preferably 8 – 20 h, more preferably 12 – 16 h.General definitions The terms ‘comprising’ or ‘to comprise’ and their conjugations are used in the context of the current invention in their non-limiting sense to indicate that items following the word are included, but items not specifically mentioned are not excluded. Reference to an element by the indefinite article ’a’ or ‘an’ does not exclude the possibility that more than one of the elements is present, unless the context clearly requires that there be one and only one of the elements. The indefinite article ‘a’ or ‘an’ thus usually means ‘at least one’. In the context of the current invention, a level is considered “increased” or “decreased” when it is at least 1% (such as at least 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, or 50%) higher or lower, respectively, than the corresponding level in a control or reference. In addition or alternatively, a level is considered increased or decreased when it is statistically significantly higher or lower, respectively, compared to a level in a control or reference (including compared to an earlier time point), irrespective of the size of the change. The term “to reduce” may in the context of the current invention be used interchangeably with the term “to decrease”. The terms “administer” or “administration” in the context of the current invention meanproviding a compound, substance, or composition to a subject consuming it. A subjectconsuming a compound, substance, or composition may administer it to himself / herself. Insuch a case the term “administer” can be read as “take in”.The term "subject" in the context of the current invention means any animal (e.g. a mammal),preferably a human. The term “subject” can be used interchangeably with “person” or “individual” in the context of the current invention. The “subject” can be a patient. The term “preventing” means to ensure that a subject will not develop a condition. An intervention is herein also considered to be a form of “preventing” when a condition is delayed, reduced in severity and / or reduced in incidence, even when the condition is notentirely kept from happening. The terms “preventing” or “prevention” can be used in atherapeutic and / or a non-therapeutic effect. The “preventing”, or “prevention” can be definedby any delay, change in severity, and / or change in incidence, such as of at least 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100%, as compared to a control or reference as measured by any standard technique. In the context of the current invention, “treating” means that an intervention reduces and / orcures a condition once the condition is already existing. The terms “treating” or “treatment”can be used in a therapeutic and / or a non-therapeutic effect. The treatment can for example be any reduction in severity, incidence, and / or frequency of the condition, such as of at least 5%, 10%, 20%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 80%, 90%, 95%, or completely (100%), as compared to a control or reference as measured by any standard technique. The value “0” in the context of the present invention can also encompass “essentially zero” or “essentially free of”, meaning that the amount is not measurable according to a standardtechnique in the field and / or is below a certain threshold e.g. rendering the amount negligible ,preferably below 0.1, more preferably below 0.01, even more preferably below 0.001, most preferably below 0.0001, for instance when referring to %-values. FIGURE LEGENDS Figure 1. Radical scavenging activity for cGP, gly-pro-hyp, gly-pro-ala, AP (additive effectand actual effect) and ascorbic acid (positive control). The additive effect of the combinationcGP+gly-pro-hyp is compared to the actual (synergistic) effect of the combination in AP. The radical scavenging activities for cGP, gly-pro-hyp or gly-pro-ala were normalized to their respective concentrations present in the peptide composition (concentrations according to Table 3).Figure 2. Effect of AP on hydrogel contraction in a fibroblast contraction assay. Fibroblastcontraction after 14 days of exposure to different concentrations of AP or TGF-β1 (positivecontrol to stimulate fibrosis). Each symbol represents an independent experiment and donor, n=3. At least 100 cells per hydrogel were counted. Repeated Measures One-way ANOVA with Dunnett multiple comparison test. *p<0,05; **p<0,01; ***p<0,005; ****p<0,001Figure 3. Effect of AP on hydrogel contraction in an adipose stromal cell contraction assay.Adipose stromal cell contraction after 14 days of exposure to different concentrations of AP orTGF-β1 (positive control to stimulate fibrosis). Each symbol represents an independentexperiment and donor, n=3. At least 100 cells per hydrogel were counted. Repeated Measures One-way ANOVA with Dunnett multiple comparison test. *p<0,05; **p<0,01; ***p<0,005; ****p<0,001Figure 4. Effect of AP on differentiation of fibroblasts into myofibroblasts. Myofibroblastdifferentiation in fibroblasts after 14 days of exposure to different concentrations of AP orTGF-β1 (positive control to stimulate fibrosis). Each symbol represents an independentexperiment and donor, n=3. At least 100 cells per hydrogel were counted. Repeated Measures One-way ANOVA with Dunnett multiple comparison test. *p<0,05; **p<0,01; ***p<0,005; ****p<0,001Figure 5. Effect of AP on differentiation of adipose stromal cells into myofibroblasts.Myofibroblast differentiation in adipose stromal cells after 14 days of exposure to differentconcentrations of AP or TGF-β1 (positive control to stimulate fibrosis). Each symbolrepresents an independent experiment and donor, n=3. At least 100 cells per hydrogel were counted. Repeated Measures One-way ANOVA with Dunnett multiple comparison test. *p<0,05; **p<0,01; ***p<0,005; ****p<0,001 Figure 6. Effect of treatment on spontaneous alternation behavior in D-Galactose treated mice. With * indicating a significant difference (p<0.05) in comparison to the 60% baseline (dotted line) which is to be expected behavior of the animals in this model. Figure 7. Effect of AP on the learning profile of D-Galactose treated mice in the Morris water maze test with p<0.05 (NaCl / H2O vs. D-Gal / H2O), p<0.05 [D-Gal / AP (1722 mg / kg) vs. D- Gal / H2O].Figure 8. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) concentration (mean ± SEM) in the brain cortex (left), brainhippocampus (middle) and plasma (right). With *significant difference with negative controlgroup (“NaCl / H2O”) and #significant difference with positive control group (“D-Gal / H2O”).Figure 9. Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) concentration (mean ± SEM) in the braincortex (left), hippocampus (middle) and plasma (right). With *significant difference withnegative control group (“NaCl / H2O”) and #significant difference with positive control group (“D- Gal / H2O”). Figure 10. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) concentration (mean ± SEM) in brain cortex (left), hippocampus (middle) and plasma (right). With *significant difference withnegative control group (“NaCl / H2O”) and #significant difference with positive control group (“D-Gal / H2O”).Figure 11. Interferon gamma (INF-γ) concentration (mean ± SEM) in brain cortex (left) andhippocampus (right). With *significant difference with negative control group (“NaCl / H2O”) and#significant difference with positive control group (“D-Gal / H2O”).Figure 12. TGF-β concentration in the brain cortex (mean ± SEM). With *significant differencewith negative control group (“NaCl / H2O”) and #significant difference with positive control group(“D-Gal / H2O”).Figure 13. Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) concentration in the plasma (mean± SEM). With *significant difference with negative control group (“NaCl / H2O”) and #significantdifference with positive control group (“D-Gal / H2O”).Figure 14. Neurofilament light polypeptide (NfL) concentration (mean ± SEM) in the braincortex (left) and hippocampus (right With *significant difference with negative control group(“NaCl / H2O”) and #significant difference with positive control group (“D-Gal / H2O”).Figure 15. Radical scavenging activity for cGP, gly-pro-hyp, gly-pro-ala, AP (additive effect and actual effect) and ascorbic acid (positive control). The additive effect of the combination cGP+gly-pro-hyp is compared to the actual (synergistic) effect of the combination in AP-2.The radical scavenging activities for cGP (1 mg / ml), gly-pro-hyp or gly-pro-ala werenormalized to their respective concentrations present in the peptide composition (concentrations according to Table 9). Figure 16. Effect of different test compounds on the number of neurons in a primary cultureof hippocampal neurons (day 20 of culture). The concentrations used were: AP (0.5 mg / ml),AP-2 (0.5 mg / ml), brain-derived neurotrophic factor, BDNF (0.05 mg / ml), cGP (0.5 mg / ml) Figure 17. Effect of different test compounds on the number of synapses in a primary cultureof hippocampal neurons (day 20 of culture). The concentrations used were: AP (0.5 mg / ml),AP-2 (0.5 mg / ml), brain-derived neurotrophic factor, BDNF (0.05 mg / ml) EXAMPLESExample 1: preparation method and characteristics of a cGP-enriched peptidecomposition obtained using a microbial collagenase (EC 3.4.24.3)Enzymatic hydrolysis Porcine gelatin (20% w / w) was enzymatically hydrolysed (pH 8, T=30 °C, t=16 h) with anenzyme having cleavage activity at Xaa-|-Gly bonds in collagen (EC 3.4.24.3, fromStreptomyces sp.). The enzyme was used at a concentration of 2000 ppm. Comparative tests (not shown) indicated that this specific enzyme activity led to a favourable molecular weight distribution and peptide composition as starting point for further cyclisation. Peptides were determined by UPLC-MS analysis (ultra-performance liquid chromatography- mass spectrometry)., The collagen hydrolysate obtained by the enzymatic hydrolysis is also referred to as the “precursor”. Table 1 shows the peptide composition of the precursor. The peptide composition was determined for two separate replicates produced according to the same protocol.Table 1. Peptide composition of the precursor. Values are in parts per million (ppm).Replicate #1 Replicate #2 Average (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) cGP 3226 2338 2782Hydroxylysine 22 20 21Hydroxyproline 670 503 587Gly-pro-ala 20247 22978 21613Gly-pro-hyp 39427 46169 42798Table 2 shows the molecular weight characteristics of the precursor. The peptide composition was determined for two separate replicates produced according to the same protocol. Table 2. Molecular weight characteristic of the precursor (average values for two replicates). Mn=number average molecular weight, Mw=weight average molecular weight. Mn 1000-1100 DaMw 1500-1600 DaPolydispersity 1.4Distribution ^0-500 Da 2%^ 500-1000 Da 38%^ 1-2 kDa 41%^ 2-5 kDa 17%^ 5-10 kDa 1%^ >10kDa <1%Cyclisation by heatingThe formation of cGP by cyclization was further induced by heating at 90°C for 24 h.The peptide composition obtained after heating and cyclization is herein also referred to as “AP”. Table 3 shows the peptide composition of AP. The peptide composition was determined for three separate replicates which were produced according to the same protocol.Table 3. Peptide composition of AP. Values are in parts per million (ppm).Replicate #1 Replicate #2 Replicate #3 Average (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) cGP 45944 67684 47203 53611Hydroxylysine 610 901 697 736Hydroxyproline 13811 19041 14241 15698Gly-pro-ala 194 217 150 187Gly-pro-hyp 5047 5972 4318 5112Pro-gly-pro 2 <4 <1 2Pro-hyp-gly 1 1 1 1Pro-hyp 11 13 6 10Hyp-gly 18 22 17 19Pro-gly 831 986 679 832Gly-pro 2791 3858 2408 3019Ala-pro 32 44 32 36Table 4 shows the molecular weight characteristics of AP. The peptide composition was determined for three separate replicates which were produced according to the sameprotocol. The weight-average molecular weight of 1500-1600 Da together with the distributionprofile indicates that AP comprises a mix including aforementioned di-and tri-peptides,relatively larger polypeptides in the <1000 Da (up to ~ 9 amino acids), 1000-2000 Da (up to~20 amino acids) and 2000-5000 Da range (up to ~50 amino acids) peptides. Table 4. Molecular weight characteristics of AP. Mn=number average molecular weight, Mw=weight average molecular weight. Mn 950-1050 DaMw 1500-1600 DaPolydispersity 1.6Distribution ^0-500 Da 11%^ 500-1000 Da 24%^ 1-2 kDa 43%^ 2-5 kDa 20%^ 5-10 kDa 2%^ >10kDa <1%Table 5 shows a comparison of the molecular weight characteristics of the precursor (beforeheating and cyclisation) and AP (after heating and cyclisation), based on the average valuesfor the individual replicates measured.Table 5. Comparison of the molecular weight characteristic of the precursor (average valuesfor two replicates) and AP (average values of three replicates). Mn=number average molecular weight, Mw=weight average molecular weight. Precursor AP (before cyclisation)(after cyclisation) Mn 1000-1100 Da 950-1050 DaMw 1500-1600 Da 1500-1600 DaPolydispersity 1.4 1.6Distribution ^0-500 Da 2% 11%^ 500-1000 Da 38% 24%^ 1-2 kDa 41% 43%^ 2-5 kDa 17% 20%^ 5-10 kDa 1% 2%^ >10kDa <1% <1%When comparing the molecular weight data, a similar overall Mn and Mw is observed beforeand after cyclisation. However, a change in molecular distribution can be seen whencomparing the product before and after cyclisation.As can be seen in Table 5, before cyclisation ~2% of peptides are below 500 Da while aftercyclisation this increases to ~11%, whereas before cyclisation ~38% of peptides are in the500-1000 Da range while after cyclisation this decreases to ~24%.Since there appears to be shift in certain relatively lower molecular weight fractions due tocyclisation, a further closer characterization was performed of the molecular weightdistribution for the 0-250 Da, 250-450 Da and 450-1000 Da fractions (Table 6).Table 6. Comparison of the molecular weight characteristics of the precursor (average valuesfor two replicates) and AP (average values of three replicates). MW =molecular weight Precursor AP (before cyclisation)(after cyclisation) MW Distribution ^0-250 Da <1% <1%^ 250-450 Da <1% 10%^ 450-1000 Da 39% 25%As can be seen in Table 6, before cyclisation <1% of peptides have a molecular weight in therange 250-450 Da while after cyclisation this increases to ~10%, whereas before cyclisation~39% of peptides are in the 450-1000 Da range while after cyclisation this decreases to~25%. Thus, cyclisation appears to shift peptides from the 450-1000 Da range to the 250-450Da range and leads to a product with a characteristic peak in the 250-450 Da molecularweight range. It is considered that cGP (Mw=154 Da) contributes to this characteristic peakbecause cGP, due to its shape, shows a typical peak in a size exclusion chromatogram at250-450 Da.Table 7 shows a comparison of the peptide composition of the precursor (before heating andcyclisation) and AP (after heating and cyclisation), based on the average values for theindividual replicates measured.Table 7. Comparison of peptide composition of the precursor (average values for tworeplicates) and AP (average values for three replicates). Values are in parts per million (ppm). Precursor AP Fold change (before cyclisation) (after cyclisation) cGP 2782 53611 ~20x increaseHydroxylysine 21 736 ~35x increaseHydroxyproline 587 15698 ~27x increaseGly-pro-ala 21613 187 ~116x decreaseGly-pro-hyp 42798 5112 ~8x decreaseIt can be seen that the amount of cGP increases considerably (~x20) after cyclisation.The amounts of hydroxylysine (~x35) and hydroxyproline (~x27) also increase considerablyafter cyclisation. Looking at the tripeptide concentrations, the amounts of Gly-pro-ala and Gly-pro-hyp drop dramatically after cyclisation, which can be explained by the formation of cGP.Thus, the comparison of the peptides before and after cyclisation shows that cGP wasefficiently generated from Gly-pro-x peptide sequence, in particular from Gly-pro-ala or Gly-pro-hyp. Example 2: radical scavenging activity of APExample 2 shows the radical scavenging activity of AP. The AP was produced as describedin Example 1. Methods Materials and reagents- 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) (R092) (394.32 g / mol)- Methanol- Distilled waterDPPH assay protocolThe assay was performed in a covered 96-well plate (end-volume per well was 200 µL)according to following protocol: i) Prepare a stock solution of DPPH in methanol• Final concentration per well is 75 µMii) Prepare a stock solution of the test hydrolysates in water• Dilution series is prepared to obtain a final concentration per well of 1 mg / mLiii) Final solvent concentration per well is 50 / 50 methanol / water (v / v)iv) Add DPPH stock solution to each test well in triplicate• Include positive controls (DPPH without test substance, in triplicate)v) Add hydrolysate to each test well in triplicate• Include negative controls (test substance without DPPH, in triplicate)vi) Mix well and incubate mixture in the dark for 30 min at room temperaturevii) Measure absorbance at 517 nm of the different conditionsviii) Normalize the measured absorbance for the test conditions (sample + DPPH)based on the absorbance of the negative controls (test substance without DPPH) ix) Calculate the mean (± standard deviation) absorbance (n=3) for each test sampleand for the DPPH positive controls (without test substance) x) The percentage reduction in absorption (compared to the DPPH positive control) isgiven by the following formula: 1 – (mean absorbance test sample / meanabsorbance DPPH positive control) ResultsFigure 1 shows the radical scavenging activity for cGP, gly-pro-hyp, gly-pro-ala, AP (additiveeffect and actual effect) and ascorbic acid (positive control). The radical scavenging activitiesfor cGP, gly-pro-hyp, or gly-pro-ala were normalized to their respective concentrationspresent in AP (concentrations according to Table 3). The additive effect is the theoreticaladditive effect which is the sum of the normalized radical scavenging activities for cGP, gly-pro-hyp and gly-pro-ala.It was found that the cGP present in AP accounts for 17% of the reduction in DPPH, the gly-pro-hyp present in AP accounts for 1% of the reduction in DPPH, the gly-pro-ala present inAP accounts for 0% of the reduction in DPPH.The additive effect of cGP, gly-pro-hyp and gly-pro-ala is therefore an 18% reduction inDPPH.However, the combination of cGP, gly-pro-hyp and gly-pro-ala as present in AP actually leadsto ~30% reduction in DPPH. Thus, cGP, gly-pro-hyp and gly-pro-ala have a synergistic effectin reducing DPPH. It was furthermore found that further dipeptides (e.g. Pro-Hyp, Gly-pro) and tripeptides in AP can further improve the radical scavenging activity of AP.Example 3: effects of AP on fibrosisExample 3 shows the effects of AP in different models of fibrosis.Methods Materials The AP was produced as described in Example 1. Fibroblast and Adipose stromal cell (ASC) isolation Normal skin (including subcutaneous fat) was obtained from patients undergoing abdominal dermolipectomy or breast reduction surgery and collected anonymously. Fibroblasts and adipose stromal cells (ASCs) were isolated from skin and subcutaneous fat tissue respectively. Fat was removed from the dermis and epidermis, and cut into pieces. The epidermis was removed from the dermis after dispase incubation. Both dermis and adipose tissue were incubated separately in collagenase type II (Gibco, Invitrogen, Paisly, UK) / dispase II (Roche, Mannheim, Germany) solution for 2 h at 37 °C. Cells were passed through a 40 μm cell strainer and cultured in a 37 °C, 5% CO2atmosphere in DMEM supplemented with 1% penicillin / streptomycin (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA) and 1% UltroserG (BioSepra SA, Cergy-Saint-Christophe, France). Cells from n=3 donors were used for experiments at passage 2-4. Cell culture assay Collagen 1 was isolated from rat tails and reconstituted in 0.1% acetic acid (4 mg / ml). Fibroblasts were seeded in 4 mg / ml collagen I solution (cell concentration: 2x105cells / ml) and 1 ml hydrogel / well was poured into 12 wells plates. Hydrogels were allowed to polymerize for 2 hours at 37 °C. Hydrogels were detached from the well surface to allow contraction andculture medium was added to the wells. Medium with peptides was filtered using a 0.2 μmfilter and allowed to cool to 37 °C before adding to the cultures. Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) was used as a control to stimulate fibrosis. Three times per week the culture medium (including peptides) was changed. Each experimental condition had an intra- experimental replicate. After two weeks of culture, the hydrogels were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde and embedded in paraffin. Myofibroblast staining The presence of myofibroblasts was determined by immunohistochemical staining for alpha Smooth Muscle Actin (^-SMA). Hydrogels were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde and embedded in paraffin.5 µm sections were dehydrated, incubated 1 hour with mouse-anti-human ^-SMA (1:200, clone 1A4, M0851, DAKO) followed a blocking step with Brightvision Gold for 15 minutes and BrightVision Poly-HRP-Anti Mouse / Rabbit IgG Ruby for 30 minutes.3-Amino-9- ethylcarbazole was used as a substrate and slides were counterstained with hematoxylin. The percentage of ^-SMA positive cells was determined by manually counting at least 50 cells per hydrogel (counted on average 100 per hydrogel). ResultsFigure 2 shows that AP reduces hydrogel contraction in the fibroblast contraction assay. Themaximum effect of AP on fibroblasts was observed at the lowest tested concentration of 1.7 mg / ml.Figure 3 shows that AP reduces hydrogel contraction in the adipose stromal cell (ASC)contraction assay. The maximum effect of AP on ASCs was observed at 1.7 mg / ml. Therewas a trend towards increased activity of AP over pure cGP at low concentrations AP (i.e.0.15-0.25 mg / ml). At the end of the 14 days culture period, hydrogels were processed for paraffin embedding and the percentage of ^-SMA positive cells determined by immunohistochemistry. In accordance with the contraction data, the percentage of ^-SMA positive cells was significantly increased in TGF-β1 stimulated hydrogels compared to unexposed control. A clear trend in reduced percentage of ^-SMA positive cells was observed with increasing concentrations of AP, both for fibroblasts (Figure 4) and ASCs (Figure 5).Figure 4 shows that AP reduces differentiation of fibroblasts into myofibroblasts in a dose-dependent manner, as indicated by the reduced percentage of ^-SMA positive cells.Figure 5 shows that AP reduces differentiation of adipose stromal cells into myofibroblasts ina dose-dependent manner, as indicated by the reduced percentage of ^-SMA positive cells.It was furthermore found that AP ameliorates the overproduction of collagen I in connectivetissue cells such as fibroblasts. AP also appears to ameliorate the production of collagen IIIand V in connective tissue cells such as fibroblasts. It was found that AP can inhibit macrophage enhanced contraction of fibroblast populated hydrogels, suggesting anti-inflammatory properties. It was also found that AP stimulates monocyte derived dendritic cell (moDC) maturation and stimulate macrophage skewing towards the inflammatory M1 phenotype rather than the fibrotic M2 phenotype. Overall, without being bound by theory, blocking or reducing the overproduction of collagen(s) and / or modulating the immune response by AP may be mechanism of actions that (further) lead to the prevention of fibrosis.The results show that AP is surprisingly effective in the prevention of fibrosis, at least in partby preventing the contraction and / or myofibroblast differentiation in connective tissue cells. There is a dose-dependent effect of cyclic glycine-proline in preventing fibrosis. Example 4:Example 4 shows the different neuro-protective properties of AP in a D-galactose mousemodel of ageing. The AP was produced as described in Example 1.Methods Study setup Sixty (60) male Swiss mice (3 months old at receipt) were used for the experiment. Anoverview of the test compounds and treatment groups are shown in Table 8. The testcompounds were administered by oral route once per day, 7 days per week during 69 days.For induction of ageing, D-Galactose (D-GAL) was administered subcutaneously (SC) oncedaily during 54 days (i.e. from 15 days after initiating treatment and onwards). Thus, treatment started 2 weeks prior to induction of brain ageing. D-Gal was administered onehour after the oral administration of the test compounds. Between D43 - D54, three differentbehavioral tests were used to monitor the effects of the test compounds: i) the spontaneous alternation procedure in the Y-maze (assessing spatial working memory) on D43;ii) the spatial learning in the Morris water maze (MWM) test from D46 to D50, and iii) the passive avoidance response (assessing contextual long-term memory) with training on D53 and retention session on D54.The day after the behavioral test (on D55) animals were sacrificed for sample collection(plasma, brain cortex and brain hippocampus) for determination of the following biochemical parameters: - Inflammatory markers: tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6) - Cognitive markers: brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) - Complementary biomarkers of aging / neurodegeneration: interferon gamma (IFN-γ), transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β), neurofilament light polypeptide (NfL), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) Frozen cortex and hippocampus samples were cut into small parts, homogenized in sterile phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) completed with protease inhibitors at 5 mg tissue per 100 µl of PBS and sonicated 3 times during 10 seconds on ice. Then, the homogenate was centrifuged for 30 minutes at 10,000 rpm at 4°C, and the supernatant was analyzed immediately by ELISA. For all analyzed samples, cortex and hippocampus supernatants werediluted at 1 / 5 in sterile PBS enriched with a protease inhibitor cocktail. All dilutions wereperformed at 4 °C to avoid protein degradation. Standard curve biomarker dilution wasperformed at specific concentrations. IL-6, TNF-α, BDNF, INF-γ, TGF-β and NfL quantificationwas performed in duplicate for each sampled using 100 µl of sample per well in 96 well plates by the ELISA method.Table 8. Overview of treatment groups and designations investigated in the mouse D-galactose model. Induction of brain Group and designation # animals Treatmentageing Group 1: Negative control Vehicle (H2O) Saline (NaCl) 12 “NaCl / H2O” D0-D69 D15-D69 Group 2: Positive control Vehicle (H2O) D-Gal 150 mg / kg 12 “D-Gal / H2O” D0-D69 D15-D69 Group 3: AP Dose 1 AP 172 mg / kg D-Gal 150 mg / kg 12 “D-Gal / H2O (172 mg / kg)”D0-D69 D15-D69 Group 4: AP Dose 2AP1722 mg / kgD-Gal 150 mg / kg “D-Gal / H O (172 m12 2g / kg)”D0-D69 D15-D69 ResultsGeneral health monitoring and behavioral patternsNo adverse effects on weight gain were observed in any of the treatment groups, during the course of the study. A loss in spontaneous alternation based on the Y-maze test wasobserved in the positive control group (“D-Gal / H2O”). Treatment with the lowest dose of APinduced a significant improvement on alternation behavior. The other treatments had a similar trend compared to the baseline of 60% (Figure 6). The negative control group (“NaCl / H2O”) displayed a percent of spontaneous alternation significantly higher than 60% (p=0.0153), which was considered characteristic of behavior of mice in the Y-maze. The positive control group produced a loss of spontaneous alternation (p=0.0301).The MWM test was conducted as a tool to study spatial memory and learning (Figure 7).Control animals were able to learn the location of the hidden platform as shown by a decrease of the time of swim needed to find it at the occasion of daily training from day 1 today 4. The positive control group (“D-Gal / H2O”) displayed a significant deficit in the learning ofthe position of the hidden platform compared to the negative control group (“NaCl / H2O”) asgiven by a significantly higher swim latency (p=0.0439). Treatment of D-GAL injected animalswith AP produced an improvement of learning. For the AP 1722 mg / kg group (p=0.0164) thecurve is almost similar to that of the negative control group (“NaCl / H2O”).Influence on brain biochemistry parameters in the D-galactose mouse model A significant increase of IL-6 concentration was observed in the brain cortex, hippocampusand plasma of the positive control animals (“D-Gal / H2O”) compared to the negative controlanimals (“NaCl / H2O”), all with p≤0.001 (Figure 8). The animals treated with AP 172 mg / kgshowed a significant decrease of IL-6 concentration in the brain cortex and plasma comparedto the positive control group. A strong and significant decrease of IL-6 concentration wasobserved in the brain, hippocampus and plasma of animals treated with AP 1722 mg / kgcompared to the positive control group. This overall suggests a positive effect of thiscompound for this biomarker.Treatment with D-GAL also induced a significant increase of TNF-α concentration in the braincortex, hippocampus and plasma of the positive control group (“D-Gal / H2O”) compared to thenegative control animals (“NaCl / H2O”), all with p≤0.001 (Figure 9). A decrease of TNF-αconcentration was observed in the brain cortex, hippocampus and plasma of animals treatedwith AP at 172 mg / kg and AP at 1722 mg / kg, compared to the animals from the positivecontrol group. This overall suggests a positive effect of AP for the TNF-α biomarker.Furthermore, a significant decrease of BDNF concentration was observed in the brain cortexand hippocampus of the positive control group (“D-Gal / H2O”) compared to the negativecontrol animals (“NaCl / H2O”) with p≤0.001 (Figure 10). The same trend was observed for theBDNF concentration in plasma. A significant increase of BDNF concentration was observed inthe hippocampus of animals treated with AP172 mg / kg compared to the positive controlgroup. Significant increases of BDNF concentration were observed in the brain andhippocampus of animals treated with AP at 1722 mg / kg compared to the positive control group.Moreover, a significant increase of INF-γ concentration was observed in the brain cortex andhippocampus of the positive control group (“D-Gal / H2O”) compared to the negative controlanimals (“NaCl / H2O”) with p≤0.001 (Figure 11). The animals treated with AP 172 mg / kg orAP at 1722 mg / kg presented a decrease of INF-γ concentration in the brain in this D-Galmouse model.A significant increase of TGF-β concentration was observed in the brain cortex andhippocampus of the positive control animals (“D-Gal / H2O”) compared to the negative controlanimals (group 1) with p≤0.001 (Figure 12). A particularly strong and significant decrease ofTGF-β concentration was observed in the brain cortex and hippocampus of animals treatedwith AP 1722 mg / kg. The MCP-1 marker was measured on plasma samples for the different groups. A significant increase of MCP-1 concentration was observed in the plasma of the positive control group(“D-Gal / H2O”) in comparison with the negative control animals (“NaCl / H2O”). A particularlystrong and significant decrease of MCP-1 concentration was observed in the plasma of animals treated with AP 1722 mg / kg (Figure 13). Lastly, NfL was measured in the brain cortex, hippocampus and plasma of the animals. A significant increase of NfL concentration was observed in brain cortex and hippocampus ofthe positive control animals (“D-Gal / H2O”) compared to the negative control animals(“NaCl / H2O”). No significant increase of plasma NfL concentration was observed in the positive control animals compared to the negative control animals. The animals treated with AP 172 mg / kg presented a decrease of NfL concentration in the brain cortex compared to the positive control group. In comparison with the positive control group, a particularly strong decrease of NfL was observed in the brain cortex and hippocampus of animals treated with AP 1722 mg / kg (Figure 14). Based on the present results, it is considered that the administration of AP may be particularlyeffective in improving cognitive function, e.g. ability to focus, attention span, learning ability orameliorating neurodevelopmental conditions such as ADHD.Example 5: preparation method and characteristics of a cGP-enriched peptidecomposition obtained using an endopeptide mixtureEnzymatic hydrolysis + cyclisationBovine gelatin (50% w / w in water) was first enzymatically hydrolysed (pH 6.2, T=50 °C, t=2 h)with Corolase® 7089 (a bacterial endopeptidase comprising of a metallo- and serine proteasefrom Bacillus subtilis, EC 3.4.24.33). Corolase® 7089 was used at a concentration of 7400ppm. The temperature was then increased to T=60 °C and papain (a cysteine endopeptidase,EC 3.4.22.2) was added at a concentration of 8000 ppm. The hydrolysis reaction was thencontinued (pH 6.2, T=60 °C, t=4 h). Heat treatment for 16 h at 90°C was performed todeactivate the enzymes, increase the breakdown of peptide fragments and induce the formation of cyclic peptides. The peptide composition obtained after heating and cyclization is herein also referred to as “AP-2”. Peptide composition of AP-2Di-and tripeptides sequences were quantified by means of liquid chromatography – massspectrometry. Table 9 shows the peptide composition of AP-2. The peptide composition wasdetermined for three separate replicates which were produced according to the same protocol.Table 9. Peptide composition of AP-2. Values are in parts per million (ppm).ppm cGP 22627Pro-gly 64Gly-pro 151Pro-hyp 1Hyp-glycine 175Ala-pro 9Pro-gly-pro 3Gly-pro-ala 35Gly-pro-hyp 4Pro-Hyp-Gly 1Table 10 shows the molecular weight characteristics of AP-2. The peptide composition wasdetermined for three separate replicates which were produced according to the same protocol. The weight-average molecular weight of 1300-1400 Da together with the distribution profile indicates that AP comprises a mix including aforementioned di-and tri- peptides, relatively larger polypeptides in the <1000 Da (up to ~ 9 amino acids), 1000-2000Da (up to ~20 amino acids) and 2000-5000 Da range (up to ~50 amino acids) peptides.Table 10. Molecular weight characteristics of AP-2. Mn=number average molecular weight, Mw=weight average molecular weight. Mn 1000-1200 DaMw 1300-1400 DaPolydispersity 1.2-1.4Distribution ^0-1000 Da 31%^ 1-2 kDa 58%^ 2-5 kDa 11%^ 5-10 kDa <1% (~0.3%)^ >10kDa <1% (~0.03%)Example 6: radical scavenging activity of AP-2Example 6 shows the radical scavenging activity of AP-2.Methods The AP-2 was produced as described in Example 5. The radical scavenging activity was determined with the DPPH assay as described in Example 2. ResultsFigure 15 shows the radical scavenging activity for cGP, gly-pro-hyp, gly-pro-ala, AP-2(additive effect and actual effect) and ascorbic acid (positive control). The radical scavengingactivities for cGP (at 1 mg / ml), gly-pro-hyp, or gly-pro-ala were normalized to their respectiveconcentrations present in AP-2 (concentrations according to Table 9). The additive effect is the theoretical additive effect which is the sum of the normalized radical scavenging activitiesfor cGP, gly-pro-hyp and gly-pro-ala.It was found that the cGP present in AP-2 accounts for 17% of the reduction in DPPH, thegly-pro-hyp present in AP accounts for <1% of the reduction in DPPH, the gly-pro-ala presentin AP-2 accounts for <1% of the reduction in DPPH.The additive effect of cGP, gly-pro-hyp and gly-pro-ala is therefore a 17% reduction in DPPH. However, the combination of cGP, gly-pro-hyp and gly-pro-ala as present in AP-2 actuallyleads to ~26% reduction in DPPH. Thus, cGP, gly-pro-hyp and gly-pro-ala have a synergisticeffect in reducing DPPH. It was furthermore found that further dipeptides (e.g. Pro-Hyp, Gly-pro) and tripeptides in AP can further improve the radical scavenging activity of AP-2. Example 7: Example 7 shows the effect of test compounds in primary hippocampal neurons on neurite outgrowth, and branching, with a focus on the formation of synapses. A positive effect on neurite outgrowth or increase in synapses can be related to the neuroprotective properties ofthe compounds. AP-2 was compared with AP to establish whether it has similar effects interms of neurological effects. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and cGP were usedas controls. Animal model / study design Rat hippocampal neurons were cultured as described by Callizot et al. (Journal ofNeuroscience Research, 91, 706–716). Briefly, pregnant female rats of 17 days gestation(Rats Wistar; Janvier Labs France) were killed using a deep anesthesia with CO2 chamber and a cervical dislocation. Then, embryos were removed from the uterus and immediately placed in ice-cold L15 Leibovitz medium with a 2 % penicillin (10,000 U / mL) and streptomycin(10 mg / mL) solution (PS) and 1 % bovine serum albumin (BSA). Hippocampi were treated for20 min at 37 °C with a trypsin-EDTA solution at a final concentration of 0.05 % trypsin and 0.02 % EDTA. The dissociation was stopped by addition of Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM) with 4.5 g / L of glucose, containing grade II DNAse I (final concentration 0.5 mg / mL) and 10 % fetal bovine serum (FBS). Cells were mechanically dissociated by three forced passages through the tip of a 10-mL pipette. Cells were then centrifuged at 515 x g for 10 min at 4 °C. The supernatant was discarded, and the pellet was resuspended in a defined culture medium consisting of Neurobasal medium with a 2 % solution of B27 supplement, 2 mM of L-glutamine, 2 % of PS solution, and 10 ng / mL of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Viable cells were counted using the LUNA-FL (logosbio) cell counter. Cells were seeded at a density of 20,000 per well in 96-well plates precoated with poly-L-lysine and were cultured at 37 °C in an air (95 %)-CO2 (5 %) incubator. The medium was changed every other day. To avoid any edge effect, the first and last columns as well as first and last lines of the plate were not used in the study. Empty wells were filled with water. Application of test compounds was performed at different time points. On day 17 of culture, test or reference compound (or vehicle) was dissolved in the culture medium and applied on the culture for 72 hours. BDNF was used as a benchmark control because of its knownneuroprotective effects, blank culture medium was used as negative control. cGP (0.5 mg / ml)was used as further control. EvaluationsImmunostaining for MAP-2 and PSD95:After 72 hours of treatment, hippocampal neurons were fixed by a cold solution of ethanol (95 %) and acetic acid (5 %) for 5 min at -20 °C. The cells were washed twice in PBS, and then permeabilized. Non-specific sites were blocked with a solution of PBS containing 0.1 % of saponin and 1 % FBS for 15 min at room temperature. The cultures were incubated with;- chicken polyclonal antibody anti Microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP-2, a neuronalmarker) at dilution of 1 / 400 in PBS containing 1 % FBS and 0.1 % of saponin- mouse monoclonal antibody anti-PSD95 (a post-synaptic marker) at the dilution of1 / 100 in PBS containing 1 % FBS and 0.1 % of saponin These antibodies were revealed with an Alexa Fluor 488 donkey anti-mouse secondary antibody at a dilution of 1 / 400, and with a Clear Fluor 647 goat anti-chicken secondary antibody at the dilution 1 / 400 in PBS containing 1 % FBS, 0.1 % saponin, for 1 hour at room temperature. Cell nuclei were counterstained with Hoechst solution (Sigma Aldrich, 1 / 1000). Automatic computer analysis: For each condition, 25 or 63 pictures (representative of the whole well area) per well were automatically taken using Operetta® (Revvity) with 20 x or 40 x magnification, respectively. All images were generated by Operetta® using the same acquisition parameters. From images, analyses were directly and automatically performed by Harmony® (Revvity). The following read-outs were investigated:- Number of neurons (number of MAP-2 positive neurons)- Total neurite network (length of MAP-2 positive neurites, in µm)- Analysis of branch / root points (number of neurite branches)- Number of synapses (overlapping between PSD95 / MAP-2)Statistics: All values are expressed as mean ± SEM (standard error of the mean). Statistical analysis was performed by one-way ANOVA followed by Fisher’s LSD test. p< 0.05 was considered significant. Results On day 17, compounds were applied on the culture for 72 hours, at 0.5 mg / mL. Firstly, the number of neurons in the cultures were evaluated as given in Figure 16. From the data (Figure 16) it is clear that the assay benchmark control BDNF (slight increasecompared to the control) and further control cGP did not modify the number of neurons. ForBDNF, this outcome was expected, seeing as BDNF does not have neurogenetic properties.However, both AP and AP-2 were able to increase the number of neurons, indicating apositive effect on the growth and development of the neuronal cells after treatment with either product. Since cGP alone does not increase the number of synapses, the effects of AP and AP-2 cannot be attributed to a sole effect by cGP. Different peptides in AP and AP-2 therefore appear to have a synergistic effect in increasing the number of synapses, which is in line with the scavenger activity results in Example 6. Following, in the same cultures the number of synapses were also evaluated (Figure 17). From the data (Figure 17) it is clear that the assay benchmark control BDNF increased the number of synapses significantly, this is expected seeing as BDNF is considered synaptogenic compound. Both AP and AP-2 were able to increase the number of synapses, indicating a positive effect on the synapse transmission between the neurons. Conclusions Both products AP and AP-2 were able to increase the number of neurons and the number of synapses in a rat primary hippocampal culture. These effects demonstrate the neuroprotective properties of the products, seeing as neurogenesis and synapses are crucial in maintaining or increasing brain plasticity.

Claims

CLAIMS1. Peptide composition comprising cyclic(glycine-proline) in an amount of 1.0x104ppm or more calculated on total weight of peptides in the peptide composition,and further comprising glycine-proline-alanine and glycine-proline-hydroxyproline tripeptides, wherein the weight-average molecular weight of the peptide composition is 1100- 2000 Da.

2. Peptide composition according to claim 1, comprising1.0x104ppm or more cyclic(glycine-proline); 10 ppm or more glycine-proline-alanine tripeptide; and1 ppm or more glycine-proline-hydroxyproline tripeptide, wherein the ppm is calculated on total weight of peptides in the peptidecomposition.

3. Peptide composition according to claim 1 or 2, comprising 1.0x104 – 2.0x105 ppmcyclic(glycine-proline).

4. Peptide composition according any one of claims 1-3, comprising 1 – 10000 ppmglycine-proline-hydroxyproline tripeptide.

5. Peptide composition according to any one of claims 1-4, comprising 10 – 1000ppm glycine-proline-alanine tripeptide.

6. Peptide composition according to any one of the previous claims, wherein thepeptide composition has a weight-average molecular weight of 1200-1800 Da.

7. Peptide composition according to any one of the previous claims, the compositioncomprising -15-50% by weight of peptides with a molecular weight of at most 1000 Da; and- 35-65% by weight of peptides with a molecular weight of 1000-2000 Da; and- 5-30% by weight of peptides with a molecular weight of 2000-5000 Da; and- at most 5%, preferably 0.01-3%, by weight of peptides with a molecular weight of5000-10000 Da; and- at most 2%, preferably 0.01-1%, by weight of peptides with a molecular weightmore than 10000 Da, calculated on total weight of peptides in the peptide composition.

8. Peptide composition according to any one of claims 1-7, for use as a medicament.

9. Peptide composition according to any one of claims 1-7, for use in preventingand / or treating a condition selected from the group consisting of a neurological condition and fibrosis.

10. Peptide composition for use according to claim 9, wherein the neurologicalcondition is one or more selected from the group consisting of central nervous system inflammation, central nervous system inflammation injury, movements conditions or disorders, neuromotor disease, neuromuscular disease, neurosensory disease, psychotic conditions or disorders, depressive conditions or disorders, anxiety conditions or disorders, nervous system and / or brain damage, cognitive conditions or disorders, personality conditions or disorders, mood conditions or disorders, migraine, epilepsy or convulsive disorders, neurodegenerative condition or disorder, autistic disorders, neuropathy, a neurodevelopmental disorder and neurotoxicity.

11. Peptide composition for use according to claim 9, wherein the fibrosis is one ormore selected from the group consisting of medical implant-related fibrosis, surgery-related fibrosis, organ-specific fibrosis, post-surgical adhesion formation, skin fibrosis, cellulite, Dupuytren’s contracture, a hypertrophic scar, a keloid, liver fibrosis, pulmonary fibrosis, pancreatic fibrosis, kidney fibrosis, vascular fibrosis, endometriosis, atrial fibrosis and heart fibrosis.

12. Peptide composition for use according to claim 9, wherein the fibrosis is asymptom in a condition selected from the group consisting of fatty liver disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma and systemic sclerosis.

13. Peptide composition for use according to any one of claims 8-12, wherein thepeptide composition is administered orally.

14. Peptide composition for use according to any one of claims 8-13, wherein thepeptide composition is administered at a total daily dose of 0.1-20 g.

15. Use of the composition according to any one of claims 1-7 in non-therapeuticimprovement of cognitive function.

16. Use according to claim 15, wherein the cognitive function is selected from thegroup consisting of learning ability, memory, spatial memory, problem solvingcapacity, capacity for remembering, attention span, concentration, ability of language processing, spatial ability, speech, language skills, ability to focus, mental alertness and reaction time.

Images