Heat pump system

Abstract

The invention relates to a heat pump system (10) comprising at least one first heat exchanger (11), a pressure-increasing device (12), at least one second heat exchanger (13a, 13b) and a pressure-reducing device (14), wherein: each first heat exchanger (11) is designed to heat a heat-pump process medium, the heat-pump process medium thus absorbing thermal energy; the pressure-increasing device (12) is designed to increase the pressure in the heat-pump process medium downstream of the at least one first heat exchanger (11) and upstream of the at least one second heat exchanger (13a, 13b); each second heat exchanger (13a, 13b) is designed to cool the heat-pump process medium, the heat-pump process medium thus releasing thermal energy; the pressure-reducing device (14) is designed to decrease the pressure in the heat-pump process medium downstream of the at least one second heat exchanger (13a, 13b) and upstream of the at least one first heat exchanger (11). Each second heat exchanger (13a, 13b) is directly integrated into an associated heat-consuming process (18, 19) in order to heat a process medium of the associated heat-consuming process directly, without the use of an intermediate medium, by means of the heat-pump process medium, with direct release of thermal energy from the heat-pump process medium to the process medium of the associated heat-consuming process.

Description

[0001]1 / 32 PB06230 MAN Energy Solutions SE Heat pump system which uses the heat pump process medium for heat distribution. The invention relates to a heat pump system. Fig. 1 shows a heat pump system 110 according to the prior art. The heat pump system 110 of Fig. 1 has a first heat exchanger 111a, a pressure booster 112, second heat exchangers 113a, 113b and a pressure reducer 114. In Fig. 1, the pressure booster 112 is designed as a compressor, the pressure reducer 114 comprises a turbine 114a and a throttle valve 114b designed as an expansion valve. The turbine 114a is a separate device. A generator can interact with the turbine 114a to convert mechanical energy into electrical energy.The first heat exchanger 111a of the heat pump system 110 is configured to heat a heat pump process medium, also referred to as a refrigerant, and thereby absorb thermal energy. The pressure boosting device 112 of the heat pump system 110, designed as a compressor in Fig. 1, is configured to compress the heat pump process medium downstream of the first heat exchanger 111a and upstream of at least one second heat exchanger 113a, 113b. The respective second heat exchanger 113a, 113b of the heat pump system 110 is configured to cool the heat pump process medium and thereby release thermal energy. The pressure reducing device 114 of the heat pump system 110, which is shown in Fig.Figure 1, comprising the turbine 114a and the throttle valve 114b designed as an expansion valve, is configured to expand the heat pump process medium downstream of the respective second heat exchanger 113a, 113b and upstream of the first heat exchanger 111a. 17.04.2024 2 / 32 PB06230 Such a heat pump system 110 can, for example, be used to heat a process medium of at least one heat-consuming process 115, 116, 117. The compressor 112 of the heat pump system 110 is driven by a motor 119 in Figure 1. The motor 119 is a separate unit. A gearbox can be interposed between the motor 119 and the compressor 112.According to the prior art, the process medium for heating the respective heat-consuming process 115, 116, 117 is operated as follows: in the area of ​​the respective second heat exchanger 113a, 113b, the heat pump process medium transfers the thermal energy to a respective intermediate medium to generate heated intermediate medium, whereby the respective heated intermediate medium then transfers the thermal energy to the respective process medium of the respective heat-consuming process 115, 116, 117 in a heat exchanger 118a, 118b, 118c, 118d of the respective heat-consuming process 115, 116, 117. The first heat exchanger 111a of the heat pump system 110 is set up in Fig. 1 to absorb thermal energy from the ambient air or from water of a river or lake and transfer it to the refrigerant. Fig. 2 shows another heat pump system 110 according to the prior art. The heat pump system 110 of Fig.Figure 2 differs from the heat pump system 110 of Figure 1 in that it has several first heat exchangers 111a, 111b, 111c, each of the first heat exchangers 111a, 111b, 111c of the heat pump system 110 of Figure 2 is configured to heat the heat pump process medium and thereby absorb thermal energy. The first heat exchanger 111a of the heat pump system 110, in Figure 2 as in Figure 1, is again configured to absorb thermal energy from the ambient air or from water of a river or lake and transfer it to the refrigerant. 17.04.2024 3 / 32 PB06230 The first heat exchangers 111b, 111c of the heat pump system 110 of Fig. 2 are set up to transfer thermal energy from a respective intermediate medium to the heat pump process medium orto transfer refrigerant, wherein this respective intermediate medium is heated in the area of ​​a respective heat exchanger 123a, 123b, 123c, 123d of a respective heat-emitting process 120, 121, 122 by a respective process medium of the respective heat-emitting process 120, 121, 122. In the heat pump systems 110 of Figs. 1 and 2, all heat pump-side components, i.e., the first heat exchangers 111a, 111c, the pressure boosting device 112, the second heat exchangers 113a, 113b and the pressure reducing device 114, are installed in the area of ​​a heat pump installation site 126. The respective intermediate medium is conveyed from the respective second heat exchanger 113a, 113b and thus from the heat pump installation location 126 towards the respective heat exchanger 118a, 118b, 118c, 118d of the respective heat-consuming process 115, 116, 117 via pipelines 124, for example, of a central heating system. In Fig.2. The respective intermediate medium is conveyed from the respective heat exchanger 123a, 123b, 123c, 123d of the respective heat-emitting process 120, 121, 122 via pipes 125 towards the respective first heat exchanger 111b, 111c and thus towards the heat pump installation location 126. Water, steam, or thermal oil can be used as the intermediate medium in each case. The use of an intermediate medium to transfer thermal energy from the heat pump process medium to the respective intermediate medium in the area of ​​the respective second heat exchanger 113a, 113b, and subsequently from the respective intermediate medium to the process medium of the respective heat-consuming process 115, 116, 117 in the area of ​​the respective heat exchanger 118a, 118b, 118c, 118d, limits the efficiency of the heat pump system 110. 17.04.2024 4 / 32 PB06230 The use of a respective intermediate medium in the area of ​​the respective first heat exchanger 111b, 111c to transfer thermal energy from the respective intermediate medium to the heat pump process medium and from the respective process medium of the respective heat-emitting process 120, 121, 122 to the intermediate medium in the area of ​​the respective heat exchanger 123a, 123b, 123c, 123d also limits the efficiency of the heat pump system 110. Thus, thermodynamic losses can occur in the area of ​​each heat exchanger due to temperature loss, which reduce the thermodynamic efficiency of the heat pump system 110. There is a need for a heat pump system that can be operated with higher efficiency. Based on this, the present invention aims to create a novel heat pump system.This problem is solved by a heat pump system according to claim 1. In the heat pump system according to the invention, the respective second heat exchanger is directly integrated into a respective heat-consuming process in order to heat a process medium of the respective heat-consuming process directly via the heat pump process medium, thereby directly transferring thermal energy from the heat pump process medium to the process medium of the respective heat-consuming process, thus avoiding the need for an intermediate medium. In the heat pump system according to the invention, no intermediate medium is used in the area of ​​the respective second heat exchanger. Rather, the respective second heat exchanger is directly integrated into a respective heat-consuming or heat-absorbing process in order to transfer thermal energy directly.In the area of ​​the respective second heat exchanger, a process medium of the respective heat-consuming process can be heated directly via the heat pump process medium, with direct transfer of thermal energy from the heat pump process medium to the process medium of the respective heat-consuming process. 17.04.2024 5 / 32 PB06230 This allows a heat pump system to be operated with higher thermodynamic efficiency. Temperature losses caused by the transfer of thermal energy to the intermediate medium and by the release of thermal energy from the intermediate medium are eliminated. Overall, the thermodynamic efficiency of the heat pump system can be increased. The heat pump process medium is used to transport heat to the respective heat-consuming process.Preferably, pipelines, for example of a central heating system, are arranged to direct the heat pump process medium from the pressure boosting device towards the respective heat-consuming process and thus to the respective second heat exchanger. Preferably, the pressure boosting device, designed as a compressor, is completely and the pressure reducing device is at least partially part of a hermetically sealed fluid machine arrangement. When the pressure boosting device is completely and the pressure reducing device is at least partially part of a hermetically sealed flow arrangement, efficient pressure boosting and efficient pressure reduction of the heat pump process medium are possible, while avoiding the problem of continuous leakage of the heat pump process medium during regular operation.When leakage of the heat pump process medium is prevented during regular operation, it is also prevented that the heat pump process medium escapes into the environment. Furthermore, when using the hermetically sealed flow arrangement, there is no need to replace heat pump process medium lost through leakage. In this context, it is important that the housing of the turbomachine arrangement is hermetically sealed. Seals, such as dry gas seals, can then be omitted. 17.04.2024 6 / 32 PB06230 The use of active magnetic bearings eliminates the need for an oil supply system to the bearings. No sealing systems are required in the bearing area. There is no risk of oil entering or being introduced into the heat pump process medium or vice versa.A heat pump system with a hermetically sealed turbomachine arrangement requires little maintenance, as it primarily requires maintenance of seals, such as dry gas seals, and no maintenance of an oil supply system. Maintenance requirements are then on the order of several years. Preferably, the heat pump process medium is carbon dioxide. The use of carbon dioxide (CO2) as the heat pump process medium of the inventive heat pump system is particularly preferred because carbon dioxide, with its high density, can absorb thermal energy. The use of carbon dioxide is also advantageous with regard to the system safety of the heat pump system. Carbon dioxide is non-flammable.Preferably, the respective first heat exchanger is directly integrated into a heat-emitting process to directly heat the heat pump process medium, avoiding the need for an intermediate medium, by directly absorbing thermal energy from the heat-emitting process. In this case, no intermediate medium is used in the area of ​​the respective first heat exchanger. Rather, the respective first heat exchanger is directly integrated into a respective heat-emitting process to transfer thermal energy directly. In the area of ​​the respective first heat exchanger, the process medium of the respective heat-emitting process can directly heat the heat pump process medium or refrigerant. This allows the heat pump system to be operated with even higher efficiency. Thermodynamic losses resulting from the transfer of thermal energy to the intermediate medium are thus eliminated.2024 7 / 32 PB06230 and caused by the release of thermal energy from the intermediate medium are eliminated. Overall, the thermodynamic efficiency of the heat pump system can be increased. The heat pump process medium is then used to transport heat away from the respective heat-emitting process. Preferably, pipelines are installed to guide the heat pump process medium from the respective heat-emitting process towards the pressure boosting device. Since the heat pump process medium has a higher energy density than intermediate media used in practice, smaller piping can be used to transport the heat pump process medium instead of the intermediate medium, compared to heat pump systems that use intermediate media.Each secondary heat exchanger can be integrated into a heat-consuming process in a water desalination plant and / or in a heat-consuming process in a distillation plant, particularly a petrochemical distillation plant, and / or in a heat-consuming process in a glass manufacturing plant. These heat-consuming processes are examples only. Other heat-consuming processes may occur in breweries, milk powder production, bioethanol production, or the drying of moist biomass. Each primary heat exchanger can be integrated into a heat-emitting process in a data center and / or in a heat-emitting process in a distillation plant, particularly a petrochemical distillation plant, and / or in a heat-emitting process in a water desalination plant. These heat-emitting processes are examples only.Other heat-generating processes can occur in breweries or in milk powder production. 17.04.2024 8 / 32 PB06230 The direct integration of the heat pump system according to the invention into a water desalination plant is preferred, both in the area of ​​a second heat exchanger and in the area of ​​a first heat exchanger, in order to transfer thermal energy directly while avoiding an intermediate medium. In this way, a water desalination plant can be operated with high efficiency. Preferred embodiments of the invention will become apparent from the dependent claims and the following description. Exemplary embodiments of the invention are explained in more detail with reference to the drawings, without being limited thereto. Figure 1 shows a first heat pump system according to the prior art; Figure 2 shows a second heat pump system according to the prior art; Figure 3 shows a first heat pump system according to the invention; Figure 4 shows...4 a second heat pump system according to the invention; Fig. 5 a third heat pump system according to the invention; Fig. 6 a pressure-enthalpy diagram of the heat pump systems according to Figs. 3, 4, 5; Fig. 7 a detail of the heat pump systems of Figs. 3, 4, 5; Fig. 8 an alternative to the detail of Fig. 7; Fig. 9 a further alternative to the detail of Fig. 7; Fig. 10 a fourth heat pump system according to the invention; Fig. 11 a pressure-enthalpy diagram of the first heat pump system of Fig. 10; Fig. 12 a detail of the first heat pump system of Fig. 10; Fig. 13 a fifth heat pump system according to the invention; Fig. 14 a sixth heat pump system according to the invention. 17.04.2024 9 / 32 PB06230 Fig. 3 shows a highly schematic block diagram of a first heat pump system 10 according to the invention. The heat pump system 10 according to the invention of Fig.Figure 3 comprises a first heat exchanger 11, a pressure boosting device 12 designed as a compressor, second heat exchangers 13, 13a, 13b, 13c, and a pressure reducing device 14. The first heat exchanger 11 of the heat pump system 10 in Figure 3 is configured to heat a heat pump process medium of the heat pump system 10 and thereby absorb thermal energy. Thus, in Figure 3, the first heat exchanger 11 of the heat pump system 10 is configured to absorb thermal energy from the ambient air or from water of a river or lake and transfer it to a heat pump process medium or refrigerant of the heat pump system 10. The first heat exchanger 11 of Figure 3 therefore corresponds to the first heat exchanger 111a of Figures 1 and 2. The compressor 12 of the heat pump system 10 in Figure 3...3 is configured to compress the heat pump process medium downstream of the first heat exchanger 11, 111a and upstream of the second heat exchangers 13, 13a, 13b, 13c. Figure 3 shows several second heat exchangers 13, 13a, 13b, 13c. In the region of each second heat exchanger 13, which is directly integrated into a heat-consuming process 18, 19, the process medium of the heat-consuming process 18, 19 is heated directly via the heat pump process medium, bypassing an intermediate medium, and thermal energy is transferred directly from the heat pump process medium to the process medium of the heat-consuming process 18, 19. 17.04.2024 10 / 32 PB06230 In Fig.3, therefore, in the area of ​​the respective second heat exchanger 13, 13a, 13b, 13c, a direct transfer of thermal energy from the heat pump process medium to the respective heat-consuming process 18, 19 takes place, avoiding an intermediate medium.This allows the thermodynamic efficiency of a heat pump system 10 to be increased. Fig. 3 also shows an electric machine 20. The electric machine 20 serves to drive the compressor 12. Energy recovered in a turbine 14a pressure reduction device 14 during the pressure reduction of the heat pump process medium can be used to support the electric machine 20. The heat pump system 10 of Fig. 3 has the pressure reduction device 14, which is configured to reduce the pressure of the heat pump process medium downstream of the respective second heat exchanger 13 and upstream of the first heat exchanger 11, 111a. In the embodiment of Fig. 3, the pressure reduction device 14 has the turbine 14a and an optional throttle valve 14b. The pressure reduction device 14 can alternatively also have an orifice to provide the pressure reduction of the heat pump process medium.As already explained, in Fig. 3, in the area of ​​the respective second heat exchanger 13, 13a, 13b, 13c, thermal energy is transferred directly from the heat pump process medium to the respective heat-consuming process 18, 19, avoiding an intermediate medium. The heat pump process medium is used to transport heat to the respective heat-consuming process. 17.04.2024 11 / 32 PB06230 A second heat exchanger 13a of Fig. 3 can be integrated into a heat-consuming process 18 of a water desalination plant. Alternatively or additionally, further second heat exchangers can be present, which, for example, can be integrated into a heat-consuming process of a glass manufacturing plant. In Fig.Figure 3 shows second heat exchangers 13b, 13c, which can be integrated into a heat-consuming process 19 of a distillation plant, for example to heat a distillation column, where the distillation plant can be a petrochemical distillation plant. These heat-consuming processes are exemplary. In the heat pump system 10 of Figure 3, the second heat exchangers 13, 13a, 13b, 13c are no longer installed together with the pressure booster 12 and the pressure reducer 14 in the area of ​​a heat pump installation location 46, but rather in the area of ​​the respective heat-consuming process 18, 19.The heat pump process medium can flow from the compressor 12 towards the respective second heat exchanger 13, 13a, 13b, 13c and thus towards the respective heat-consuming process 18, 19 via pipes 47, and likewise back from the respective heat-consuming process 18, 19 towards the pressure-reducing device 14. These pipes 47 can be pipes of a central heating system to provide heat for different heat consumers and thus heat-consuming processes that may be located apart. In the heat pump system 10 of Fig. 3, carbon dioxide is preferably used as the heat pump process medium. Fig. 4 shows a heat pump system 10 according to the invention in which the first heat exchanger 11, 11a shown there is additionally directly integrated into a heat-emitting process 15 to supply the heat pump process medium 17.04.2024 12 / 32 PB06230 directly, avoiding an intermediate medium, by directly absorbing thermal energy from the heat-emitting process 15. The first heat exchanger 11, 11a can be integrated into a heat-emitting process 15 of a data center or a heat-emitting process of a building cooling system, in order to directly utilize, for example, heat generated by processors and chips in data centers or heat generated in a building cooling system when cooling buildings in countries with high outside temperatures to heat the heat pump process medium. The heat pump process medium is also used to transport heat away from the respective heat-consuming process. In the heat pump system 10 of Fig.Figure 4 shows that neither the second heat exchangers 13, 13a, 13b, 13c nor the first heat exchanger 11, 11a shown there, together with the pressure boosting device 12 and together with the pressure reducing device 14, are installed in the area of ​​a heat pump installation location 46. The second heat exchangers 13, 13a, 13b, 13c are installed in the area of ​​the respective heat-consuming process 18, 19, and the first heat exchanger 11, 11a is installed in the area of ​​the heat-emitting process 15. Figure 5 shows a heat pump system 10 according to the invention, which combines all the components of the heat pump systems 10 of Figures 3 and 4 and which additionally includes the heat exchangers 113b, 118d, 111c, 123b, 123c, 123d of Figure 2. In the area between heat exchangers 113b, 118d and heat exchangers 111c, 123b, 123c, 123d, an intermediate medium is used for heat transfer, as is customary in the prior art. In the area shown in Fig.In the embodiments shown in Figures 3, 4, and 5, the compressor 12 and the turbine 14a of the pressure reducing device 14, as well as the electric machine 12, are components of a hermetically sealed turbomachine arrangement 21. Possible embodiments of such a hermetically sealed turbomachine arrangement 21 are shown in Figures 7, 8, and 9. The hermetically sealed turbomachine arrangement 21 shown in Figure 7 includes the compressor 12, which in Figure 7 has a single compressor section 12a with several compressor stages. The compressor 12 serves to increase the pressure of the heat pump process medium heated in the region of the at least one first heat exchanger 11, wherein the compressor 12, namely the compressor section 12a thereof, has a compressor shaft 22. Furthermore, the hermetically sealed turbomachine arrangement 21 of Fig. 7 includes the electric machine 20 and the turbine 14a of the expansion device 14.The electric machine 20 has a shaft 23, wherein the compressor shaft 22 and the shaft 23 of the electric machine are coaxial and coupled. The turbine 14a has a turbine shaft 24 that is coaxial with the shafts 22 and 23 of the compressor 12 and the electric machine 20 and is coupled to them. The compressor 12, the electric machine 20, and the turbine 14a are arranged in a hermetically sealed, one- or multi-part housing 25 of the fluid machine assembly 21 and are supported in the hermetically sealed housing 25 by active magnetic bearings 26. The turbomachine arrangement 21 has a first supply line 27 through which heated heat pump process medium can be supplied to the turbomachine arrangement 21, namely the compressor 12, from the first heat exchanger 11 at an inlet pressure level of the compressor 12. Furthermore, Fig.7 A first discharge line 28 of the turbomachine arrangement 21, via which heat pump process medium compressed by the turbomachine arrangement 21, namely by the compressor 12, can be discharged at an outlet pressure level of the compressor 12 and supplied to the second heat exchanger 13. Via a second supply line 29 of the turbomachine arrangement 21, heat pump process medium can be supplied to the turbomachine arrangement 21, namely the turbine 14a, starting from the second heat exchanger 13, at the inlet pressure level of the turbine 14a. Via a second discharge line 30 of the turbomachine arrangement 21, heat pump process medium can be discharged from the turbine 14a of the turbomachine arrangement 21 at the outlet pressure level of the turbine 14a and directed towards the respective first heat exchanger 11, as shown in Fig.The optional throttle valve 14b is arranged at points 3, 4, and 5 between the turbine 14a and the respective first heat exchanger 11. This valve further reduces the pressure of the heat pump process medium from the outlet pressure level of the turbine 14a. As shown in Fig. 7, compressed heat pump process medium can be taken from the compressor 12 to cool the bearings 26 and the electric machine 20. It is then directed via lines 48 towards the bearings 26, where it flows over the bearings and subsequently over the electric machine 20. Heat pump process medium that has flowed over the bearings 26 and the electric machine 20 for cooling can be returned via lines 49 to the first supply line 27, where it is mixed with heated heat pump process medium at the inlet pressure level of the compressor 12 and subsequently compressed again. Fig. 6 shows a pressure (p)-enthalpy (h) diagram for the heat pump systems 10 of Fig.3, 4 and 5, wherein in the diagram of Fig. 6, state I consists of the heat pump process medium, which has been compressed in the area of ​​the respective first heat exchanger 11. 17.04.2024 15 / 32 PB06230 Starting from state I of Fig. 6, the pressure of the heat pump process medium is increased to state II, preferably by means of the compressor 12, whereby between states II and III of Fig. 6, the heat pump process medium transfers heat directly to the process medium of the respective heat-consuming process in the area of ​​the respective second heat exchanger 13. Starting from state III, a pressure reduction to state IV first takes place in the area of ​​the turbine 14a and a further pressure reduction to state V takes place in the area of ​​the optional throttle valve 14b. In state I, the heat pump process medium is gaseous. Gaseous heat pump process medium is also present in state II.In state III, the heat pump process medium is supercritical. In states IV and V, the heat pump process medium is mostly liquid. States IV and V lie in the so-called two-phase region of the heat pump process medium, in which the heat pump process medium is partly liquid and partly gaseous. State IV can also lie just outside the two-phase region. If state IV lies just outside the two-phase region, the heat pump process medium is liquid in state IV. Fig. 8 shows an alternative embodiment of the hermetically sealed flow machine arrangement 21. To avoid unnecessary repetition, the same reference numerals are used for identical assemblies, and the details that distinguish the flow machine arrangement of Fig. 8 from the flow machine arrangement of Fig. 7 are discussed below. In the flow machine arrangement of Fig.In Figure 8, the compressor stages of compressor section 12 of compressor 12 are separated from one another such that first compressor stages are arranged on a first side of a bearing 26 and second stages on a second side of the bearing 26. The rotor of compressor 12 is therefore partially overhanging relative to this bearing 26. Within the hermetically sealed housing 25, the heat pump process medium to be compressed flows from the compressor stages of compressor section 12a arranged on the left side of the bearing 26 to the compressor stages of compressor section 12a arranged on the right side of the bearing 26. While in Figure 7 the supply line 27 for compressor 12 and the second line 30 for turbine 14a run in a radial direction, in Figure 8 these lines 27 and 30 run in an axial direction. Fig.Figures 7 and 8 have in common that the first line 28 for the compressor 12 and the second line 29 for the turbine 14a each run in a radial direction. In Figure 8, compressed heat pump process medium taken from the compressor 12 flows via line 48 from the compressor 12 towards the electric machine, first flowing over the electric machine 20 and then over the bearings 26. Another variant for the hermetically sealed turbomachine arrangement 21 is shown in Figure 9. Again, to avoid unnecessary repetition for identical assemblies, the same reference numerals are used for Figure 9, and only those details are discussed that distinguish the hermetically sealed turbomachine arrangement 21 of Figure 9 from the turbomachine arrangement of Figure 7. While in Figure 8...In Figure 7, the compressor 12 and the turbine 14a are arranged on opposite sides of the electric machine 20 and coupled to its shaft 23. In Figure 9, the turbine 14a and compressor 12 are arranged on the same side of the electric machine 20, with their shafts 22 and 24 running coaxially to the shaft 23 of the electric machine 20, and these shafts 22, 23, and 24 being coupled to each other. The coupling can be fixed. In this case, the shafts 22 and 24 can be supplied by a common shaft. The turbomachine arrangement 21 of Figure 9 is characterized by low leakage between the compressor 12 and turbine 14a. Thus, in Fig.9, the high-pressure side of the compressor 12 borders the high-pressure side of the turbine 14a, so that I can form a small leakage from the high-pressure side of the compressor 12 towards the high-pressure side of the turbine 14a.The energy from this leakage can be recovered in the turbine 14. Fig. 10 shows a further embodiment of a heat pump system 10 according to the invention. For the heat pump system 10 of Fig. 10 and the heat pump system 10 of Figs. 3, 4 and 5, the same reference numerals are used for identical assemblies in order to avoid unnecessary repetition. The heat pump system 10 of Fig. 10 differs from the heat pump system 10 of Figs. 3, 4, and 5, in particular, in that Fig. 10 has two throttle valves 14b, 14c, whereby partially expanded heat pump process medium is discharged between the two throttle valves 14b, 14c and supplied to a first heat exchanger 11b, 11c, 111d, which operates at a higher pressure level and thus at a higher evaporation temperature of the heat pump process medium than the first heat exchangers 11, 11a, 11d, 11e, 11f, 111a, 111e of Fig. 10. In Fig. 10, the throttle valve 14b is optional.In Figure 10, the throttle valve 14b is optional, while the throttle valve 14c is not optional. In the area of ​​the first heat exchangers 11b, 11c, 11d, 11e, 11f of Figure 10, the heat pump process medium is heated directly from the respective heat-emitting process 17, 50, 51, 52, thus heating the heat pump process medium directly without the need for an intermediate medium. Figure 10, like Figure 5, shows the second heat exchanger 113b as well as the first heat exchangers 111d, 111e, in which, as is customary in the prior art, an intermediate medium is used for heat transfer. In the heat pump system 10 of Fig. 10, the second heat exchangers 13a, 13b, 13c are not installed together with the pressure boosting device 12 and together with the pressure reducing device 14 in the area of ​​a heat pump installation location 46, but in the area of ​​the respective heat-consuming process 18, 19.Furthermore, the first heat exchangers 11a, 11b, 11c, 11d, 11e, 11f are not installed in the area of ​​a heat pump installation location 46, but rather in the area of ​​the respective heat-emitting process. In Fig. 10, the compressor 12 has two compressor sections 12a, 12b, wherein the inlet pressure level of the compressor section 12a corresponds to the pressure level of the first heat exchangers 11a, 11b, 11e, 11f, 11a, 111e, and wherein the inlet pressure level of the compressor section 12b corresponds to the outlet pressure level of the compressor section 12a and the pressure level of the first heat exchanger 11b, 11c, 111d. In the area of ​​the heat-consuming process 18 of Fig. 10 and the heat-emitting process 50 of Fig. 10, the heat transfer between the heat pump process medium and the respective process medium of the respective process 18, 50 takes place directly, avoiding an intermediate medium. In the processes 18, 50 of Fig.In the process 10, a further heat exchange takes place between the respective process medium of the respective process 18, 50, which directly exchanges thermal energy with the heat pump process medium, and another process medium of the respective process 18, 50 via corresponding heat exchangers 54, 55. Fig. 11 shows a pressure (p)-enthalpy (h) diagram for the heat pump system 10 of Fig. 10 with states Ia to V. State Ia corresponds to the state of the heat pump process medium upstream of the first compressor section 12a. The first compressor section 12a compresses the heat pump process medium and transfers it from state Ia to state IIa. The compressor section 12b compresses the heat pump process medium from state Ib to state IIb, i.e., from the outlet pressure level of compressor section 12a to the outlet pressure level of compressor section 12b. Between states 17.04.2024 19 / 32 PB06230 IIb and III of the Fig.In Figure 11, thermal energy is transferred from the heat pump process medium to the respective heat-consuming process in the area of ​​at least one second heat exchanger 13b, 13c. Between states III and IV of Figure 11, the pressure of the heat pump process medium is reduced in the area of ​​the turbine and the optional first throttle valve 14b. Between states IV and V, the pressure of the heat pump process medium is reduced in the area of ​​the second throttle valve 14c. Between states V and Ia, the heat pump process medium is heated in the first heat exchangers 11a, 11d, 11e and 11f. Between states IV and Ic, the heat pump process medium is heated in the area of ​​the first heat exchanger 11b, 11c of Fig. 11. Heat pump process medium of state IIa is mixed with heat pump process medium of state Ic, thereby providing heat pump process medium of state Ib. Also shown in Fig.In Figure 10, the compressor 12, the turbine 14a, and the electric motor 20 are components of a hermetically sealed turbomachine assembly 21, with Figure 12 showing a possible embodiment of such a hermetically sealed turbomachine assembly 21 for the heat pump system 10 of Figure 10. The turbomachine assembly 21 of Figure 12 corresponds essentially to the turbomachine assembly 21 of Figure 7, differing from the turbomachine assembly 21 of Figure 7 only in that two compressor sections 12a, 12b of the compressor 12 are present. Between the two compressor sections 12a, 12b, the heat pump process medium is discharged from the hermetically sealed housing 25 via a drain 32 and fed in via a supply line 33. 17.04.2024 20 / 32 PB06230 Fig.Figure 13 shows a heat pump system 10 in which the second heat exchanger 13 is directly integrated into a heat-consuming process 18 of a water desalination plant 53, which serves to desalinate seawater. The second heat exchanger 13 of the heat pump system 10 transfers thermal energy from the heat pump process medium directly to the process medium of the heat-consuming process 18, bypassing an intermediate medium. The water desalination plant 53 has a condenser 34 to which seawater is supplied by a pump 35. From the condenser 34, seawater to be desalinated is conveyed via a line 36 towards several desalination stages 37a, 37b, 37c, 37d, 37e, and 37f.In each of these desalination stages 37a to 37f, seawater to be desalinated is evaporated by supplying thermal energy. In desalination stage 37a, this thermal energy is supplied directly via the second heat exchanger 13 of the heat pump system 10, thus avoiding the need for an intermediate medium. The heat of vaporization generated during the evaporation of the seawater in each desalination stage 37a to 37f is recovered and supplied to the subsequent desalination stage. Thus, heat recovered during evaporation in desalination stage 37a is supplied to desalination stage 37b, and heat recovered in desalination stage 37b is supplied to desalination stage 37c. In each desalination stage, the respective thermal energy is used to evaporate and desalinate seawater.In other words, steam from desalination stage 37a enters a heat exchanger in the downstream desalination stage 37b and condenses there, with the heat released being used to evaporate water in desalination stage 37b. Steam from desalination stage 37b then enters a heat exchanger in the downstream desalination stage 37c and condenses there, with the heat released being used to evaporate water in desalination stage 37c. This process is repeated up to desalination stage 37f. Each of the desalination stages 37b to 37f operates at a slightly lower pressure level than the preceding desalination stage. The number of desalination stages shown in Fig. 13 is purely illustrative. Desalinated seawater can be discharged from desalination stages 37b to 37f via a pipe 38. The resulting brine, i.e., an aqueous solution of the salts, can be discharged via a drain 39.Residual heat from the desalinated seawater and residual heat from the brine can be used in first heat exchangers 11g, 11h to directly heat the heat pump process medium, avoiding the need for an intermediate medium. Residual heat from the heat pump process medium that was not transferred to the seawater to be desalinated in the desalination stage 37a can be utilized in a boost module 40 and transferred to the seawater to be desalinated. In Fig. 13, therefore, a direct transfer of thermal energy to the process medium, namely the seawater to be desalinated, of the water desalination plant 53 takes place in the area of ​​the second heat exchanger 13, 13b. No intermediate medium is used for this heat transfer or transfer of thermal energy. Fig. 14 shows an embodiment of a heat pump system 10 in which the second heat exchanger 13 is directly integrated into a heat-consuming process of a glass manufacturing plant 41. Thus, Fig.14 as raw materials 42, which are used in the glass manufacturing plant 41, for example quartz sand 42a, lime 42b as a stabilizer, and soda ash 42c as a flux. These raw materials 42 are mixed in a mixing system 44 and fed to a pre-drying device 45 of the glass manufacturing plant 41. Other raw materials can also be used depending on the type of glass being produced. The second heat exchanger 13 is arranged in the area of ​​this pre-drying device 45 in order to transfer the thermal energy of the heat pump process medium directly to the process medium, here to the mixture of raw materials 42a, 42b, and 42c, without the need for an intermediate medium, in order to dry the mixture of the raw materials. A dried mixture of raw materials 42a, 42b and 42c is then supplied to furnace 43 of the glass production plant 41, so that less energy is required in furnace 43 to produce a glass melt.This is particularly advantageous if furnace 43 is a direct electric melting furnace, as in this case the electrical energy consumption of furnace 43, and thus of the glass production plant 41, can be reduced by pre-drying the raw materials. The first heat exchanger 11, 111a can absorb thermal energy from the ambient air or from water in a river or lake and transfer it to the heat pump process medium. Alternatively or additionally, a first heat exchanger (not shown) can use exhaust air or wastewater from the glass production plant to heat the heat pump process medium in the area. Thermal energy can also be generated in other components of the glass production plant, which is used to heat the heat pump process medium in the area of ​​a first heat exchanger.Furthermore, thermal energy from other energy sources can be used to heat the heat pump process medium in the area of ​​a first heat exchanger. 17.04.2024 23 / 32 PB06230 Reference List 10 Heat Pump System 11 First Heat Exchanger 11a First Heat Exchanger 11b First Heat Exchanger 11c First Heat Exchanger 11d First Heat Exchanger 11e First Heat Exchanger 11f First Heat Exchanger 11g First Heat Exchanger 11h First Heat Exchanger 12 Pressure Boosting Device 12a Compressor Section 12b Compressor Section 13 Second Heat Exchanger 13a Second Heat Exchanger 13b Second Heat Exchanger 13c Second Heat Exchanger 14 Pressure Reducing Device 14a Turbine 14b Throttle Valve 14c Throttle Valve 15 Heat-Releasing Process 16 Heat-Releasing Process 17 Heat-Releasing Process 18 Heat-Consuming Process 19 Heat-Consuming Process 20 electric machine 21 turbomachine arrangement 22 shaft 23 shaft 24 shaft 17.04.2024 24 / 32 PB06230 25 Housing 26 Bearing 27 Inlet 28 Outlet 29 Inlet 30 Outlet 32 ​​Outlet 33 Inlet 34 Capacitor 35 Pump 36 Line 37a Desalination Stage 37b Desalination Stage 37c Desalination Stage 37d Desalination Stage 37e Desalination Stage 37f Desalination Stage 38 Line 39 Line 40 Boost Stage 41 Glassmaking Plant 42 Raw Material 42a Quartz Sand 42b Lime 42c Soda 43 Furnace 44 Mixing Device 45 Preheater 46 Heat Pump Installation Site 47 Piping 48 Line 49 Line 50 Heat-Releasing Process 17.04.2024 25 / 32 PB06230 51 Heat-emitting process 52 Heat-emitting process 53 Water desalination plant 54 Heat exchanger 55 Heat exchanger 110 Heat pump system 111a First heat exchanger 111b First heat exchanger 111c First heat exchanger 111d First heat exchanger 111e First heat exchanger 112 Pressure booster 113a Second heat exchanger 113b Second heat exchanger 114 Pressure reducer 114a Turbine 114b Expansion valve / Throttle valve 115 Heat-absorbing process 116 Heat-absorbing process 117 Heat-absorbing process 118a Heat exchanger 118b Heat exchanger 118c Heat exchanger 118d Heat exchanger 119 Motor 120 Heat-emitting process 121 Heat-emitting process 122 Heat-emitting process 123a Heat exchanger 123b Heat exchanger 123c Heat exchanger 123d Heat exchanger 124 Piping 17.04.2024 26 / 32 PB06230 Piping Heat pump installation site 17.04.2024.

Claims

27 / 32 PB06230 Claims 1. Heat pump system (10), comprising at least one first heat exchanger (11, 11a, 11b, 11c, 11d, 11e, 11f), a pressure boosting device (12), at least one second heat exchanger (13, 13a, 13b, 13c) and a pressure reducing device (14), wherein the respective first heat exchanger (11, 11a, 11b, 11c, 11d, 11e, 11f) is configured to heat a heat pump process medium by absorbing thermal energy through the heat pump process medium, wherein the pressure boosting device (12) is configured to increase the pressure of the heat pump process medium downstream of the respective first heat exchanger (11, 11a, 11b, 11c, 11d, 11e, 11f) and upstream of the respective second heat exchanger (13, 13a, 13b, 13c), wherein the respective second heat exchanger (13, 13a, 13b, 13c) is configured to cool the heat pump process medium by releasing thermal energy from the heat pump process medium,wherein the pressure reducing device (14) for reducing the pressure of the heat pump process medium is arranged downstream of the respective second heat exchanger (13, 13a, 13b, 13c) and upstream of the respective first heat exchanger (11, 11a, 11b, 11c, 11d, 11e, 11f), characterized in that a respective second heat exchanger (13, 13a, 13b, 13c) is directly integrated into a respective heat-consuming process (18, 19) in order to heat a process medium of the respective heat-consuming process (18, 19) directly via the heat pump process medium, avoiding an intermediate medium, by directly transferring thermal energy from the heat pump process medium to the process medium of the respective heat-consuming process (18, 19). April 17, 2024 28 / 32 PB06230 2. Heat pump system (10) according to claim 1, characterized by pipes (47) arranged to direct the heat pump process medium from the pressure boosting device (12) towards the respective heat-consuming process (18, 19).

3. Heat pump system (10) according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the pressure boosting device (12) is completely and the pressure reducing device (14) is at least partially part of a hermetically sealed turbomachine arrangement (21).

4. Heat pump system (10) according to claim 3, characterized in that the hermetically sealed turbomachine arrangement (21) comprises at least the following: the pressure boosting device (12) designed as a compressor with at least one single- or multi-stage compressor section (12a, 12b) for increasing the pressure of the heat pump process medium, wherein the compressor (12) comprises a compressor shaft (22), an electric machine (20),a shaft (23) wherein the compressor shaft (22) is coaxial with the shaft (23) of the electric machine (20) and is coupled to the shaft (23) of the electric machine (20), and wherein the electric machine (20) and the compressor (12) are arranged in a common, hermetically sealed, one- or multi-part housing (25) and are mounted in the housing (25) via active magnetic bearings (26), a turbine (14a) of the pressure reducing device (14) wherein the turbine (14a) has a turbine shaft (24) which is coaxial with the shaft (23) of the electric machine (20) and is coupled to the shaft (23) of the electric machine (20) or the compressor shaft (22), wherein the turbine (14a) is also arranged in the common, hermetically sealed housing (25) and is mounted in the housing via active magnetic bearings (26). Gert is. 17.04.2024, 29 / 32 PB06230 5. Heat pump system (10) according to claim 4, characterized in that the hermetically sealed turbomachine arrangement (21) further comprises the following: a first supply line (27) through which heated heat pump process medium can be supplied to the turbomachine arrangement (21), namely the compressor (12), starting from the first heat exchanger (11), at the inlet pressure level of the compressor (12); a first discharge line (28) through which the heat pump process medium compressed by the turbomachine arrangement (21), namely by the compressor (12), can be discharged at an outlet pressure level of the compressor (12) and supplied to the second heat exchanger (13). 6.Heat pump system (10) according to claim 4 or 5, characterized in that the hermetically sealed turbomachine arrangement (21) further comprises: a second supply line (29) through which heat pump process medium can be supplied to the turbomachine arrangement (21), namely the turbine (14a), starting from the second heat exchanger (13), at the inlet pressure level of the turbine (14a); a second discharge line (30) through which heat pump process medium can be discharged from the turbomachine arrangement (21), namely the turbine (14a), at an outlet pressure level of the turbine (14a).

7. Heat pump system (10) according to one of claims 1 to 6, characterized in that the heat pump process medium is carbon dioxide (CO2). 17.04.2024. 30 / 32 PB06230 8. Heat pump system (10) according to one of claims 1 to 7, characterized in that the respective first heat exchanger (11a, 11b, 11c, 11d, 11e, 11f) is directly integrated into a respective heat-emitting process (15) in order to directly heat the heat pump process medium, avoiding an intermediate medium, by directly absorbing thermal energy from the respective heat-emitting process (15, 17, 50, 51, 52) through the heat pump process medium.

9. Heat pump system (10) according to one of claims 1 to 8, characterized in that a respective second heat exchanger (13a) is integrated into a heat-consuming process of a water desalination plant (53).

10. Heat pump system (10) according to one of claims 1 to 9, characterized in that a respective second heat exchanger (13b, 13c) is integrated into a heat-consuming process (19) of a distillation plant, in particular a petrochemical distillation plant.

11. Heat pump system (10) according to any one of claims 1 to 10, characterized in that a respective second heat exchanger (13) is integrated into a heat-consuming process of a glass manufacturing plant (41).

12. Heat pump system (10) according to any one of claims 1 to 11, characterized in that a respective first heat exchanger (11) is integrated into a heat-emitting process of a water desalination plant (53). 17.04.2024. 31 / 32 PB06230 13. Heat pump system (10) according to one of claims 1 to 12, characterized in that a respective first heat exchanger (11a) is integrated into a heat-emitting process (15) of a data center.

14. Heat pump system (10) according to one of claims 1 to 13, characterized in that a respective first heat exchanger is integrated into a heat-emitting process of a distillation plant, in particular a petrochemical distillation plant. 17.04.2024

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