Methods of making cells expressing an engineered receptor
A short-term production process for CAR-T cells using virus-like particles for gene editing addresses the inefficiencies of conventional methods, improving cell viability and tumor killing ability while reducing clinical dosage.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2025/096573
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Priority Date
- 2024-05-22
- Filing Date
- 2025-05-22
- Publication Date
- 2025-11-27
AI Technical Summary
The conventional production of CAR-T cells is lengthy, costly, and results in cells that are at the end of differentiation, with traditional genetic engineering methods causing cellular damage and exacerbating recovery issues during cryopreservation.
A method involving a short-term production process (less than 72 hours) that includes introducing a vector and editing the genome of cells without electroporation, using virus-like particles for gene editing, preserving cell viability and function.
The method retains more young T cells, enhances tumor killing ability, and reduces clinical dosage requirements, while minimizing cellular damage and cryopreservation issues.
Smart Images

Figure PCTCN2025096573-FTAPPB-I100001 
Figure PCTCN2025096573-FTAPPB-I100002 
Figure PCTCN2025096573-FTAPPB-I100003
Abstract
Description
METHODS OF MAKING CELLS EXPRESSING AN ENGINEERED RECEPTORCROSS REFERENCEThis application claims benefit of priority of International Patent Application No. PCT / CN2024 / 094759 filed on May 22, 2024, the content of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.SEQUENCE LISTINGThis application incorporates by reference a Sequence Listing submitted with this application as XML file format, entitled “IEC250318PCT_Sequence listing. xml, ” created on May 21, 2025 having a size of 46, 260 bytes.TECHNICAL FIELD
[0001] The disclosure relates to methods of making engineered cells (e.g., CAR-T cells) engineered to express an engineered receptor (e.g., CAR) , and compositions generated by such methods.BACKGROUND
[0002] Adoptive cell transfer (ACT) therapy with T cells, especially with T cells transduced with Chimeric Antigen Receptors (CARs) , has shown promise in several hematologic cancer trials. The manufacture of gene-modified T cells is currently a lengthy and complex process. At present, the production of CAR-T cell preparations mainly includes T cell enrichment, activation, transduction and in vitro expansion. The production cycle of the conventional process is long, requiring from 9 days to 2-3 weeks, and the production cost is high. At the same time, the harvested products tend to be at the end of differentiation, and the clinical treatment effect is not good.
[0003] Further, in some cases, it is desirable to edit the genome of the starting cell (e.g., to enhance efficacy or reduce side effects) . For example, for CAR-T cells, it may be desirable to knock-out the PD1 gene to improve efficacy. However, traditional genetic engineering methods (e.g., CRISPR) often involve using electroporation, which causes cellular damages that take time to recover from. In conventional processes, the cellular damages may be further exacerbated by cryopreservation.
[0004] Thus, there is a need for an improved method of making engineered cells (e.g., CAR-T cells) for cell therapy purposes.SUMMARY
[0005] This disclosure relates to methods of making engineered cells expressing an engineered receptor (e.g., CAR) , and compositions generated using such methods. Also disclosed are methods of using such engineered cells to treat diseases. The methods may significantly shorten the time required to make engineered cells. Further, the methods may improve the viability and persistence of the engineered cells. Further, the methods allow for genome editing of the starting cell (e.g., to enhance efficacy or reduce side effects) .
[0006] The data in the present disclosure showed that the short-term production process through activation (12-23 hours) followed by transduction (1-8 hours) is beneficial in (1) retaining more young T cells, (2) enhancing tumor killing ability and the persistence of tumor inhibition, and (3) reducing the clinical dosage requirements. However, the cells during the short-term production process or harvest from the short-term production process are not suitable for genetic engineering by electroporation, where the treatment causes high degrees of cell death.
[0007] In one aspect, the disclosure is related to a method for making a population of engineered cells, comprising:
[0008] (a) introducing a vector containing a nucleic acid of interest into a population of cells;
[0009] (b) editing the genome of the population of cells; and
[0010] (c) harvesting the population of cells, wherein the total length of the method is less than or equal to 72 hours, wherein the method does not involve electroporation.
[0011] In some embodiments, step (b) is performed before step (a) ; step (b) is performed after step (a) ; or step (b) and step (a) at least partially overlap in time.
[0012] In some embodiments, editing the genome comprises knock-down (KD) , knock-out (KO) , knock-in (KI) one or more target genes; or editing the genome comprises mutation (substitution, insertion, or deletion) in one or more target genes.
[0013] In some embodiments, the editing step comprises introducing a gene editing system into the population of cells by virus-like particle (VLP) , lipid nanoparticles (LNP) , fusosome, or exosomes.
[0014] In some embodiments, the gene editing system is CRISPR gene editing, base editing, zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs) , or transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs) .
[0015] In some embodiments, the base editing is carried out by a based editor selected from adenine base editors (ABE) , cytosine base editors (CBE) , and C-to-G base editors (CGBE) .
[0016] In some embodiments, the gene editing system is introduced by VLP.
[0017] In some embodiments, the VLP comprises (1) a viral structural protein and (2) one or more Cas proteins, or one or more nucleic acids encoding Cas proteins.
[0018] In some embodiments, the one or more Cas proteins are complexed with one or more guide RNAs (gRNAs) .
[0019] In some embodiments, the one or more Cas proteins are selected from the group consisting of Cas9, Cas12, Cas13, Cas3, Cas5, Cas8a, Cas8b, Cas8c, Cas10d, Cas4, Cse1, Csy1, Csn2, Csm2, Cmr5, CasMINI, SuperFi-Cas9, Cas7-11, and any variants thereof.
[0020] In some embodiments, the gene editing system comprises a Cas9 protein and a guide RNA (gRNA) .
[0021] In some embodiments, the VLP is devoid of any protein-encoding nucleic acids.
[0022] In some embodiments, the VLP is derived from a retroviral vector (RVV) , an adenoviral vector, or an adeno-associated viral vector.
[0023] In some embodiments, the RVV is a lentiviral vector or a γ-retroviral vector.
[0024] In some embodiments, the vector is a retroviral vector (RVV) , an adenoviral vector, or an adeno-associated viral vector.
[0025] In some embodiments, the RVV is a lentiviral vector or a γ-retroviral vector.
[0026] In some embodiments, the method further comprises (i) activating the population of cells in an activation medium, wherein step (i) is performed before step (a) and / or step (b) or at least partially overlaps with step (a) and / or step (b) .
[0027] In some embodiments, the total length of the steps (i) and (a) and / or (b) is less than or equal to 48 hours, 36 hours, 28 hours, 26 hours or 24 hours.
[0028] In some embodiments, the total length of steps (i) and (a) is less than or equal to 48 hours, 36 hours, 28 hours, 26 hours, 24 hours, 20 hours, 18 hours, 16 hours, 14 hours or 12 hours.
[0029] In some embodiments, the total length of steps (i) and (b) is less than or equal to 48 hours, 36 hours, 28 hours, 26 hours, 24 hours, 20 hours, 18 hours, 16 hours, 14 hours or 12 hours.
[0030] In some embodiments, the total length of steps (i) , (a) and (b) is less than or equal to 48 hours, 36 hours, 28 hours, 26 hours, 24 hours, 20 hours, 18 hours, 16 hours, 14 hours or 12 hours.
[0031] In some embodiments, the total length of the method is less than or equal to 60 hours, 48 hours, 36 hours, 28 hours, 26 hours or 24 hours.
[0032] In some embodiments, the method does not involve in vitro cell expansion after the harvesting step.
[0033] In some embodiments, the harvested population of cells is immediately frozen and stored for further use after the harvesting step.
[0034] In some embodiments, the harvested population of cells is further expanded after the harvesting step.
[0035] In some embodiments, the harvested population of cells is further expanded for less than 5 days after the harvesting step.
[0036] In some embodiments, the harvested population of cells is further expanded for less than 3 days after the harvesting step.
[0037] In some embodiments, the harvested population of cells from the harvesting step shows better expansion rate compared with cells made by an otherwise similar method that uses electroporation.
[0038] In some embodiments, the harvested population of cells from the harvesting step shows better viability compared with cells made by an otherwise similar method that uses electroporation.
[0039] In some embodiments, the harvested population of cells from the harvesting step, after being administered in vivo, persists longer or expands at a higher level, compared with cells made by an otherwise similar method in which total length of the method is more than 72 hours.
[0040] In some embodiments, the harvested population of cells from the harvesting step, after being administered in vivo, persists longer or expands at a higher level, compared with cells made by an otherwise similar method that uses electroporation.
[0041] In some embodiments, the harvested population of cells from the harvesting step is expanded by no more than 10%, compared to the population of cells at the beginning of the method.
[0042] In some embodiments, the nucleic acid of interest encodes an engineered receptor.
[0043] In some embodiments, the engineered receptor comprises an extracellular antigen binding domain or ligand binding domain, and optionally an intracellular signaling domain.
[0044] In some embodiments, the engineered receptor is selected from the group consisting of an engineered T cell receptor (TCR) , a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) , a T cell antigen coupler (TAC) or a portion thereof.
[0045] In some embodiments, the population of cells at the beginning of the method is isolated from a peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) sample.
[0046] In some embodiments, the population of cells at the beginning of the method comprises immune cells.
[0047] In some embodiments, the immune cells are selected from a group consisting of T cells, NK cells, dendritic cells, and a combination thereof.
[0048] In some embodiments, the immune cells are T cells.
[0049] In one aspect, the disclosure is related to a population of engineered cells made by the methods described herein.
[0050] In one aspect, the disclosure is related to a pharmaceutical composition, comprising the population of engineered cells described herein, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
[0051] In one aspect, the disclosure is related to a method of treating a disease or disorder in a subject, the method comprising administering to the subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of the population of engineered cells described herein, or the pharmaceutical composition described herein.
[0052] In some embodiments, the disease or disorder is infectious disease, autoimmune disease, or tumor.
[0053] In some embodiments, the tumor is hematological cancer or solid tumor.
[0054] In some embodiments, the disease or disorder is acute myeloid leukemia (AML) , B-cell acute lymphoid leukemia (BALL) , T-cell acute lymphoid leukemia (TALL) , acute lymphoid leukemia (ALL) , chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) , chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) , multiple myeloma (MM) , myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) , myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) , chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) , and blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm (BPDCN) , breast cancer, lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, melanoma, oral cancer, mesothelioma, ovarian cancer, colorectal cancer, gastric cancer, cervical cancer, brain cancer, skin cancer, lymphoma, epithelial neoplasms, soft tissue sarcoma, esophageal cancers, or CNS tumors.DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS
[0055] FIGS. 1A-1B show the expansion fold of T cells at various time points after resuscitation. FIG. 1A shows data from Donor A. FIG. 1B shows data from Donor B.
[0056] FIGS. 2A-2B show the viability of T cells at various time points after resuscitation. FIG. 2A shows data from Donor A. FIG. 2B shows data from Donor B.
[0057] FIGS. 3A-3B show the PD1 knock-out efficiency (based on flow cytometry data) at various time points after resuscitation. FIG. 3A shows data from Donor A. FIG. 3B shows data from Donor B.
[0058] FIGS. 4A-4B show the CAR positive rates in total T cells (based on flow cytometry data) at various time points after resuscitation. FIG. 4A shows data from Donor A. FIG. 4B shows data from Donor B.
[0059] FIGS. 5A-5B show the T cell phenotype data (based on flow cytometry) at various time points after resuscitation. FIG. 5A shows data from Donor A. FIG. 5B shows data from Donor B.
[0060] FIG. 6 shows relevant sequences.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0061] The present disclosure provides methods of making immune effector cells (e.g., T cells or NK cells) engineered to express an engineered receptor (e.g., CAR) , compositions comprising such cells, and methods of using such cells for treating diseases. In addition, the methods provided herein allows editing of the genome of the starting cell without causing significant cellular damages. The methods described herein provide an improved manufacturing process for making engineered immune effector cells (e.g., CAR-T cells) . The methods disclosed herein may be used to make immune effector cells engineered to express an engineered receptor in a short-term production process (less than or equal to 72 hours, 60 hours, 48 hours, 36 hours, 28 hours, 26 hours or 24 hours) .
[0062] In the methods described herein, genome editing may be performed using virus-like particles (VLP) . For example, a CRISPR / Cas system can be delivered using VLP. Comparing to electroporation, VLP is advantageous because electroporation causes more cellular damages, which will be exacerbated by cryopreservation after the harvesting step. Since the whole process is performed in short-term, there may not be enough time for the cells to recover from damages caused by electroporation and cryopreservation. By comparison, the methods described herein minimizes cellular damages, preserving cell viability and functions.
[0063] Without wishing to be bound by theory, the methods provided herein preserve the undifferentiated or less differentiated phenotype of T cells, such as T cells, T stem like cells, Tcm, during the manufacturing process. These engineered cells with an undifferentiated phenotype may persist longer and / or expand better in vivo after infusion. The engineered cells produced by the manufacturing methods described herein may comprise a higher percentage of stem cell memory T cells, compared to engineered cells produced by traditional manufacturing processes.
[0064] As used herein, the term "Chimeric Antigen Receptor" or alternatively a "CAR" refers to a recombinant polypeptide construct comprising at least an extracellular antigen binding domain, a transmembrane domain and a cytoplasmic signaling domain (also referred to herein as "an intracellular signaling domain" ) comprising a functional signaling domain derived from a stimulatory molecule as defined herein. The domains in the CAR polypeptide construct may be in the same polypeptide chain, for example, comprise a chimeric fusion protein. The domains in the CAR polypeptide construct may be not contiguous with each other, for example, are in different polypeptide chains.
[0065] As used herein, the terms “extracellular domain” or “extracellular region” are used interchangeably herein to refer to the portion of a receptor that is outside the cell membrane. The extracellular domain can be entire portion of a receptor that is outside the cell membrane, or just a part thereof (e.g., at least 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99%of the entire portion) . The extracellular domain can be derived from the extracellular domain of a wild-type receptor or a functional variant thereof. The extracellular domain may have one or more mutations, including e.g., insertions, deletions, and / or substitutions.
[0066] As used herein, the terms “intracellular domain” , “intracellular region” or “cytoplasmic region” are used interchangeably herein to refer to the portion of a receptor that is inside the cell. The intracellular domain can be entire portion of a receptor that is inside the cell, or just a part thereof (e.g., at least 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99%of the entire portion) . The intracellular domain can be derived from the intracellular domain of a wild-type receptor or a functional variant thereof. The intracellular domain may have one or more mutations, including e.g., insertions, deletions, and / or substitutions.
[0067] As used herein, the terms “transmembrane domain” or “transmembrane region” are used interchangeably herein to refer to the portion of a receptor that is embedded in the cell membrane. The transmembrane domain can be entire portion of a receptor that is embedded in the cell membrane, or just a part thereof (e.g., at least 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99%of the entire portion) . The transmembrane domain can be derived from the transmembrane domain of a wild-type receptor or a functional variant thereof. The transmembrane domain may have one or more mutations, including e.g., insertions, deletions, and / or substitutions. The transmembrane domain may be a transmembrane domain of a CAR.
[0068] As used herein, the terms “hinge domain” or “hinge region” are used interchangeably herein to refer to the portion of a receptor that connects the transmarine region and the extracellular domain. The hinge region may be part of an extracellular domain. The hinge region can be derived from the hinge region of a wild-type receptor or a functional variant thereof. The hinge region may have one or more mutations, including e.g., insertions, deletions, and / or substitutions. The hinge region may be a hinge region of a CAR.
[0069] As used herein, a “vector” is any construct capable of delivering one or more polynucleotides of interest to a host cell when the vector is introduced to the host cell. An “expression vector” is capable of delivering and expressing the one or more polynucleotides of interest as an encoded polypeptide in a host cell into which the expression vector has been introduced. Thus, in an expression vector, the polynucleotide of interest is positioned for expression in the vector by being operably linked with regulatory elements such as a promoter, enhancer, and / or a poly-Atail, either within the vector or in the genome of the host cell at or near or flanking the integration site of the polynucleotide of interest such that the polynucleotide of interest will be translated in the host cell introduced with the expression vector. The vector delivers one or more polynucleotides of interest to a host cell by a directed integration method (including site-specific integration, and gene-targeted integration) and / or a random integration method.
[0070] The term “introducing” or “introduced” means “transfecting” or “transfected” or “transforming” or “transformed” or “transducing” or “transduced” , which refers to a process by which exogenous nucleic acid is transferred into the host cell. A “transfected” or “transformed” or “transduced” cell is one which has been transfected, transformed or transduced with exogenous nucleic acid.
[0071] As used herein, the term “T-cell receptor” or “TCR” as used herein refers to an endogenous or modified T-cell receptor comprising an extracellular antigen binding domain that binds to a specific antigenic peptide bound in an MHC molecule. The TCR may comprise a TCRαpolypeptide chain and a TCRβ polypeptide chain. The TCR may comprise a TCRγ polypeptide chain and a TCRδ polypeptide chain. The TCR may specifically bind a tumor antigen. “TCR-T” refers to a T cell that expresses a recombinant TCR. Expression of a heterologous antigen receptor, such as a heterologous TCR or CAR, can alter the immunogenic specificity of the T cells so that they recognize or display improved recognition for one or more tumor antigens that are present on the surface of the cancer cells of an individual with cancer.
[0072] As used herein, the term “cancer” refers to cells having the capacity for autonomous growth. Examples of such cells include cells having an abnormal state or condition characterized by rapidly proliferating cell growth. The term is meant to include cancerous growths, e.g., tumors; oncogenic processes, metastatic tissues, and malignantly transformed cells, tissues, or organs, irrespective of histopathologic type or stage of invasiveness. Also included are malignancies of the various organ systems, such as respiratory, cardiovascular, renal, reproductive, hematological, neurological, hepatic, gastrointestinal, and endocrine systems; as well as adenocarcinomas which include malignancies such as most colon cancers, renal-cell carcinoma, prostate cancer and / or testicular tumors, non-small cell carcinoma of the lung, and cancer of the small intestine. Cancer that is “naturally arising” includes any cancer that is not experimentally induced by implantation of cancer cells into a subject, and includes, for example, spontaneously arising cancer, cancer caused by exposure of a patient to a carcinogen (s) , cancer resulting from insertion of a transgenic oncogene or knock-out of a tumor suppressor gene, and cancer caused by infections, e.g., viral infections. The term “carcinoma” is art recognized and refers to malignancies of epithelial or endocrine tissues. The term also includes carcinosarcomas, which include malignant tumors composed of carcinomatous and sarcomatous tissues. An “adenocarcinoma” refers to a carcinoma derived from glandular tissue or in which the tumor cells form recognizable glandular structures. The term “sarcoma” is art recognized and refers to malignant tumors of mesenchymal derivation. The term “hematopoietic neoplastic disorders” includes diseases involving hyperplastic / neoplastic cells of hematopoietic origin. A hematopoietic neoplastic disorder can arise from myeloid, lymphoid or erythroid lineages, or precursor cells thereof.
[0073] As used herein, the terms “subject” and “patient” are used interchangeably throughout the specification and describe an animal, human or non-human, to whom treatment according to the methods of the present disclosure is provided. Veterinary and non-veterinary applications are contemplated by the present disclosure. Human patients can be adult humans or juvenile humans (e.g., humans below the age of 18 years old) . In addition to humans, patients include but are not limited to mice, rats, hamsters, guinea-pigs, rabbits, ferrets, cats, dogs, and primates. Included are, for example, non-human primates (e.g., monkey, chimpanzee, gorilla, and the like) , rodents (e.g., rats, mice, gerbils, hamsters, ferrets, rabbits) , lagomorphs, swine (e.g., pig, miniature pig) , equine, canine, feline, bovine, and other domestic, farm, and zoo animals.
[0074] The term "autologous" refers to any material derived from the same individual to whom it is later to be re-introduced into the individual.
[0075] The term "allogeneic" refers to any material derived from a different individual of the same species as the individual to whom the material is introduced. Two or more individuals are said to be allogeneic to one another when the genes at one or more loci are not identical. Allogeneic material from individuals of the same species may be sufficiently unlike genetically to interact antigenically.
[0076] “Derived from” as that term is used herein, indicates a relationship between a first and a second molecule. It generally refers to structural similarity between the first molecule and a second molecule and does not connotate or include a process or source limitation on a first molecule that is derived from a second molecule. For example, in the case of an intracellular signaling domain that is derived from a CD3zeta molecule, the intracellular signaling domain retains sufficient CD3zeta sequence / structure such that is has the required function, namely, the ability to generate a signal under the appropriate conditions. It does not connotate or include a limitation to a particular process of producing the intracellular signaling domain, for example, it does not mean that, to provide the intracellular signaling domain, one must start with a CD3zeta sequence and delete unwanted sequence, or impose mutations, to arrive at the intracellular signaling domain.
[0077] “Immune effector cell” as that term is used herein, refers to a cell that is involved in an immune response, for example, in the promotion of an immune effector response. Examples of immune effector cells include T cells, for example, alpha / beta T cells and gamma / delta T cells, B cells, natural killer (NK) cells, natural killer T (NKT) cells, mast cells, and myeloic-derived phagocytes.
[0078] As used herein, a “ T cell” , “naive T cell” or “Tn” refers to a T cell that is antigen-inexperienced. An antigen-inexperienced T cell may have encountered its cognate antigen in the thymus but not in the periphery. T cells may be precursors of memory cells. T cells may express CCR7, but not CD45RO. T cells may express both CD45RA and CCR7, but not CD45RO. T cells may be characterized by expression of CD62L, CD27, CCR7, CD45RA, CD28, and CD127, and the absence of CD95 or CD45RO isoform. T cells may express CD62L, IL-7 receptor-α, IL-6 receptor, and CD132, but not CD25, CD44, CD69, or CD45RO. T cells may express CD45RA, CCR7, and CD62L and not CD95 or IL-2 receptor β. Surface expression levels of markers may be assessed using flow cytometry.
[0079] As used herein, the term “central memory T cells” or “Tcm” refers to a subset of T cells that in humans are CD45RO positive and express CCR7. Central memory T cells may express CD95. Central memory T cells may express IL-2R, IL-7R and / or IL-15R. Central memory T cells may express CD45RO, CD95, IL-2 receptor β, CCR7, and CD62L. Surface expression levels of markers may be assessed using flow cytometry.
[0080] As used herein, the terms “stem memory T cells, ” “stem cell memory T cells, ” “stem cell-like memory T cells, ” “memory stem T cells, ” “T memory stem cells, ” “T stem cell memory cells, ” “TSCM cells” or “Tscm” refer to a subset of memory T cells with stem cell-like ability, for example, the ability to self-renew and / or the multipotent capacity to reconstitute memory and / or effector T cell subsets. Stem memory T cells may express CD45RA, CD95, IL-2 receptor β, CCR7, and CD62L. Surface expression levels of markers may be assessed using flow cytometry. Exemplary stem memory T cells are disclosed in Gattinoni et al., Nat Med. 2017 January 06; 23 (1) : 18–27, herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.
[0081] As used herein, the term “effector memory T cells” or “Tem” refers to a subset of memory T cells with effector functions. In general, the memory T cells include stem cell memory T (Tscm) cells and central memory T (Tcm) cells and effector memory T (Tem) cells, which have different specific phenotypes. Tcm cells and Tem cells are often distinguished by CCR7 expression and function. Tcm cells (characterized by the CD45RO+CCR7+ phenotype) generally reside in lymphoid organs and do not have an immediate lytic function, whereas Tem cells are found in nonlymphoid tissues, have lytic activity and are CD45RO+CCR7-. Tem cells may express higher levels of receptors responsible for migration to inflamed tissues and have a stronger immediate effector function than Tcm cells.
[0082] As used herein, the term “effector T cells” or “Teff” refers to a subset of T cells with effector functions. After T cells differentiate into Teff cells, they may readily release cytotoxic granules and effector cytokines upon engagement of their TCR with the cognate antigen. Teff cells may be negative for CD27, CD28, and lymph node homing markers, but may express markers of terminal T cell activation such as Killer cell lectin-like receptor subfamily G, member 1 (KLGR-1) and the NK marker CD57.
[0083] As used herein, the term “about” when referring to a measurable value such as an amount, a temporal duration, and the like, is meant to encompass variations of ± 20%or in some instances ± 10%, or in some instances ± 5%, or in some instances ± 1%, or in some instances ±0.1%from the specified value, as such variations are appropriate to perform the disclosed methods.
[0084] As used herein, the term “overlap” may mean completely overlap or partially overlap. Completely overlap includes the concept of simultaneously or concurrently. For example, if step (a) and step (b) completely overlap, step (a) can begin at the start of step (b) , and end at the end of step (b) . If step (a) and step (b) partially overlap, step (a) can begin before the start of step (b) , and end before the end of step (b) . Alternatively, if step (a) and step (b) partially overlap, step (a) can begin before the start of step (b) , and end after the end of step (b) .
[0085] The term "mutation" as used herein may refer to substitution, insertion, or deletion. The term "substitution" refers to the replacement of nucleotides with other nucleotides. The term includes for example the replacement of single nucleotides resulting in point mutations. Said point mutations can lead to an amino acid exchange in the resulting protein product but may also not be reflected on the amino acid level (i.e. silent mutations) . Also encompassed by the term "substitution" are mutations resulting in the replacement of multiple nucleotides, such as for example parts of genes, such as parts of exons or introns as well as the replacement of entire genes. The number of nucleotides that replace the originally present nucleotides may be the same or different (i.e. more or less) as compared to the number of nucleotides removed. The term "insertion" refers to the incorporation of one or more nucleotides into a nucleic acid molecule. When the number of inserted nucleotides is dividable by three, the resulting insertion is an "in-frame insertion" . In this case, the reading frame remains intact after the insertion and translation will most likely run to completion if the inserted nucleotides do not code for a stop codon. However, because of the inserted nucleotides, the finished protein will contain, depending on the size of the insertion, one or multiple new amino acids that may affect the function of the protein. The term "deletion" refers to the removal of nucleotides or larger parts of genes, such as exons or introns as well as entire genes. If a deletion does not result in a frameshift mutation, i.e. because the number of nucleotides deleted is dividable by three, the resulting protein is nonetheless altered as the finished protein will lack, depending on the size of the deletion, one or several amino acids that may affect the function of the protein.
[0086] As used herein, the term "CRISPR" refers to a technique of sequence specific genetic manipulation relying on the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats pathway. The term "gRNA" or "guide RNA" as used herein refers to the guide RNA sequences used to target specific genes for correction employing the CRISPR technique. Techniques of designing gRNAs and donor therapeutic polynucleotides for target specificity are well known in the art. See, e.g., Doench et al. (2014) Nature Biotechnol. 32 (12) : 1262-7 and Graham al. (2015) Genome Biol. 16: 260, incorporated by reference herein. When used herein, gRNA can refer to a dual or single gRNA. The term "Cas9" refers to a CRISPR associated endonuclease referred to by this name (UniProtKB G3ECR1 (CAS9 STRTR) ) as well as dead Cas9 or dCas9, which lacks endonuclease activity (e.g., with mutations in both the RuvC and HNH domain) . The term "Cas9" may further refer to equivalents of the referenced Cas9 having at least about 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99%identity thereto, including but not limited to other large Cas9 proteins.
[0087] Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this disclosure belongs. Methods and materials are described herein for use in the present disclosure; other, suitable methods and materials known in the art can also be used. The materials, methods, and examples are illustrative only and not intended to be limiting. All publications, patent applications, patents, sequences, database entries, and other references mentioned herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety. In case of conflict, the present specification, including definitions, will control. Methods of making engineered cells (e.g., immune effector cells)
[0088] In one aspect, the present disclosure provides methods of making a population of cells (e.g., T cells) with a modified genome in a short-term production process. The method may include (a) introducing a vector containing a nucleic acid of interest into a population of cells; (b) editing the genome of the population of cells; and (c) harvesting the population of cells. The method may involve no electroporation step. The total length of the method can be less than or equal to 72 hours. The total length of the method may be less than or equal to 71 hours, 70 hours, 69 hours, 68 hours, 67 hours, 66 hours, 65 hours, 64 hours, 63 hours, 62 hours, 61 hours, 60 hours, 59 hours, 58 hours, 57 hours, 56 hours, 55 hours, 54 hours, 53 hours, 52 hours, 51 hours, 50 hours, 49 hours, 48 hours, 47 hours, 46 hours, 45 hours, 44 hours, 43 hours, 42 hours, 41 hours, 40 hours, 39 hours, 38 hours, 37 hours, 36 hours, 35 hours, 34 hours, 33 hours, 32 hours, 31 hours, 30 hours, 29 hours, 28 hours, 27 hours, 26 hours, 25 hours, or 24 hours. Step (b) can be performed before step (a) . Step (b) can be performed after step (a) . Step (b) and step (a) can at least partially overlap in time.
[0089] Short-term production process (also named rapid process, or fast manufacturing process) means the production time of CAR-T cells is less than the conventional process, and the related patents include but not limited to WO2021173985, WO2021173995, WO2020210678, WO2023021477, WO2020114491, WO2022234009, WO2018106732, WO2023122277, WO2021148019.
[0090] The vector in the introducing step (step (a) ) may be a retroviral vector (RVV) , an adenoviral vector, or an adeno-associated viral vector (AAV) . The RVV may be a lentiviral vector or a γ-retroviral vector.
[0091] The editing step may include knock-down (KD) , knock-out (KO) , knock-in (KI) of one or more target genes. The editing step may include mutation (substitution, insertion, or deletion) in one or more target genes. The editing step may include introducing a gene editing system into the population of cells by virus-like particle (VLP) , lipid nanoparticles (LNP) , fusosome, or exosomes. The gene editing system may include zinc finger nuclease (ZFN) , transcription activator-like effector nuclease (TALEN) , or clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats / CRISPR-associated protein (CRISPR / Cas) .
[0092] CRISPR locus is generally composed of short highly conserved repeats. Spacers with different length separate the repeats. The spacers are derived from phage or exogenous DNA sequence, which is similar to immunologic memory acquisition. When the phages or exogenous DNA with the same sequence infects bacteria again, the bacteria can recognize and bind the exogenous sequence with Cas proteins, and then the exogenous sequence is cleaved under the action of a series of Cas related proteins in order to achieve the purpose of protecting itself. CRISPR system can be classified into three types according to different Cas proteins involving in defense process. Among them, type II CRISPR system is widely used because of its simplicity. It only requires a Cas9 protein to complete entire cutting process of the exogenous gene sequence. Under natural condition, the type II CRISPR system also requires crRNA (CRISPR RNA) and transcrRNA (trans-activating crRNA) to together guide Cas9 to recognize and cleave the exogenous sequence. For simplicity of this system, the commonly used is crRNA and transcrRNA complex-guide RNA (gRNA) , which helps the Cas9 protein to recognize the target sequence. In CRISPR-Cas9 technique, gRNA recognizes the protospacer adjacent motif (PAM) and binds the target sequence. Thus, under the guide of gRNA, the double-stranded DNA at target site is cleaved by the nuclease Cas9, which leads to double-strand break and induction of cell self-repair process. The cell can be repaired by two ways-homologous recombination or non-homologous end joining. These two kinds of repair ways can result in specific gene modification or deletion or insertion of a small number of nucleotide residues, and thus resulting in mutation of the target sequences.
[0093] Knock-outs and Knock-ins: In general, CRISPR-based genome or epigenome editing relies on the function of Cas9 to facilitate the pairing between a gRNA and a target sequence. The gRNA is generally designed to target a specific target gene and can further comprise CRISPR RNA (crRNA) and trans-activating CRIPSPR RNA (tracrRNA) . Upon pairing of the Cas9-gRNA complex to the target gene, an active Cas9 enzyme can trigger target specific cleavage to disrupt the gene and, optionally, knock out or knock in a gene.
[0094] The gene that may be knocked out or knocked down is selected from the group comprising programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) , AAVS1, TRAC, TRBC, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) , T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin-domain containing-3 (Tim3) , killer immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) , CD94, NKG2A, CCR5, a protein tyrosine phosphatase, CD2, CD3 (CD3 gamma, CD3 epsilon) , CD4, CD5, CD7, CD8, CIITA, TCR or TCR complex component, B2M, HLA-A, HLA-B, HLA-C, HLA-E, HLA-G, CD48, CD52, CD58, Protein Disulfide Isomerase Family A Member 3 (PDIA3 / ERp57) , Transporter Associated with Antigen Processing I (TAPI) , Transporter Associated with Antigen Processing II (TAP2) , Tapasin / TAP Binding Protein (TAPBP) , TAP-Binding Protein-Like (TAPBPL) , NLR family CARD domain containing 5 (NLRC5) / MHC class I transactivator (CITA) , cluster of differentiation 155 (CD155) , MHC class I polypeptide-related sequence A (MICA) , MHC class I polypeptide-related sequence B (MICB) polypeptide, nectin cell adhesion molecule 2 (Nectin-2) , UL16 binding protein 1-6 (ULBP) , TGF-beta receptor II, TET2, von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) , or combinations thereof.
[0095] Base Editing: A base editing approach may be employed by using a dCas9. For example, a cytidine deaminase enzyme that directs the conversion of a cytidine to uridine, therefore being useful to fix point-mutations, can be used. This approach does not require double-strand breaks and is efficient at gene correction with point mutations without introducing random indels, as risk posed by traditional CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing. Therefore, this system increases product selectivity by minimizing off-target random indel formations. A non-limiting example of this approach employs the third-generation base editor, APOBEC-XTEN-dCas9 (A840H) -UGI (disclosed in Komor et al. (2016) Nature 533 : 420-424 and Supplementary Materials) , which nicks the non-edited strand containing a G opposite of the edited U. The base editing can be carried out by a base editor selected from adenine base editors (ABE) , cytosine base editors (CBE) , and C-to-G base editors (CGBE) .
[0096] VLP is a delivery vector based on viral protein elements that removes viral genetic sequences and can be used to deliver CRISPR-Cas9. The "cargo" that VLP can deliver can be Cas9 mRNA and sgRNA, or Cas9 protein and sgRNA. Based on the delivery mechanism of the virus itself, the cargo may be delivered to the nucleus more quickly and effectively. VLPs are virus-derived structures made up of one or more different molecules with the ability to self-assemble, mimicking the form and size of a virus particle but lacking the genetic material so they are not capable of infecting the host cell. Expression and self-assembly of the viral structural proteins can take place in various living or cell-free expression systems after which the viral structures can be assembled and reconstructed. Structural proteins from viruses, such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) , adeno-associated virus, Hepatitis B virus (HBV) , Hepatitis C virus (HCV) and bacteriophages have been used to produce VLPs. These particles are of different sizes, with most ranging from 20–200 nm. Based on the presence or absence of lipid envelopes, VLPs are classified into two main types: enveloped and non-enveloped VLPs and the presence of proteins organized into single-layered, two-layered or multi-layered. VLPs are being used for different purposes. Since they contain an internal cavity, they can be used as efficient delivery vehicles and they have been exploited for the delivery of different biological material, including genes, peptides, proteins and small drugs.
[0097] The VLP may contain (1) a viral structural protein (e.g., HIV-1 gag protein) and (2) a gene editing system. The gene editing system may contain a Cas9 protein and a guide RNA (gRNA) . The VLP may contain (1) a viral structural protein (e.g., HIV-1 gag protein) and (2) one or more Cas proteins (e.g., Cas9) , or one or more nucleic acids encoding Cas proteins. The one or more Cas proteins (e.g., Cas9) can be complexed with one or more guide RNAs (gRNAs) . The one or more Cas proteins may be selected from the group consisting of Cas9, Cas12, Cas12a, Cas12b, Cas12c, Cas12d, Cas12e, Cas12f (Cas14) , Cas12g, Cas12h, Cas12i, Cas12k, Cas13, Cas13a, Cas13b, Cas13c, Cas13d, Cas13x. 1, Cas3, Cas8a, Cas5, Cas8b, Cas8c, Cas10d, Cse1, Cse2, Csy1, Csy2, Csy3, GSU0054, Cas10, Csm2, Cmr5, Csx11, Csx10, Csf1, Csn2, Cas4, CasMINI, SuperFi-Cas9, Cas7-11, and variants thereof. The gRNA may include a CRISPR RNA (crRNA) and trans-activating CRIPSPR RNA (tracrRNA) . VLP may be devoid of any protein-encoding nucleic acids. The VLP may be derived from a retroviral vector (RVV) , an adenoviral vector, or an adeno-associated viral vector. The RVV may be a lentiviral vector or a γ-retroviral vector.
[0098] The VLP may contain the HIV-1 gag protein. The HIV-1 gag protein sequence may comprise a sequence that has at least about 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99%identity to SEQ ID NO: 11. The HIV-1 gag protein sequence may comprise the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 11. The HIV-1 gag protein may be encoded by a HIV-1 gag DNA sequence in a vector. The HIV-1 gag DNA sequence may comprise a sequence that has at least about 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99%identity to SEQ ID NO: 3. The HIV-1 gag DNA sequence may comprise the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 3.
[0099] The VLP may contain a 3 × rev nuclear export signal protein sequence. The 3 × rev nuclear export signal protein sequence may comprise a sequence that has at least about 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99%identity to SEQ ID NO: 12. The 3 × rev nuclear export signal protein sequence may comprise the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 12. The 3 × rev nuclear export signal protein sequence may be encoded by a 3 × rev nuclear export signal DNA sequence in a vector. The 3 × rev nuclear export signal DNA sequence may comprise a sequence that has at least about 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99%identity to SEQ ID NO: 4. The 3 × rev nuclear export signal DNA sequence may comprise the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 4.
[0100] The VLP may contain a Cas9 protein sequence. The Cas9 protein sequence may comprise a sequence that has at least about 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99%identity to SEQ ID NO: 14. The Cas9 protein sequence may comprise the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 14. The Cas9 protein sequence may be encoded by a Cas9 DNA sequence in a vector. The Cas9 DNA sequence may comprise a sequence that has at least about 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99%identity to SEQ ID NO: 6. The Cas9 DNA sequence may comprise the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 6.
[0101] The VLP may contain a crRNA. The crRNA may comprise a sequence that has at least about 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99%identity to SEQ ID NO: 9. The crRNA may comprise the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 9.
[0102] The VLP may be encoded by one or more vectors. One such vector may include a Gag-cas9 fusion protein DNA sequence. The Gag-cas9 fusion protein DNA sequence may comprise a sequence that has at least about 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99%identity to SEQ ID NO: 2. The Gag-cas9 fusion protein DNA sequence may comprise the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2. The Gag-cas9 fusion protein DNA sequence may include a protease cleavage site DNA sequence (e.g., separating the HIV-1 gag DNA sequence from the Cas9 DNA sequence) . The protease cleavage site DNA sequence may comprise a sequence that has at least about 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99%identity to SEQ ID NO: 5. The protease cleavage site DNA sequence may comprise the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 5. The protease cleavage site protein sequence may comprise a sequence that has at least about 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99%identity to SEQ ID NO: 13. The protease cleavage site protein sequence may comprise the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 13. The same vector may include the Gag-cas9 fusion protein DNA sequence (SEQ ID NO: 2) , the HIV-1 gag DNA sequence (SEQ ID NO: 3) , the 3 × rev nuclear export signal DNA sequence (SEQ ID NO: 4) , the protease cleavage site DNA sequence (SEQ ID NO: 5) , and the Cas9 DNA sequence (SEQ ID NO: 6) .
[0103] The VLP may be encoded by one or more vectors. One such vector may include a scaffold sequence. The scaffold sequence may comprise a sequence that has at least about 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99%identity to SEQ ID NO: 10. The scaffold sequence may comprise the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 10. The same vector may include the crRNA sequence (SEQ ID NO: 9) and the scaffold sequence (SEQ ID NO: 10) .
[0104] One such vector may be T42-K-LVg-3ES-mps-co-cas9 (see Example 1) . T42-K-LVg-3ES-mps-co-cas9 may comprise a sequence that has at least about 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99%identity to SEQ ID NO: 1. T42-K-LVg-3ES-mps-co-cas9 may comprise the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1. T42-K-LVg-3ES-mps-co-cas9 may comprise the Gag-cas9 fusion protein DNA sequence (SEQ ID NO: 2) , the HIV-1 gag DNA sequence (SEQ ID NO: 3) , the 3 × rev nuclear export signal DNA sequence (SEQ ID NO: 4) , the protease cleavage site DNA sequence (SEQ ID NO: 5) , and the Cas9 DNA sequence (SEQ ID NO: 6) . The protease cleavage site DNA sequence (SEQ ID NO: 5) may separate the HIV-1 gag DNA sequence (SEQ ID NO: 3) from the Cas9 DNA sequence (SEQ ID NO: 6) .
[0105] One such vector may be sg2-P1a-puro-K (see Example 1) . sg2-P1a-puro-K may comprise a sequence that has at least about 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99%identity to SEQ ID NO: 8. sg2-P1a-puro-K may comprise the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 8. sg2-P1a-puro-K may comprise the crRNA sequence (SEQ ID NO: 9) and the scaffold sequence (SEQ ID NO: 10) .
[0106] The population of starting cells may be collected from a sample from a subject. The population of cells may be collected from the peripheral blood of a subject. The population of cells may be collected from the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) . T cells (e.g., CD4+ T cells and / or CD8+ T cells) may be purified from the PBMC, for example, using a cell sorting machine, optionally, using an automatic cell sorting machine. The purified T cells may then be seeded for CAR-T manufacturing using the methods described herein. The purified T cells may be seeded at a density of 1 × 106, 2 × 106, 3 × 106, 4 × 106, 5 × 106, or 10 × 106.
[0107] Different from traditional CAR-T manufacturing processes, the current methods may preserve or increase the undifferentiated T cells during CAR-T manufacturing, generating a CAR-T product that may persist longer after being infused into a subject.
[0108] The method may also include activating the cells by contacting a population of cells with an activation medium. The activation step may be performed for less than or about 12 hours, less than or about 13 hours, less than or about 14 hours, less than or about 15 hours, less than or about 16 hours, less than or about 17 hours, less than or about 18 hours, less than or about 19 hours, less than or about 20 hours, less than or about 21 hours, less than or about 22 hours, or less than or about 23 hours. The activation step may be performed before step (a) (introducing step) and / or step (b) (editing step) . The activation step may at least partially overlap in time with step (a) (introducing step) and / or step (b) (editing step) .
[0109] The cells can be exposed to one or more cytokines. The activation medium may comprise at least one cytokine selected from the group consisting of IL-2, IL-4, IL-7, IL-12, IL-15, and IL-21. The activation medium may contain one or more of the below cytokines: IL-2, IL-7, IL-15 (e.g., hetIL-15 (IL15 / sIL-15Ra) ) , IL-21, and IL-6 (e.g., IL-6 / sIL-6R) ) . The cytokine may be selected from IL-2, IL-7 or IL-15. The cytokine may be a recombinant cytokine. The concentration of the cytokine in the activation medium may be from 1 IU / mL to 1500 IU / mL, such as from 1 IU / mL to 100 IU / mL, 2 IU / mL to 50 IU / mL, 5 IU / mL to 10 IU / mL, 10 IU / mL to 500 IU / mL, 50 IU / mL to 250 IU / mL, 100 IU / mL to 200 IU / mL, 50 IU / mL to 1500 IU / mL, 100 IU / mL to 1000 IU / mL or 200 IU / mL to 600 IU / mL. The concentration of the cytokine in the activation medium, may be at least 1 IU / mL, 5 IU / mL, 10 IU / mL, 50 IU / mL, 100 IU / mL, 200 IU / mL, 300 IU / mL, 400 IU / mL, 500 IU / mL, 1000 IU / mL or 1500 IU / mL. The activation medium may also include an agent capable of activating an intracellular signaling domain of a TCR complex, such as an anti-CD3 and / or anti-CD28 antibody.
[0110] The activation medium may be free and / or substantially free of serum. The activation medium may contain a serum-free media. The serum free media may be a defined and / or well-defined cell culture media. The serum free media may be a controlled culture media that has been processed, e.g., filtered to remove inhibitors and / or growth factors. The serum-free media may contain serum albumin, hydrolysates, growth factors, hormones, carrier proteins, and / or attachment factors. The serum-free media may contain albumin, such as bovine serum albumin, human serum albumin, and / or recombinant albumin. The serum free media may contain a basal media, e.g., DMEM or RPMI 1640, containing amino acids, vitamins, inorganic salts, buffers, antioxidants and energy sources. The serum free media may be supplemented, such as with, but not limited to, albumin, chemically defined lipids, growth factors, insulin, cytokines, and / or antioxidants. The serum free media may be formulated to support growth, proliferation, health, homeostasis of cells of a certain cell type, such as immune cells, T cells, and / or CD4+ and CD8+T cells.
[0111] The activation medium may contain cytokines that can activate the cells. The activation medium may contain cytokines that can make the cells more receptive to a nucleic acid molecule (e.g., in a viral particle) . The activation medium may help prepare the cells for more efficient transduction by a nucleic acid molecule (e.g., in a viral particle) . The activation medium may stimulate the expression of low-density lipid receptor (LDL-R) in the cells. The cells may contain greater than 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%or more of low-density lipid receptor (LDL-R) positive cells.
[0112] In the introducing step (step (a) ) , the cells may be contacted with a nucleic acid molecule encoding a CAR (e.g., in a viral particle) . The cells may be transduced with a DNA molecule encoding a CAR. The provided methods involve methods of transducing cells by contacting, e.g. incubating, a cell composition comprising a plurality of cells with a viral particle. The cells to be transduced may comprise primary cells obtained from a subject, such as cells enriched and / or selected from a subject. The cells to be transduced may comprise greater than or greater than about 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%or more T cell obtained from a sample from a subject. The cells to be transduced may contain greater than 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%or more of low-density lipid receptor (LDL-R) positive cells. The starting cells to be transduced may be enriched and / or selected for T cells, such as CD4+ and / or CD8+ T cells.
[0113] The viral particles may be provided at a certain ratio of copies of the viral vector particles or infectious units (IU) thereof, per total number of cells (IU / cell) in the input composition or total number of cells to be transduced. For example, the viral particles may be present at 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 40, 50, or 60 IU of the viral vector particles per one of the cells. The titer of viral vector particles is between 1 × 106 IU / mL and 1 × 108 IU / mL, such as between or between about 5 × 106 IU / mL and 5 × 107 IU / mL, such as at least 6 × 106 IU / mL, 7 × 106 IU / mL, 8 × 106 IU / mL, 9 × 106 IU / mL, 1 × 107 IU / mL, 2 × 107 IU / mL, 3 × 107 IU / mL, 4 × 107 IU / mL, or 5 ×107 IU / mL. Transduction can be performed at a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of less than 100, such as less than 60, 50, 40, 30, 20, 10, 5 or less. The MOI may be about 5, 4, 3, 2 or 1. The transduction may be performed for 30 minutes, 1 hour, 2 hours, 3 hours, 4 hours, 5 hours, 6 hours, 7 hours or 8 hours.
[0114] The activation may be performed for 23 hours; the transfection may be performed for 1 hour; and the total length of the method may be 24 hours. The activation may be performed for 22 hours; the transfection may be performed for 2 hours; and the total length of the method may be 24 hours. The activation may be performed for 21 hours; the transfection may be performed for 3 hours, and the total length of the method may be 24 hours. The activation may be performed for 20 hours; the transfection may be performed for 4 hours; and the total length of the method may be 24 hours. The activation may be performed for 19 hours; the transfection may be performed for 5 hours; and the total length of the method may be 24 hours. The activation may be performed for 18 hours, the transfection may be performed for 6 hours; and the total length of the method may be 24 hours. The activation may be performed for 17 hours; the transfection may be performed for 7 hours; and the total length of the method may be 24 hours. The activation may be performed for 16 hours; the transfection may be performed for 8 hours; and the total length may be 24 hours. The activation may be performed for 20 hours; the transfection may be performed for 6 hours; and the total length of the method may be 26 hours. The activation may be performed for 18 hours, the transfection may be performed for 8 hours; and the total length of the method may be 26 hours.
[0115] The transduction may be performed in solution. The cells and viral particles may be contacted in a volume of from or from about 0.5 mL to 500 mL, such as from or from about 0.5 mL to 200 mL, 0.5 mL to 100 mL, 0.5 mL to 50 mL, 0.5 mL to 10 mL, 0.5 mL to 5 mL, 5 mL to 500 mL, 5 mL to 200 mL, 5 mL to 100 mL, 5 mL to 50 mL, 5 mL to 10 mL, 10 mL to 500 mL, 10 mL to 200 mL, 10 mL to 100 mL, 10 mL to 50 mL, 50 mL to 500 mL, 50 mL to 200 mL, 50 mL to 100 mL, 100 mL to 500 mL, 100 mL to 200 mL, or 200 mL to 500 mL.
[0116] An adjuvant or a transduction enhancement reagent may be added to enhance transduction efficiency. The adjuvant or transduction enhancement reagent may comprise a cationic polymer. The adjuvant or transduction enhancement reagent may be chosen from: LentiBOOSTTM (Sirion Biotech) , vectofusin-1, F108 (Poloxamer 338 or F-38) , protamine sulfate, hexadimethrine bromide (Polybrene) , PEA, Pluronic F68, Pluronic F127, Synperonic or LentiTransTM. The transduction enhancement reagent may be LentiBOOSTTM (Sirion Biotech) . The transduction enhancement reagent may be F108 (Poloxamer 338 or F-38) .
[0117] The method may comprise transducing the population of cells (for example, T cells) with a viral vector, e.g., by subjecting the population of cells and viral vector to a centrifugal force under conditions such that transduction efficiency is enhanced. The cells may be transduced by spinoculation.
[0118] The population of cells may be harvested for storage or administration no later than 72, 60, 48, 36, 32, 31, 30, 29, 28, 27, 26, 25, 24, 23, 22, 21, 20, 19, or 18 hours after the beginning of contacting the population of cells with the activation medium. The population of cells may be harvested for storage or administration no later than 26 hours after the beginning of contacting the population of cells with the activation medium. The population of cells may be harvested for storage or administration no later than 25 hours after the beginning of contacting the population of cells with the activation medium. The population of cells is harvested for storage or administration no later than 24 hours after the beginning of contacting the population of cells with the activation medium. The population of cells may be harvested for storage or administration no later than 23 hours after the beginning of contacting the population of cells with the activation medium. The population of cells may be harvested for storage or administration no later than 22 hours after the beginning of contacting the population of cells with the activation medium.
[0119] The population of cells may not increase during the manufacturing process described herein. The population of cells may increase by no more than 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, or 60%, for example, as assessed by the number of living cells, compared to the population of cells before it is contacted with the activation medium. The population of cells may increase by no more than 5%, for example, as assessed by the number of living cells, compared to the population of cells before it is contacted with the activation medium. The population of cells may increase by no more than 10%, for example, as assessed by the number of living cells, compared to the population of cells before it is contacted with the activation medium. The population of cells may increase by no more than 15%, for example, as assessed by the number of living cells, compared to the population of cells before it is contacted with the activation medium. The population of cells may increase by no more than 20%, for example, as assessed by the number of living cells, compared to the population of cells before it is contacted with the activation medium. The population of cells may increase by no more than 25%, for example, as assessed by the number of living cells, compared to the population of cells before it is contacted with the activation medium. The population of cells may increase by no more than 30%, for example, as assessed by the number of living cells, compared to the population of cells before it is contacted with the activation medium. The population of cells may increase by no more than 35%, for example, as assessed by the number of living cells, compared to the population of cells before it is contacted with the activation medium. The population of cells may increase by no more than 40%, for example, as assessed by the number of living cells, compared to the population of cells before it is contacted with the activation medium. The population of the harvested cells from the harvesting step may increase by no more than 10%, 20%, 30%, or 40%compared to the population of starting cells.
[0120] The methods may or may not involve in vitro cell expansion after the harvesting step. The harvested population of cells may be further expanded for less than 5 days after the harvesting step. The harvested population of cells may be further expanded for less than 3 days after the harvesting step. The population of cells from the harvesting step may be further expanded after the harvesting step for less than 5 days, less than 4 days, less than 3 days, less than 2 days, or less than one day. The harvested cells from the harvesting step may be frozen and stored for further use after the harvesting step.
[0121] The population of cells manufactured using the manufacturing methods described herein may show a higher percentage of cells, compared with cells made by traditional methods. The population of cells manufactured using the manufacturing methods described herein may show a percentage of cells that is more than 5%, more than 10%, more than 15%, more than 20%, more than 25%, more than 30%, more than 35%, more than 40%, more than 45%, more than 50%, more than 55%, more than 60%, more than 65%, more than 70%, more than 75%, more than 80%, more than 90%, or more than 95%higher, compared with cells made by traditional methods. Samples and sources of cells
[0122] The cells that are used in the methods described herein generally are eukaryotic cells, such as mammalian cells, and typically are human cells. The cells may be derived from the blood, bone marrow, lymph, or lymphoid organs, are cells of the immune system, such as cells of the innate or adaptive immunity, e.g., myeloid or lymphoid cells, including lymphocytes, typically T cells and / or NK cells. Other exemplary cells include stem cells, such as multipotent and pluripotent stem cells, including induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) .
[0123] The cells typically are primary cells, such as those isolated directly from a subject and / or isolated from a subject and frozen. The cells may include one or more subsets of T cells or other cell types, such as whole T cell populations, CD4+ cells, CD8+ cells, and subpopulations thereof, such as those defined by function, activation state, maturity, potential for differentiation, expansion, recirculation, localization, and / or persistence capacities, antigen-specificity, type of antigen receptor, presence in a particular organ or compartment, marker or cytokine secretion profile, and / or degree of differentiation. With reference to the subject to be treated, the cells may be allogeneic and / or autologous. The cells may be pluripotent and / or multipotent, such as stem cells, such as induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) . The methods may include isolating cells from the subject, preparing, processing, culturing, and / or engineering them, and re-introducing them into the same subject, before or after cryopreservation.
[0124] Among the sub-types and subpopulations of T cells and / or of CD4+ and / or of CD8+ T cells are T (TN) cells, effector T cells (TEFF) , memory T cells and sub-types thereof, such as stem cell memory T (TSCM) , central memory T (TCM) , effector memory T (TEM) , or terminally differentiated effector memory T cells, tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) , immature T cells, mature T cells, helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells, mucosa-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells, naturally occurring and adaptive regulatory T (Treg) cells, helper T cells, such as TH1 cells, TH2 cells, TH3 cells, TH17 cells, TH9 cells, TH22 cells, follicular helper T cells, alpha / beta T cells (αβ T cells) , and delta / gamma T cells (γδ T cells) .
[0125] The cells may be natural killer (NK) cells. The cells may be monocytes or granulocytes, e.g., myeloid cells, macrophages, neutrophils, dendritic cells, mast cells, eosinophils, and / or basophils.
[0126] The cells may be derived from cell lines, e.g., T cell lines. The cells may be obtained from a xenogeneic source, for example, from mouse, rat, non-human primate, and pig.
[0127] The cells may be isolated from a sample, such as a biological sample, e.g., one obtained from or derived from a subject. The subject from which the cell is isolated may be one having the disease or condition or in need of a cell therapy or to which cell therapy will be administered. The subject may be a human in need of a particular therapeutic intervention, such as the adoptive cell therapy for which cells are being isolated, processed, and / or engineered.
[0128] The cells may be primary cells, e.g., primary human cells. The samples include tissue, fluid, and other samples taken directly from the subject, as well as samples resulting from one or more processing steps, such as separation, centrifugation, genetic engineering (e.g. transduction with viral vector) , washing, and / or incubation. The biological sample can be a sample obtained directly from a biological source or a sample that is processed. Biological samples include, but are not limited to, body fluids, such as blood, plasma, serum, cerebrospinal fluid, synovial fluid, urine and sweat, tissue and organ samples, including processed samples derived therefrom.
[0129] The sample from which the cells are derived or isolated may be blood or a blood-derived sample, or is or is derived from an apheresis or leukapheresis product. Exemplary samples include whole blood, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) , leukocytes, bone marrow, thymus, tissue biopsy, tumor, leukemia, lymphoma, lymph node, gut associated lymphoid tissue, mucosa associated lymphoid tissue, spleen, other lymphoid tissues, liver, lung, stomach, intestine, colon, kidney, pancreas, breast, bone, prostate, cervix, testes, ovaries, tonsil, or other organ, and / or cells derived therefrom. Samples include, in the context of cell therapy, e.g., adoptive cell therapy, samples from autologous and allogeneic sources.
[0130] Cells from the circulating blood of a subject may be obtained by apheresis or leukapheresis. The samples may contain lymphocytes, including T cells, monocytes, granulocytes, B cells, other nucleated white blood cells, red blood cells, and / or platelets, and may contain cells other than red blood cells and platelets.
[0131] The blood cells collected from the subject may be washed, e.g., to remove the plasma fraction and to place the cells in an appropriate buffer or media for subsequent processing steps. The cells may be washed with phosphate buffered saline (PBS) . The wash solution may lack calcium and / or magnesium and / or many or all divalent cations. A washing step may be accomplished a semi-automated “flow-through” centrifuge. A washing step may be accomplished by tangential flow filtration (TFF) . The cells may be resuspended in a variety of biocompatible buffers after washing, such as, for example, calcium / magnesium free PBS. Components of a blood cell sample may be removed and the cells may be resuspended in culture media.
[0132] Prior to the enriching and / or selecting of cells, the cells may be contacted with serum or plasma, such as human serum or plasma. The serum or plasma may be autologous to the subject from which the cells were obtained. The serum or plasma may be present in the sample at a concentration of at least or at least about 10% (v / v) , at least or at least about 15% (v / v) , at least or at least about 20% (v / v) , at least or at least about 25% (v / v) , at least or at least about 30% (v / v) , at least or at least about 35% (v / v) , or at least or at least about 40% (v / v) . Prior to the selection and / or transduction of cells, the cells may be contacted with an anticoagulant. The anti-coagulant may be or contains free citrate ion, e.g. anticoagulant citrate dextrose solution, Solution A (ACD-A) .
[0133] Prior to the enriching and / or selecting cells, cells from a sample may be transferred or suspended in a serum-free media. The serum free media may be a defined and / or well-defined cell culture media. The serum free media may be a controlled culture media that has been processed, e.g., filtered to remove inhibitors and / or growth factors. The serum free media may contain proteins. The serum-free media may contain serum albumin, hydrolysates, growth factors, hormones, carrier proteins, and / or attachment factors. The serum-free media may contain proteins, e.g., albumin, such as bovine serum albumin, human serum albumin, and / or recombinant albumin. The serum free media may contain a basal media, e.g., DMEM or RPMI 1640, containing amino acids, vitamins, inorganic salts, buffers, antioxidants and energy sources. The serum free media may be supplemented, such as with, but not limited to, albumin, chemically defined lipids, growth factors, insulin, cytokines, and / or antioxidants. The serum free media may be formulated to support growth, proliferation, health, homeostasis of cells of a certain cell type, such as immune cells, T cells, and / or CD4+ and CD8+ T cells.
[0134] Prior to the selection and / or enrichment of cells, the sample or the cells in the sample can be rested or held prior to further processing steps. The sample may be maintained at or held at a temperature of from or from about 2℃ to 8℃ for up to 48 hours, such as for up to 12 hours, 24 hours or 36 hours.
[0135] The methods described herein may include steps for freezing, e.g., cryopreserving, the cells, either before or after isolation, selection and / or enrichment and / or incubation for transduction and engineering. The freeze and subsequent thaw step may remove granulocytes and, to some extent, monocytes in the cell population. The cells may be suspended in a freezing solution, e.g., following a washing step to remove plasma and platelets. An exemplary freezing solution may be PBS containing 20%DMSO and 8%human serum albumin (HSA) . The freezing solution may be then diluted 1: 1 with media so that the final concentration of DMSO and HSA are 10%and 4%, respectively. The cells may be generally then frozen to -80℃ at a rate of 1℃ per minute and stored in the vapor phase of a liquid nitrogen storage tank.
[0136] Isolation of the cells may include one or more preparation and / or non-affinity-based cell separation steps. Cells may be washed, centrifuged, and / or incubated in the presence of one or more reagents, for example, to remove unwanted components, enrich for desired components, lyse or remove cells sensitive to particular reagents. Cells may be separated based on one or more properties, such as density, adherent properties, size, sensitivity and / or resistance to particular components.
[0137] The isolation methods may include the separation of different cell types based on the expression or presence in the cell of one or more specific molecules, such as surface markers, e.g., surface proteins, intracellular markers, or nucleic acid. The separation may be affinity-or immunoaffinity-based separation. For example, the isolation may include separation of cells and cell populations based on the cells’ expression or expression level of one or more markers, typically cell surface markers, for example, by incubation with an antibody or binding partner that specifically binds to such markers, followed generally by washing steps and separation of cells having bound the antibody or binding partner, from those cells having not bound to the antibody or binding partner.
[0138] Such separation steps can be based on positive selection, in which the cells having bound the reagents are retained for further use, and / or negative selection, in which the cells having not bound to the antibody or binding partner are retained. Both fractions may be retained for further use. Negative selection can be particularly useful where no antibody is available that specifically identifies a cell type in a heterogeneous population, such that separation is best carried out based on markers expressed by cells other than the desired population.
[0139] For example, specific subpopulations of T cells, such as cells positive or expressing high levels of one or more surface markers, e.g., CD28+, CD62L+, CCR7+, CD27+, CD127+, CD4+, CD8+, CD45RA+, and / or CD45RO+T cells, are isolated by positive or negative selection techniques. For example, CD3+, CD28+T cells can be positively selected using anti-CD3 / anti-CD28 conjugated magnetic beads (e.g., M-450 CD3 / CD28 T Cell Expander) .
[0140] T cells may be separated from a PBMC sample by negative selection of markers expressed on non-T cells, such as B cells, monocytes, or other white blood cells, such as CD14. A CD4+ or CD8+ selection step may be used to separate CD4+ helper and CD8+ cytotoxic T cells. Such CD4+ and CD8+ populations can be further sorted into sub-populations by positive or negative selection for markers expressed or expressed to a relatively higher degree on one or more memory, and / or effector T cell subpopulations.
[0141] CD8+ cells may be further enriched for or depleted of central memory, effector memory, and / or central memory stem cells, such as by positive or negative selection based on surface antigens associated with the respective subpopulation. Enrichment for central memory T (TCM) cells may be carried out to increase efficacy, such as to improve long-term survival, expansion, and / or engraftment following administration, which is particularly robust in such sub-populations.
[0142] The sample or composition of cells to be separated may be incubated with small, magnetizable or magnetically responsive material, such as magnetically responsive particles or microparticles, such as paramagnetic beads (e.g., such as CytoSinct Dynabeads or MACS beads) . The magnetically responsive material, e.g., particle, generally is directly or indirectly attached to a binding partner, e.g., an antibody, that specifically binds to a molecule, e.g., surface marker, present on the cell, cells, or population of cells that it is desired to separate, e.g., that it is desired to negative or positive selection. The magnetic particle or bead may comprise a magnetically responsive material bound to a specific binding member, such as an antibody or other binding partner. The sample may be placed in a magnetic field, and those cells having magnetically responsive or magnetizable particles attached thereto will be attracted to the magnet and separated from the unlabeled cells. For positive selection, cells that are attracted to the magnet may be retained; for negative selection, cells that are not attracted (unlabeled cells) may be retained. A combination of positive and negative selection may be performed during the same selection step, where the positive and negative fractions are retained and further processed or subject to further separation steps.
[0143] The magnetically responsive particles may be coated in primary antibodies or other binding partners, secondary antibodies, lectins, enzymes, or streptavidin. The magnetic particles may be attached to cells via a coating of primary antibodies specific for one or more markers. The cells, rather than the beads, may be labeled with a primary antibody or binding partner, and then cell-type specific secondary antibody-or other binding partner (e.g., streptavidin) -coated magnetic particles, may be added. Streptavidin-coated magnetic particles may be used in conjunction with biotinylated primary or secondary antibodies.
[0144] The affinity-based selection may be performed via magnetic-activated cell sorting (MACS) (Miltenyi Biotech, Auburn, CA) or flow cytometry (FACS) .
[0145] Cells for transduction by the provided retroviral vector particles may include, for example, monocytes, monocyte-derived macrophages, monocyte-derived dendritic cells or resting T cells. The provided retroviral particles can transduce resting T cells. The input composition may comprise a plurality of cells, such as immune cells, e.g. T cells, that are non-cycling and / or quiescent and / or resting and / or in which a majority of cells, e.g. greater than 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 80%or more cells, in a population so transduced are non-cycling and / or quiescent and / or resting. The input composition may comprise a population of T cells in which at least 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%or more of the T cells in the population are resting T cells. The methods described herein may involve transduction of T cells in which no more than 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, or 40%of the T cells express a T cell activation marker (e.g., HLA-DR, CD25, CD69, CD71, CD40L (CD154) , and 4-1BB (CD137) ) . Cell culture medium
[0146] The methods of the application can utilize culture media conditions comprising serum-free medium. The serum free medium may be OpTmizerTMCTSTM (LifeTech) , ImmunocultTMXF (Stemcell technologies) , CellGroTM (CellGenix) , TexMacsTM (Miltenyi) , StemlineTM (Sigma) , Xvivo15TM (Lonza) , (Irvine Scientific) , or (RandD systems) . The serum-free medium can be supplemented with a serum substitute such as ICSR (immune cell serum replacement) from LifeTech. The level of serum substitute (for example, ICSR) can be, for example, up to 5%, for example, about 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, or 5%. The serum-free medium can be supplemented with serum, e.g., human serum, e.g., human AB serum. Engineered receptor (e.g., CAR)
[0147] One aspect of the present disclosure provides cells (e.g., immune cells) that express an engineered receptor. The engineered receptor can comprise an extracellular ligand binding domain or an extracellular antigen binding domain, and optionally an intracellular signaling domain. Exemplary engineered receptors include, but are not limited to, chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) , engineered T-cell receptor (TCR) , and T-cell antigen coupler (TAC) receptor. The engineered receptor can comprise an extracellular antigen binding domain that specifically binds to an antigen (e.g., a tumor antigen) , a transmembrane domain, and an intracellular signaling domain. The intracellular signaling domain can comprise a primary intracellular signaling domain and / or a co-stimulatory signaling domain. The intracellular signaling domain can comprise an intracellular signaling domain of a TCR co-receptor. The engineered receptor can be encoded by a heterologous polynucleotide operably linked to a promoter (such as a constitutive promoter or an inducible promoter) .
[0148] The engineered receptor can comprise one or more specific binding domains that target at least one tumor antigen, and one or more intracellular effector domains, such as one or more primary intracellular signaling domains and / or co-stimulatory signaling domains.
[0149] The engineered receptor can be a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) . Many chimeric antigen receptors are known in the art and can be suitable for the engineered cells described herein. CARs can also be constructed with a specificity for any cell surface marker by utilizing antigen binding fragments or antibody variable domains of, for example, antibody molecules.
[0150] CARs of the present disclosure may comprise an extracellular domain comprising at least one antigen binding domain that specifically binds at least one tumor antigen, a transmembrane domain, and an intracellular signaling domain.
[0151] The intracellular signaling domain may generate a signal that promotes an immune effector function of the CAR-containing cell, e.g., a CAR-T cell. Immune effector function or immune effector response refers to function or response, e.g., of an immune effector cell, that enhances or promotes an immune attack of a target cell. For example, an immune effector function or response can refer to a property of a T or NK cell that promotes killing or the inhibition of growth or proliferation, of a target cell. Examples of immune effector function, e.g., in a CAR-T cell, include cytolytic activity (such as antibody-dependent cellular toxicity, or ADCC) and helper activity (such as the secretion of cytokines) . The intracellular signaling domain may generate a signal that promotes proliferation and / or survival of the CAR containing cell. The CAR may comprise one or more intracellular signaling domains selected from the signaling domains of CD28, CD137, CD3, CD27, CD40, ICOS, GITR, and OX40. The signaling domain of a naturally occurring molecule can comprise the entire intracellular or cytoplasmic portion, or the entire native intracellular signaling domain, of the molecule, or a fragment or derivative thereof.
[0152] The intracellular signaling domain of a CAR can comprise a primary intracellular signaling domain. “Primary intracellular signaling domain” refers to cytoplasmic signaling sequence that acts in a stimulatory manner to induce immune effector functions. The primary intracellular signaling domain may contain a signaling motif known as Immunoreceptor Tyrosine-based Activation Motif, or ITAM. The primary intracellular signaling domain may comprise a functional signaling domain of a protein selected from the group consisting of CD3 zeta, CD3 gamma, CD3 delta, CD3 epsilon, common FcR gamma (FCER1G) , FcR beta (Fc Epsilon RIb) , CD79a, CD79b, Fcgamma R IIa, DAP10, and DAP12. The primary intracellular signaling domain may comprise a nonfunctional or attenuated signaling domain of a protein selected from the group consisting of CD3 zeta, CD3 gamma, CD3 delta, CD3 epsilon, common FcR gamma (FCER1G) , FcR beta (Fc Epsilon RIb) , CD79a, CD79b, Fcgamma R IIa, DAP10, and DAP12. The nonfunctional or attenuated signaling domain can be a mutant signaling domain having a point mutation, insertion or deletion that attenuates or abolishes one or more immune effector functions, such as cytolytic activity or helper activity, including antibody-dependent cellular toxicity (ADCC) . The CAR may comprise a nonfunctional or attenuated CD3 zeta (i.e. CD3ζ or CD3z) signaling domain. The intracellular signaling domain may not comprise a primary intracellular signaling domain. An attenuated primary intracellular signaling domain may induce no more than about any of 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 20%, 10%or less of an immune effector function (such as cytolytic function against target cells) compared to CARs having the same construct, but with the wild-type primary intracellular signaling domain.
[0153] The intracellular signaling domain of a CAR can comprise one or more (such as any of 1, 2, 3, or more) co-stimulatory signaling domains. “Co-stimulatory signaling domain” can be the intracellular portion of a co-stimulatory molecule. The term “co-stimulatory molecule” refers to a cognate binding partner on an immune cell (such as T cell) that specifically binds with a co-stimulatory ligand, thereby mediating a co-stimulatory response by the immune cell, such as, but not limited to, proliferation and survival. Co-stimulatory molecules are cell surface molecules other than antigen receptors or their ligands that contribute to an efficient immune response. A co-stimulatory molecule can be represented in the following protein families: TNF receptor proteins, Immunoglobulin-like proteins, cytokine receptors, integrins, signaling lymphocytic activation molecules (SLAM proteins) , and activating NK cell receptors. Co-stimulatory molecules include but are not limited to an MHC class I molecule, BTLA and a Toll ligand receptor, as well as OX40, CD27, CD28, CDS, ICAM-1, LFA-1 (CD11a / CD18) , ICOS (CD278) , and 4-1BB (CD137) . Further examples of such co-stimulatory molecules include CDS, ICAM-1, GITR, BAFFR, HVEM (LIGHTR) , SLAMF7, NKp80 (KLRF1) , NKp44, NKp30, NKp46, CD160, CD19, CD4, CD8alpha, CD8beta, IL-2R beta, IL-2R gamma, IL-7R alpha, ITGA4, VLA1, CD49a, ITGA4, IA4, CD49d, ITGA6, VLA-6, CD49f, ITGAD, CD11d, ITGAE, CD103, ITGAL, CD11a, LFA-1, ITGAM, CD11b, ITGAX, CD11c, ITGB1, CD29, ITGB2, CD18, LFA-1, ITGB7, NKG2D, NKG2C, TNFR2, TRANCE / RANKL, DNAM1 (CD226) , SLAMF4 (CD244, 2B4) , CD84, CD96 (Tactile) , CEACAM1, CRTAM, Ly9 (CD229) , CD160 (BY55) , PSGL1, CD100 (SEMA4D) , CD69, SLAMF6 (NTB-A, Ly108) , SLAM (SLAMF1, CD150, IPO-3) , BLAME (SLAMF8) , SELPLG (CD162) , LTBR, LAT, GADS, SLP-76, PAG / Cbp, CD19a, and a ligand that specifically binds with CD83.
[0154] The CAR can comprise a single co-stimulatory signaling domain. The CAR can comprise two or more co-stimulatory signaling domains. The intracellular signaling domain can comprise a functional primary intracellular signaling domain and one or more co-stimulatory signaling domains. The CAR may not comprise a functional primary intracellular signaling domain (such as CD3ζ) . The CAR can comprise an intracellular signaling domain consisting of or consisting essentially of one or more co-stimulatory signaling domains. The CAR can comprise an intracellular signaling domain consisting of or consisting essentially of a nonfunctional or attenuated primary intracellular signaling domain (such as a mutant CD3ζ) and one or more co-stimulatory signaling domains. Upon binding of the antigen binding domain to tumor antigen, the co-stimulatory signaling domains of the CAR can transduce signals for enhanced proliferation, survival and differentiation of the modified immune cells having the CAR (such as T cells) , and inhibit activation induced cell death. The one or more co-stimulatory signaling domains can be derived from one or more molecules selected from the group consisting of CD27, CD28, 4-1BB (i.e., CD137) , OX40, CD30, CD40, CD3, lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 (LFA-1) , CD2, CD7, LIGHT, NKG2C, B7-H3 and ligands that specially bind to CD83.
[0155] The intracellular signaling domain of a CAR can comprise a co-stimulatory signaling domain derived from CD28. The intracellular signaling domain can comprise a primary intracellular signaling domain of CD3ζ and a co-stimulatory signaling domain of CD28. The intracellular signaling domain in the chimeric receptor of the present application can comprise a co-stimulatory signaling domain derived from 4-1BB (i.e., CD137) . The intracellular signaling domain can comprise a primary intracellular signaling domain of CD3ζ and a co-stimulatory signaling domain of 4-1BB. The intracellular signaling domain can comprise a polypeptide comprising from the N-terminus to the C-terminus: a co-stimulatory signaling domain of 4-1BB and a primary intracellular signaling domain of CD3ζ.
[0156] The intracellular signaling domain of the CAR can comprise a co-stimulatory signaling domain of CD28 and a co-stimulatory signaling domain of 4-1BB. The intracellular signaling domain can comprise a primary intracellular signaling domain of CD3ζ, a co-stimulatory signaling domain of CD28, and a co-stimulatory signaling domain of 4-1BB. The intracellular signaling domain can comprise a polypeptide comprising from the N-terminus to the C-terminus: a co-stimulatory signaling domain of CD28, a co-stimulatory signaling domain of 4-1BB, and a primary intracellular signaling domain of CD3ζ.
[0157] The antigen binding domain of a CAR may comprise one or more (such as any one of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 or more) antibodies or antibody fragments, which can be selected from an scFv, a Fv, a Fab, a (Fab′) 2, a minibody, a diabody, a single domain antibody (sdAb) , or a VHH domain. The antigen binding domain of a CAR can comprise a ligand or an extracellular portion of a receptor that specifically binds to a tumor antigen. The CAR can be a monospecific, bispecific or multispecific CAR. The antigen binding domain of a CAR can specifically bind to a single tumor antigen. The antigen binding domain of a CAR can bind to two or more tumor antigens. The engineered receptor (e.g., CAR) may redirect the specificity of the engineered cells through the expression of a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) or TCR on these cells.
[0158] The antigen may be a tumor antigen selected from the group consisting of BCMA, CLL1, CD4, GPC3, GPRC5D, GU2CYC, CD19, MUC16, MUC1, CAIX, CEA, CD8, CD7, CD10, CD20, CD22, CD30, CD33, CD34, CD38, CD41, CD44, CD49f, CD56, CD74, CD133, CD138, EGP-2, EGP-40, EpCAM, ERBB2, ERBB3, ERBB4, FBP, fetal acetylcholine receptor, folate receptor-α, GD2, GD3, hTERT, IL-13Rα2, κ-light chain, KDR, LeY, L1 cell adhesion molecule, MAGE-A1, mesothelin, MAGEA3, p53, MART1, GP100, proteinase-3 (PR3) , tyrosinase, survivin, hTERT, EphA2, NY-ESO-1, h5T4, PSCA, PSMA, ROR1, TAG-72, VEGF-R2, WT-1, CD123, CD44V6, NKCS1, IGF1R, EGFR, EGFR-VIII, Claudin 18.2, Claudin 6, NKG2D, Delta-like 3 (DLL3) , CD70, CS-1, c-Met, Glycolipid F77, PD-L1, PD-L2, and other tumor antigens with clinical significance, and combinations thereof. The antigen may be GPC3. The antigen may be DLL3. The antigen may be BCMA.
[0159] The tumor antigen can be derived from an intracellular protein of tumor cells. The tumor antigen can be expressed on the surface of tumor cells. Many TCRs specific for tumor antigens (including tumor-associated antigens) have been described, including, for example, NY-ESO-1 cancer-testis antigen, the p53 tumor suppressor antigens, TCRs for tumor antigens in melanoma (e.g., MARTI, gp 100) , leukemia (e.g., WT1, minor histocompatibility antigens) , and breast cancer (e.g., HER2, NY-BR1) .
[0160] The transmembrane domain of a CAR can be selected from the transmembrane domain of an alpha, beta or zeta chain of a T-cell receptor, CD28, CD3 epsilon, CD45, CD4, CD5, CD8, CD9, CD16, CD22, CD33, CD37, CD64, CD80, CD86, CD134, CD137, CD154, KIRDS2, OX40, CD2, CD27, LFA-1 (CD11a, CD18) , ICOS (CD278) , 4-1BB (CD137) , GITR, CD40, BAFFR, HVEM (LIGHTR) , SLAMF7, NKp80 (KLRF1) , CD160, CD19, IL-2R beta, IL-2R gamma, IL-7R a, ITGA1, VLA1, CD49a, ITGA4, IA4, CD49D, ITGA6, VLA-6, CD49f, ITGAD, CD11d, ITGAE, CD103, ITGAL, CD11a, LFA-1, ITGAM, CD11b, ITGAX, CD11c, ITGB1, CD29, ITGB2, CD18, LFA-1, ITGB7, TNFR2, DNAM1 (CD226) , SLAMF4 (CD244, 2B4) , CD84, CD96 (Tactile) , CEACAM1, CRT AM, Ly9 (CD229) , CD160 (BY55) , PSGL1, CD100 (SEMA4D) , SLAMF6 (NTB-A, Ly108) , SLAM (SLAMF1, CD150, IPO-3) , BLAME (SLAMF8) , SELPLG (CD162) , LTBR, PAG / Cbp, NKp44, NKp30, NKp46, NKG2D, and / or NKG2C. The transmembrane domain of the CAR can be a CD4, CD3, CD8α, or CD28 transmembrane domain. The transmembrane domain of the CAR can comprise a CD8α transmembrane domain. The transmembrane domain can be derived from a molecule selected from the group consisting of CD8α, CD4, CD28, CD137, CD80, CD86, CD152 and PD1.
[0161] The extracellular domain can be connected to the transmembrane domain by a hinge domain. The hinge domain can be a hinge domain of CD8α.
[0162] The CAR can also comprise a signal peptide (SP) , such as a CD8α signal peptide.
[0163] Many CARs targeting different tumor antigens have been widely disclosed in the field, such as CD19 CARs or BCMA CARs. The extracellular antigen binding domain of CD19 CARs can be or include the CD19 binding fragment (e.g., FMC63, SJ25C1, or those disclosed in different patents such as WO 2022 / 012683, etc. ) . BCMA CARs also have been well described, related patents include but not limited to WO 2016 / 014789, WO 2016 / 014565, WO 2013 / 154760, and WO 2018 / 028647, etc. The extracellular antigen binding domain of BCMA CARs may be or include BCMA binding fragment. The BCMA binding fragment may bind to one or more epitopes on BCMA. The BCMA CARs may be bivalent CARs comprising two anti-BCMA sdAbs targeting same or different BCMA epitopes.
[0164] The CAR protein sequence may comprise a sequence that has at least about 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99%identity to SEQ ID NO: 15. The CAR protein sequence may comprise the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 15. The CAR can be encoded by a vector. The vector may include a CAR DNA sequence. The CAR DNA sequence may comprise a sequence that has at least about 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99%identity to SEQ ID NO: 7. The CAR DNA sequence may comprise the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 7.
[0165] The engineered receptor can be a modified T-cell receptor or engineered T-cell receptor. The engineered TCR can be specific for a tumor antigen. The tumor antigen can be selected from the group consisting of BCMA, CLL1, CD4, GPC3, GPRC5D, GU2CYC, CD19, MUC16, MUC1, CAIX, CEA, CD8, CD7, CD10, CD20, CD22, CD30, CD33, CD34, CD38, CD41, CD44, CD49f, CD56, CD74, CD133, CD138, EGP-2, EGP-40, EpCAM, ERBB2, ERBB3, ERBB4, FBP, fetal acetylcholine receptor, folate receptor-α, GD2, GD3, HER-2, hTERT, IL-13R-α2, κ-light chain, KDR, LeY, L1 cell adhesion molecule, MAGE-A1, mesothelin, MAGEA3, p53, MART1, GP100, proteinase-3 (PR3) , tyrosinase, survivin, hTERT, EphA2, NY-ESO-1, h5T4, PSCA, PSMA, ROR1, TAG-72, VEGF-R2, WT-1, CD123, CD44V6, NKCS1, IGF1R, EGFR, EGFR-VIII, Claudin 18.2, Claudin 6, NKG2D, Delta-like 3 (DLL3) , CD70, CS-1, c-Met, Glycolipid F77, PD-L1, PD-L2, and other tumor antigens with clinical significance, and combinations thereof. The tumor antigen can be derived from an intracellular protein of tumor cells. The tumor antigen can be expressed on the surface of tumor cells. Many TCRs specific for tumor antigens (including tumor-associated antigens) have been described, including, for example, NY-ESO-1 cancer-testis antigen, the p53 tumor suppressor antigens, TCRs for tumor antigens in melanoma (e.g., MARTI, gp 100) , leukemia (e.g., WT1, minor histocompatibility antigens) , and breast cancer (e.g., HER2, NY-BR1) . Any of the TCRs known in the art can be used. The TCR can have an enhanced affinity to the tumor antigen. Exemplary TCRs and methods for introducing the TCRs to immune cells have been described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 5,830,755, and Kessels et al. Immunotherapy through TCR gene transfer. Nat. Immunol. 2, 957-961 (2001) , which are incorporated herein by reference in the entirety.
[0166] The TCR receptor complex is an octomeric complex formed by variable TCR receptor α and β chains (or γ and δ chains on case of γδ T cells) with three dimeric signaling modules CD3δ / ε, CD3γ / ε and CD247 (T-cell surface glycoprotein CD3 zeta chain) ζ / ζ or ζ / η. Ionizable residues in the transmembrane domain of each subunit form a polar network of interactions that hold the complex together. TCR complex has the function of activating signaling cascades in T cells.
[0167] The engineered receptor can be an engineered TCR comprising one or more T-cell receptor (TCR) fusion proteins (TFPs) . Exemplary TFPs have been described, for example, in US20170166622A1, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. The TFP can comprise an extracellular domain of a TCR subunit that comprises an extracellular domain or portion thereof of a protein selected from the group consisting of a TCR alpha chain, a TCR beta chain, a CD3 epsilon TCR subunit, a CD3 gamma TCR subunit, a CD3 delta TCR subunit, functional fragments thereof, and amino acid sequences thereof having at least one but not more than 20 modifications. The TFP can comprise a transmembrane domain that comprises a transmembrane domain of a protein selected from the group consisting of a TCR alpha chain, a TCR beta chain, a CD3 epsilon TCR subunit, a CD3 gamma TCR subunit, a CD3 delta TCR subunit, functional fragments thereof, and amino acid sequences thereof having at least one but not more than 20 modifications. The TFP can comprise a transmembrane domain that comprises a transmembrane domain of a protein selected from the group consisting of a TCR alpha chain, a TCR beta chain, a TCR zeta chain, a CD3 epsilon TCR subunit, a CD3 gamma TCR subunit, a CD3 delta TCR subunit, CD45, CD4, CD5, CD8, CD9, CD16, CD22, CD33, CD28, CD37, CD64, CD80, CD86, CD134, CD137, CD154, functional fragments thereof, and amino acid sequences thereof having at least one but not more than 20 modifications.
[0168] The TFP can comprise a TCR subunit comprising at least a portion of a TCR extracellular domain, and a TCR intracellular domain comprising a stimulatory domain from an intracellular signaling domain of CD3 epsilon; and an antigen binding domain, wherein the TCR subunit and the antigen binding domain are operatively linked, and wherein the TFP incorporates into a TCR when expressed in a T cell.
[0169] The engineered receptor can be a T-cell antigen coupler (TAC) receptor. Exemplary TAC receptors have been described, for example, in US20160368964A1, which is incorporated herein by reference. The TAC can comprise an antigen binding domain, a TCR-binding domain that specifically binds a protein associated with the TCR complex, and a T-cell receptor signaling domain. The antigen binding domain can be an antibody fragment, such as scFv or VHH, which specifically binds to a tumor antigen. The antigen binding domain can be a designed Ankyrin repeat (DARPin) polypeptide. The tumor antigen can be selected from the group consisting of BCMA, CLL1, CD4, GPC3, GPRC5D, GU2CYC, CD19, MUC16, MUC1, CAIX, CEA, CD8, CD7, CD10, CD20, CD22, CD30, CD33, CD34, CD38, CD41, CD44, CD49f, CD56, CD74, CD133, CD138, EGP-2, EGP-40, EpCAM, ERBB2, ERBB3, ERBB4, FBP, fetal acetylcholine receptor, folate receptor-α, GD2, GD3, HER-2, hTERT, IL-13R-α2, κ-light chain, KDR, LeY, L1 cell adhesion molecule, MAGE-A1, mesothelin, MAGEA3, p53, MART1, GP100, proteinase-3 (PR3) , tyrosinase, survivin, hTERT, EphA2, NY-ESO-1, h5T4, PSCA, PSMA, ROR1, TAG-72, VEGF-R2, WT-1, CD123, CD44V6, NKCS1, IGF1R, EGFR, EGFR-VIII, Claudin 18.2, Claudin 6, NKG2D, Delta-like 3 (DLL3) , CD70, CS-1, c-Met, Glycolipid F77, PD-L1, PD-L2, and other tumor antigens with clinical significance, and combinations thereof. The tumor antigen can be derived from an intracellular protein of tumor cells. The tumor antigen can be expressed on the surface of tumor cells. The protein associated with the TCR complex can be CD3, such as CD3 epsilon. The TCR-binding domain can be a single chain antibody, such as scFv, or VHH. The TCR-binding domain can be derived from UCHT1. The TAC receptor can comprise a cytosolic domain and a transmembrane domain. The T-cell receptor signaling domain can comprise a cytosolic domain derived from a TCR co-receptor. Exemplary TCR co-receptors include, but are not limited to, CD4, CD8, CD28, CD45, CD4, CD5, CD9, CD16, CD22, CD33, CD37, CD64, CD80, CD86, CD134, CD137 and CD154. The TAC receptor can comprise a transmembrane domain and a cytosolic domain derived from CD4. The TAC receptor can comprise a transmembrane domain and a cytosolic domain derived from CD8 (such as CD8α) .
[0170] T cell co-receptors are expressed as membrane proteins on T cells. They can provide stabilization of the TCR: peptide: MHC complex and facilitate signal transduction. The two subtypes of T cell co-receptor, CD4 and CD8, display strong specificity for particular MHC classes. The CD4 co-receptor can only stabilize TCR: MHC II complexes while the CD8 co-receptor can only stabilize the TCR: MHC I complex. The differential expression of CD4 and CD8 on different T cell types results in distinct T cell functional subpopulations. CD8+ T cells are cytotoxic T cells.
[0171] The engineered receptor (such as CAR, TCR, or TAC) can target one or more tumor antigens. Tumor antigens are proteins that are produced by tumor cells that can elicit an immune response, particularly T-cell mediated immune responses. The selection of the targeted antigen will depend on the particular type of cancer to be treated. Exemplary tumor antigens include, for example, a glioma-associated antigen, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) , β-human chorionic gonadotropin, alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) , lectin-reactive AFP, thyroglobulin, RAGE-1, MN-CAIX, human telomerase reverse transcriptase, RU1, RU2 (AS) , intestinal carboxyl esterase, mut hsp70-2, M-CSF, prostase, prostate-specific antigen (PSA) , PAP, NY-ESO-1, LAGE-1a, p53, prostein, PSMA, HER2 / neu, survivin, telomerase, prostate-carcinoma tumor antigen-1 (PCTA-1) , MAGE, ELF2M, neutrophil elastase, ephrinB2, CD22, insulin growth factor (IGF) -I, IGF-II, IGF-I receptor and mesothelin.
[0172] The tumor antigen can comprise one or more antigenic cancer epitopes associated with a malignant tumor. Malignant tumors express a number of proteins that can serve as target antigens for an immune attack. These molecules include but are not limited to tissue-specific antigens such as MART-1, tyrosinase and gp100 in melanoma and prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) in prostate cancer. Other target molecules belong to the group of transformation-related molecules such as the oncogene HER2 / Neu / ErbB-2. Yet another group of target antigens are onco-fetal antigens such as carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) . In B-cell lymphoma the tumor-specific idiotype immunoglobulin constitutes a truly tumor-specific immunoglobulin antigen that is unique to the individual tumor. B cell differentiation antigens such as CD19, CD20 and CD37 are other candidates for target antigens in B-cell lymphoma.
[0173] The tumor antigen can be a tumor-specific antigen (TSA) or a tumor-associated antigen (TAA) . A TSA is unique to tumor cells and does not occur on other cells in the body. A TAA associated antigen is not unique to a tumor cell, and instead is also expressed on a normal cell under conditions that fail to induce a state of immunologic tolerance to the antigen. The expression of the antigen on the tumor can occur under conditions that enable the immune system to respond to the antigen. TAAs can be antigens that are expressed on normal cells during fetal development, when the immune system is immature, and unable to respond or they can be antigens that are normally present at extremely low levels on normal cells, but which are expressed at much higher levels on tumor cells.
[0174] Non-limiting examples of TSA or TAA antigens include the following: Differentiation antigens such as MART-1 / MelanA, gp 100 (Pmel 17) , tyrosinase, TRP-1, TRP-2 and tumor-specific multilineage antigens such as MAGE-1, MAGE-3, BAGE, GAGE-1, GAGE-2, p15; overexpressed embryonic antigens such as CEA; overexpressed oncogenes and mutated tumor-suppressor genes such as p53, Ras, HER2 / neu; unique tumor antigens resulting from chromosomal translocations; such as BCR-ABL, E2A-PRL, H4-RET, IGH-IGK, MYL-RAR; and viral antigens, such as the Epstein Barr virus antigens EBVA and the human papillomavirus (HPV) antigens E6 and E7. Other large, protein-based antigens include TSP-180, MAGE-4, MAGE-5, MAGE-6, RAGE, NY-ESO, p185erbB2, p180erbB3, c-Met, nm-23HI, PSA, TAG-72, CA 19-9, CA 72-4, CAM 17.1, NuMa, K-ras, beta-Catenin, CDK4, Mum-1, p15, p16, 43-9F, 5T4, 791Tgp72, alpha-fetoprotein, beta-HCG, BCA225, BTAA, CA 125, CA 15-3\CA 27.29\BCAA, CA 195, CA 242, CA-50, CAM43, CD68\KP1, CO-029, FGF-5, G250, Ga733\EpCAM, HTgp-175, M344, MA-50, MG7-Ag, MOv18, NB / 70K, NY-CO-1, RCAS 1, SDCCAG16, 90K\Mac-2 binding protein\cyclophilin C-associated protein, TAAL6, TAG72, TLP, and TPS. Nucleic acids encoding the engineered receptor (e.g., CAR)
[0175] The present disclosure provides nucleic acids encoding the engineered receptor (e.g., CAR, TCR) described herein. The nucleic acids described herein can be used to transfect or transduce cells to make the cells express the engineered receptor described herein.
[0176] A nucleic acid of the present disclosure can be operably linked to a transcriptional control element, e.g., a promoter, and enhancer, etc.
[0177] The promoter may be a CD8 cell-specific promoter, a CD4 cell-specific promoter, a neutrophil-specific promoter, or an NK-specific promoter. For example, a CD4 gene promoter can be used; see, e.g., Salmon et al. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (1993) 90: 7739; and Marodon et al. (2003) Blood 101: 3416. As another example, a CD8 gene promoter can be used. NK cell-specific expression can be achieved by use of an NcrI (p46) promoter; see, e.g., Eckelhart et al. Blood (2011) 117: 1565.
[0178] Other examples of suitable promoters include the immediate early cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter sequence. This promoter sequence is a strong constitutive promoter sequence capable of driving high levels of expression of any nucleic acid sequence operatively linked thereto. Other constitutive promoter sequences can also be used, including, but not limited to a simian virus 40 (SV40) early promoter, a mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) or human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) long terminal repeat (LTR) promoter, a MoMuLV promoter, an avian leukemia virus promoter, an Epstein-Barr virus immediate early promoter, a Rous sarcoma virus promoter, the EF-1 alpha promoter, as well as human gene promoters such as, but not limited to, an actin promoter, a myosin promoter, a hemoglobin promoter, and a creatine kinase promoter. Further, the disclosure should not be limited to the use of constitutive promoters. Inducible promoters are also contemplated as part of the disclosure. The use of an inducible promoter provides a molecular switch capable of turning on expression of the nucleic acid sequence which it is operatively linked when such expression is desired, or turning off the expression when expression is not desired. Examples of inducible promoters include, but are not limited to a metallothionine promoter, a glucocorticoid promoter, a progesterone promoter, and a tetracycline promoter.
[0179] The nucleic acid of the present disclosure may be provided for the production of a CAR or a TCR described herein (e.g., in a mammalian cell) . The nucleic acid of the present disclosure may also provide for amplification of the nucleic acid.
[0180] A vector, for example an expression vector (e.g., a lentiviral vector) can be used to introduce the nucleic acid described herein into an immune cell (e.g., a T cell) or precursor thereof. The vector (e.g., a lentiviral vector) of the present disclosure may comprise one or more nucleic acids encoding for the engineered receptor described herein. The vector (e.g., lentiviral vector) may comprise additional elements that will aid in the functional expression of the CAR described herein. The expression vector may comprise a mammalian promoter. The vector may comprise an elongation-factor-1-alpha promoter (EF-1α promoter) . The use of an EF-1α promoter may increase the efficiency in expression of downstream transgenes (e.g., a CAR encoding nucleic acid) . Physiologic promoters (e.g., an EF-1α promoter) may be less likely to induce integration mediated genotoxicity, and may abrogate the ability of the retroviral vector to transform stem cells. Other physiological promoters suitable for use in a vector (e.g., lentiviral vector) can be incorporated into a vector of the present disclosure. The vector (e.g., lentiviral vector) may comprise a non-requisite cis acting sequence that can improve titers and gene expression.
[0181] The nucleic acid can encode a naked CAR. The nucleic acid can comprise from the 5' end to the 3' end, a CD8α signal peptide, an extracellular antigen binding domain, a CD8α hinge domain, a CD8α transmembrane domain, a CD137 co-stimulatory signaling domain, a CD3ζprimary intracellular signaling domain. Engineered cells manufactured by the methods described herein (cell preparation)
[0182] One aspect of the present disclosure provides engineered cells (e.g., immune effector cells, for example, T cells or NK cells) manufactured by the methods described herein. The engineered cells may express an engineered receptor. The engineered receptor (e.g., CAR) may redirect the specificity of the engineered cells through the expression of a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) or TCR on these cells. CAR expression may be induced through electroporation of engineered cells for the insertion of genetic material, or by infecting these cells with viral vectors, such as lentiviruses or retroviruses containing the desired genetic material. Such genetic editing may improve the potency of the engineered cells by improving homing, cytokine production, recycle killing, and / or improved engraftment.
[0183] The engineered cells may be engineered immune effector cells (e.g., T cells or NK cells) made by the methods described herein. The engineered immune effector cells may be engineered to express a CAR, wherein the engineered immune effector cells exhibit antitumor properties. The CAR may comprise an antigen binding domain, a transmembrane domain, and an intracellular signaling domain. The engineered cells (for example, T cells or NK cells) may be transformed with the CAR so that the CAR is expressed on the cell surface. The cells (for example, T cells or NK cells) may be transduced with a viral vector encoding the CAR. The viral vector may be a retroviral vector. The viral vector may be a lentiviral vector. The engineered cells may stably express the CAR. The engineered cells (for example, T cells or NK cells) may be transfected or transduced with a nucleic acid, for example, mRNA, cDNA, or DNA, encoding a CAR.
[0184] The percentage of cells (e.g., T cells) in the population of cells at the end of the manufacturing process may differ by no more than 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, or 15%, from the percentage of cells (e.g., T cells) , in the population of cells at the beginning of the manufacturing process. The population of cells at the end of the manufacturing process may show a higher percentage of cells (e.g., , T cells) , for example, at least 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, or 50%higher, compared with cells made by an otherwise similar method which lasts, for example, more than 28 hours (for example, which lasts more than 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, or 12 days) or which involves expanding the population of cells in vitro for, for example, more than 3 days (for example, expanding the population of cells in vitro for 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, or 15 days) . The percentage of cells (e.g., T cells) in the population of cells at the end of the manufacturing process may more than 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, or 60%.
[0185] The percentage of central memory cells (e.g., central memory T cells) in the population of cells at the end of the manufacturing process may differ by no more than 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, or 15%from the percentage of central memory cells, for example, central memory T cells, for example, CD95+ central memory T cells, in the population of cells at the beginning of the manufacturing process (for example, at the beginning of the cytokine process or the activation process described herein) .
[0186] The population of cells at the end of the manufacturing process after being administered in vivo, may persists longer or expands at a higher level (for example, at least 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, or 90%higher) , compared with cells made by an otherwise similar method which lasts, for example, more than 28 hours (for example, which lasts more than 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, or 12 days) or which involves expanding the population of cells in vitro for, for example, more than 3 days (for example, expanding the population of cells in vitro for 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, or 15 days) .
[0187] The cells may be immune cells, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) , hematopoietic stem cells, pluripotent stem cells, or embryonic stem cells. The cells may be immune cells. The immune cells may be selected from a group consisting of T cells, B cells, αβT cells, γδT cells, NK cells, NKT cells, macrophage cells, dendritic cells, and a combination thereof. The cells may be selected from a group consisting of T cells, B cells, αβT cells, γδT cells, NK cells, NKT cells, macrophage cells, dendritic cells, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) , hematopoietic stem cells, pluripotent stem cells, embryonic stem cells, and a combination thereof. The cells may be T cells. The cells may be NK cells. The cells may be αβ T cells. The cells may be γδ T cells. The cells may be NKT cells. The cells may be Vδ1 T cells.
[0188] The engineered cells may be an autologous cells, syngeneic cells, allogeneic cells, or xenogeneic cells with respect to the individual receiving them. The engineered cells may be modified by changing the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) profile, by inactivating β2-microglobulin to prevent the formation of functional Class I MHC molecules, or by inactivating Class II MHC molecules. The engineered cells may be autologous cells obtained from the human subject receiving them. The engineered cells may be autologous T cells obtained from the human subject receiving them.
[0189] The engineered cells described herein may include eukaryotic cells, e.g., mammalian cells. The engineered cells may be human cells. The engineered cells may be equine, bovine, murine, ovine, canine, or feline cells.
[0190] The cytotoxicity of the engineered cells against tumor cells may be evaluated in a cell killing assay, where the engineered cells are co-cultured with tumor cells. The effector cell: target cell (E: T) ratio may be 0.5: 1, 1: 1, 2: 1, 2.5: 1, 5: 1, or 10: 1. The in vitro cytotoxicity of the engineered cells may be determined using an LDH (lactate dehydrogenase) based cytotoxicity assay. The engineered cells (e.g., CAR-T cells) may be co-cultured with target cells for at least or about 1 hour, 2 hours, 3 hours, 4 hours, 5 hours, 6 hours, 12 hours, 16 hours, 18 hours, 1 day, 2 days, 3 days, or longer, such that the engineered cells (e.g., CAR-T cells) can be activated. The in vitro cytotoxicity of the engineered immune cells may be at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, or at least 95%. The in vitro cytotoxicity of the engineered immune cells may be below 15%, below 20%, below 30%, below 40%, below 50%, below 60%, below 70%, below 80%, below 90%, below 95%. The in vitro cytotoxicity of the engineered immune cells may be about 40%-90%, about 40%-80%, or about 50%-80%. The cytotoxicity may be specific for the target cells that express an antigen specifically recognized by the engineered cells. The engineered cells may induce little or background cytotoxicity against target cells which do not express the antigen. Comparing to untransduced cells (UnT) , the in vitro cytotoxicity of the engineered cells may be higher by more than 5%, more than 10%, more than 15%, more than 20%, more than 30%, more than 40%, more than 50%, more than 60%, more than 70%, more than 80%, more than 90%, more than 100%, more than 150%, more than 200%, more than 250%, more than 300%, more than 400%, more than 500%, more than 600%, more than 700%, more than 800%, more than 900%, or more than 10, 00%.
[0191] To evaluate the CAR positive rate (CAR+%) of the engineered cells, the engineered cells may be subjected to a flow cytometry analysis (e.g., following the methods described in Example 1) . The engineered cells may have a CAR positive rate of more than 15%, more than 20%, more than 25%, more than 30%, more than 35%, more than 40%, more than 45%, more than 50%, more than 55%, more than 60%, more than 65%, more than 70%, more than 75%, more than 80%, or more than 90%. The VLP-based genome editing methods may not significantly affect the CAR positive rate of the engineered cells.
[0192] The phenotype percentages of the engineered cells may be evaluated by a flow cytometry analysis (e.g., following the methods described in Example 1) . The engineered cells may have a CD4+CD8-percentage of more than 5%, more than 10%, more than 15%, more than 20%, more than 25%, more than 30%, more than 35%, more than 40%, more than 45%, more than 50%, more than 55%, more than 60%, more than 65%, more than 70%, more than 75%, more than 80%, or more than 90%. The engineered cells may have a CD4+CD8-percentage of less than 5%, less than 10%, less than 15%, less than 20%, less than 25%, less than 30%, less than 35%, less than 40%, less than 45%, less than 50%, less than 55%, less than 60%, less than 65%, less than 70%, less than 75%, less than 80%, or less than 90%. Comparing to untransduced cells (UnT) , the CD4+CD8-percentage of the engineered cells may be higher by more than 5%, more than 10%, more than 15%, more than 20%, more than 30%, more than 40%, more than 50%, more than 60%, more than 70%, more than 80%, more than 90%, more than 100%, more than 150%, more than 200%, more than 250%, more than 300%, more than 400%, or more than 500%.
[0193] The phenotype percentages of the engineered cells may be evaluated by a flow cytometry analysis (e.g., following the methods described in Example 1) . The engineered cells may have a Tn+Tscm percentage of more than 5%, more than 10%, more than 15%, more than 20%, more than 25%, more than 30%, more than 35%, more than 40%, more than 45%, more than 50%, more than 55%, more than 60%, more than 65%, more than 70%, more than 75%, more than 80%, or more than 90%. The engineered cells may have Tn+Tscm percentage of less than 5%, less than 10%, less than 15%, less than 20%, less than 25%, less than 30%, less than 35%, less than 40%, less than 45%, less than 50%, less than 55%, less than 60%, less than 65%, less than 70%, less than 75%, less than 80%, or less than 90%. Comparing to CAR produced by conventional process, the Tn+Tscm percentage of the engineered cells may be higher by more than 5%, more than 10%, more than 15%, more than 20%, more than 30%, more than 40%, more than 50%, more than 60%, more than 70%, more than 80%, more than 90%, more than 100%, more than 150%, more than 200%, more than 250%, more than 300%, more than 400%, or more than 500%.
[0194] The expansion fold (growth rate) of the cells can be determined by cell counting (e.g., following the methods in Example 1) . The cells may have an expansion fold that is comparable to untreated cells. Comparing to cells prepared by an electroporation-based method, the cells prepared by the methods described herein may have a higher expansion fold (e.g., 3-5 days after resuscitation) . Comparing to cells prepared by an electroporation-based method, the cells prepared by the methods described herein may have an expansion fold that is higher by more than 5%, more than 10%, more than 15%, more than 20%, more than 30%, more than 40%, more than 50%, more than 60%, more than 70%, more than 80%, more than 90%, more than 100%, more than 150%, more than 200%, more than 250%, more than 300%, more than 400%, more than 500%, more than 600%, more than 700%, more than 800%, more than 900%, or more than 10, 00%, after 1 day, 2 days, 3 days, 4 days, 5 days, or 6 days after resuscitation.
[0195] The viability of the cells can be determined (e.g., following the methods in Example 1) . The cells may have a viability rate that is comparable to untreated cells. Comparing to cells prepared by an electroporation-based method, the cells prepared by the methods described herein may have a higher viability rate (e.g., 3-5 days after resuscitation) . Comparing to cells prepared by an electroporation-based method, the cells prepared by the methods described herein may have a viability rate that is higher by more than 5%, more than 10%, more than 15%, more than 20%, more than 30%, more than 40%, more than 50%, more than 60%, more than 70%, more than 80%, more than 90%, more than 100%, more than 150%, more than 200%, more than 250%, more than 300%, more than 400%, more than 500%, more than 600%, more than 700%, more than 800%, more than 900%, or more than 10, 00%, after 1 day, 2 days, 3 days, 4 days, 5 days, or 6 days after resuscitation.
[0196] The knock-out efficiency can be determined (e.g., following the methods in Example 1) . Comparing to cells prepared by an electroporation-based method, the cells prepared by the methods described herein may have a higher knock-out efficiency (e.g., 3-5 days after resuscitation) . Comparing to cells prepared by an electroporation-based method, the cells prepared by the methods described herein may have a knock-out efficiency that is higher by more than 5%, more than 10%, more than 15%, more than 20%, more than 30%, more than 40%, more than 50%, more than 60%, more than 70%, more than 80%, more than 90%, more than 100%, more than 150%, more than 200%, more than 250%, more than 300%, more than 400%, more than 500%, more than 600%, more than 700%, more than 800%, more than 900%, or more than 10, 00%, after 1 day, 2 days, 3 days, 4 days, 5 days, or 6 days after resuscitation. Methods of treatment
[0197] The methods for making engineered cells described herein, and the resulting engineered cells described herein can be used in a variety of experimental, therapeutic and commercial applications.
[0198] In one aspect, the disclosure provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising the engineered cells made by the methods described herein and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
[0199] In one aspect, the disclosure provides a method of treating a disease or disorder in a subject (e.g., human subject) , the method comprising administering to the subject, an effective amount of the engineered cell described herein, or the pharmaceutical composition described herein. The disease or disorder may be cancer, an autoimmune disease, a tumor, or an infection.
[0200] The disease or disorder may be solid tumor. “Solid tumor” refers to an abnormal mass of tissue that usually does not contain cysts or liquid areas. Solid tumors may be benign (not cancer) , or malignant (cancer) . Different types of solid tumors are named for the type of cells that form them. Examples of solid tumors are sarcomas, carcinomas, and lymphomas. Leukemias (cancers of the blood) generally do not form solid tumors.
[0201] In one aspect, the disclosure provides a method of modulating an immune response comprising administering an effective amount of engineered cells described herein to a subject in need thereof.
[0202] The term “effective amount” as used herein means an amount effective, at dosages and for periods of time necessary to achieve the desired results.
[0203] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a method for treating a disease or disorder by administering an effective amount of engineered cells described herein to a subject in need thereof. The disease or disorder may be infectious disease, autoimmune disease, or tumor. The cancer may be hematological cancer or solid tumor. Examples of cancer that can be treated include, but are not limited to, acute myeloid leukemia (AML) , B-cell acute lymphoid leukemia (BALL) , T-cell acute lymphoid leukemia (TALL) , acute lymphoid leukemia (ALL) , chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) , chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) , multiple myeloma (MM) , myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) , myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) , chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) , and blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm (BPDCN) , breast cancer, lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, melanoma, oral cancer, mesothelioma, ovarian cancer, colorectal cancer, gastric cancer, cervical cancer, brain cancer, skin cancer, lymphoma, epithelial neoplasms, soft tissue sarcoma, esophageal cancers, or CNS tumors.
[0204] The disclosure further includes the use of the engineered cells described herein in the manufacture of a medicament or pharmaceutical composition to modulate an immune response, to treat an infection or to treat cancer as described hereinabove.
[0205] The engineered cells can also be used in experimental models, for example, to further study and elucidate the function of the cells.
[0206] One or more of the engineered cells described herein can be administered to a subject in a single, unified form, such as an intravenous injection, or in multiple forms, for example, as multiple intravenous infusions or injections, or subcutaneous injections. The engineered cells may expand within a subject's body, in vivo, after administration to a subject. The engineered cells can be frozen to provide cells for multiple treatments with the same cell preparation. The engineered cells of the disclosure, and pharmaceutical compositions comprising the same, can be packaged as a kit. A kit can include instructions (e.g., written instructions) on the use of the engineered cells and compositions comprising the same.
[0207] A method of treatment can comprise administering to a subject a therapeutically effective amount of the engineered cells. The therapeutically effective amount of the engineered cells may be administered for at least 1 week, 2 weeks, 3 weeks, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, or 1 year. The therapeutically effective amount of the engineered cells may be administered for at least one week. The therapeutically effective amount of the engineered cells may be administered for at least two weeks.
[0208] The engineered cells described herein can be administered before, during, or after the occurrence of a disease or condition, and the timing of administering the engineered cells can vary. For example, the engineered cells can be used as a prophylactic and can be administered continuously to subjects with a propensity to conditions or diseases in order to lessen a likelihood of the occurrence of the disease or condition. The engineered cells can be administered to a subject during or as soon as possible after the onset of the symptoms. The administration of the engineered cells can be initiated immediately within the onset of symptoms, within the first 3 hours of the onset of the symptoms, within the first 6 hours of the onset of the symptoms, within the first 24 hours of the onset of the symptoms, within 48 hours of the onset of the symptoms, or within any period of time from the onset of symptoms. The initial administration can be via any route practical (e.g., intravenous infusions or injections) , such as by any route described herein using any formulation described herein. The administration of the engineered cells of the disclosure may be an intravenous administration. One or multiple dosages of the engineered cells can be administered as soon as is practicable after the onset of a cancer or an infectious disease, and for a length of time necessary for the treatment of the disease, such as, for example, from about 24 hours to about 48 hours, from about 48 hours to about 1 week, from about 1 week to about 2 weeks, from about 2 weeks to about 1 month, from about 1 month to about 3 months. For the treatment of cancer, one or multiple dosages of the engineered cells can be administered years after onset of the cancer and before or after other treatments. The engineered cells can be administered for at least about 10 minutes, 30 minutes, 1 hour, 2 hours, 3 hours, 4 hours, 5 hours, 6 hours, 12 hours, 24 hours, at least 48 hours, at least 72 hours, at least 96 hours, at least 1 week, at least 2 weeks, at least 3 weeks, at least 4 weeks, at least 1 month, at least 2 months, at least 3 months, at least 4 months, at least 5 months, at least 6 months, at least 7 months, at least 8 months, at least 9 months, at least 10 months, at least 11 months, at least 12 months, at least 1 year, at least 2 years at least 3 years, at least 4 years, or at least 5 years. The length of treatment can vary for each subject.
[0209] Methods for administration of engineered cells for adoptive cell therapy are known and can be used in connection with the provided methods and compositions. For example, adoptive T cell therapy methods are described, e.g., in US Patent Application Publication No. 2003 / 0170238 to Gruenberg et al; US Patent No. 4,690,915 to Rosenberg; Rosenberg (2011) Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 8 (10) : 577-85) . See, e.g., Themeli et al. (2013) Nat Biotechnol. 31 (10) : 928-933; Tsukahara et al. (2013) Biochem Biophys Res Commun 438 (1) : 84-9; Davila et al. (2013) PLoS ONE 8 (4) : e61338. The cell therapy, e.g., adoptive T cell therapy can be carried out by autologous transfer, in which the cells are isolated and / or otherwise prepared from the subject who is to receive the cell therapy, or from a sample derived from such a subject. Thus, the cells may be derived from a subject, e.g., patient, in need of a treatment and the cells, following isolation and processing are administered to the same subject.
[0210] The cell therapy (e.g., adoptive T cell therapy) can be carried out by allogeneic transfer, in which the cells are isolated and / or otherwise prepared from a subject other than a subject who is to receive or who ultimately receives the cell therapy, e.g., a first subject. The cells then may be administered to a different subject, e.g., a second subject, of the same species. The first and second subjects may be genetically identical. The first and second subjects may be genetically similar. The second subject may express the same HLA class or supertype as the first subject.
[0211] The subject (e.g., human subject) may have been treated with a therapeutic agent targeting the disease or condition, e.g., the tumor, prior to administration of the cells or composition containing the cells. The subject may be refractory or non-responsive to the other therapeutic agent. The subject may have persistent or relapsed disease, e.g., following treatment with another therapeutic intervention, including chemotherapy, radiation, and / or hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) , e.g., allogenic HSCT. The administration may effectively treat the subject despite the subject having become resistant to another therapy.
[0212] The subject may be responsive to the other therapeutic agent, and treatment with the therapeutic agent reduces disease burden. The subject may be initially responsive to the therapeutic agent, but exhibits a relapse of the disease or condition over time. The subject may have not relapsed. The subject may be determined to be at risk for relapse, such as at a high risk of relapse, and thus the cells are administered prophylactically, e.g., to reduce the likelihood of or prevent relapse. The subject may has not received prior treatment with another therapeutic agent.
[0213] The subject may have persistent or relapsed disease, e.g., following treatment with another therapeutic intervention, including chemotherapy, radiation, and / or hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) , e.g., allogenic HSCT. The administration may effectively treat the subject despite the subject having become resistant to another therapy.
[0214] The engineered cells described herein can be administered to an animal, such as a mammal, even more a human, to treat a cancer. In addition, the engineered cells can be used for the treatment of any condition related to a cancer, especially a cell-mediated immune response against a tumor cell (s) , where it is desirable to treat or alleviate the disease.
[0215] The engineered cells (e.g., immune cells, T cells, or NK cells) described herein can be included in a composition for immunotherapy. The composition can include a pharmaceutical composition and further include a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. A therapeutically effective amount of the pharmaceutical composition comprising the engineered cells can be administered.
[0216] The engineered cells can be immediately used in the above therapeutic, experimental or commercial applications or the cells can be cryopreserved for use at a later date. The pharmaceutical compositions can be included in a container, pack, or dispenser together with instructions for administration.
[0217] The engineered cells disclosed herein can be formulated in unit dosage forms suitable for single administration of precise dosages. The unit dosage forms may comprise additional lymphocytes. In unit dosage form, the formulation is divided into unit doses containing appropriate quantities of one or more compounds. The unit dosage can be in the form of a package containing discrete quantities of the formulation. Non-limiting examples are packaged tablets or capsules, and powders in vials or ampoules. Aqueous suspension compositions can be packaged in single-dose non-reclosable containers. Multiple-dose reclosable containers can be used, for example, in combination with a preservative or without a preservative. The pharmaceutical composition may not comprise a preservative. Formulations for parenteral injection can be presented in unit dosage form, for example, in ampoules, or in multi-dose containers with a preservative. EXAMPLES
[0218] The disclosure is further described in the following examples, which do not limit the scope of the disclosure described in the claims. Example 1. Making engineered cellsVirus production Process 1 (VLP) :
[0219] Lenti-X 293T cells were seeded in CellSTACK 5 Chamber at 8×104 cells / cm2. 24 hours after inoculation, 63.6 μg of T42-K-LVg-3ES-mps-co-cas9 plasmid (SEQ ID NO: 1) , 296.8 μg of sg2-P1a-puro-K plasmid (SEQ ID NO: 8) , 42.4 μg of pRSV-Rev plasmid, 42.4 μg of pMDLg / pRRE plasmid, and 42.4 μg of pMD2. G plasmid were used to transfect the cells. Specifically, these plasmids were incubated with PEIpro-HQ for 15 minutes and then added to the cells. After 48 hours, the virus-containing supernatant medium was collected, ultracentrifuged at 28,000 rpm for 60 min, and concentrated 200 times.Virus production Process 2 (lentivirus) :
[0220] Lenti-X 293T cells were seeded in CellSTACK 10 Chamber at 2.5×104 cells / cm2. 72 hours after inoculation, 395 μg of the transfer plasmid (SEQ ID NO: 7) , 198 μg of pRSV-Rev plasmid, 198 μg of pMDLg / pRRE plasmid, and 198 μg of pMD2. G plasmid were used to transfect the cells. Specifically, these plasmids were incubated with PEIpro-HQ for 15 minutes and then added to the cells. On the third day of transfection, the virus-containing culture medium supernatant was harvested, ultracentrifuged at 37,000 rpm for 35 minutes, and concentrated 200 times.Activation and Transduction:
[0221] Frozen blood samples from two donors (Donor A and Donor B) were used as starting materials. After resuscitating, the cells from each donor were washed to remove the cryopreservation solution. The cells were resuspended and counted. An appropriate amount of CD4 sorting magnetic beads (GenScript, Cat. No. L00932-7.5) and CD8 sorting magnetic beads (GenScript, Cat. No. L00933-7.5) were added for T cell sorting. After the sorting was completed, an appropriate amount of T cell activation magnetic beads (GenScript, Cat. No. L00935) was added. After activation, the cells were counted and grouped according to the table below. Table 1: Making engineered cells using different treatments
[0222] For the VLP / lentivirus groups (G2, G3 and G4) , the cell density was adjusted and corresponding amounts of VLP (0.12μl / 5x104 cells) and / or lentivirus (MOI=4) were added. After transduction, cells were counted, washed with TexMACS GMP Medium (Miltenyi Biotech, Cat. No. 170-076-309) , centrifuged at 400 g for 10 min, and cryopreserved in the cryopreservation solution.
[0223] To prepare CAR-T cells, the T cells were transfected with related elements in Table 1. After the transfection, without further expansion, the CAR-T cells of the present disclosure were obtained.
[0224] In this procedure, cells were activated or not activated before transfection.
[0225] In this procedure, activation was performed for 18-23 hours, transfection was performed for 1-6 hour (s) , and the total length was 24-28 hours.
[0226] For the electroporation editing groups (G5 and G6) , cells were washed with DPBS (Gibco, Cat. No. 14190144) and resuspended in electroporation buffer. Cas 9 protein (Thermo Fisher, Cat. No. A45220) and PD-1 sgRNA (GenScript, see the PD1-sg1 sequence in WO2022152266A1) were added to form a ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex. For the knock-in ( “KI” ) group, CD19 dsDNA (GenScript, see the CD19-CAR sequence in WO2022152266A1) was added and mixed. For the knock-out ( “KO” ) group, CD19 dsDNA was not added. The cells were then mixed with the NeonTM NxT (Thermo) electroporation reagents for electroporation. After electroporation, the cells were transferred to a culture container and placed in a carbon dioxide incubator at 37℃ for recovery for 20-30 minutes before adding an appropriate amount of culture medium. After the same time as above for transduction, the cells were counted, washed with TexMACS GMP Medium (Miltenyi Biotech, Cat. No. 170-076-309) , centrifuged at 180 g for 10 min, and cryopreserved in the cryopreservation solution.
[0227] After resuscitation, frozen cells were washed, centrifuged and resuspended in TexMACS GMP Medium (Miltenyi Biotech, Cat. No. 170-076-309) . The day of recovery was counted as Day0. Samples were taken on Day1, Day2, and Day3. The sample cells were added to a 96-well plate, and centrifuged at 400 g for 10 minutes. The supernatants were discarded. DPBS (Gibco, Cat. No. 14190144) and Fc Receptor Blocking Solution (Biolegend, Cat. No. 422302) were added to each well to resuspend the cells and incubated for 10 minutes at 2-8℃. The cells were centrifuged and supernatants were discarded. PD1 detection antibodies (Biolegend, Cat. No. 329920) were added and incubated for 15 minutes at 2-8℃ in the dark. The cells were centrifuged and supernatants were discarded. DPBS (Gibco, Cat. No. 14190144) was added to each well to resuspend the cells and flow cytometry (Beckman) was used to determine the dynamic expression level of PD1 and the knock-out efficiency was calculated. Samples were taken on Day3, Day5, Day7, and Day9 for cell counting, viability detection (trypan blue) , and flow cytometry was used to determine CAR expression levels and phenotype marker levels (e.g., CD4 and CD8) . For CAR detection, CAR antibodies (BIOSWAN, Cat. No. 200102) were used. For CD4 detection, CD4 antibodies (Biolegend, Cat. No. 300518) were used. For CD8 detection, CD8 antibodies (Biolegend, Cat. No. 344730) were used.
[0228] As shown in FIGS. 1A-1B, for both Donor A and Donor B, KO / KI by electroporation caused slower expansion of T cells at Day3 and Day5, presumably due to cellular damages. By contrast, VLP treated T cells showed a normal expansion rate similar to that of untreated cells. As shown in FIG. 1A (Donor A) , on Day3, Day5, Day7, and Day9, the proliferation folds of untreated cells were 1.83, 6.01, 4.59, and 2.77; the proliferation folds of cells in the lentiviral transduction group were 1.71, 5.60, 5.21, and 2.96; the cell proliferation multiples of the VLP knock-out editing group were 2.00, 5.67, 4.78, and 2.65; the cell proliferation multiples of the lentivirus and VLP co-transduction group were 1.70, 5.55, 5.33, and 2.93; the cell proliferation multiples of the electroporation knock-out editing group were 1.27, 2.88, 4.84, 2.82; the cell proliferation multiples in the electroporation knock-in editing group were 0.95, 1.97, 4.94, and 2.96. As shown in FIG. 1B (Donor B) , on Day3, Day5, Day7, and Day9, the proliferation folds of untreated cells were 1.44, 3.64, 4.08, and 2.75; the proliferation folds of cells in the lentiviral transduction group were 1.24, 3.44, 4.62, and 2.93; the cell proliferation multiples of the VLP knock-out editing group were 1.27, 3.22, 4.05, and 2.49; the cell proliferation multiples of the lentivirus and VLP co-transduction group were 1.31, 3.52, 4.65, and 2.94; the cell proliferation multiples of the electroporation knock-out editing group were 1.00, 1.69, 4.05, 3.59; the cell proliferation multiples in the electroporation knock-in editing group were 0.57, 0.79, 3.65, and 2.99. The above results indicate that under rapid process conditions, the electroporation operation reduces the proliferation rate of Day3 cells and has a certain negative impact on T cell expansion.
[0229] As shown in FIGS. 2A-2B, for both Donor A and Donor B, KI by electroporation reduced viability of T cells at Day3 and Day5, presumably due to cellular damages. By contrast, VLP treated T cells showed a normal viability similar to that of untreated cells. As shown in FIG. 2A (Donor A) , on Day0, Day3, Day5, Day7, and Day9, the cell viability rate of untreated group was 85.7%, 92.2%, 97.6%, 97.6%, and 95.9%; the cell viability rate of the lentivirus transduction group were 86.2%, 91.3%, 95.5%, 92.6%, and 95.7%; the cell viability rates in the VLP knock-out editing group were 87.3%, 92.5%, 97.3%, 97.0%, and 96.8%; the cells in the lentivirus and VLP co-transduction group were 87.4%, 90.1%, 95.8%, 93.7%, and 95.4%; the cell viability rates in the electroporation knock-out editing group were 86.7%, 89.9%, 96.3%, 96.7%, and 96.4%; the cell viability rates in the electroporation knock-in editing group were are 82.9%, 82.7%, 94.6%, 95.2%, and 93.6%. As shown in FIG. 2B (Donor B) , on Day0, Day3, Day5, Day7, and Day9, the cell viability rates of untreated group were 91.3%, 92.0%, 96.8%, 96.1%, and 97.0%; the cell viability rates of the lentiviral transduction group were 92.6%, 92.0%, 94.2%, 93.6%, and 96.8%; the cell viability rates in the VLP knock-out editing group were 92.5%, 93.9%, 95.8%, 96.7%, and 97.0%; the cell viability rates in the lentivirus and VLP co-transduction group were 91.2%, 90.9%, 94.5%, 93.8%, and 96.1%; the cell viability rates in the electroporation knock-out editing group were 91.1%, 86.8%, 92.5%, 94.5%, and 95.9%; the cell viability rates in the electroporation knock-in editing group were are 88.4%, 70.4%, 83.0%, 91.8%, and 93.5%. It can be seen that under the rapid process, the electroporation significantly reduces the viability of Day3 T cells, and the cells take longer to recover. By contrast, VLP and lentivirus have little impact on cell damage and viability. This result is consistent with the trend of lower expansion fold of T cells in the electroporation knock-out and knock-in groups on Day 5 in FIGS. 1A-1B.
[0230] As shown in FIGS. 3A-3B, for both Donor A and Donor B, PD1 knock-out efficiency trended downwards from Day1 to Day3 in electroporated cells. By contrast, PD1 knock-out efficiency trended upwards from Day1 to Day3 in VLP treated cells. As shown in FIG. 3A (Donor A) , the PD1 knock-out efficiency of the VLP group was 30.17%on Day1, 60.33%on Day2, and increased to 72.93%on Day3; the VLP and lentivirus co-transduction group had a knock-out efficiency of 22.44%on Day1, 48.60%on Day2, and 59.97%on Day3; the knock-out efficiency of the electroporation knock-out group was 41.86%on Day1, 38.50%on Day2, and 32.41%on Day3; the knock-out efficiency of the electroporation knock-in group was 59.50%on Day 1, 50.76%on Day 2, and 44.69%on Day 3. As shown in FIG. 3B (Donor B) , the PD1 knock-out efficiency of the VLP group was 26.12%on Day1, 55.06%on Day2, and 64.99%on Day3; the VLP and lentivirus co-transduction group had a knock-out efficiency of 23.49%on Day1, 42.23%on Day2, and 57.00%on Day3; the knock-out efficiency of the electroporation knock-out group was 43.94%on Day1, 38.45%on Day2, and 19.48%on Day3; the knock-out efficiency of the electroporation knock-in group was 55.83%on Day 1, 42.42%on Day 2, and 22.48%on Day 3. It can be seen that in T cells from two different donors, VLP can be used for genome editing efficiently in a rapid process and is less affected by cryopreservation and recovery. Under the rapid process, the editing efficiency of VLP on T cells is significantly higher than that of electroporation. The reason for this result may also be related to the cell viability.
[0231] As shown in FIGS. 4A-4B, for both Donor A and Donor B, lentivirus treated cells showed significant CAR positive rates, indicating successful CAR expression. As shown in FIG. 4A (Donor A) , on Day3, Day5, Day7, and Day9, the proportions of CAR-T cells in the lentivirus transduction group were 48.51%, 70.40%, 76.81%, and 82.02%; the proportions of CAR-T cells in the lentivirus and VLP co-transduction group were 46.20%, 65.97%, 70.97%, and 76.31%; the proportions of CAR-T cells in the electroporation knock-in editing group were 0.77%, 1.70%, 3.88%, and 6.13%. As shown in FIG. 4B (Donor B) , on Day3, Day5, Day7, and Day9, the proportions of CAR-T cells in the lentiviral transduction group were 40.04%, 65.52%, 71.30%, and 76.97%; the proportions of CAR-T cells in the lentivirus and VLP co-transduction group were 33.26%, 52.64%, 60.89%, and 67.30%; the proportions of CAR-T cells in the electroporation knock-in editing group were 0.39%, 0.93%, 1.57%, and 3.44%. Although both VLP and lentivirus are VSV-G pseudotyped, and the transduction efficiency is slightly lower during co-transduction, under the rapid process, the editing efficiency of VLP and lentivirus on T cells is still much higher than that of electroporation knock-in.
[0232] As shown in FIGS. 5A-5B, on Day 3, in Donor A and Donor B, the proportions of CD4+ and CD8+ cells in each group were similar, with no significant differences. The data of Day5, Day7 and Day9 showed that in the lentivirus transduction group, VLP and lentivirus co-transduction group, the proportion of CD4+ cells showed a certain level of increase, but VLP did not significantly change the phenotype of the cells. At each time point, the proportions of CD4+CD8+ and CD4-CD8-cells in all groups were very low and had no significant changes or differences. OTHER EMBODIMENTS
[0233] It is to be understood that while the disclosure has been described in conjunction with the detailed description thereof, the foregoing description is intended to illustrate and not limit the scope of the disclosure, which is defined by the scope of the appended claims. Other aspects, advantages, and modifications are within the scope of the following claims.
Claims
1.A method for making a population of engineered cells, comprising:(a) introducing a vector containing a nucleic acid of interest into a population of cells;(b) editing the genome of the population of cells; and(c) harvesting the population of cells, wherein the total length of the method is less than or equal to 72 hours, wherein the method does not involve electroporation.2.The method of claim 1, wherein step (b) is performed before step (a) ; step (b) is performed after step (a) ; or step (b) and step (a) at least partially overlap in time.3.The method of claim 1 or 2, wherein(1) editing the genome comprises knock-down (KD) , knock-out (KO) , knock-in (KI) one or more target genes; or(2) editing the genome comprises mutation (substitution, insertion, or deletion) in one or more target genes.4.The method of any one of claims 1-3, wherein the editing step comprises introducing a gene editing system into the population of cells by virus-like particle (VLP) , lipid nanoparticles (LNP) , fusosome, or exosomes.5.The method of claim 4, wherein the gene editing system is CRISPR gene editing, base editing, zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs) , or transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs) .6.The method of claim 5, wherein the base editing is carried out by a based editor selected from adenine base editors (ABE) , cytosine base editors (CBE) , and C-to-G base editors (CGBE) .7.The method of any one of claims 4-6, wherein the gene editing system is introduced by VLP.8.The method of claim 7, wherein the VLP comprises (1) a viral structural protein and (2) one or more Cas proteins, or one or more nucleic acids encoding Cas proteins.9.The method of claim 8, wherein the one or more Cas proteins are complexed with one or more guide RNAs (gRNAs) .10.The method of claim 8 or 9, wherein the one or more Cas proteins are selected from the group consisting of Cas9, Cas12, Cas13, Cas3, Cas5, Cas8a, Cas8b, Cas8c, Cas10d, Cas4, Cse1, Csy1, Csn2, Csm2, Cmr5, CasMINI, SuperFi-Cas9, Cas7-11, and any variants thereof.11.The method of any one of claims 7-10, wherein the gene editing system comprises a Cas9 protein and a guide RNA (gRNA) .12.The method of any one of claims 7-11, wherein the VLP is devoid of any protein-encoding nucleic acids.13.The method of any one of claims 4-12, wherein the VLP is derived from a retroviral vector (RVV) , an adenoviral vector, or an adeno-associated viral vector.14.The method of claim 13, wherein the RVV is a lentiviral vector or a γ-retroviral vector.15.The method of any one of claims 1-14, wherein the vector is a retroviral vector (RVV) , an adenoviral vector, or an adeno-associated viral vector.16.The method of claim 15, wherein the RVV is a lentiviral vector or a γ-retroviral vector.17.The method of any one of claims 1-16, further comprising (i) activating the population of cells in an activation medium, wherein step (i) is performed before step (a) and / or step (b) or at least partially overlaps with step (a) and / or step (b) .18.The method of claim 17, wherein(1) the total length of steps (i) and (a) is less than or equal to 48 hours, 36 hours, 28 hours, 26 hours, 24 hours, 20 hours, 18 hours, 16 hours, 14 hours or 12 hours;(2) the total length of steps (i) and (b) is less than or equal to 48 hours, 36 hours, 28 hours, 26 hours, 24 hours, 20 hours, 18 hours, 16 hours, 14 hours or 12 hours; or(3) the total length of steps (i) , (a) and (b) is less than or equal to 48 hours, 36 hours, 28 hours, 26 hours, 24 hours, 20 hours, 18 hours, 16 hours, 14 hours or 12 hours.19.The method of any one of claims 1-18, wherein the total length of the method is less than or equal to 60 hours, 48 hours, 36 hours, 28 hours, 26 hours or 24 hours.20.The method of any one of claims 1-19, wherein the method does not involve in vitro cell expansion after the harvesting step.21.The method of claim 20, wherein the harvested population of cells is immediately frozen and stored for further use after the harvesting step.22.The method of any one of claims 1-19, wherein the harvested population of cells is further expanded after the harvesting step.23.The method of claim 22, wherein the harvested population of cells is further expanded for less than 5 days after the harvesting step.24.The method of claim 22, wherein the harvested population of cells is further expanded for less than 3 days after the harvesting step.25.The method of any one of claims 1-24, wherein the harvested population of cells from the harvesting step shows better expansion rate compared with cells made by an otherwise similar method that uses electroporation.26.The method of any one of claims 1-25, wherein the harvested population of cells from the harvesting step shows better viability compared with cells made by an otherwise similar method that uses electroporation.27.The method of any one of claims 1-26, wherein the harvested population of cells from the harvesting step, after being administered in vivo, persists longer or expands at a higher level, compared with cells made by an otherwise similar method in which total length of the method is more than 72 hours.28.The method of any one of claims 1-26, wherein the harvested population of cells from the harvesting step, after being administered in vivo, persists longer or expands at a higher level, compared with cells made by an otherwise similar method that uses electroporation.29.The method of any one of claims 1-28, wherein the harvested population of cells from the harvesting step is expanded by no more than 10%, compared to the population of cells at the beginning of the method.30.The method of any one of claims 1-29, wherein the nucleic acid of interest encodes an engineered receptor.31.The method of claim 30, wherein the engineered receptor comprises an extracellular antigen binding domain or ligand binding domain, and optionally an intracellular signaling domain.32.The method of claim 30 or 31, wherein the engineered receptor is selected from the group consisting of an engineered T cell receptor (TCR) , a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) , a T cell antigen coupler (TAC) or a portion thereof.33.The method of any one of claims 1-32, wherein the population of cells at the beginning of the method is isolated from a peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) sample.34.The method of any one of claims 1-33, wherein the population of cells at the beginning of the method comprises immune cells.35.The method of claim 34, wherein the immune cells are selected from a group consisting of T cells, NK cells, B cells, macrophage cells, dendritic cells, and a combination thereof.36.The method of claim 35, wherein the immune cells are T cells.37.A population of engineered cells made by the methods of any one of claims 1-36.38.A pharmaceutical composition, comprising the population of engineered cells of claim 37, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.39.A method of treating a disease or disorder in a subject, the method comprising administering to the subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of the population of engineered cells of claim 37, or the pharmaceutical composition of claim 38.40.The method of claim 39, wherein the disease or disorder is infectious disease, autoimmune disease, or tumor.41.The method of claim 40, wherein the tumor is hematological cancer or solid tumor.42.The method of any one of claims 39-41, wherein the disease or disorder is acute myeloid leukemia (AML) , B-cell acute lymphoid leukemia (BALL) , T-cell acute lymphoid leukemia (TALL) , acute lymphoid leukemia (ALL) , chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) , chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) , multiple myeloma (MM) , myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) , myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) , chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) , and blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm (BPDCN) , breast cancer, lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, melanoma, oral cancer, mesothelioma, ovarian cancer, colorectal cancer, gastric cancer, cervical cancer, brain cancer, skin cancer, lymphoma, epithelial neoplasms, soft tissue sarcoma, esophageal cancers, or CNS tumors.
Citation Information
Patent Citations
Method for transduction of cells by viral vectors
CN114854790A
Preparation method and application of CAR-NK (chimeric antigen receptor-natural killer) cell based on recombinant adenovirus
CN117402261A
Lentiviral-based vectors and related systems and methods for eukaryotic gene editing
US20210047375A1
Methods and compositions comprising fusion proteins for improved immunotherapies
WO2023178187A2
Car t cell compositions for treatment of cancer
WO2024059821A2