System and method for producing electricity

Abstract

Systems and methods for generating electricity using a vortex generator that results in cavitation and implosion processes in a vortex. The vortex generator can produce conditions within the vortex generator that can allow deuterium molecules naturally occurring in water to acquire sufficient kinetic energy to overcome the Coulomb barrier so that their nuclei can get close enough to each other to undergo various nuclear reactions, discharging a large amount of nuclear energy at the microstate, imparting energy to the water, which can be used to drive a turbine to generate electricity.

Description

SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR PRODUCING ELECTRICITY

[0001] RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0002] Benefit of priority is claimed to U.S. Provisional Application No. 63 / 653,743 to Tatiana Svetlana LEON CAMACHO, titled "SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR PRODUCING ELECTRICITY," filed May 30, 2024, the subject matter of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.

[0003] TECHNICAL FIELD

[0004] The invention relates to a system and method for generating electricity. The system and process produces electricity with little to no carbon dioxide emissions, and thus is an effective way to produce "green” electricity to meet the world’s electrical demands while having little to no impact on the environment, and can help to reduce global production of greenhouse gases.

[0005] BACKGROUND

[0006] In this specification where a document, act or item of knowledge is referred to or discussed, this reference or discussion is not an admission that the document, act or item of knowledge or any combination thereof was at the priority date, publicly available, known to the public, part of common general knowledge, or otherwise constitutes prior art under the applicable statutory provisions, or is known to be relevant to an attempt to solve any problem with which this specification is concerned.

[0007] Much of the world’s production of electricity is dependent on fossil fuels, such as coal and natural gas. Electricity generation using fossil fuels has been identified as one of the largest contributors of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. Rising CO2 and other greenhouse gas levels have been implicated in global warming and climate change. Increased awareness of the environmental impact of burning fossil fuels, and coal in particular, has raised concern and has led to investigations into greener ways of producing electricity, including solar and wind. Hydroelectric power and geothermal power (e.g.. see U.S. Pat. 10,598,160B2 (Sumrail, 2020)) also has been suggested as alternatives to generation of electricity powered by fossil fuels, but there usually are limitations on where such plants could be located. There is a growing need forsustainable energy use. as well as a greater awareness of resource conservation and carbon emission reduction, and thus the search for alternative energy sources has become a critical priority.

[0008] U.S. Pat. 10,611,633 (Redwine, 2020) teaches generating electric power via conversion of water to hydrogen and oxygen. U.S. Pat. 7,872,366B2 (Gray, 2011) teaches generating electricity using air and / or water currents. U.S. Pat. App. Pub. US2009 / 0155638A1 (Cui et al., 2009) teaches generating electricity with a solid oxide fuel cell system.

[0009] Cavitation is known to initiate and accelerate numerous reactions and processes. For example, U.S. Pat. 8,042,989B2 (Gordon et al., 2011) discloses a method for processing a fluidic mixture in a multi-stage hydrodynamic cavitation device. In the mixture, cavitation is induced in several zones, using a device with a generally cylindrical housing with an inlet, an outlet, a flow path therebetween, and a plurality of cavitation zones along the flow path. Each channel includes expansions and contractions of its cross-sectional area along its length. The invention relates to modifying complex fluids composed of a number of different compounds and utilizes cavity implosion energy’ to improve the fluids' viscosity and / or other physical characteristics, alter their chemical composition by converting compounds, and obtain upgraded, more valuable products.

[0010] U.S. Pat. 7,762,715B2 (Gordon et al., 2010) discloses a method and device for mixing and manipulating fluids in a multi-stage flow hydrodynamic cavitation system. A cylindrical device having a flow path in spiral guides, a vortex generator and an atomizing cone arranged sequentially therein for inducing cavitation characteristics in a fluid mixture is disclosed. The invention discloses that acoustic or hydrodynamic cavitation initiate and accelerate numerous reactions and processes. Enhancing the reaction and processes by means of the energy released upon the collapse of cavities in the flow has found applications for mixing, pumping, and expediting chemical conversions.

[0011] Chinese Patent Application CN103545009 (Peng Weiming. 2014) discloses a double-vortex vortex nuclear reaction method characterized in that one or more kinds of fluid (including liquid and gas) respectively flow through a double-vortex vortexgenerating device at a certain velocity to be mixed and are discharged after centripetal vortex motion of double vortexes, and a new nuclear reaction product is formed. The double-vortex vortex generating device is of a hopper-shaped structure composed of a main container and a double-vortex vortex pipe which are connected. The application states that a quantity of nuclear energy is released during the process, and a new nuclear reaction product (fluid) carries the energy away and is discharged from a lower end port of the double-vortex vortex pipe.

[0012] However, none of these references describes use of cavitation and implosion for the generation of electricity. Thus, there is an urgent need alternate systems and methods for generating electricity that do not depend on fossil fuels.

[0013] SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0014] In light of the foregoing, it has been discovered that the above-noted deficiencies in conventional methods of generating electricity can be addressed, and certain advantages attained, by the present invention, and further, an inventive aspect of this application is a system for generating electricity using a vortex generator to transform mechanical and nuclear energy into hydraulic energy that drives a turbine to generate electricity.

[0015] This invention relates to a system and method for generating “green electricity” having substantially zero or very low CO2 emissions from the use of fossil fuels. One embodiment of the present invention is a system that utilizes a vortex generator that can be used to generate electricity and hydrogen, which can be either sequestered or utilized for a beneficial purpose (such as fuel production).

[0016] Yet another embodiment of the present invention is the system and method provided herein, where the electricity generated has substantially less associated carbon dioxide emissions than electricity generated from combustion of fossil fuels such as coal or natural gas.

[0017] Provided herein are systems for generating electricity. The systems include a metal powder dispenser for dispensing metal powder into a fluid to release hydrogen and heat by reacting with the fluid; a vortex generator that receives the fluid treated with the metal powder and produces cavitation and implosion processes in a vortex of thetreated fluid, and thereby produces athermal hydraulic fluid; an angular speed multiplier box attached to the vortex generator; a motor attached to the angular speed multiplier box; an Archimedes turbine that receives and is driven by the thermal hydraulic fluid from the vortex generator; and an electricity generator attached to and driven by the Archimedes turbine. The metal powder dispenser can include a solid-gas mixing system that includes a cyclone mixer, a Venturi mixing, or combination thereof to fluidize the metal powder for delivery to the fluid. The metal powder dispenser can include a storage hopper containing the metal powder and including an outlet that can be opened and closed by an actuator to dispense the metal powder; a motor; a rotator connected to and driven by the motor; a housing enclosing the rotator and configured to receive the metal powder from the outlet of the storage hopper; and a metering device. The rotator can be a screw-type conveying device selected from among an auger, a drill, and a screw rod. The metering device can include load cells configured to measure a weight of the metal powder.

[0018] In the systems for generating electricity provided herein, the vortex generator can include a casing, and a rotor contained within the casing, wherein the rotor comprises a shaft that traverses through the casing and it coupled to the angular speed multiplier box. The rotor can be made of a material selected from among stainless steel, cast iron, titanium, titanium alloy, anodized aluminum, and a composite material comprising carbon fiber. The titanium alloy can include titanium in combination with any one or a combination of Al, V, and Mo. Exemplary alloys include Ti- 6A1- 4V alloy and Ti- 3Al-5V-5Mo alloy (also known as Ti355).

[0019] The rotor to be used within the vortex generator can include a plurality' of furrows in a surface thereof. The furrows can be arranged concentrically, helically, or radially. A cross-sectional shape of the furrows can be a rectangular shape, a U-shape, or a V- shape. The rotor to be used within the vortex generator can include a plurality of ridges on a surface thereof. The ridges can be arranged concentrically, helically, or radially. A cross-sectional shape of the ridges can be a rectangular shape, a U-shape, or a V-shape. The rotor can have an angle of inclination in the range of 0° to 65°. The rotor can have one surface that is flat, and an opposite surface that is angled from the center to the outeredge, such that a thickness of the rotor at the center is greater than a thickness of the rotor at the outer edge.

[0020] In the systems for generating electricity provided herein, the casing of the vortex generator, which houses the rotor, can be made of a material selected from among stainless steel, cast iron, titanium, titanium alloy, anodized aluminum, and a composite material comprising carbon fiber.

[0021] The systems for generating electricity provided herein can include one or more monitoring devices selected from among a pressure gauge, a flow meter, and a thermal sensor. The systems can include a pump to initiate a flow of the fluid to the vortex generator. The systems can include a storage tank for containing the fluid. The system can include a series of pipes to provide a path for fluid flow from the storage tank, to the pump, to the vortex generator, to the Archimedes turbine, and back to the storage tank. The Archimedes turbine can be a conventional Archimedes turbine. The Archimedes turbine can be a modified Archimedes turbine that can include an inlet and an outlet, and a diameter of the modified Archimedes turbine at the inlet is larger than a diameter of the of the modified Archimedes turbine at the outlet. In the systems provided herein, the angular speed multiplier box can be configured to rotate the rotor to a speed of from about 8,000 rpm to about 55,000 rpm. In the systems provided herein, the fluid is water and the cavitation and implosion processes in the vortex allows deuterium molecules naturally occurring in the water to acquire sufficient kinetic energy to overcome the Coulomb barrier so that their nuclei can get close enough to each other to undergo a nuclear reaction releasing nuclear energy.

[0022] Also provided are methods for generating electricity. The methods include treating water with a metal to produce a metal hydroxide, hydrogen, and heat to yield a treated water; providing the treated water to a vortex generator containing a rotor; rotating the rotor of the vortex generator at a speed to induce cavitation and implosion in the treated water in the vortex generator to form a thermal hydraulic fluid; outputting the thermal hydraulic fluid from the vortex generator to an Archimedes turbine attached to an electricity generator to cause the Archimedes turbine to rotate, whereby the rotating Archimedes turbine causes the electricity' generator to rotate and produce electricity. In the methods, the rotor can be rotating at a speed of about 8,000 rpm to about 55,000rpm. The high rate of rotation can be achieved by including an angular speed multiplier box between the rotor and a motor to drive the rotor. The rotor can include a plurality of ridges on a surface thereof, or a plurality or furrows in a surface thereof. The ridges or furrows can be arranged concentrically, helically, or radially. The ridges or furrows can have a cross-sectional shape that is a rectangular shape, a U-shape, or a V-shape.

[0023] In the methods provided herein, the metal used to generate a metal hydroxide, hydrogen, and heat can be any one or a combination of Al, Mg. Ca, Sr. Ba. Li. Na, K, Rb, Cs, and Fr. The metal can be in powder form having a particle size of 10 nm to about 1,000 nm. The cavitation and implosion processes in the vortex within the vortex generator can create conditions that allow deuterium molecules naturally occurring in the water to acquire sufficient kinetic energy to overcome the Coulomb barrier so that their nuclei can get close enough to each other to undergo a nuclear reaction releasing nuclear energy.

[0024] Also provided is a modified Archimedes turbine. The modified Archimedes turbine can include a conical casing having an inlet and an outlet, and a screw turbine within the conical casing. The conical casing can have an inner diameter that decreases over a distance from the inlet to the exit such that an inlet diameter is larger than an outlet diameter. The screw turbine can include a shaft and curved blades positioned helically around the shaft, where a diameter of the blades decreases from a first end of the shaft positioned at the inlet to a second end of the shaft positioned at the outlet. The modified Archimedes turbine can be configured so that the outlet is positioned perpendicular to a central axis of the shaft of the screw turbine.

[0025] BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

[0026] These and other features of this invention will now be described with reference to the drawings of certain embodiments, which are intended to illustrate and not to limit the invention. The figures are for the purpose of illustrative discussion and no attempt is made to show structural details of an embodiment in more detail than is necessary for a fundamental understanding of the invention. For the sake of clarity, some objects depicted in the figures are not to scale, and components within the figures may be depicted not to scale with each other.

[0027] FIGS. 1 and 2 are representative illustrations to explain the processes of cavitation and implosion.

[0028] FIG. 3 is an illustration of an exemplary rotor with furrows in concentric circles.

[0029] FIG. 4 is an illustration of an exemplary rotor with furrows in a helical pattern.

[0030] FIG. 5 is an illustration of an exemplary rotor with radial furrows.

[0031] FIG. 6 is an illustration of exemplary geometric parameters of a rotor of the vortex generator provided herein.

[0032] FIG. 7A is a schematic front view illustration of an exemplary embodiment of the rotor inside the rotor casing, which is shown in cross-section in FIG. 7B along line A-A in FIG. 7A. FIG. 7C shows a three-dimensional cutaway view. FIG. 7D is an illustration of an exemplary water distributor for providing water to the casing of the vortex generator.

[0033] FIG. 8 is a schematic illustration of an exemplary embodiment of a dispensing device for delivering a metal powder for a thermochemical reaction.

[0034] FIG. 9 is a schematic representation of an embodiment of the dispensing device.

[0035] FIG. 10A shows a cross-sectional view of the modified Archimedes turbine.

[0036] FIG. 10B shows a cross-sectional three-dimensional view of the modifiedArchimedes turbine.

[0037] FIG. 10C shows a front view (facing the inlet) of the modified Archimedes turbine.

[0038] FIG. 11 is a schematic illustration of an exemplary configuration of the electricity-producing system provided herein.

[0039] FIG. 12 is an isometric illustration of an exemplary configuration of the electricity-producing system provided herein.

[0040] DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0041] Further aspects, features and advantages of this invention will become apparent from the detailed description which follows. It should be understood that the various individual aspects and features of the present invention described herein can becombined with any one or more individual aspect or feature, in any number, to form embodiments of the present invention that are specifically contemplated and encompassed by the present invention. Furthermore, any of the features recited in the claims can be combined with any of the other features recited in the claims, in any number or in any combination thereof. Such combinations are also expressly contemplated as being encompassed by the present invention.

[0042] Definitions

[0043] As used herein, the singular forms “a”, "an" and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise.

[0044] As used herein, “about” is a term of approximation and is intended to include minor variations in the literally stated amounts, as would be understood by those skilled in the art. Such variations include, for example, standard deviations associated with techniques commonly used to measure the amounts of the constituent elements or components of an alloy or composite material, or other properties and characteristics. All of the values characterized by the above-described modifier “about,” are also intended to include the exact numerical values disclosed herein, as well as acceptable variance of such values. Moreover, all ranges include the upper and lower limits of the ranges.

[0045] Unless indicated otherwise, each of the individual features or embodiments of the present specification are combinable with any other individual feature or embodiment that are described herein, without limitation. Such combinations are specifically contemplated as being within the scope of the present invention, regardless of whether they are explicitly described as a combination herein.

[0046] Technical and scientific terms used herein have the meaning commonly understood by one of skill in the art to which the present description pertains, unless otherwise defined. Reference is made herein to various methodologies and materials known to those of skill in the art.

[0047] As used herein, “furrow” refers to a narrow groove or trenchlike depression in a surface.

[0048] As used herein, a “thermal hydraulic fluid” refers to a fluid that has been subjected to cavitation and implosion in a vortex generator, and exhibits an increased temperature and pressure compared to untreated water.

[0049] As used herein, an “angle of inclination” refers to the angle measured from the upper inside surface of the rotor at the junction with the shaft to the upper surface at the outer perimeter of the rotor as shown in numeral 4 of FIG. 6.

[0050] Electricity Generating System

[0051] In order to produce electricity with little to no carbon dioxide emissions, and thus produce “green” electricity to meet the world’s electrical demands while having little to no impact on the environment, the electricity-generation system provided herein has been developed. The system uses a vortex generator to transform mechanical and nuclear energy into hydraulic energy that drives a turbine to generate electricity. The vortex generator provided herein results in cavitation and implosion processes in a vortex, which can allow deuterium molecules naturally occurring in water to acquire sufficient kinetic energy to overcome the Coulomb barrier so that their nuclei can get close enough to each other to undergo various nuclear reactions, discharging a large amount of nuclear energy at the microstate.

[0052] Designing a vortex

[0053] A two-equation mathematical model that describes the phenomena observed in the vortex generator of this invention is discussed below7. A characteristic feature of the two-equation model is a fifth-order nonlinear aerodynamic damping term. Likewise, this model can be used for qualitative analysis, with additional experiments contemplated for quantitative analysis. Based on the two-equation mathematical model, the specific parameters and conditions that create the vortex were designed, as described herein.

[0054] The two-equation mathematical model includes Equations A and B:

[0055] (O = V X U Equation A

[0056] r = f d) ■ ndS Equation B

[0057] In Equation A, co represents a flow field with velocity distribution u, and u represents the velocity distribution of a field. In Equation B, T is defined as a circulationfunction of a fluid, and S is an arbitrary curved surface. The primary characteristics of the vortices present in a fluid are:

[0058] Vorticity at a point in a fluid is a vector. The component of vorticity in a particular direction (n) is twice the angular velocity of either of two line segments in the fluid that are mutually orthogonal with n. Vorticity7is therefore a measure of how fast the fluid rotates.

[0059] Just because a flow field is rotating on a large scale, it does not mean that co in the flux is non-zero (in order to obtain a T different from 0, co should be non-zero at least at one point or in a finite region for a viscous fluid).

[0060] Even if the current lines of a flow are not curved, the flow itself can be rotational, i.e., ‘‘vortex lines are material lines”.

[0061] Vortex lines are lines that are tangential to the local vorticity vector. Vortex tubes are the set of all vortex lines that pass through a finite area.

[0062] The circulation around a vortex tube is constant, regardless of the shape and location of the contour.

[0063] As long as a fluid is barotropic, is subject to environmental forces, and only subject to potential corporeal forces, the circulation around any loop of material in the fluid is independent of time.

[0064] Vorticity is improved by stretching along the axes of rotation of the fluid element.

[0065] Viscosity causes vorticity to diffuse away from lateral lines.

[0066] Baroclinity7can generate vorticity within a fluid.

[0067] When the flow is rotational, the vorticity of a fluid element is directly proportional to its density, and the compression of the fluid increases the vorticity.

[0068] Designing cavitation and implosion processes in a vortex.

[0069] A model for the onset of cavitation and implosion in a vortex is described here.In this model, a simplified Rayleigh-Plesset single-bubble implosion model is used. The degree of cavitation development is characterized by a non-dimensional parameter known as the cavitation number cr, which is defined by:

[0070]

[0071] where pref is the reference pressure of the liquid, pvis the actual pressure of the liquid, p is the fluid density, and V is the flow velocity.

[0072] The Rayleigh-Plesset equation is a second-order differential equation used to calculate the behavior of the bubble volume as a function of its radius R(t):

[0073]

[0074] wherejsthe difference between the applied pressure and the vapor pressure, and is the driving term of the bubble evolution. The second term of this equation is the contribution of the non-condensable gas, where the constant mass of the gas is assumed to follow a polytropic thermodynamic behavior characterized by a given polytropic coefficient k. S is the surface tension coefficient expressed in N / m or J / m2

[0075] Based on the above-described Rayleigh-Plesset model, the specific parameters and conditions that create the vortex, and resulting cavitation and implosion processes of this application were designed, as described herein.

[0076] The design of the vortex generator described herein maximizes the implosion phenomenon, maximizes stiffness to prevent the system from reaching its elastic limits and makes it possible to reuse the system, imparts safety, and minimizes manufacturing, maintenance, and operating costs.

[0077] In an exemplary embodiment, the rotor of the vortex generator is rotated at a rotational speed of about 8.000 rpm to about 55,000 rpm. The rotational speed can be equal to any integer value or values this range, including the end-points of these ranges, and any appropriate variances.

[0078] The initial pressure inside the vortex generator during the cavitation and implosion process can be from about 50 kPa to about 105 kPa. The pressure can be equal to any integer value or values within this range, including the end-points of these ranges, and any appropriate variances. At a pressure within these ranges, the energy of themacrostates of water increases. During the implosion process, the localized pressure of the microstates of water existing in the vicinity of the implosion can reach about 0.2 GPa to about 3 GPa and the localized temperature of the microstates can be at least 5000 K.

[0079] Within these ranges, the vortex generator described herein creates the cavitation and implosion processes at the required energy' to allow deuterium molecules naturally occurring in water to acquire sufficient kinetic energy to overcome the Coulomb barrier so that their nuclei can get close enough to each other to undergo various nuclear reactions, discharging a large amount of nuclear energy at the microstate.

[0080] The following is a description of the fluid dynamics that form the basis for creating the vortex of this invention.

[0081] Speed distribution of a Rankine vortex with a central radius a and a maximum circulation T is: r vea= 2 —na 22 r r^a

[0082] The total angular momentum per unit length contained within a radius r0-> oo is:

[0083] The cavitation vortex is designed such that:

[0084] r < r, (Steam) r > (Liquid).

[0085] The vortex of this invention generates an environment of microstates, which facilitate cavitation and implosion processes resulting in a localized pressure, calculated to be about 0.2 GPa to about 3 GPa and a localized temperature, calculated to be at least 5000 K in the water that allows deuterium molecules naturally occurring in water to acquire sufficient kinetic energy to overcome the Coulomb barrier so that their nucleican get close enough to each other to undergo various nuclear reactions, discharging a large amount of nuclear energy at the microstate.

[0086] These aforementioned conditions generate pressure and temperature changes in the vortex that make viable the processes of initiation, collision, growth, cavitation cloud, loss of coherence, cavitation cloud growth, collision and implosion. These processes can generate temperatures at the microstate of around 10,000 (K). Consequently, thermolysis of water can occur in the microstates created in the water.

[0087] Description of the Components of the Electricity Generating System

[0088] The electricity generating system provided herein includes a vortex generator that is a device that produces cavitation and implosion and results in nuclear reactions at the microstate. The vortex generator includes a rotor that produces cavitation and implosion of bubbles by creating a vortex in water within the system. These bubbles form because the local pressure of the fluid drops below its vapor pressure, causing instantaneous evaporation and bubble formation. In the case of the vortex, the low pressure in the vortex can cause vapor bubbles to form in the w ater. When the vortex in the water is accelerated sufficiently by the rotor, cavitation can occur.

[0089] The phenomenon of cavitation is known in the art (e.g, see Ozonek et al., '‘Effect of different design features of the reactor on hydrodynamic cavitation process”, Archives of Materials Science and Engineering 52(2): 112-117,2011). Cavitation describes a phenomenon that occurs inside a liquid when a pressure field is subjected to changes in time and distance. These changes depend on the properties of the liquid which causes the formation of voids, filled with the fluid in its vapor phase, which are then violently compressed, reaching gaseous phases at high pressure and temperature. Due to this process, there is a rapid transfer of energy between a zone where there was previously a vacuum and where the water changes in density. This phenomenon is caused by a difference in static pressure and vapor pressure of a fluid. When the static pressure of a fluid (pressure of a fluid at rest) is lower than its vapor pressure, small vapor-filled cavities can be present in the fluid. Increasing the pressure on the fluid results in implosion or collapse of these cavities, thereby generating waves of energy emanating from the site of the implosion(s).

[0090] Thus. cavitation is the rapid formation and collapse of vapor bubbles in a liquid due to decreased pressure. Cavitation is related to fluid pressure and temperature. The pressure required to initiate cavitation depends on the temperature and the type of fluid. There is an inverse relationship between the vapor pressure of a fluid and its temperature: as the temperature increases, the vapor pressure decreases. Therefore, at higher temperatures, a lower pressure is required to initiate cavitation. These vapor bubbles are unstable and eventually collapse due to the sudden increase in pressure in the surrounding water. During collapse, the bubbles release a large amount of energy in the form of shock waves and microjets, resulting in a phenomenon known as implosion. The implosion generated by cavitation produces high-intensity forces.

[0091] During cavitation and implosion within the vortex generator, the liquid is subjected to localized temperatures that can be above 5000°C and pressures that can be above 10 MPa. These temperature and pressure values are achieved from the potential energy' of an implosion of water-vapor bubble and the kinetic energy of the fluid. The potential energy is established based on the specific pressure and volume parameters of each molecule, and is equal to the work generated by a pressure difference Pd - Pv on its vapor volume throughout the collapse of the cavitation bubble, wherein Pd is the impeller (rotor) pressure and Pv is the vapor pressure of the cavitation bubble. The implosion energy of an undisturbed vapor bubble is equal to the ambient pressure poo, as shown in Function 1:

[0092]

[0093] as described in “The relevance of kinematics for cavitation implosion loads Physics of Fluids”, 31, S. Schenke. T. Melissaris, and T. J. C. van Terwisga, 2019 (Schenke 2019).

[0094] In Function 1, EpOt 0the potential energy of the bubble, Ro is the initial radius of the bubble, (poo, pv) are ambient pressure and vapor pressure respectively, and this function is valid for an undisturbed spherical bubble.

[0095] A representative schematic of this process is shown in FIG. 1. In FIG. 1, one cavitation bubble 3200 is shown under normal pressure conditions (prior to exposure toa pressure gradient). When cavitation bubble 3200 is subject to baroclinity (p x pl) at a point and converges with an area having a different pressure gradient (p2), the cavitation bubble 3200 is subjected to a shock wave that moves through the fluid due to the difference in the pressure gradients. This causes the cavitation bubble 3200 to implode and form an imploded cavitation bubble 3300, which generates additional energy. Baroclinity, generally denoted by pxp, where p is a density gradient and p is a pressure gradient of a fluid, is a measure of the misalignment between the density and pressure gradients of a fluid.

[0096] Another schematic representation of this process is shown in FIG. 2. As illustrated in FIG. 2, cavitation bubbles 3200 appear within the fluid when a vortex is generated in a fluid at a velocity Vo by the action of a rotor 3000. As these cavitation bubbles 3200 encounter the pressure differential created by the vortex along isobaric lines 3400, the cavitation bubbles implode into an elliptical-shaped imploded cavitation bubble 3300.

[0097] Is has been discovered that vacuum energy and cavitation and implosion in the vortex generator provided herein can allow some of the water molecules, and in particular deuterium molecules naturally occurring in w ater, to acquire sufficient kinetic energy’ to overcome the Coulomb barrier so that their nuclei can get close enough to each other to undergo various nuclear reactions, discharging a large amount of nuclear energy' at the microstate. The reaction can occur at the microstate between two deuterium atoms.

[0098] For clarity, the two main states, the macrostate and the microstate, are distinguished.

[0099] A macrostate refers to the macroscopic variables that characterize a system, such as temperature, pressure, enthalpy, entropy, volume, internal energy’, among others. These variables describe the average state of the system as a whole. For example, if w e have a gas in a container, the macrostate can be described by the temperature and pressure of the gas in the container. On the other hand, a microstate refers to the microscopic or individual configurations of the particles that make up a system. These configurations describe the positions and velocities of the particles at a given time. For the example of the gas in a container, a microstate would be a specific configuration of the particles, where each particle has a given position and velocity, understanding theHeisenberg uncertainty principle, which states that there are fundamental limits to the precision with which certain properties of a subatomic particle can be known.

[0100] In a macroscopic system, there are many possible microstates corresponding to the same macroscopic state. For example, for a gas in a container, there are innumerable ways in which the particles can be distributed in space as long as they maintain the same macroscopic characteristics, such as temperature and pressure.

[0101] Understanding this, nuclear fusion at the microstate in the present invention can be described as in microsteps, where by the sum of implosions and chemical reactions can bring protium and deuterium atoms to nuclear fusion temperatures, while macrosteps should not reach temperatures above 1000°C. Nuclear fusion of deuterium at the macrostate, though, occurs at extremely high temperatures (depending on specific conditions, it can approach 100 million Kelvin or higher).

[0102] Vacuum energy is a fundamental concept in quantum physics and field theory.Although the vacuum has traditionally been considered to be the total absence of energy, modem physics reveals that the vacuum is filled with quantum fluctuations that give rise to a form of intrinsic energy known as vacuum energy or zero-point energy.

[0103] The quantum vacuum is a description of space-time on the smallest possible scale, where subatomic particles and quantum fields interact. According to quantum field theory, even in the absence of particles and classical fields, the quantum vacuum is filled with energy fluctuations. These fluctuations, called vacuum fluctuations, arise due to the Heisenberg uncertainty principle, which states that the position and momentum of a particle cannot be known precisely at the same time. The uncertainty principle implies that there are energy fluctuations in the vacuum, which leads to the existence of virtual particles. These virtual particles are temporary fluctuations of energy’ that appear and disappear in very short times, following the laws of quantum physics. Since these virtual particles have mass and associated energy, they contribute to the total energy of the vacuum, which is known as vacuum energy' or zero-point energy'.

[0104] One of the most notable effects of vacuum energy' is the Casimir effect, discovered by the Dutch physicist Hendrik Casimir in 1948. This effect occurs when two parallel metal plates are placed in a vacuum close to each other. The energy fluctuations of the vacuum generate a net pressure that pushes the plates together. Thisphenomenon has been verified experimentally and provides indirect evidence for the existence of vacuum energy.

[0105] Within the vortex generator, energy is transferred from the rotating rotor to the fluid, generally water. The high kinetic energy of the rotor is responsible for providing the kinetic energy' to the fluid and providing space for the formation of the cavitation and implosion process. The rotating rotor withing the vortex generator can create a zone of high vacuum and, due to the thermodynamic properties of water, the water is violently converted from the liquid to the gaseous phase, and this conversion generates a high amount of energy'. The bubbles formed during cavitation collapse upon themselves, resulting in implosion, generating a vacuum pressure on the system. In this process, energy’ is transferred violently and concentrically at various locations because of the creation of a vacuum in the area. This process occurs at a local pressure of about 100 MPa and a temperature of about 5000 K, which are generated within the water during the cavitation and implosion processes. At this high temperature, deuterium atoms can acquire enough kinetic energy’ to overcome mutual electrostatic repulsion and fuse with a protium or another deuterium atom, but typically another deuterium atom, releasing a large amount of energy. A layer of water molecules closest to the collapse and implosion zone changes its phase and becomes a gas, which in turn, raises the temperature and the pressure of the fluid.

[0106] The rotor of the vortex generator is designed to generate the necessary' motion to allow the transport of fluids through a system and to promote cavitation and implosion. These rotors include a central shaft around which are arranged a series of blades, vanes or propellers that may7or may’ not be fused to the shaft. The blades, vanes, or propellers can be separated elements arranged about the central shaft, or can be an integral part of a disc that can be attached to the central shaft. The rotor can be a centrifugal rotor that can include furrows and / or blades or ridges of varying geometries and configurations. When the rotor of the vortex generator is driven, whether by an electric motor, internal combustion engine, or other drive mechanism, the rotor furrows and / or blades or ridges induce a flow of fluid, either liquid or gas. from the inlet of the casing and the vortex generator transforms mechanical and nuclear energy into hydraulic energy towards itsoutlet. In cross-section, the furrows can have a rectangular shape, or can be U-shaped or V-shaped.

[0107] The shape, size and arrangement of the rotor of the vortex generator and its furrows / blades / ridges / vanes / propellers can vary according to the type and size of that system that transforms mechanical and nuclear energy' into hydraulic energy7. In some applications, a centrifugal type rotor can be advantages in terms of efficiency, capacity and adaptability to different types of fluids and operating conditions.

[0108] The rotor of the vortex generator converts the mechanical energy provided by a motor (it can be electric or combustion motor) of the system to the rotor shaft that drives the rotor and transforms that mechanical energy7to kinetic energy7moving the water with the rotor, producing implosions and nuclear energy that is transformed into hydraulic or flow energy, which allows the displacement of the fluid through the system. This displacement of the resulting high energy water can be used to generate electricity.

[0109] The rotor of the vortex generator can transfer the mechanical energy to the water resulting in nuclear energy and vacuum energy in the fluid. The mechanical energy transfer results in increased speed and pressure of the water. This is crucial to overcome hydraulic resistances in the system, such as friction in pipes and fittings.

[0110] The geometry and arrangement of the furrows / blades / vanes / propellers(hereinafter referred to collectively as furrows for brevity, with the understanding the "‘furrows” can be replaced with any of blades, ridges, vanes, propellers, or the like) of the rotor of the vortex generator influence the direction and control of the flow. This allows the fluid to be efficiently directed from the machine inlet to the outlet, causing turbulence that could increase machine performance due to the formation of cavitation and implosion that promotes the increase in temperature and pressure necessary for nuclear energy and vacuum energy utilization.

[0111] Different rotors impart different flows on the fluid in which they rotate. For example, centrifugal rotors typically have curved blades that induce a spinning motion to the fluid, while axial rotors have straight blades that direct the flow in the same direction as the rotor axis. Exemplary7rotors are shown in FIGS. 3-5, but the rotor is not limited to such designs or configurations.

[0112] FIG. 3 is an illustration of an exemplary rotor with concentric furrows. FIG. 4 is an illustration of an exemplary rotor with helical furrows. FIG. 5 is an illustration of an exemplary' rotor with radial furrows. The number and arrangement of furrows on the rotor have a significant impact on system performance. A larger number of furrows can improve machine efficiency by reducing recirculations and improving flow distribution and implosion zones. In addition, the arrangement of the furrows, such as their pitch angle and spacing, can be optimized to maximize energy transfer to the fluid. The length and profile of the furrows are important, because longer swaths can increase system capacity and machine efficiency by providing a larger surface area for interaction with the fluid. The profile of the furrows, such as their curvature and thickness, can influence flow- velocity and pressure, as well as turbulence generation and energy losses.

[0113] When the concentrically grooved rotor rotates, the fluid is pushed outward from the center of the rotor towards the periphery', increasing its velocity' and pressure, which, due to the geometry perpendicular to the flow, increases the pressure difference between the surface and leads to the generation of jumps that drive the generation of implosion and cavitation. Helical groove rotors have grooves that are arranged parallel to the axis of rotation, improving fluid velocity but not favoring the generation of implosion and cavitation. Straight-row' rotors have furrows that are arranged parallel to the axis of rotation, and the fluid flow through the rotor is predominantly in a direction parallel to the axis of rotation. In these rotors the flow is of high capacity and medium pressure, which puts it in an intermediate of the two previous ones.

[0114] The geometric parameters influences thermodynamic performance. Referring toFIG. 6, the diameter 1 of the rotor determines the fluid swept area and, therefore, its capacity7. Rotors with larger diameters can handle higher flow' rates and generate higher pressures, but may also require more powerful motors and increase the overall size of the machine. Rotor length 2 is the axial distance from the rotor inlet to the rotor outlet, or top to bottom of the rotor. This parameter affects system capacity' and system efficiency. Longer rotors can provide a larger surface area of interaction wdth the fluid, which can improve machine efficiency at a higher input energy' cost. The number of rotor furrows 3 affects the hydrodynamic performance of the machine because more furrow's can improve machine efficiency by reducing recirculation and improving flowdistribution. However, an excessive number of furrows can increase friction and turbulence losses. The angle of inclination 4 of the furrows affects the direction and speed of flow through the rotor, as w ell as the efficiency of the system. The angle of inclination can be in a range of 0° to 65°. The angle of inclination can be 0°, 5°, 10°, 15°, 20°, 25°, 30°. 35°, 40°, 45°, 50°, 55° , 60° or 65°. or any angle between these values. The furrow spacing 5 is the distance between adjacent furrows in the rotor. The spacing can be uniform or non-uniform, as long as the non-uniform spacing does not result in an imbalance in the rotor as it rotates. This parameter influences the distribution of fluid flow and the minimization of recirculation and turbulence to a desired level.

[0115] In some embodiments, the rotor does not include furrows or ridges. It has been determined that at the high speeds at which the rotors of the device provided herein rotate, the surface roughness of the rotor can be sufficient to have the effect of inducing cavitation and implosion. The low er the roughness or the number of furrow s results in a lower capacity to generate cavitation and implosion. Rotors relying only on surface roughness are able to form a vortex resulting in high turbulence and zones of cavitation and implosion of high energy.

[0116] The rotor is rotated to a speed of 8,000 to 55,000 rpm. Adiabatic and isothermal processes were used to model the behavior of the transported fluid during its passage through the system provided herein. Adiabatic processes occur without heat transfer, while isothermal processes keep the temperature constant. These models are useful for predicting the temperature and energy variation of the fluid during the actuation of the system of the invention. The results from tests on the system show that pressures in excess of 1.2 GPa can be achieved with these models, regardless of the temperature of these processes due to the nature of the simulation.

[0117] The rotor of the vortex generator is made of a material able to withstand the forces generated by the high speeds of rotation, the high pressure, and the temperature within the system. The rotor materials of construction are selected to ensure performance, durability and resistance to the specific operating conditions of the system. Any material known in the art suitable for high speed revolutions, such as materials used for rotors of ultracentrifuges, can be used for the rotor of the system provided herein.

[0118] Exemplary materials include stainless steel, cast iron, titanium, titanium alloy, and composite materials. Stainless steel exhibits corrosion resistance, durability and ability7to withstand aggressive environments. Cast iron exhibits abrasion and corrosion resistance, but it is susceptible to corrosion, which can require coating of the rotors to protect them from aggressive fluids and microstate processes. Titanium is a corrosion- and erosion-resistant material, and is suitable for rotors operating in highly corrosive environments or at high temperatures. Anodized aluminum also is suitable, as it often is used in high-speed centrifuge rotors. Composite materials offer a unique combination of strength, light weight, and corrosion resistance. These materials are used in applications where superior performance is required under demanding conditions. The composite materials can include carbon fibers. Carbon fiber rotors are corrosion resistant and have lighter weight than rotors made only of metal. Exemplary’ titanium alloys are alloys that include titanium and any one or a combination of Al, V. and Mo, such as Ti- 6A1- 4V alloy and Ti-3Al-5V-5Mo alloy (also known as Ti355).

[0119] Another important variable when selecting rotor material is thermal stability, therefore, selecting materials with high thermal stability can help to ensure structural rigidity over time. Materials such as stainless steel and titanium are known for their thermal stability' and resistance to deformation at high temperatures. The thermal conductivity of the material can influence heat transfer within the system rotor and the ability of the device to dissipate heat generated during operation. Materials with high thermal conductivity can be selected to improve heat dissipation and prevent overheating of the rotor.

[0120] In some embodiments, the rotor is made of stainless steel. In some embodiments, the rotor is made of titanium. In some embodiments, the rotor is made of anodized aluminum. In some embodiments, the rotor is a carbon fiber composite material.

[0121] Regardless of the material selected, the rotor of the vortex generator is designed to correct any imbalance. Balancing refers to the uniform distribution of mass around the axis of rotation of the rotor. A properly balanced rotor will prevent excessive vibrations that could damage the system or any of its components, as well as cause premature wear. The balancing process involves identifying and correcting imbalances by adding or removing mass at strategic points on the rotor. Any method known in theart for balancing a rotor can be used. Specialized equipment, such as rocker arms and dynamic balancing machines, can be used to perform the balancing accurately and efficiently.

[0122] Excessive vibrations can cause damage to bearings, seals and other components of the system, reducing system life. In addition, vibrations can negatively affect thermodynamic efficiency by generating energy losses due to friction and turbulence. Therefore, the aim is to improve hydraulic performance by reducing this phenomenon caused by an imbalance in the rotors as it can affect the flow of the fluid through the system, resulting in a non-uniform distribution of the fluid and reduced hydraulic efficiency.

[0123] Smooth, vibration-free operation allows the transfer of mechanical energy for the production of nuclear and vacuum energy to drive hydraulic energy of the device to operate more efficiently, resulting in lower energy consumption. A properly balanced rotor reduces dynamic loads on bearings and other components of the device that, which can decrease flow resistance and minimize energy losses, thus contributing to higher thermodynamic efficiency.

[0124] Seals are used to prevent leakage along the rotating shaft of the rotor. They help maintain system integrity and prevent contamination of the pumped fluid. Any suitable seal known in the art suitable for the temperature and pressures expected in the device can be used. The seals can be of different types according to the need of the system, such as mechanical seals and / or packing seals, each designed for specific applications and operating conditions. Selection of the proper seal type depends on factors such as the type of fluid being pumped, temperature, pressure, and operating speed. A defective seal can result in fluid leakage, loss of pressure and contamination of the environment, which can affect the efficiency and safety of the device provided herein, which transforms mechanical and nuclear energy into hydraulic energy that can drive a turbine to produce electricity.

[0125] The vortex generator provided herein also includes bearings. Bearings are components that support and guide the axis of rotation of the rotor, allowing a smooth and frictionless movement. For the vortex generator provided herein, the bearings can be of different types, such as ball bearings, roller bearings, friction bearings, and fluidbearings, each with their own characteristics and applications. In some instances, the bearings also includes seals.

[0126] Proper lubrication is crucial for efficient operation and long bearing life. Any lubricant known in the art suitable for the material, temperature, and degree of expected friction can be selected and used. Lubricant selection and regular maintenance are important to prevent premature wear and bearing failure. Poor bearing performance can result in excessive vibrations, premature rotor wear and damage to other components of the system provided herein that transforms mechanical and nuclear energy into hydraulic energy', which can significantly affect the efficiency and reliability' of the system.

[0127] In the vortex generator provided herein, the rotor is contained within a rotor casing. The rotor casing is the structure that surrounds and protects the rotor and is where the reactions, including cavitation, implosion, and nuclear fusion at the microstate, take place. It is made of resistant materials, such as cast iron or stainless steel, to withstand the working conditions and protect the internal components. The design of the rotor casing is closed to maintain homogeneity' of the pressure distribution.

[0128] The rotor casing can be made of any' material able to withstand the high pressure and the temperature within the system. The rotor casing material can be selected to ensure performance, durability, and resistance to the specific operating conditions of the system. Exemplary materials include stainless steel, cast iron, titanium, and composite materials, or any combination thereof. Stainless steel exhibits corrosion resistance, durability, and ability' to withstand aggressive environments. The interior surfaces of the rotor casing optionally can be heat treated or otherwise surface treated to improve the resistance of the surface to corrosion or improve durability.

[0129] Fluid flow within the rotor housing of the vortex generator caused by the rotor, such as through the rotor furrows, can be turbulent and highly three-dimensional due to the complex geometry' of the rotor and the interaction between the furrows and the fluid. Fluid flow direction, velocity, and pressure vary' along the length of the furrows and can influence machine performance. The movement of fluid through the rotor furrows generates hydrodynamic forces acting on the rotor and other machine components. These forces can include pressure forces and drag forces, which can affect the stability and efficiency of the rotor and the system as a whole.

[0130] Flow phenomena such as boundary layer separation, vortex formation, and cavitation, can occur in the rotor furrows, and can have a significant impact on the performance on the transformation of mechanical energy into and nuclear energy and vacuum energy that drives the increase of hydraulic energy. Boundary' layer separation can cause energy losses and decrease the efficiency of the mechanical energy’ transfer to the water and thus loss of potential hydraulic energy.

[0131] The rotor casing can have an interior designed to accommodate or promote vortex formation when the rotor rotates. The interior can include a parabolic shape to accommodate or promote vortex formation when the rotor rotates. The casing can have a flat portion towards which the surface of the rotor containing the furrows or ridges faces. The inside edges of the casing at both ends facing the edges of the rotor can have a semi-circular cross-section, and angle to meet, forming a parabolic or parabolic-like shape. In some configurations of the casing, the inside side semi-circular edges angle and connect to a central round-nose bullet-shaped chamber, with the rounded end facing away from the side of the rotor that does not include furrows. The inside shape of the casing promotes formation of a vortex when the rotor rotates.

[0132] Computational Flow Analysis (CFD) can be used for accurate and detailed modeling of the fluid flow through the rotor furrows of the device provided herein. CFD allows the simulation of complex phenomena such as turbulence, boundary layer separation, and vortex formation, which affect the performance and efficiency of the system. With CFD. different rotor design configurations can be evaluated, and CFD allows an engineer to predict how a given rotor in the device will affect fluid flow and system efficiency. Modifications to the furrow geometry, such as changes in profile, pitch angle and spacing, can be made to optimize the performance of the system to transform mechanical energy into nuclear energy and vacuum energy to drive hy draulic energy-, which then is used to drive a turbine to produce electricity. CFD also allows detailed analysis of performance parameters such as pressure, flow rate, efficiency, and flow distribution. This provides information on how to adapt the system to different size needs and / or to modify rotor design to maximize efficiency and / or meet application requirements. CFD also can be used to help identify- critical areas in redesign that can negatively affect efficiency, such as the formation of recirculations, boundary layerseparations. or undesirable zones when modifications are made to the system. This information allows adjustments to be made to improve performance in the system.

[0133] The rotor of the vortex generator can be selected for use in systems of different sizes and different operating conditions: Scale up, such as for large scale industrial use, or scale down, such as for individual home use, can be accomplished by selecting a rotor designed to perform in a variety of operating conditions, such as different flow rates, pressures and fluid viscosities. This provides versatility to the system and makes the system adaptable.

[0134] The rotor design can contribute to lower energy consumption and lower operating costs over time. If this efficiency is measured in a traditional way, the efficiency could exceed 100%, however, taking into account the thermodynamic nuclear potential, this efficiency would decrease in order to comply with the basic laws of thermodynamics.

[0135] The relative distances between the rotor and the casing can vary depending on the power required, and relative sizes of the rotor and casing. Working ranges for the distance from the casing to the upper surface and / or the casing to a side edge of the rotor can be from 1 mm up to 40 mm. Larger distances can be used depending on the size and the type of rotor.

[0136] The vortex generating device includes pipes to deliver fluid, such as water, in to and out of the rotor casing. The pipes can be of any material compatible with the fluid, and the temperature and pressure of the fluid entering and exiting the rotor casing. The thickness of the pipes can be selected to accommodate the pressure of the system.

[0137] An exemplary embodiment of the rotor inside the rotor casing of the vortex generator provided herein is shown schematically in FIG. 7A, shown in cross-section in FIG. 7B, and three-dimensional cross-section in FIG. 7C. Pipes A, B, C, and D shown in FIG. 7C deliver fluid, such as water, into and out of the rotor casing. FIG. 7A show s a side view of the rotor casing 550, with pipes that deliver fluid to and away from rotor casing 550.

[0138] As shown in FIGS. 7B and 7C, the rotor 510 and a portion of the rotor central shaft 520 are contained within the casing 550. The first end 522 and a second end 524 of the rotor central shaft 520 extend beyond the casing 550. The first end 522 of the rotor centralshaft 520 is supported by a bearing shaft support 540, and the second end 524 of the rotor central shaft 520 is supported by a bearing shaft support 545. Bearing shaft supports 540 and 545 maintain the alignment of rotor central shaft 520 within casing 550 while allowing free rotation of rotor 510 about rotor central shaft 520 within casing 550. An end of central shaft 520 can be connected to an output shaft of an angular speed multiplier box (not shown in the figure). The output shaft of the angular speed multiplier box provides the rotational energy to rotate the rotor 510.

[0139] As shown in FIGS. 7B and 7C, an exemplary embodiment of the rotor casing 550 includes a flat surface 555 facing the angled surface of rotor 510. The rotor casing 550 includes a first rounded surface 560 at one end facing an edge of the rotor 510 and a second rounded surface 561 at the opposite end facing an edge of the rotor 510. The first rounded surface 560 extends at an angle outward away from rotor 510 forming an interior side 565 that intersects and connects to a round-nose bullet-shaped chamber 570, and the second rounded surface 561 extends at an angle outward away from rotor 510 forming an interior side 566 that intersects and connects to the same round-nose bulletshaped chamber 570. Round-nose bullet-shaped chamber 570 includes a first section 571 having a constant diameter DI, and a second section 575 having a parabolic shape terminating in an aperture 576 having a diameter D2, where the constant diameter DI is larger than the diameter D2 of aperture 576 at the small end of the parabolic shape. A portion of rotor central shaft 520 traverses aperture 576 to exit rotor casing 550. The inside shape of the casing 550 housing the rotor 510 promotes formation of a vortex when the rotor 520 rotates.

[0140] Referring to FIG. 7C, water is delivered via pipe C and enters the casing 550 through a water distributor 580, an exemplary embodiment of which is shown in FIG. 7D. The water distributor 580 is affixed to casing 550 to form an integral part thereof, such as by using screws, bolts, or flanges or any combination thereof. As shown in FIG. 7D, the water distributor 580 includes holes as water entry ports (6 are shown in FIG. 7D, but only tw o are labelled as 585 and 585') distributed concentrically around a central hole 590 that accommodates a portion of the rotor central shaft 520. Water does not flow through central hole 590. The number of water entry ports can vary, and can be from 2 to 12, but the upper limit could be higher if a large diameter rotor is used. Thenumber of water entry ports can be an even or an odd number. The water entry ports 585 are spaced evenly and concentrically around the central hole 390 to provide a uniform distribution of water entering casing 550. Once the water enters the casing, it is directed toward rotor 510. Depending on the specific design of the rotor and casing, the water can pass through channels or conduits within the casing to be directed towards the rotor.

[0141] The water is imparted kinetic energy by the rotating rotor 510 causing cavitation and implosion, which can result in nuclear fusion of deuterium atoms, releasing energy. The water with increased temperature, pressure, and velocity is expelled from the casing 550 via an outlet in the central part of the housing. This outlet is connected to pipes that convey the water along the path to the turbine, and can pass various sensory devices, such as flow meters, thermocouples, and pressure gauges.

[0142] Valves can be positioned throughout the system. For example, valves can be positioned at the inlet and outlet of different portions of the system. The valves can be configured to control the flow of the liquid, or configured to allow the pressure and direction of flow to be regulated, or any combination thereof. Valves can be included to allow isolation of the rotor casing from fluid, such as when maintenance of the rotor is needed.

[0143] The rotor inside the rotor casing of the vortex generating device is connected by the central shaft of the rotor to the output shaft of an angular speed multiplier box. The output shaft of the angular speed multiplier box provides the rotational energy' to rotate the rotor, and is responsible for the mechanical energy imparted to the rotor that generated fluid flow and pressure when the rotor is rotating at high speed. The angular speed multiplier box (also known as speed multiplier), is a device that allows increasing the rotational speed of the motor and decreasing the output torque. The angular speed multiplier box consists of gears of different sizes and gear ratios to adapt the motor speed to the conditions required by the rotor. The angular speed multiplier box allows the increase of the motor linear speeds to achieve rotational speeds of 8,000 rpm to 55.000 rpm. For example, the rotor can operate at speeds of 8,000 rpm, 9,000 rpm, 10,000 rpm, 11,000 rpm, 12,000 rpm, 13,000 rpm, 14,000 rpm, 15,000 rpm, 20,000 rpm, 25,000 rpm, 30,000 rpm, 35,000 rpm, 40,000 rpm, 45,000 rpm, 50,000 rpm. or 55,000 rpm. Angularspeed multiplier boxes are known in the art. and can be configured to achieve the desired increase in rotational speed through known combinations of gears and gear ratios.

[0144] The angular speed multiplier box is connected to a motor to provide power to the angular speed multiplier box to drive the rotor. Any motor can be used. The motor can be electric, internal combustion, or hydraulic, depending on the external power source. When an electric motor is used, is can be run using solar power, wind power, or a hydrogen fuel cell to reduce or eliminate any need for use of electricity generated using fossil fuels, thereby reducing, or eliminating, the carbon footprint of the device provided herein. The motor provides the mechanical energy for the angular velocity multiplier box, which is necessary to drive the system.

[0145] The use of an angular speed multiplier box allows the motor speed to be adapted to the needs, which increases the energy efficiency of the system.

[0146] The angular speed multiplier box also provides the ability to adjust the rotational speed of the rotor by modifying the gear ratio. This allows performance to be tailored to different flow and pressure requirements. Angular speed multiplier boxes are constructed of strong and durable materials, such as cast iron or stainless steel, giving them a high resistance to adverse conditions and a long service life. Including an angular speed multiplier box in the system provided herein allows the system to be adapted to a wide range of fluids, from common water to fluids with higher or lower viscosity.

[0147] The system provided herein that transforms mechanical and nuclear energy into hydraulic energy also includes a fluid source to provide fluid to the vortex generator and drive the system. In some configurations, the system can include a storage tank as a fluid source. Typically the fluid is water. When the fluid is water, the water can be provided by a domestic source, such as a community water system. Water also can be pumped from an environmental source, such as a spring, a river, or a lake. Typically fresh water is used to avoid corrosion that can occur when salt water is used. In areas where only salt water or seawater is readily available, a reverse osmosis system can be used to reduce the amount of salt in the water prior to it being introduced into the system. The fluid is provided to the storage tank for use as a fluid source. The storage tank can include a lid to close the storage tank to make it a closed system.

[0148] The storage tank can be a container made of any material compatible with the fluid and can be used to store fluid. Deuterium naturally occurs in many water samples. Natural water often contains about 150 ppm deuterium. The amount of deuterium can be augmented by adding heavy water (D2O). The storage tank can be used to both mix heavy water (D2O) with regular water, and to store the mixture to maintain and provide a constant supply of fluid to the system. In the system provided herein, after the water has traversed the system to generate electricity, the water can be discarded, or it can be recycled back to the storage tank. For water conserv ation, the water typically is recycled back to the storage tank. When recycled back to the storage tank, heavy water can be added to replace the deuterium lost dunng the implosion and nuclear fusion reactions within the device provided herein.

[0149] The storage tank can be connected to a thermochemical reaction device. The thermochemical reaction device uses a combination of a metal and water to generate thermal energy, resulting in the liberation of heat and hydrogen gas. In some configurations, the storage tank can be used as the vessel in which the thermochemical reaction occurs. The alkaline earth metals (Group 2 on the periodic table, such as magnesium, calcium, strontium, and barium) can react exothermically with water to yield a metal oxide and hydrogen. Aluminum and gallium also can react with water to produce a metal oxide and hydrogen. The alkali metals (Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, and Fr) also react with water to produce a metal oxide and hydrogen. When the alkali metals are used, the reactions can be explosive, and handling the alkali metals requires special training and safety considerations. Thus, while the alkali metals can be used for the thermochemical reaction, preferred metals are the alkaline earth metals and aluminum.

[0150] The reaction of metal powder (magnesium will be discussed as a representative example, understanding that the other metals mentioned above behave similarly) with water is an exothermic chemical reaction in which magnesium metal reacts with water molecules to form magnesium hydroxide and release hydrogen gas. When a piece of magnesium is immersed in water, a layer of magnesium oxide forms on the surface of the metal due to the high reactivity of magnesium. This oxide layer is impermeable and protects the remaining magnesium from the reaction. However, if the oxide layer is broken or removed, magnesium reacts rapidly with the water molecules. During thisreaction, the magnesium first reacts with water to form an oxide and hydrogen gas, and then the magnesium oxide reacts with water to produce hydroxide and release hydrogen gas (H2).

[0151] Magnesium (Mg) is a very active element and reacts with water at low temperatures to produce magnesium oxide and hydrogen. The reaction can be shifted to producing magnesium hydroxide instead of magnesium oxide by increasing the amount of water. The general chemical equation of the reaction is as follows:

[0154] In this equation, "(s)" represents the solid state of magnesium, "(1)" the liquid state of water, "(aq)" the aqueous state of magnesium hydroxide and "(g)" the gaseous state of hydrogen. Typically, if a metal reacts with cold water, a metal hydroxide is produced, while if a metal reacts with steam, the metal oxide is formed. This is because the metal hydroxides thermally decompose to the oxide and water. Thus, in cold water, a metal X generally reacts as follows:

[0156] These reactions are exothermic. For magnesium oxide and hydroxide, respectively, the b.Hrvalues are calculated using Hess’s Law:

[0157] MgI!0aq)

[0158] 316.5 —mol

[0159] Mg 0H)2^

[0160] AH,. = (-925 —) - (-285.5—) = -639.5 —

[0161] As shown by the above values, the reactions that produce magnesium oxide or magnesium hydroxide are exothermic. This means that a small amount of magnesium can release a significant amount of energy in the form of heat during the reaction. Energy is released due to the formation of more stable chemical bonds in the reaction products compared to the reactants. In the case of the reaction of magnesium with water,magnesium metal reacts with water molecules to form magnesium hydroxide and release hydrogen gas. The formation of bonds in magnesium hydroxide and water is responsible for the release of energy'.

[0162] The system provided herein can include a dispensing device that measures and dispenses precise quantities of particles of magnesium, aluminum or other metal powder into a vessel containing water. The vessel can be a separate thermochemical reaction device, or the vessel can be the storage tank. The dispensing device includes a storage hopper for containing the particles of metal, a metering system for accurately metering the metal particles into the vessel, and a conveyor for carrying metal particles from the hopper to the metering system.

[0163] The storage hopper is a container into which the particles of metal powder are placed. The storage hopper typically is of a capacity sufficient to hold enough metal powder for continuous operation of the system provided herein. The storage hopper can be made of any material that is non-reactive with the metal powder. For example, the storage hopper can be made of fiberglass, plastic, or stainless steel, or any combination thereof. In some configurations, the storage hopper can include a lid that can be opened to allow for adding the metal powder, and then closed to maintain the metal in a closed environment. In some configurations, the storage hopper can be equipped with a gas displacement system that allows the air within the storage hopper to be replaced with a more non-reactive gas, such as dry nitrogen or argon. In some configurations, the storage hopper can include a desiccant to remove any moisture within the storage hopper. Any known desiccant can be used. The desiccant can be a physical desiccant or a chemical desiccant or a combination thereof. A physical desiccant material can bind water molecules within pore spaces of a material. Exemplary' physical desiccants are zeolites, molecular sieves, and silica gels. . Exemplary chemical desiccants are alkali metal oxides, a metallic halide, and chlorine peroxide. The desiccant can be included in a separable cartridge that can be replaced as necessary.

[0164] The conveyor can be any type of conveyor known in the art that can accurately convey powder materials. The conveyor can be a screw conveyor or a belt conveyor. The conveyor moves the metal powder from the storage hopper to the metering device.

[0165] The metering device ensures accuracy of the amount of metal powder dispensed. The metering device includes a sensor, such as a load cell, which measures the weight of the powder. A series of two or more sensors can be included in the metering device to allow measuring of the metal powder as it moves through the conveying system.

[0166] The metering device can be connected a control system. The control system can be computer based. The control system allows a user to input the quantity of metal powder required for a specific task. Operators can set desired quantities and flow rates through a user interface. The control system can interface with the metering device alone, or with the metering device and the storage hopper. In some configurations, the control system interfaces with the metering device to set a desired amount of metal powder to be delivered, and the metering device communicates with the conveyor and uses information from the sensors to adjust and / or control the movement of the conveyor to adjust the amount of metal powder dispensed. The metering device also can be connected to the storage hopper to open an outlet to allow the metal powder to exit the storage hopper and enter the conveying system, or to close the outlet of the storage hopper when the desired amount of metal powder has been dispensed. In some configurations, the control system interfaces with the storage hopper to open and close the outlet of the storage hopper, and interfaces with the conveyor and uses information from the sensors to adjust and / or control the movement of the conveyor to adjust the amount of metal powder dispensed.

[0167] The outlet of the metering device optionally can be connected to a solid-gas mixing system. The solid-gas mixing system can produce a stream of the metal powder to facilitate introducing the metal powder into another part of the system, such as into a thermochemical reaction device, or the storage tank. The solid-gas mixing system can include a cyclone mixer, a Venturi mixer, or other appropriate mixer to fluidize the metal powder for delivery. The fluidized stream of metal powder then can be delivered to a component in need thereof, such as to the thermochemical reaction device, or the storage tank, in order to react with a fluid, such as water, to produce a metal hydroxide, hydrogen, and heat.

[0168] FIG. 8 shows one exemplary' arrangement of a metal powder dispenser that includes a dispensing device 52 and vessel 55. In this configuration, the dispensingdevice 52 includes a storage hopper 52A, a motor 52D, a rotator 52B, a housing 52C, and a metering device 52E. The rotator 52B can be a screw-type conveying device (or auger, drill, screw rod, etc.) attached to the motor 52D. The metering device includes load cells that measure the weight of the powder. Magnesium powder or other metal powder is stored in the storage hopper 52A. The magnesium stored in the storage hopper 52A is dispensed by opening an outlet of the storage hopper 52A (not shown in this figure for clarity of illustration and explanation) into the housing 52C where in is conveyed by rotator 52B powered by motor 52D and the weight of the metal powder dispensed in measured by metering device 52E. When the desired amount of metal powder is dispensed from the storage hopper 52A into housing 52C. the outlet of the storage hopper 52A is closed, and the rotation of rotator 52B advances the metal powder into solid-gas mixer 53 (not shown) or directly into vessel 55. The vessel 55 can be a container of a separate thermochemical reaction device, or the vessel can be the storage tank.

[0169] A mixer 56 positioned in vessel 55 can mix the metal powder with water in the vessel, where the metal powder exothermically reacts to produce a metal oxide and hydrogen gas and releases heat. When the metal powder is Mg, Mg(0H)2, and H2, are produced, which then can be sent to the vortex generator in accordance with the present disclosure. Any type of mixer can be used as mixer 56, such as a paddle mixer, impeller mixer, a cyclone mixer, or any combination thereof. The speed of the mixer 56 depends on the desired amount and quality of water being processed in the vessel 55. The mixer 56 is powered by a motor (not shown).

[0170] FIG. 9 shows a schematic representation of an embodiment of the dispensing device, including the storage hopper 52A and the solid-gas mixer 53. The outlet 54 of the solid-gas mixer can be connected to any component to which delivery of the metal powder is desired. For example, the outlet 54 can be connected to a thermochemical reaction device, or to the storage tank, or to the pipe providing fluid to the vortex generator.

[0171] By including a metal, such as an alkaline earth metal, such as Mg, or aluminum or gallium, and the resulting hydrogen produced by the metal's reaction with water, in the process described herein, it has been determined that cavitation and implosionprocesses are improved. Mg, Ga. and Al are examples of a metal described above that can be used in the system provided herein, and these can improve cavitation and implosion processes when the process is carried out at appropriate temperature, pressure, time parameters, and the like.

[0172] The ratio of the amount of magnesium used in the systems and methods of this application in a range of about 0.001 mg[Mg] / g[H2O] to about 1 mg[Mg] / g[H2O]. The amount of magnesium can be equal to any integer value or values within this range, including the end-points of these ranges and any acceptable variance.

[0173] The particle size of the metal powder, such as Mg or Ga, used can be about 10 nm to about 1,000 nm. The particle size of the metal powder, such as Mg or Ga, can be equal to any integer value or values within this range, including the end-points of these ranges and any acceptable variance. For example, the particle size can be 20 nm to 200 nm, or 90 nm to 900 nm, or 100 nm to 500 nm. The particle size of the metal powder, such as Mg, affects the speed of the reaction of metal and water because the geometry of the cluster formed by metal is dependent on the size of the metal particle. When the particle size of the metal powder that reacts with water is within this range, a larger surface area of the metal particle is available for reaction with water, and smaller clusters of metal are formed, which increases the surface area available for reaction with water. The water heated from the exothermic reaction of the metal powder, and which now contains hydrogen and metal oxide or hydroxide, can be provided to the fluid supply if the reaction was performed in a separate thermochemical reaction device. If the reaction occurred in the storage tank, then the reaction product can be used as the fluid source and provided to the inlet of the rotor casing of the vortex generator. The metal powder also can be provided to the pipe delivering fluid to the vortex generator, and the reaction can occur in the pipe or in the vortex generator or both.

[0174] The system provided herein also can include a pump between the fluid source, such as the storage tank, and the inlet to the rotor casing of vortex generator provided herein. The pump can dnve the flow fluid to the rotor casing during start-up of the system. Any pump known in the art can be sized and configured to be used in the system provided herein. The type of pump and the material from which the pump is made canbe determined by its compatibility with the fluid to be pumped, the viscosity of the fluid, and the rate of traversal of the fluid through the pump.

[0175] The system provided herein can include monitoring devices that measure pressure, flow, and temperature of the fluid in the system. Multiple devices can be included at different locations throughout the device. The information provided by the monitoring devices can be used to monitor and adjust critical parameters such as pressure, flow, and temperature of the fluid in the system. For example, pressure gauges, flow meters, and thermal sensors can be included. The information from the devices allows for process monitoring and control. In some configurations, devices for measuring pressure, flow, and temperature are positioned after the outlet of the rotor casing to measure the parameters of the fluid.

[0176] The system provided herein includes a Archimedes turbine. Archimedes turbines are well known in the art. The Archimedes turbine is a mechanical device used to convert water energy into mechanical energy. It is based on the principle of the Archimedes screw, which is a device used to lift water. The turbine consists of a long, curved cylinder, similar to a propeller or screw, which is placed in a channel or stream of water. When water flows through the channel and comes in contact with the propeller, the special shape of the Archimedes screw causes the water to be pushed upward as the screw rotates. This action creates a thrust force on the propeller, which in turn generates a rotary motion. The kinetic energy of the water is converted into mechanical energy' as the screw rotates. An advantage of Archimedes screw-type turbines is that they can operate over a wide range of flow rates and water levels.

[0177] In the systems provided herein, the Archimedes turbine can be a modifiedArchimedes turbine, which includes a variable section. The variable section feature means that the turbine geometry is conically adjusted to have an inner diameter that changes over the distance between the inlet and the exit to improve process efficiency. In the systems provided herein, the Archimedes turbine geometry has a larger diameter orifice at the inlet (point of entry of the fluid from the rotor casing), and the diameter is reduced as the water traverses the turbine until, and at outlet (the end of the turbine where water exits the Archimedes turbine), the diameter of the outlet is significantlysmaller than the diameter at the inlet orifice. An exemplary embodiment is shown inFIGS. l OA to I OC.

[0178] FIG. 10A shows a cross-sectional view of an embodiment of the modifiedArchimedes turbine. FIG. 10B shows a cross-sectional 3-D view of an embodiment of the modified Archimedes turbine. The fluid leaving the rotor casing of vortex generator, in which the chemical and nuclear thermal reactions take place, flows into the turbine at inlet 720 and flows in the direction indicated by arrow 700F towards outlet 790. This fluid flow is controlled and directed towards the blades 713 where the water transfers its energy' mainly to the main shaft 711, which can be used as mechanical work. The inlet 720 design minimizes energy losses and ensures a uniform flow to the turbine blades. The fluid comes into contact with the turbine blades 713, which are arranged in a conical spiral around main shaft 711. As the fluid flows over the blades, a tangential force is exerted on the blades due to their motion. This force causes the blades to rotate around the central axis 715 of the turbine 710. The angle of taper, in accordance with Bernoulli's principle for an incompressible fluid, increases its velocity, which increases the efficiency of the system. The rotation of the turbine blades 713 drives the main shaft 711, and an exterior end of main shaft 711 can be connected to an electricity generator directly, or via a gearbox or an angular speed multiplier box.

[0179] After interacting with the turbine blades 713, the fluid exits the turbine via outlet790 with a lower kinetic energy' than the fluid had when it entered the turbine via inlet 720. In the embodiment shown in FIGS. 10A and 10B. the fluid exits the turbine via outlet 790 perpendicular to the turbine shaft 711. The blades 713 are designed to increase the efficiency of the turbine, the curved shape to efficiently harness the kinetic energy of the fluid flowing over them, according to the properties of the system. The curvature of the blades 711 helps direct the water downward as it flows along them, creating a tangential force that drives the rotation of the turbine.

[0180] The screw turbine 710 with its main shaft 711 and blades 713 is contained within conical casing 780. The blades 713 are helical conical blades configured around main shaft 711. The main shaft 711 includes a portion at one end that extends out of the conical casing 780, and it is this portion of the main shaft that can be attached to an electricity generator. The main shaft is supported at one end (shown in FIG. 10A at theoutlet end) by a bearing shaft support 735 that maintains alignment of main shaft 711 within conical casing 780 while allowing free rotation of main shaft 71 1. The main shaft 711 also includes a sealing support 735 that prevents leakage of fluid from the turbine but allows for free rotation of main shaft 711. At the opposite end (the inlet end) a main shaft support is included to maintain alignment of main shaft 711 within conical casing 780 while allowing free rotation of main shaft 71 1 (not show n in the figures).

[0181] FIG. 10C shows a front view (facing the inlet) of the screw turbine 710. The view shows the number of inlets of the screw turbine formed by the blades, which in the case of Figure 10C is 4. The blades 713 are inclined with respect to the axis of rotation about the main shaft 711 of the screw turbine 710 to better capture the energy of the fluid flow'. The diameter of the blades varies along the length of the turbine to adapt to the different velocities and flow rates of the fluid, generating a constant angle on the casing.

[0182] The spacing of blades 713 can be selected to allow a smooth and uniform flow of water along the blades, minimizing energy losses due to turbulence and flow separation. This can be achieved by the geometry by controlling by the number of continuous blades, which changes the apparent and actual diametral pitch. The blades can be designed to have a desired profile as is known in the art. The blades, e.g., can be rectangular in profile. The diameter of the blades decreases from the inlet to the outlet, corresponding to the shape of the conical casing. The ratio of the diameter of the blades at the inlet to the diameter of the blades at the outlet can be in the range of 1.33 : 1 to 4: 1. The ratio of the diameter of the blades at the inlet to the diameter of the blades at the outlet can be 1.33: 1, or 1.5: 1. or 1.67: 1, or 1.75: 1, or 2: 1, or 2.25: 1, or 2.33: 1. or 2.5: 1. or 2.67: 1, or 2.75: 1, or 3: 1, or 3.25: 1, or 3.33: 1, or 3.5: 1, or 3.67:1, or 3.75: 1, or 4:1. In some configurations, the inlet diameter of the blades can vary from 5 cm to 30 cm, while the outlet diameter can range from 3 cm to 15 cm. This variability in diameters allow s the blades to be adapted to different flow and pressure requirements, according to the power of the system.

[0183] The length of the main shaft about which the blades are located can range from20 cm to 200 cm, or 25 cm to 150 cm, providing flexibility in design according to the specific needs of the system. Longer lengths, such as 250-500 cm also can be configured for larger-scale systems. The device can include between 2 and 10 independent helicalblades, allowing configuration to optimize performance. The thickness of the blades also adjustable, varying between 2.5 mm and 50 mm, or 3 mm and 30 mm. The thickness of the blades can be selected to match the different flow and pressure requirements, according to the power of the system, and can be selected to achieve blade strength and durability.

[0184] The blade taper angle can be adj usted as required for flow control. The blade taper angle can vary from 0° to 38°, allowing additional adaptations to improve aerodynamic or hydraulic efficiency. The blade pitch, which is the distance between the blades along the shaft, can vary from 2 cm to 30 cm, or 3 cm to 10 cm. The blade pitch influences the interaction of the fluid with the blades and thus the overall efficiency of the system. These combined variables offer a high degree of customization and scale up of the device.

[0185] The conical casing 780 guides the fluid flow to the blades 713 in a controlled and efficient manner. By having a conical shape, the casing 780 helps direct the water towards the turbine blades 713 in a uniform manner, avoiding turbulence and minimizing energy losses due to friction. This minimizes turbulence and flow separation, which contributes to greater efficiency in the conversion of hydraulic energy into mechanical energy in the screw turbine 710. As fluid enters the conical casing 780, its cross-section gradually reduces, resulting in an increase in fluid velocity. This acceleration of the fluid flow increases the force acting on the turbine blades 713, which in turn increases the amount of kinetic energy transferred from the fluid to the screw turbine 710. The conical casing 780 results in higher mechanical energy production with lower energy loss, which increases the efficiency and cost-effectiveness of the system.

[0186] The modified Archimedes turbine 700 can be connected to the system via a combination of flanges and connectors. Any type of connector know n in the art to join two flanges can be used. For example, nuts and bolts can be used as the connectors, which allows easy removal and reconnection of the turbine 700 to the system. In place of connectors, for a more permanent connection, flanges can be welded to each other. In the embodiment shown in FIGS. 10A to 10C, connector holes 729 are included in inlet flange 725 to allow- it to be connected to a flange of a pipe coming from the vortexgenerator 500 so that the inlet 720 in in flid communication with vortex generator 500. Also shown in FIGS. 1 OA and 1 OB, connector holes 799 are include in outlet flange 795 to allow it to be connected to a flange of a pipe to pipe so that the fluid can be recycled back to a storage tank.

[0187] The length, taper angle of the conical casing, number of blades, blade spacing, inclination, and pitch of the blades can be selected for use in systems of different sizes and different operating conditions: Scale up, such as for large scale industrial use, or scale down, such as for individual home use, can be accomplished by selecting a modified Archimedes turbine provided herein designed to perform in a variety of operating conditions, such as different flow rates, pressures and fluid viscosities. This provides versatility to the system and makes the system adaptable. Because the diameter decreases from the inlet to the outlet of the modified Archimedes turbine, the pressure of the fluid increases, increasing the rotational speed of the Archimedes turbine and more efficiently drives the turbine with the same or less fluid flow' without the need to increase the overall pressure of the fluid throughout the system, more efficiently driving rotation of the turbine. After traversing the Archimedes turbine, the water typically is recycled back to the storage tank as the fluid supply.

[0188] The modified Archimedes turbine can be made of any material suitable for the rotational speed and pressure expected within the device, to withstand the working conditions during use. Exemplary' materials include stainless steel, cast iron, titanium, titanium alloys, or any combination thereof. Stainless steel exhibits corrosion resistance, durability, and ability to withstand aggressive environments. The interior surfaces of the conical casing and / or the exterior surfaces of the screw turbine (the shaft and / or blades) optionally can be heat treated or otherwise surface treated to improve the resistance of the surface to corrosion or improve durability.

[0189] Although a modified Archimedes turbine is described as the turbine used, it can be replaced with a standard Archimedes turbine as known in the art. or a different type of turbine, or can be used in conjunction with one or more different types of turbines, to convert the kinetic energy' of the water from the vortex generator to mechanical energy.

[0190] The Archimedes turbine, or other turbine type, is used to drive an electricity generator. The electricity' generator converts the mechanical energy, generated by theArchimedes turbine or other turbine type, into electrical energy. This electricity can be used to power other devices, or for use in the overall system, or any combination thereof.

[0191] Any type of electricity generator can be used to produce electricity by converting the mechanical energy from the Archimedes turbine into electrical energy. Examples of an electricity generator include, but are not limited to, a coiled rotor asynchronous generator, a permanent magnet generator, a synchronous generator, and an asynchronous short-circuit generator. The electricity generator includes a stator and a rotor. The electricity generator rotor includes a rotor shaft that can be coupled to a shaft of the Archimedes turbine to drive rotation of the electricity generator rotor. In some embodiments, the generator rotor shaft can be coupled to the shaft of the Archimedes turbine through a gearbox, while in other embodiments, the generator rotor shaft can be directly coupled to the shaft of the Archimedes turbine.

[0192] The system provided herein includes a main control system. The main control system includes sensors, controllers and software that can monitor and regulate the operation of all the above components. The main control system controls operating conditions, pressure, fluid flow, and other critical parameters to ensure safe and efficient operation of the entire system.

[0193] In one embodiment, a main control system can automatically or manually facilitate the vortex generator to transform mechanical and nuclear energy into hydraulic energy that drives a turbine to generate electricity in accordance with the present disclosure. For example, the main control system of the present disclosure may include one or more user interfaces. The user interfaces may be a display, knob, button, lever, touchscreen, and / or any other suitable input terminal configured to receive user inputs for initiating the electricity generating system of the present disclosure. The main control system can be connected, directly or indirectly, to the components of the electricity generating system of the present disclosure to facilitate electrical and mechanical control and / or actuation of the components of the electricity generating system for transforming mechanical and nuclear energy into hydraulic energy that drives a turbine to generate electricity. The main control system can include one or more processors and instructions executable by the one or more processors that can be stored on a non-transitory computer-readable medium. Therefore, whenever a computer and / or processor (e.g.,automated or manual control of the water dispensing system by a control system) implemented method is described in this disclosure, this disclosure shall also be understood as describing a non- transitory computer-readable medium storing instructions that, when executed by one or more processors, configure and / or cause the one or more processors to perform the computer-implemented method. Examples of non-transitory computer-readable medium include RAM, ROM, solid-state storage media (e.g., solid state drives), optical storage media (e.g., optical discs), and magnetic storage media (e.g., hard disk drives). A non-transitory computer-readable medium may be part of the memory of a computer system or separate from any computer system.

[0194] A schematic illustration of a process flow diagram of an exemplary' configuration of the electricity-producing system provided herein is shown in FIG. 11. An isometric illustration of an exemplary configuration of the electricity -producing system provided herein is shown in FIG. 12.

[0195] Exemplary Embodiments

[0196] Exemplary embodiments of the electricity generating device of this application are illustrated in Figures 11 and 12, and will be described in further detail in this application. The electricity generating device includes a vortex generating system to achieve the above-described thermodynamic conditions through the processes of cavitation and implosion, and via vacuum energy and nuclear reactions transform mechanical and nuclear energy into hydraulic energy that drives a turbine to generate electricity'. The vortex generating system generates a plurality' of microstates produce favorable environments that can allow' deuterium molecules naturally occurring in water to acquire sufficient kinetic energy to overcome the Coulomb barrier so that their nuclei can get close enough to each other to undergo various nuclear reactions, discharging a large amount of nuclear energy at the microstate.

[0197] An exemplary embodiment of the electricity generating device 1000 of the present disclosure is schematically illustrated in Figure 11 and isometrically in FIG. 12. As shown in FIG. 11, a fluid flow path is shown, beginning with the introduction of water via pipe 10 into storage tank 100. The water can be modified by the addition of metal pow der, such as magnesium, introduced via pipe 20 to a metal particle dispenser 50. The metal powder can react with the w'ater, forming a metal hydroxide andhydrogen. The water then can exit storage tank 100 via pipe 110 connected to pump 200. Pump 200 pumps the water via pipe 120 to the vortex generator 500. The vortex generator acts on the water to increase its temperature and pressure, providing the water with a significant increase in kinetic energy. The high kinetic energy water then travels via pipe 150 through a flow meter and thermocouple 600 to allow monitoring conditions of the water as it has been acted upon by the vortex generator, and travels via pipe 160 to an Archimedes turbine 700, where the water is used to convert hydraulic energy into mechanical energy to power the turbine. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 12, water exiting the Archimedes turbine 700 is recycled back to the storage tank 100 via pipe 170. While "‘pipe7’ is used to describe the conveyance of the water, any suitable means for conveying a fluid such as water in the electricity generating system 1000 can be used, including but not limited to a pipe, a tube, a hose, a conduit, a valve, a connecting part, and the like, and can be made of any suitable material. One or more of the water conveying means can be formed integrally with the other components in the electricity generating system 1000 or can be formed separately and connected to the electricity generating system 1000 through one or more connecting means. Non-limiting examples of connecting means include flange connections, threaded connections, socket connection, adhesives, welding, and the like.

[0198] The water can be supplied by any source. For example, the water can be provided by a domestic source, such as a community water system. Water also can be pumped from an environmental source, such as a spring, a river, or a lake. Typically fresh water is used to avoid corrosion that can occur when salt water is used. In areas where only salt water or seawater is readily available, a reverse osmosis system can be used to reduce the amount of salt in the water prior to it being introduced into the system. The fluid is provided to the storage tank 100 for use as a fluid source in the system. Depending on the source, the water can be processed using a filtration system prior to it being introduced into the storage tank. For example, the water can be passed through a filter to remove any debris or particulate matter.

[0199] Still referring to FIG. 11, the electricity' generating system provided herein includes metal powder dispenser 50, connected directly or indirectly, to the storage tank 100 or its water outlet. The metal powder dispenser delivers metal powder to a watersource (which can be a thermochemical reaction device, not shown, or directly to the storage tank 100, or to the water outlet of the storage tank 100). Upon addition to the water, the metal powder, which can be a metal of any one or a combination of Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Al, Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, and Fr, reacts with the water to form a metal hydroxide and hydrogen and heat, since the reaction is an exothermic reaction. In some embodiments, the metal powder dispenser includes solid-gas mixing system, which can include a cyclone mixer, a Venturi mixing, or other appropriate mixer to fluidize the metal powder for delivery. The fluidized stream of metal powder then can be delivered to a component in need thereof, such as to the thermochemical reaction device, or the storage tank, in order to react with a fluid, such as water.

[0200] Still referring to FIG. 11, the electricity generating system provided herein includes a pump 200, coupled, directly or indirectly, to the storage tank 100, and can receive water from the storage tank 100 via pipe 110. The pump 200 can be a hydraulic pump, and pump 200 can drive the flow of water from the storage tank 100 to start the system. The water is output via pipe 120 to the vortex generator 500 to change the energy of the water by cavitation, implosion, nuclear, and vacuum energy.

[0201] Still referring to FIG. 11, the electricity generating system provided herein includes vortex generator 500, which receives the water from the pump 200 through pipe 120. In one embodiment, the vortex generator 500 includes a rotor 510 having a shaft 520 that can be connected to a shaft of an angular speed multiplier box 400. The angular speed multiplier box 400 includes a motor 300 that rotates at high revolutions. As shown in FIG. 12, the angular speed multiplier box 400 is connected to the motor 300 via a coupling 350. The angular speed multiplier box 400 includes a combination of gears and gear ratios that is used to change the rotational speed of the motor 300 into a higher angular speed, and can allow the rotor 510 of the vortex generator to reach speeds up to 55,000 rpm. The rotation of the rotor 510 generates a vortex in the water, which in turn produces cavitation and implosion, as described earlier in the present disclosure. This phenomenon allows water molecules at the microstate to reach temperatures above about 5,000 degrees Kelvin (K), and depending on the energy generated during the implosion process, the temperature can be about 10.000 K or about 15.000 K, and the like, and, individually, any intervening temperatures. The rotor 510 of the vortexgenerator 500 results in cavitation and implosion processes and creation of vacuum energy, which can allow deuterium molecules naturally occurring in water to acquire sufficient kinetic energy to overcome the Coulomb barrier so that their nuclei can get close enough to each other to undergo various nuclear reactions, discharging a large amount of nuclear energy at the microstate. The combination of the cavitation and implosion processes, vacuum energy, and nuclear energy can result in a phase change of water into steam that can further promote additional cavitation and controlled implosion processes.

[0202] The onset of cavitation is dependent on the coherent structure of directed flow, which is organized as paired vortex rings. In addition, cavitation / implosion is continuously found in the nucleus of the vortex, indicating a strong correlation between cavitation / implosion and vortex dynamics. In the initial stage, the stretching of the vortex is the dominant factor, responsible for the growth of the vortex and the elliptical shape of the cavitation bubbles. Inside the water, the cavitation bubbles form an elliptical shape during the implosion process. The elliptical geometry of the imploding cavitation bubbles mirrors the elliptical flow of the fluid, and the cavitation and implosion process is aided by the elliptical geometry of the cavitation bubbles during the implosion process. In comparison, the dilation term could produce enhancement or suppression of local vorticity, depending on the volumetric variation induced by cavitation and. during the implosion stage, the bubble creates baroclinic vorticity and contributes to three- dimensional vorticity. Based on the periodic functioning of the implosion structure together with the temporal evolution of large eddies, vorticity can be separated into the following nine stages: initiation, collision, growth, cavitation cloud, loss of coherence, cavitation cloud growth, collision, and implosion.

[0203] The water exiting the vortex generator 500 has significantly more kinetic energy, having a higher temperature and pressure than the water introduced into the vortex generator 500 from pipe 120. The conditions of the water exiting vortex generator 500 via pipe 150 can be monitored using any one or a combination of a flow meter, a thermocouple to measure temperature, or a pressure gauge to measure pressure. In FIG. 11, a flow meter 600 with a thermocouple to measure temperature is shown. While the illustration in FIG. 11 shows only one monitoring device, the electricity generatingsystem 1000 can include a plurality of monitoring devices that can be distributed throughout the system to monitor the conditions of the system.

[0204] Still referring to FIG. 11, the electricity generating system 1000 provided herein includes an Archimedes turbine 700 which receives the highly kinetic water from the vortex generator 500 via pipe 160.

[0205] The pipe 160 transmits the hydraulic pressure of the water from the vortex generator 500 to the chamber of the Archimedes turbine 700.

[0206] The water transits the Archimedes turbine 700 generating torque on the helical plane surfaces of the shaft (which is why the Archimedes turbine also is called a screw turbine). This hydraulic energy from the water causes the Archimedes turbine 700 to rotate, converting the hydraulic energy from the water into mechanical energy. Work is done by the weight of the water causing pressure differences across the blades of the Archimedes turbine 700, causing the rotation.

[0207] The shaft 711 of the Archimedes turbine 700 is connected to an electricity7generator 800 to drive the electricity generator to produce electricity. Any type of connector known in the art to join two shafts can be used. In FIG. 12, the connector is pulley 850, which connects Archimedes turbine shaft 711 via shaft connector 750 to the electricity7generator shaft connector 820.

[0208] The system provided herein includes a main control system 900. The main control system includes sensors, controllers and software that can monitor and regulate the operation of all the above components of the electricity generating system 1000. The main control system 900 can control operating conditions, pressure, fluid flow, and other critical parameters to ensure safe and efficient operation of the entire system.

[0209] In one embodiment, a main control system 900 can automatically or manually facilitate the vortex generator to transform mechanical and nuclear energy into hydraulic energy7that drives a turbine to generate electricity7in accordance with the present disclosure. For example, the main control system 900 may include one or more user interfaces. The user interfaces can be a display, knob, button, lever, touchscreen, and / or any other suitable input terminal configured to receive user inputs for initiating the electricity7generating system 1000. The main control system 900 can be connected,directly or indirectly, to the components of the electricity generating system 1000 to facilitate electrical and mechanical control and / or actuation of the components of the electricity generating system 1000 for transforming mechanical and nuclear energy into hydraulic energy that drives a turbine to generate electricity. The main control system can include one or more processors and instructions executable by the one or more processors that can be stored on a non-transitory computer-readable medium. A non- transitory computer-readable medium may be part of the memory of a computer system or separate from any computer system.

[0210] The components of the electricity generating system 1000 are scalable and modifiable to yield the same cavitation and implosion processes in a vortex, which can allow deuterium molecules naturally occurring in water to acquire sufficient kinetic energy to overcome the Coulomb barrier so that their nuclei can get close enough to each other to undergo various nuclear reactions, discharging a large amount of nuclear energy' at the microstate, in accordance with the present disclosure, but can drive a larger electricity generator to generate more electricity.

[0211] Methods of Generating Electricity

[0212] Also provided herein are methods of generating electricity . The methods use the system described herein, and in particular, use the vortex generator as described herein. The methods include treating water from a water supply source with a metal powder to produce a treated water that includes a metal hydroxide and hydrogen according to the following equation:

[0213] X (s) + 2 H2O (1) -> X(OH)2(aq) + H2(g)

[0214] where X is a metal that is any one or a combination of Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, and Fr; transferring the treated water to a vortex generator; inducing cavitation and implosion in the treated water within the vortex generator to increase the temperature and pressure of the water and produce a high-energy' water; directing the high-energy' water through an Archimedes turbine attached to an electricity generator to cause the Archimedes turbine to rotate, whereby the rotating Archimedes turbine causes the electricity generator to rotate and produce electricity.

[0215] Another inventive aspect of the present disclosure is a method of producing electricity, the method comprising the steps of: receiving water from a water supply source; treating the water with Mg or Al metal to produce Mg(OH)2 or Al(0H)3, hydrogen and heat, and providing the treated water to a vortex generator; rotating the vortex generator at a speed to induce cavitation and implosion in the vortex generator; outputting the water from the vortex generator to an Archimedes turbine attached to an electricity generator to cause the Archimedes turbine to rotate, whereby the rotating Archimedes turbine causes the electricity generator to rotate and produce electricity.

[0216] In the invention described herein, a process employed in the generation of power for water turbines is provided. This process includes three main stages. The first is the implosion generation stage to give thermonuclear energy to the fluid, which increases its temperature and pressure. Subsequently, the high-pressure water expands adiabatically in a water turbine, generating mechanical work that can be harnessed, for example, for electricity generation. Finally, the water is cooled, decreasing its temperature and specific volume, and is separated in a tank, such as recycling to the storage tank, thus completing the cycle. This continuous process efficiently converts thermal and nuclear energy into mechanical work for use in industrial and transportation applications.

[0217] As various changes could be made in the above methods and systems without departing from the scope of the invention, it is intended that all matter contained in the above description shall be interpreted as illustrative and not in a limiting sense. Any numbers expressing quantities of ingredients, constituents, reaction conditions, and so forth used in the specification are to be interpreted as encompassing the exact numerical values identified herein, as well as being modified in all instances by the term “about.” Notwithstanding that the numerical ranges and parameters setting forth, the broad scope of the subject matter presented herein are approximations, the numerical values set forth are indicated as precisely as possible. Any numerical value, however, may inherently contain certain errors or inaccuracies as evident from the standard deviation found in their respective measurement techniques. None of the features recited herein should be interpreted as invoking 35 U.S.C. §112, paragraph 6, unless the term “means” is explicitly used.

[0218] Description of Item Numbers

[0219] A Pipe A for delivering fluid to or from the vortex generator

[0220] B Pipe B for delivering fluid to or from the vortex generator

[0221] C Pipe C for delivering fluid to or from the vortex generator

[0222] D Pipe D for delivering fluid to or from the vortex generator

[0223] X— X Central axis of main shaft of Archimedes turbine

[0224] 1 Rotor diameter

[0225] 2 Rotor length

[0226] 3 Rotor furrows

[0227] 4 Angle of inclination

[0228] 5 Row spacing

[0229] 10 Water introduction pipe

[0230] 20 Metal powder pipe

[0231] 50 Metal powder dispenser

[0232] 52 Dispensing device

[0233] 52A Storage Hopper

[0234] 52B Rotator

[0235] 52C Housing

[0236] 52D Motor

[0237] 52E Metering device

[0238] 53 Solid-gas mixer

[0239] 54 Solid-gas mixer outlet

[0240] 55 Vessel

[0241] 56 Mixer

[0242] 100 Storage tank

[0243] 110 Fluid line from storage tank to pump

[0244] 120 Fluid line from pump to vortex generator

[0245] 150 Fluid line from vortex generator to flow meter

[0246] 160 Fluid line from vortex generator to Archimedes turbine

[0247] 170 Return fluid line from Archimedes turbine to storage tank

[0248] 200 Pump

[0249] 300 Motor

[0250] 350 Coupling

[0251] 400 Angular speed multiplier box

[0252] 500 Vortex generator

[0253] 510 Rotor of the vortex generator

[0254] 520 Rotor central shaft

[0255] 522 First end of rotor central shaft

[0256] 524 First end of rotor central shaft

[0257] 550 Casing of the vortex generator

[0258] 540 First bearing support

[0259] 545 Second bearing support

[0260] 555 Casing interior flat surface facing rotor

[0261] 560 First rounded interior surface of casing

[0262] 561 Second rounded interior surface of casing

[0263] 565 First interior side of casing

[0264] 566 Second interior side of casing

[0265] 570 Round-nose bullet-shaped interior chamber of casing

[0266] 571 First section of chamber

[0267] 572 Second section of chamber

[0268] 576 Aperture

[0269] 580 Water distributor

[0270] 585 Water entry port

[0271] 585' Water entry port

[0272] 590 Hole to accommodate the rotor central shaft

[0273] 600 Flow meter and thermocouple for measuring temperature

[0274] 700 Modified Archimedes turbine

[0275] 700F Flow direction through the turbine

[0276] 710 Screw turbine

[0277] 711 Main shaft

[0278] 713 Blades

[0279] 715 Central axis about line X — X

[0280] 720 Inlet

[0281] 725 Inlet flange

[0282] 729 Hole for connector

[0283] 730 Bearing shaft support

[0284] 735 Sealing support

[0285] 750 Shaft connector

[0286] 780 Conical casing

[0287] 790 Outlet

[0288] 795 Outlet flange

[0289] 799 Hole for connector

[0290] 800 Electricity generator

[0291] 820 Shaft connector of the electricity generator

[0292] 850 Pulley

[0293] 900 Main control system

[0294] 1000 Electricity generating system

[0295] 3000 Rotor

[0296] 3200 Cavitation bubble

[0297] 3300 Imploded cavitation bubble

[0298] 3400 Isobaric lines

Claims

WHAT IS CLAIMED IS:

1. A system for generating electricity, comprising: a metal powder dispenser for dispensing metal powder into a fluid to release hydrogen and heat by reacting with the fluid; a vortex generator that receives the fluid treated with the metal powder and produces cavitation and implosion processes in a vortex of the treated fluid, and thereby produces a thermal hydraulic fluid; an angular speed multiplier box attached to the vortex generator; a motor attached to the angular speed multiplier box; an Archimedes turbine that receives and is driven by the thermal hydraulic fluid from the vortex generator; and an electricity generator attached to and driven by the Archimedes turbine.

2. The system of claim 1, wherein the metal powder dispenser comprises solid-gas mixing system comprising a cyclone mixer, a Venturi mixing, or combination thereof to fluidize the metal powder for delivery to the fluid.

3. The system of claim 1 or 2, wherein the metal powder dispenser comprises: a storage hopper containing the metal powder and including an outlet that can be opened and closed by an actuator to dispense the metal powder; a motor; a rotator connected to and driven by the motor; a housing enclosing the rotator and configured to receive the metal powder from the outlet of the storage hopper; and a metering device.

4. The system of claim 3. wherein the rotator is a screw-type conveying device selected from among an auger, a drill, and a screw rod.

5. The system of claim 3 or 4, wherein the metering device comprises load cells configured to measure a weight of the metal powder.

6. The system of any one of claim 1 to 5, wherein the vortex generator comprises:a casing; and a rotor contained within the casing, wherein the rotor comprises a shaft that traverses through the casing and it coupled to the angular speed multiplier box.

7. The system of claim 6, wherein the rotor is made of a material selected from among stainless steel, cast iron, titanium, titanium alloy, anodized aluminum, and a composite material comprising carbon fiber.

8. The system of claim 6 or 7, wherein the rotor includes a plurality of furrows in a surface thereof.

9. The system of claim 8, wherein the furrows are arranged concentrically, helically, or radially.

10. The system of claim 8 or 9, where the furrows have a cross-sectional shape that is a rectangular shape, a U-shape. or a V-shape.

11. The system of claim 6 or 7, wherein the rotor includes a plurality of ridges on a surface thereof.

12. The system of claim 11, wherein the ridges are arranged concentrically, helically, or radially.

13. The system of claim 11 or 12. where the ridges have a cross-sectional shape that is a rectangular shape, a U-shape, or a V-shape.

14. The system of any one of claims 6 to 13, wherein the rotor has an angle of inclination in the range of 0° to 65°.

15. The system of any one of claim 6 to 14, wherein the rotor has one surface that is flat, and an opposite surface that is angled from the center to the outer edge, such that a thickness of the rotor at the center is greater than a thickness of the rotor at the outer edge.

16. The system of any one of claims 6 to 15, wherein the casing is made of a material selected from among stainless steel, cast iron, titanium, titanium alloy, anodized aluminum, and a composite material comprising carbon fiber.

17. The system of any one of claims 1 to 16, further comprising one or more monitoring devices selected from among a pressure gauge, a flow meter, and a thermal sensor.

18. The system of any one of claims 1 to 17, further comprising a pump to initiate a flow of the fluid to the vortex generator.

19. The system of any one of claims 1 to 18, further comprising a storage tank for containing the fluid.

20. The system of claim 19, further comprising a series of pipes to provide a path for fluid flow from the storage tank, to the pump, to the vortex generator, to the Archimedes turbine, and back to the storage tank.

21. The system of any one of claims 1 to 20, wherein the Archimedes turbine has an inlet and an outlet, and a diameter of the Archimedes turbine at the inlet is larger than a diameter of the of the Archimedes turbine at the outlet.

22. The system of any one of claims 6 to 21, wherein the angular speed multiplier box is configured to rotate the rotor to a speed of from about 8,000 rpm to about 55,000 rpm.

23. The system of claim 22, wherein the fluid is water and the cavitation and implosion processes in the vortex allows deuterium molecules naturally occurring in the water to acquire sufficient kinetic energy to overcome the Coulomb barrier so that their nuclei can get close enough to each other to undergo a nuclear reaction releasing nuclear energy.

24. A method for generating electricity, comprising: treating water with a metal to produce a metal hydroxide, hydrogen, and heat to yield a treated water; providing the treated water to a vortex generator comprising a rotor; rotating the rotor of the vortex generator at a speed to induce cavitation and implosion in the treated water in the vortex generator to form a thermal hydraulic fluid;outputing the thermal hydraulic fluid from the vortex generator to an Archimedes turbine attached to an electricity generator to cause the Archimedes turbine to rotate, whereby the rotating Archimedes turbine causes the electricity generator to rotate and produce electricity.

25. The method of claim 24, wherein the rotor is rotating at a speed of about 8,000 rpm to about 55,000 rpm.

26. The method of claim 24, wherein the rotor:(a) includes a plurality' of ridges on a surface thereof; or(b) includes a plurality’ or furrows in a surface thereof.

27. The method of claim 26, wherein:(a) the ridges are arranged concentrically, helically, or radially; or(b) the furrows are arranged concentrically, helically, or radially.

28. The method of claim 26 or 27, wherein:(a) the ridges have a cross-sectional shape that is a rectangular shape, a U-shape, or a V-shape; or(b) the furrows have a cross-sectional shape that is a rectangular shape, a U-shape, or a V-shape;29. The method of any one of claims 24 to 28, wherein the metal is any one or a combination of Al, Mg. Ca. Sr, Ba, Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, and Fr.

30. The method of any one of claims 24 to 29, wherein the metal has a particle size of 10 nm to about 1,000 nm.

31. The method of any one of claims 24 to 30, wherein the cavitation and implosion processes in the vortex within the vortex generator allows deuterium molecules naturally occurring in the water to acquire sufficient kinetic energy' to overcome the Coulomb barrier so that their nuclei can get close enough to each other to undergo a nuclear reaction releasing nuclear energy.

32. An Archimedes turbine, comprising: a conical casing having an inlet and an outlet; and a screw turbine within the conical casing, wherein: the conical casing has an inner diameter that decreases over a distance from the inlet to the exit such that an inlet diameter is larger than an outlet diameter; and the screw turbine comprises a shaft and curved blades positioned helically around the shaft, where a diameter of the blades decreases from a first end of the shaft positioned at the inlet to a second end of the shaft positioned at the outlet.

33. The Archimedes turbine of claim 32, wherein the outlet is positioned perpendicular to a central axis of the shaft of the screw turbine.

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