Radio frequency sensing mode selection

Abstract

A method of radio frequency sensing at an apparatus includes: operating the apparatus, during a first time duration, in a first radio frequency sensing mode that is one of a plurality of radio frequency sensing modes, each of the plurality of radio frequency sensing modes comprising either a monostatic sensing mode or a bi-static sensing mode; obtaining a mode indication indicating a second radio frequency sensing mode of the plurality of radio frequency sensing modes based on at least one of a location of a mobile wireless signaling device and a reference signal measurement quality of the first radio frequency sensing mode corresponding to the first time duration; and operating the apparatus, during a second time duration after the first time duration and in response to the mode indication, in the second radio frequency sensing mode.

Description

RADIO FREQUENCY SENSING MODE SELECTIONCROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

[0001] This application claims the benefit of Greek Patent Application No. 20240100500, filed July 17, 2024, entitled “RADIO FREQUENCY SENSING MODE SELECTION,” which is assigned to the assignee hereof, and the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated herein by reference for all purposes.BACKGROUND

[0002] Wireless communication systems have developed through various generations, including a first-generation analog wireless phone service (1G), a second-generation (2G) digital wireless phone service (including interim 2.5G and 2.75G networks), a third-generation (3G) high speed data, Internet-capable wireless service, a fourth-generation (4G) service (e.g., Long Term Evolution (LTE) or WiMax®), a fifth-generation (5G) service (e.g., 5G New Radio (NR)), etc., with a sixthgeneration (6G) service in development. There are presently many different types of wireless communication systems in use, including Cellular and Personal Communications Service (PCS) systems. Examples of known cellular systems include the cellular Analog Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS), and digital cellular systems based on Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA), Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA), Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA), Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA), the Global System for Mobile access (GSM) variation of TDMA, etc.

[0003] A fifth generation (5G) mobile standard calls for higher data transfer speeds, greater numbers of connections, and better coverage, among other improvements. The 5G standard, according to the Next Generation Mobile Networks Alliance, is designed to provide data rates of several tens of megabits per second to each of tens of thousands of users, with 1 gigabit per second to tens of workers on an office floor. Several hundreds of thousands of simultaneous connections should be supported in order to support large sensor deployments. Consequently, the spectral efficiency of 5G mobile communications should be significantly enhanced compared to the current 4G standard. Furthermore, signaling efficiencies should be enhanced and latency should be substantially reduced compared to current standards.

[0004] It is often desirable to know the location (e.g., absolute (e.g., latitude and longitude) or relative (e.g.,. range and direction relative to a reference) location) and / or motion (e.g., speed orvelocity) of an object, e.g., a road hazard, a user equipment (UE) (e.g., a cellular phone), etc. with the terms "location" and "position" being synonymous and used interchangeably herein.

[0005] Radio frequency sensing (RF sensing) is expected to be a major use case for next generation wireless systems (e.g., 5G advanced and / or 6G) and may be used to determine information about an environment of a device. In RF sensing, an RF signal, called a sensing signal, is transmitted by a transmitter, reflected off a target object, and received by a receiver. The sensing signal may be used for sensing and one or more other purposes, e.g., communication. The received signal may be used to determine characteristics of the target object, e.g., location, size, material, movement, etc. RF sensing may be achieved using various techniques such as radar, radio frequency identification (RFID), and / or wireless sensor networks. RF sensing may be used for a variety of applications such as automotive (collision avoidance, autonomous driving, adaptive cruise control, etc.), surveillance and security, object detection, inventory management, medication management, environmental monitoring, etc.SLMMARY

[0006] An example method of radio frequency sensing at an apparatus includes: operating the apparatus, during a first time duration, in a first radio frequency sensing mode that is one of a plurality of radio frequency sensing modes, each of the plurality of radio frequency sensing modes comprising either a monostatic sensing mode or a bi-static sensing mode; obtaining a mode indication indicating a second radio frequency sensing mode of the plurality of radio frequency sensing modes based on at least one of a location of a mobile wireless signaling device and a reference signal measurement quality of the first radio frequency sensing mode corresponding to the first time duration; and operating the apparatus, during a second time duration after the first time duration and in response to the mode indication, in the second radio frequency sensing mode.

[0007] An example apparatus includes: at least one transceiver; at least one memory; and at least one processor communicatively coupled to the at least one transceiver and the at least one memory and configured to: operate, during a first time duration, in a first radio frequency sensing mode that is one of a plurality of radio frequency sensing modes, each of the plurality of radio frequency sensing modes comprising either a monostatic sensing mode or a bi-static sensing mode; obtain a mode indication indicating a second radio frequency sensing mode of the plurality of radio frequency sensing modes based on at least one of a location of a mobile wireless signaling device and a reference signal measurement quality of the first radio frequency sensing mode correspondingto the first time duration; and operate, during a second time duration after the first time duration and in response to the mode indication, in the second radio frequency sensing mode.

[0008] Another example apparatus includes: means for operating, during a first time duration, in a first radio frequency sensing mode that is one of a plurality of radio frequency sensing modes, each of the plurality of radio frequency sensing modes comprising either a monostatic sensing mode or a bi-static sensing mode; means for obtaining a mode indication indicating a second radio frequency sensing mode of the plurality of radio frequency sensing modes based on at least one of a location of a mobile wireless signaling device and a reference signal measurement quality of the first radio frequency sensing mode corresponding to the first time duration; and means for operating, during a second time duration after the first time duration and in response to the mode indication, in the second radio frequency sensing mode.

[0009] An example non-transitory, processor-readable storage medium includes processor-readable instructions to cause at least one processor of an apparatus to: operate, during a first time duration, in a first radio frequency sensing mode that is one of a plurality of radio frequency sensing modes, each of the plurality of radio frequency sensing modes comprising either a monostatic sensing mode or a bi-static sensing mode; obtain a mode indication indicating a second radio frequency sensing mode of the plurality of radio frequency sensing modes based on at least one of a location of a mobile wireless signaling device and a reference signal measurement quality of the first radio frequency sensing mode corresponding to the first time duration; and operate, during a second time duration after the first time duration and in response to the mode indication, in the second radio frequency sensing mode.

[0010] An example method of controlling radio frequency sensing includes: allocating, by a network entity, first signaling resources for at least one first apparatus to operate, during a first time duration, in a first radio frequency sensing mode that is one of a plurality of radio frequency sensing modes, each of the plurality of radio frequency sensing modes comprising either a monostatic sensing mode or a bi-static sensing mode; and allocating, by the network entity, second signaling resources for at least one second apparatus to operate, during a second time duration, in a second radio frequency sensing mode that is one of the plurality of radio frequency sensing modes, wherein allocating the second signaling resources is based on at least one of a location of a mobile wireless signaling device or a radio frequency sensing mode request received from a requesting apparatus of the at least one first apparatus.

[0011] An example network entity includes: at least one transceiver; at least one memory; and at least one processor communicatively coupled to the at least one transceiver and the at least onememory and configured to: allocate first signaling resources for at least one first apparatus to operate, during a first time duration, in a first radio frequency sensing mode that is one of a plurality of radio frequency sensing modes, each of the plurality of radio frequency sensing modes comprising either a monostatic sensing mode or a bi-static sensing mode; and allocate second signaling resources for at least one second apparatus to operate, during a second time duration, in a second radio frequency sensing mode that is one of the plurality of radio frequency sensing modes, wherein allocating the second signaling resources is based on at least one of a location of a mobile wireless signaling device or a radio frequency sensing mode request received from a requesting apparatus of the at least one first apparatus.

[0012] Another example network entity includes: means for allocating first signaling resources for at least one first apparatus to operate, during a first time duration, in a first radio frequency sensing mode that is one of a plurality of radio frequency sensing modes, each of the plurality of radio frequency sensing modes comprising either a monostatic sensing mode or a bi-static sensing mode; and means for allocating second signaling resources for at least one second apparatus to operate, during a second time duration, in a second radio frequency sensing mode that is one of the plurality of radio frequency sensing modes, wherein allocating the second signaling resources is based on at least one of a location of a mobile wireless signaling device or a radio frequency sensing mode request received from a requesting apparatus of the at least one first apparatus.

[0013] Another example non-transitory, processor-readable storage medium includes processor- readable instructions to cause at least one processor of a network entity to: allocate first signaling resources for at least one first apparatus to operate, during a first time duration, in a first radio frequency sensing mode that is one of a plurality of radio frequency sensing modes, each of the plurality of radio frequency sensing modes comprising either a monostatic sensing mode or a bi- static sensing mode; and allocate second signaling resources for at least one second apparatus to operate, during a second time duration, in a second radio frequency sensing mode that is one of the plurality of radio frequency sensing modes, wherein allocating the second signaling resources is based on at least one of a location of a mobile wireless signaling device or a radio frequency sensing mode request received from a requesting apparatus of the at least one first apparatus.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0014] FIG. 1 is a simplified diagram of an example wireless communications system.

[0015] FIG. 2 is a block diagram of components of an example user equipment shown in FIG. 1.

[0016] FIG. 3 is a block diagram of components of an example transmission / reception point.

[0017] FIG. 4 is a block diagram of components of an example server.

[0018] FIG. 5 is a block diagram of an example user equipment.

[0019] FIG. 6 is a block diagram an example network entity.

[0020] FIG. 7 is a block diagram of monostatic sensing.

[0021] FIG. 8 is a block diagram of bi-static sensing.

[0022] FIG. 9 is a top view of an example RF sensing environment.

[0023] FIG. 10 is a signaling and process flow for RF sensing mode allocation.

[0024] FIG. 11 is a block flow diagram of a method of RF sensing.

[0025] FIG. 12 is a block flow diagram of a method of controlling RF sensing.DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0026] Techniques are discussed herein for selecting a radio frequency sensing mode, and in particular switching between radio frequency sensing modes. For example, sensing modes may be switched in an Integrated Sensing and Communication (ISAC) system for an automotive application, although techniques discussed herein may be applicable to other applications. Techniques are discussed for triggering switching between sensing modes. For example, a region may be associated with a preferred sensing mode and that sensing mode may be selected in response to a location of a user equipment (e.g., a location of a vehicle) relative that region. As another example, a sensing mode may be selected based on a location of a transmission / reception point, or the locations of a UE and a transmission / reception point, or locations of multiple transmission / reception points. Also or alternatively, a direction of travel of a mobile device, a velocity of the mobile device, and / or a direction of radio frequency sensing may be used to determine whether to switch sensing modes and / or which sensing mode to use. Information upon which triggering of sensing mode selection (e.g., sensing mode switching) is based may be obtained from an external source, e.g., a coverage map for sensing (indicating locations (e.g., regions) and associated sensing modes), and / or from crowdsourced data from sensing entities (e.g., user equipments (UEs) and / or network entities (e.g., transmission / reception points). Sensing mode selection / switching may be UE initiated (e.g., based on a request from a UE) or network entity initiated (e.g., with a network entity sending a sensing mode indication to a UE). Sensing modes may be switched proactively, without waiting for sensing failure. These are examples, and other examples may be implemented.

[0027] Items and / or techniques described herein may provide one or more of the following capabilities, as well as other capabilities not mentioned. An object may be detected and trackedrelative to a moving device (e.g., a vehicle) using different radio frequency sensing modes over time to achieve desired performance (e.g., object range and / or velocity accuracy / resolution, maximum determinable range, maximum determinable velocity, etc.). If multiple sensing modes are available that will achieve desired performance, then one of these modes may be selected that uses fewer resources than another of these modes (and other resources may be allocated to one or more other uses, or left idle). Other capabilities may be provided and not every implementation according to the disclosure must provide any, let alone all, of the capabilities discussed.

[0028] As used herein, the terms "user equipment" (UE) and "base station" are not specific to or otherwise limited to any particular Radio Access Technology (RAT), unless otherwise noted. In general, a UE may be any wireless communication device (e.g., a mobile phone, router, tablet computer, laptop computer, consumer asset tracking device, Internet of Things (loT) device, automobile, etc.) used to communicate over a wireless communications network. A UE may be mobile or may (e.g., at certain times) be stationary, and may communicate with a Radio Access Network (RAN). As used herein, the term "UE" may be referred to interchangeably as a “mobile wireless signaling device”, an "access terminal" or "AT," a "client device," a "wireless device," a "subscriber device," a "subscriber terminal," a "subscriber station," a "user terminal" or UT, a "mobile terminal," a "mobile station," a "mobile device," or variations thereof. Generally, UEs can communicate with a core network via a RAN, and through the core network the UEs can be connected with external networks such as the Internet and with other UEs. Of course, other mechanisms of connecting to the core network and / or the Internet are also possible for the UEs, such as over wired access networks, WiFi® short-range wireless communication technology networks (e.g., based on IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) 802.11, etc.) and so on. Two or more UEs may communicate directly in addition to or instead of passing information to each other through a network.

[0029] Referring to FIG. 1, an ego vehicle 100 includes an ego vehicle driver assistance system 110. The driver assistance system 110 may include a number of different types of sensors mounted at appropriate positions on the ego vehicle 100. For example, the system 110 may include: a pair of divergent and outwardly directed sensors 121 mounted at respective front comers of the vehicle 100, a similar pair of divergent and outwardly directed radar sensors 122 mounted at respective rear comers of the vehicle, a forwardly directed LRR sensor 123 (Long-Range Radar) mounted centrally at the front of the vehicle 100, and a pair of generally forwardly directed optical sensors 124 (cameras) forming part of an SVS 126 (Stereo Vision System) which may be mounted, for example, in the region of an upper edge of a windshield 128 of the vehicle 100. Each of the sensors121 may include an LRR and / or an SRR (Short-Range Radar). The various sensors 121-124 may be operatively connected to a central electronic control system which is typically provided in the form of an ECU 140 (Electronic Control Unit) mounted at a convenient location within the vehicle 100. In the particular arrangement illustrated, the front and rear MRR sensors 121, 122 (MidRange Radar) are connected to the ECU 140 via one or more conventional Controller Area Network (CAN) buses 150, and the LRR sensor 123 and the sensors of the SVS 126 are connected to the ECU 140 via a serial bus 160 (e.g., a faster FlexRay serial bus).

[0030] Collectively, and under the control of the ECU 140, the various sensors 121-124 may be used to provide a variety of different types of driver assistance functionalities. For example, the sensors 121-124 and the ECU 140 may provide blind spot monitoring, adaptive cruise control, collision prevention assistance, lane departure protection, and / or rear collision mitigation.

[0031] The CAN bus 150 may be treated by the ECU 140 as a sensor that provides ego vehicle parameters to the ECU 140. For example, a GPS module may also be connected to the ECU 140 as a sensor, providing geolocation parameters to the ECU 140.

[0032] The vehicle 100 may also include one or more communication devices configured to communicate wirelessly with other entities, e.g., network-based entities such as transmission / reception points (TRPs). The communication device(s) are not shown in FIG. 1, but examples of such devices are discussed herein, e.g., with respect to FIGS. 2 and 5.

[0033] Referring also to FIG. 2, a device 200 (which may be a mobile device such as a user equipment (UE) such as a vehicle (VUE)) comprises a computing platform including a processor 210, memory 211 including software (SW) 212, one or more sensors 213, a transceiver interface 214 for a transceiver 215 (that includes a wireless transceiver 240 and a wired transceiver 250), a user interface 216, a Satellite Positioning System (SPS) receiver 217, a camera 218, and a position device (PD) 219. The device 200 may be called a mobile wireless signaling device because the device 200 is configured to transfer (e.g., transmit and / or receive) wireless signals, e.g., wireless communication signals and / or wireless sensing signals. The processor 210, the memory 211, the sensor(s) 213, the transceiver interface 214, the user interface 216, the SPS receiver 217, the camera 218, and the position device 219 may be communicatively coupled to each other by a bus 220 (which may be configured, e.g., for optical and / or electrical communication). One or more of the shown apparatus (e.g., the camera 218, the position device 219, and / or one or more of the sensor(s) 213, etc.) may be omitted from the device 200. The processor 210 may include one or more hardware devices, e.g., a central processing unit (CPU), a microcontroller, an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), etc. The processor 210 may comprise multiple processors including ageneral-purpose / application processor 230, a Digital Signal Processor (DSP) 231, a modem processor 232, a video processor 233, and / or a sensor processor 234. One or more of the processors 230-234 may comprise multiple devices (e.g., multiple processors). For example, the sensor processor 234 may comprise, e.g., processors for RF (radio frequency) sensing (with one or more (cellular) wireless signals transmitted and reflect! on(s) used to identify, map, and / or track an object), and / or ultrasound, etc. The modem processor 232 may support dual SIM / dual connectivity (or even more SIMs). For example, a SIM (Subscriber Identity Module or Subscriber Identification Module) may be used by an Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM), and another SIM may be used by an end user of the device 200 for connectivity. The memory 211 may be a non-transitory, processor-readable storage medium that may include random access memory (RAM), flash memory, disc memory, and / or read-only memory (ROM), etc. The memory 211 may store the software 212 which may be processor-readable, processor-executable software code containing instructions that may be configured to, when executed, cause the processor 210 to perform various functions described herein. Alternatively, the software 212 may not be directly executable by the processor 210 but may be configured to cause the processor 210, e.g., when compiled and executed, to perform the functions. The description herein may refer to the processor 210 performing a function, but this includes other implementations such as where the processor 210 executes instructions of software and / or firmware. The description herein may refer to the processor 210 performing a function as shorthand for one or more of the processors 230-234 performing the function. The description herein may refer to the device 200 performing a function as shorthand for one or more appropriate components of the device 200 performing the function. The processor 210 may include a memory with stored instructions in addition to and / or instead of the memory 211. Functionality of the processor 210 is discussed more fully below.

[0034] The configuration of the device 200 shown in FIG. 2 is an example and not limiting of the disclosure, including the claims, and other configurations may be used. For example, an example configuration of the UE may include one or more of the processors 230-234 of the processor 210, the memory 211, and the wireless transceiver 240. Other example configurations may include one or more of the processors 230-234 of the processor 210, the memory 211 , a wireless transceiver, and one or more of the sensor(s) 213, the user interface 216, the SPS receiver 217, the camera 218, the PD 219, and / or a wired transceiver.

[0035] The device 200 may comprise the modem processor 232 that may be capable of performing baseband processing of signals received and down-converted by the transceiver 215 and / or the SPS receiver 217. The modem processor 232 may perform baseband processing of signals to beupconverted for transmission by the transceiver 215. Also or alternatively, baseband processing may be performed by the general-purpose / application processor 230 and / or the DSP 231. Other configurations, however, may be used to perform baseband processing.

[0036] The device 200 may include the sensor(s) 213 that may include, for example, one or more of various types of sensors such as one or more inertial sensors, one or more magnetometers, one or more environment sensors, one or more optical sensors, one or more weight sensors, and / or one or more radio frequency (RF) sensors, etc. An inertial measurement unit (IMU) may comprise, for example, one or more accelerometers (e.g., collectively responding to acceleration of the device 200 in three dimensions) and / or one or more gyroscopes (e.g., three-dimensional gyroscopc(s)). The sensor(s) 213 may include one or more magnetometers (e.g., three-dimensional magnetometer(s)) to determine orientation (e.g., relative to magnetic north and / or true north) that may be used for any of a variety of purposes, e.g., to support one or more compass applications. The environment sensor(s) may comprise, for example, one or more temperature sensors, one or more barometric pressure sensors, one or more ambient light sensors, one or more camera imagers, and / or one or more microphones, etc. The sensor(s) 213 may generate analog and / or digital signals indications of which may be stored in the memory 211 and processed by the DSP 231 and / or the general-purpose / application processor 230 in support of one or more applications such as, for example, applications directed to positioning and / or navigation operations. The sensor(s) 213 may comprise one or more of other various types of sensors such as one or more optical sensors, one or more weight sensors, and / or one or more radio frequency (RF) sensing sensors, etc.

[0037] The sensor(s) 213 may be used in relative location measurements, relative location determination, motion determination, etc. Information detected by the sensor(s) 213 may be used for motion detection, relative displacement, dead reckoning, sensor-based location determination, and / or sensor-assisted location determination. The sensor(s) 213 may be useful to determine whether the device 200 is fixed (stationary) or mobile and / or whether to report certain useful information, e.g., to an LMF (Location Management Function) regarding the mobility of the device 200. For example, based on the information obtained / measured by the sensor(s) 213, the device 200 may notify / report to the LMF that the device 200 has detected movements or that the device 200 has moved, and may report the relative displacement / distance (e.g., via dead reckoning, or sensor-based location determination, or sensor-assisted location determination enabled by the sensor(s) 213). In another example, for relative positioning information, the sensors / IMU may be used to determine the angle and / or orientation of the other device with respect to the device 200, etc.

[0038] The IMU may be configured to provide measurements about a direction of motion and / or a speed of motion of the device 200, which may be used in relative location determination. For example, one or more accelerometers and / or one or more gyroscopes of the IMU may detect, respectively, a linear acceleration and a speed of rotation of the device 200. The linear acceleration and speed of rotation measurements of the device 200 may be integrated over time to determine an instantaneous direction of motion as well as a displacement of the device 200. The instantaneous direction of motion and the displacement may be integrated to track a location of the device 200. For example, a reference location of the device 200 may be determined, e.g., using the SPS receiver 217 (and / or by some other means) for a moment in time and measurements from the accelerometer(s) and gyroscope(s) taken after this moment in time may be used in dead reckoning to determine present location of the device 200 based on movement (direction and distance) of the device 200 relative to the reference location.

[0039] The magnetometer(s) may determine magnetic field strengths in different directions which may be used to determine orientation of the device 200. For example, the orientation may be used to provide a digital compass for the device 200. The magnetometer(s) may include a two- dimensional magnetometer configured to detect and provide indications of magnetic field strength in two orthogonal dimensions. The magnetometer(s) may include a three-dimensional magnetometer configured to detect and provide indications of magnetic field strength in three orthogonal dimensions. The magnetometer(s) may provide means for sensing a magnetic field and providing indications of the magnetic field, e.g., to the processor 210.

[0040] The transceiver 215 may include a wireless transceiver 240 and a wired transceiver 250 configured to communicate with other devices through wireless connections and wired connections, respectively. For example, the wireless transceiver 240 may include a wireless transmitter 242 and a wireless receiver 244 coupled to an antenna 246 for transmitting (e.g., on one or more uplink channels and / or one or more sidelink channels) and / or receiving (e.g., on one or more downlink channels and / or one or more sidelink channels) wireless signals 248 and transducing signals from the wireless signals 248 to guided (e.g., wired electrical and / or optical) signals and from guided (e.g., wired electrical and / or optical) signals to the wireless signals 248. The wireless transmitter 242 includes appropriate components (e.g., a power amplifier and a digital-to-analog converter). The wireless receiver 244 includes appropriate components (e.g., one or more amplifiers, one or more frequency filters, and an analog-to-digital converter). The wireless transmitter 242 may include multiple transmitters that may be discrete components or combined / integrated components, and / or the wireless receiver 244 may include multiple receivers that may be discrete components orcombined / integrated components. The wireless transceiver 240 may be configured to communicate signals (e.g., with TRPs and / or one or more other devices) according to a variety of radio access technologies (RATs) such as 5G New Radio (NR), GSM (Global System for Mobiles), UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System), AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone System), CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access), WCDMA (Wideband CDMA), LTE (Long Term Evolution), LTE Direct (LTE-D), 3GPP LTE-V2X (PC5), IEEE 802.11 (including IEEE 802.1 Ip), WiFi® short-range wireless communication technology, WiFi® Direct (WiFi-D), Bluetooth® short-range wireless communication technology, Zigbee® short-range wireless communication technology, etc. New Radio may use mm-wavc frequencies and / or sub-6GHz frequencies. The wired transceiver 250 may include a wired transmitter 252 and a wired receiver 254 configured for wired communication, e.g., a network interface that may be utilized to communicate with an NG- RAN (Next Generation - Radio Access Network) to send communications to, and receive communications from, the NG-RAN. The wired transmitter 252 may include multiple transmitters that may be discrete components or combined / integrated components, and / or the wired receiver 254 may include multiple receivers that may be discrete components or combined / integrated components. The wired transceiver 250 may be configured, e.g., for optical communication and / or electrical communication. The transceiver 215 may be communicatively coupled to the transceiver interface 214, e.g., by optical and / or electrical connection. The transceiver interface 214 may be at least partially integrated with the transceiver 215. The wireless transmitter 242, the wireless receiver 244, and / or the antenna 246 may include multiple transmitters, multiple receivers, and / or multiple antennas, respectively, for sending and / or receiving, respectively, appropriate signals.

[0041] The user interface 216 may comprise one or more of several devices such as, for example, a speaker, microphone, display device, vibration device, keyboard, touch screen, etc. The user interface 216 may include more than one of any of these devices. The user interface 216 may be configured to enable a user to interact with one or more applications hosted by the device 200. For example, the user interface 216 may store indications of analog and / or digital signals in the memory 211 to be processed by DSP 231 and / or the general-purpose / application processor 230 in response to action from a user. Similarly, applications hosted on the device 200 may store indications of analog and / or digital signals in the memory 211 to present an output signal to a user. The user interface 216 may include an audio input / output (I / O) device comprising, for example, a speaker, a microphone, digital-to-analog circuitry, analog-to-digital circuitry, an amplifier and / or gain control circuitry (including more than one of any of these devices). Other configurations of an audio I / O device may be used. Also or alternatively, the user interface 216 may comprise one or more touchsensors responsive to touching and / or pressure, e.g., on a keyboard and / or touch screen of the user interface 216.

[0042] The SPS receiver 217 (e.g., a Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver) may be capable of receiving and acquiring SPS signals 260 via an SPS antenna 262. The SPS antenna 262 is configured to transduce the SPS signals 260 from wireless signals to guided signals, e.g., wired electrical or optical signals, and may be integrated with the antenna 246. The SPS receiver 217 may be configured to process, in whole or in part, the acquired SPS signals 260 for estimating a location of the device 200. For example, the SPS receiver 217 may be configured to determine location of the device 200 by trilateration using the SPS signals 260. The general- purpose / application processor 230, the memory 211, the DSP 231 and / or one or more specialized processors (not shown) may be utilized to process acquired SPS signals, in whole or in part, and / or to calculate an estimated location of the device 200, in conjunction with the SPS receiver 217. The memory 211 may store indications (e.g., measurements) of the SPS signals 260 and / or other signals (e.g., signals acquired from the wireless transceiver 240) for use in performing positioning operations. The general-purpose / application processor 230, the DSP 231, and / or one or more specialized processors, and / or the memory 211 may provide or support a location engine for use in processing measurements to estimate a location of the device 200.

[0043] The device 200 may include the camera 218 for capturing still or moving imagery. The camera 218 may comprise, for example, an imaging sensor (e.g., a charge coupled device or a CMOS (Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor) imager), a lens, analog-to-digital circuitry, frame buffers, etc. Additional processing, conditioning, encoding, and / or compression of signals representing captured images may be performed by the general-purpose / application processor 230 and / or the DSP 231. Also or alternatively, the video processor 233 may perfonn conditioning, encoding, compression, and / or manipulation of signals representing captured images. The video processor 233 may decode / decompress stored image data for presentation on a display device (not shown), e.g., of the user interface 216.

[0044] The position device (PD) 219 may be configured to determine a position of the device 200, motion of the device 200, and / or relative position of the device 200, and / or time. For example, the PD 219 may communicate with, and / or include some or all of, the SPS receiver 217. The PD 219 may work in conjunction with the processor 210 and the memory 211 as appropriate to perform at least a portion of one or more positioning methods, although the description herein may refer to the PD 219 being configured to perform, or performing, in accordance with the positioning method(s). The PD 219 may also or alternatively be configured to determine location of the device 200 usingterrestrial-based signals (e.g., at least some of the wireless signals 248) for trilateration, for assistance with obtaining and using the SPS signals 260, or both. The PD 219 may be configured to determine location of the device 200 based on a cell of a serving base station (e.g., a cell center) and / or another technique such as E-CID. The PD 219 may be configured to use one or more images from the camera 218 and image recognition combined with known locations of landmarks (e.g., natural landmarks such as mountains and / or artificial landmarks such as buildings, bridges, streets, etc.) to determine location of the device 200. The PD 219 may be configured to use one or more other techniques (e.g., relying on the UE’s self-reported location (e.g., part of the UE’s position beacon)) for determining the location of the device 200, and may use a combination of techniques (e.g., SPS and terrestrial positioning signals) to determine the location of the device 200. The PD 219 may include one or more of the sensors 213 (e.g., gyroscope(s), accelerometer(s), magnetometer(s), etc.) that may sense orientation and / or motion of the device 200 and provide indications thereof that the processor 210 (e.g., the general-purpose / application processor 230 and / or the DSP 231) may be configured to use to determine motion (e.g., a velocity vector and / or an acceleration vector) of the device 200. The PD 219 may be configured to provide indications of uncertainty and / or error in the determined position and / or motion. Functionality of the PD 219 may be provided in a variety of manners and / or configurations, e.g., by the general-purpose / application processor 230, the transceiver 215, the SPS receiver 217, and / or another component of the device 200, and may be provided by hardware, software, firmware, or various combinations thereof.

[0045] Referring also to FIG. 3, an example of a TRP 300 (transmission / reception point) may comprise a computing platform including a processor 310, memory 330 including software (SW) 332, and a transceiver 320. Even if referred to in the singular, the processor 310 may include one or more processors, the transceiver 320 may include one or more transceivers (e.g., one or more transmitters and / or one or more receivers), and / or the memory 330 may include one or more memories. The TRP 300 may comprise, for example, a base station (e.g., a gNB) or a portion of a base station. The processor 310, the memory 330, and the transceiver 320 may be communicatively coupled to each other by a bus 380 (which may be configured, e.g., for optical and / or electrical communication). One or more of the shown apparatus may be omitted from the TRP 300. The processor 310 may include one or more hardware devices, e.g., a central processing unit (CPU), a microcontroller, an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), etc. The processor 310 may comprise multiple processors (e.g., including a general-purpose / application processor, a DSP, a modem processor, a video processor, and / or a sensor processor as shown in FIG. 2). The memory 330 may be a non-transitory storage medium that may include random access memory (RAM)),flash memory, disc memory, and / or read-only memory (ROM), etc. The memory 330 may store the software 332 which may be processor-readable, processor-executable software code containing instructions that are configured to, when executed, cause the processor 310 to perform various functions described herein. Alternatively, the software 332 may not be directly executable by the processor 310 but may be configured to cause the processor 310, e.g., when compiled and executed, to perform the functions.

[0046] The description herein may refer to the processor 310 performing a function, but this includes other implementations such as where the processor 310 executes software and / or firmware. The description herein may refer to the processor 310 performing a function as shorthand for one or more of the processors contained in the processor 310 performing the function. The description herein may refer to the TRP 300 performing a function as shorthand for one or more appropriate components (e.g., the processor 310 and the memory 330) of the TRP 300 performing the function. The processor 310 may include a memory with stored instructions in addition to and / or instead of the memory 330. Functionality of the processor 310 is discussed more fully below.

[0047] The transceiver 320 may include a wireless transceiver 340 and / or a wired transceiver 350 configured to communicate with other devices through wireless connections and wired connections, respectively. For example, the wireless transceiver 340 may include a wireless transmitter 342 and a wireless receiver 344 coupled to one or more antennas 346 for transmitting (e.g., on one or more uplink channels and / or one or more downlink channels) and / or receiving (e.g., on one or more downlink channels and / or one or more uplink channels) wireless signals 348 and transducing signals from the wireless signals 348 to guided (e.g., wired electrical and / or optical) signals and from guided (e.g., wired electrical and / or optical) signals to the wireless signals 348. Thus, the wireless transmitter 342 may include multiple transmitters that may be discrete components or combined / integrated components, and / or the wireless receiver 344 may include multiple receivers that may be discrete components or combined / integrated components. The wireless transceiver 340 may be configured to communicate signals (e.g., with the device 200, one or more other UEs, and / or one or more other devices) according to a variety of radio access technologies (RATs) such as 5G New Radio (NR), GSM (Global System for Mobiles), UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System), AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone System), CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access), WCDMA (Wideband CDMA), LTE (Long Term Evolution), LTE Direct (LTE- D), 3GPP LTE-V2X (PC5), IEEE 802.11 (including IEEE 802. l ip), WiFi® short-range wireless communication technology, WiFi® Direct (WiFi®-D), Bluetooth®, Zigbee®, etc. The wired transceiver 350 may include a wired transmitter 352 and a wired receiver 354 configured for wiredcommunication, e.g., a network interface that may be utilized to communicate with an NG-RAN to send communications to, and receive communications from, an LMF, for example, and / or one or more other network entities. The wired transmitter 352 may include multiple transmitters that may be discrete components or combined / integrated components, and / or the wired receiver 354 may include multiple receivers that may be discrete components or combined / integrated components. The wired transceiver 350 may be configured, e.g., for optical communication and / or electrical communication.

[0048] The configuration of the TRP 300 shown in FIG. 3 is an example and not limiting of the disclosure, including the claims, and other configurations may be used. For example, the description herein discusses that the TRP 300 may be configured to perform or perfomis several functions, but one or more of these functions may be performed by an LMF and / or the device 200 (i.e., an LMF and / or the device 200 may be configured to perform one or more of these functions).

[0049] Referring also to FIG. 4, a server 400, of which an LMF may be an example, may comprise a computing platform including a processor 410, memory 430 including software (SW) 432, and a transceiver 420. Even if referred to in the singular, the processor 410 may include one or more processors, the transceiver 420 may include one or more transceivers (e.g., one or more transmitters and / or one or more receivers), and / or the memory 430 may include one or more memories. The processor 410, the memory 430, and the transceiver 420 may be communicatively coupled to each other by a bus 480 (which may be configured, e.g., for optical and / or electrical communication). One or more of the shown apparatus (e.g., a wireless transceiver) may be omitted from the server 400. The processor 410 may include one or more hardware devices, e.g., a central processing unit (CPU), a microcontroller, an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), etc. The processor 410 may comprise multiple processors (e.g., including a general -purpose / application processor, a DSP, a modem processor, a video processor, and / or a sensor processor as shown in FIG. 2). The memory 430 may be a non-transitory storage medium that may include random access memory (RAM)), flash memory, disc memoiy, and / or read-only memory (ROM), etc. The memory 430 may store the software 432 which may be processor-readable, processor-executable software code containing instructions that are configured to, when executed, cause the processor 410 to perform various functions described herein. Alternatively, the software 432 may not be directly executable by the processor 410 but may be configured to cause the processor 410, e.g., when compiled and executed, to perform the functions. The description herein may refer to the processor 410 performing a function, but this includes other implementations such as where the processor 410 executes software and / or firmware. The description herein may refer to the processor 410 performing afunction as shorthand for one or more of the processors contained in the processor 410 performing the function. The description herein may refer to the server 400 performing a function as shorthand for one or more appropriate components of the server 400 performing the function. The processor 410 may include a memory with stored instructions in addition to and / or instead of the memory 430. Functionality of the processor 410 is discussed more fully below.

[0050] The transceiver 420 may include a wireless transceiver 440 and / or a wired transceiver 450 configured to communicate with other devices through wireless connections and wired connections, respectively. For example, the wireless transceiver 440 may include a wireless transmitter 442 and a wireless receiver 444 coupled to one or more antennas 446 for transmitting (c.g., on one or more downlink channels) and / or receiving (e.g., on one or more uplink channels) wireless signals 448 and transducing signals from the wireless signals 448 to guided (e.g., wired electrical and / or optical) signals and from guided (e.g., wired electrical and / or optical) signals to the wireless signals 448. Thus, the wireless transmitter 442 may include multiple transmitters that may be discrete components or combined / integrated components, and / or the wireless receiver 444 may include multiple receivers that may be discrete components or combined / integrated components. The wireless transceiver 440 may be configured to communicate signals (e.g., with the device 200, one or more other UEs, and / or one or more other devices) according to a variety of radio access technologies (RATs) such as 5G New Radio (NR), GSM (Global System for Mobiles), UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System), AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone System), CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access), WCDMA (Wideband CDMA), LTE (Long Term Evolution), LTE Direct (LTE-D), 3GPP LTE-V2X (PC5), IEEE 802.11 (including IEEE 802.1 Ip), WiFi®, WiFi® Direct (WiFi®-D), Bluetooth®, Zigbee®, etc. The wired transceiver 450 may include a wired transmitter 452 and a wired receiver 454 configured for wired communication, e.g., a network interface that may be utilized to communicate with an NG-RAN to send communications to, and receive communications from, the TRP 300, for example, and / or one or more other network entities. The wired transmitter 452 may include multiple transmitters that may be discrete components or combined / integrated components, and / or the wired receiver 454 may include multiple receivers that may be discrete components or combined / integrated components. The wired transceiver 450 may be configured, e.g., for optical communication and / or electrical communication.

[0051] The configuration of the server 400 shown in FIG. 4 is an example and not limiting of the disclosure, including the claims, and other configurations may be used. For example, the wireless transceiver 440 may be omitted. Also or alternatively, the description herein discusses that theserver 400 is configured to perform or performs several functions, but one or more of these functions may be performed by the TRP 300 and / or the device 200 (i. e. , the TRP 300 and / or the device 200 may be configured to perform one or more of these functions).

[0052] Referring to FIG. 5, a device 500 includes a processor 510, a transceiver 520, and a memory 530 communicatively coupled to each other by a bus 540. The device 500 may be called a mobile wireless signaling device. Even if referred to in the singular, the processor 510 may include one or more processors, the transceiver 520 may include one or more transceivers (e.g., one or more transmitters and / or one or more receivers), and / or the memory 530 may include one or more memories. The device 500 may take any of a variety of forms such as a mobile device such as a vehicle UE (VUE). The device 500 may include the components shown in FIG. 5, and may include one or more other components such as any of those shown in FIG. 2 such that the device 200 may be an example of the device 500. For example, the processor 510 may include one or more of the components of the processor 210. The transceiver 520 may include one or more of the components of the transceiver 215, e.g., the wireless transmitter 242 and the antenna 246, or the wireless receiver 244 and the antenna 246, or the wireless transmitter 242, the wireless receiver 244, and the antenna 246. Also or alternatively, the transceiver 520 may include the wired transmitter 252 and / or the wired receiver 254. The memory 530 may be configured similarly to the memory 211, e.g., including software with processor-readable instructions configured to cause the processor 510 to perform functions.

[0053] The description herein may refer to the processor 510 performing a function, but this includes other implementations such as where the processor 510 executes software (stored in the memory 530) and / or firmware. The description herein may refer to the device 500 performing a function as shorthand for one or more appropriate components (e.g., the processor 510 and the memory 530) of the device 500 performing the function. The processor 510 (possibly in conjunction with the memory 530 and, as appropriate, the transceiver 520) may include a sensing unit 550 and a sensing mode unit 560. The sensing unit 550 and the sensing mode unit 560 are discussed further herein, and the description herein may refer to the sensing unit 550 and / or the sensing mode unit 560 performing one or more functions, and / or may refer to the processor 510 generally, or the device 500 generally, as performing any of the functions of the sensing unit 550 and / or the sensing mode unit 560, with the device 500 being configured to perform the function(s).

[0054] The TRP 300 and the device 500 may be configured, e.g., by instructions received from a server and / or by software, to send reference signal(s) (RS) per a schedule. According to the schedule, the RS may be sent intermittently, e.g., periodically at a consistent interval from an initialtransmission. The RS may be sent in one or more RS resource sets. An RS resource set is a collection of RS resources across device, with the resources having the same periodicity, a common muting pattern configuration (if any), and the same repetition factor across slots. Each of the RS resource sets comprises multiple RS resources, with each RS resource comprising multiple OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) Resource Elements (REs) that may be in multiple Resource Blocks (RBs) within N (one or more) consecutive symbol(s) within a slot. RS resources (or reference signal (RS) resources generally) may be referred to as OFDM RS resources. An RB is a collection of REs spanning a quantity of one or more consecutive symbols in the time domain and a quantity (12 for a 5G RB) of consecutive sub-carriers in the frequency domain. Each RS resource is configured with an RE offset, a slot offset, a symbol offset within a slot, and a number of consecutive symbols that the RS resource may occupy within a slot. The RE offset defines the starting RE offset in frequency of the first symbol within an RS resource. The relative RE offsets of the remaining symbols within an RS resource are defined based on the initial offset. The slot offset is the starting slot of the RS resource with respect to a corresponding resource set slot offset. The symbol offset determines the starting symbol of the RS resource within the starting slot. Transmitted REs may repeat across slots, with each transmission being called a repetition such that there may be multiple repetitions in an RS resource.

[0055] Referring also to FIG. 6, a network entity 600 includes a processor 610, a transceiver 620, and a memory 630 communicatively coupled to each other by a bus 640. Even if referred to in the singular, the network entity 600 may include one or more network entities, the processor 610 may include one or more processors, the transceiver 620 may include one or more transceivers (e.g., one or more transmitters and / or one or more receivers), and / or the memory 630 may include one or more memories. The network entity 600 may include the components shown in FIG. 6 and may be configured to be a component of a communication network (e.g., a terrestrial communication network such as a cellular network). The network entity 600 may include one or more other components such as any of those shown in FIG. 4 such that the server 400 may be an example of the network entity 600. For example, the processor 610 may include one or more of the components of the processor 410. The transceiver 620 may include one or more of the components of the transceiver 420. The memory 630 may be configured similarly to the memory 430, e.g., including software with processor-readable instructions configured to cause the processor 610 to perform functions. Also or alternatively, the network entity 600 may include one or more other components such as any of those shown in FIG. 3 such that the TRP 300 may be an example of the network entity 600. For example, the processor 610 may include one or more of the components ofthe processor 310. The transceiver 620 may include one or more of the components of the transceiver 320. The memory 630 may be configured similarly to the memory 330, e.g., including software with processor-readable instructions configured to cause the processor 610 to perform functions.

[0056] The description herein may refer to the processor 610 performing a function, but this includes other implementations such as where the processor 610 executes software (stored in the memory 630) and / or firmware. The description herein may refer to the network entity 600 performing a function as shorthand for one or more appropriate components (e.g., the processor 610 and the memory 630) of the network entity 600 performing the function. The processor 610 (possibly in conjunction with the memory 630 and, as appropriate, the transceiver 620) may include a sensing unit 650 and a sensing mode unit 660. The sensing unit 650 and the sensing mode unit 660 are discussed further herein, and the description herein may refer to the sensing unit 650 and / or the sensing mode unit 660 performing one or more functions, and / or may refer to the processor 610 generally, or the network entity 600 generally, as performing any of the functions of the sensing unit 650 and / or the sensing mode unit 660, with the network entity 600 being configured to perform the function(s).

[0057] Referring also to FIGS. 7 and 8, various configurations of sensing systems, such as monostatic sensing systems or bi-static sensing systems, may be implemented. For example, as shown in FIG. 7, a monostatic sensing system 700 includes a transmit node 710, a target object 720, and a receive node 730. In this case, the transmit node 710 and the receive node 730 are co-located and may be portions of a single physical device. The transmit node 710 may transmit an FL signal 712 (forward link signal), and the target object 720 may backscatter (e.g., reflect) a BL signal 722 (backscatter link signal) based on the incoming signal, i.e. , the FL signal 712. The receive node 730 may receive and measure the BL signal 722. A transmit (Tx) node or a receive (Rx) node may be, for example, a UE, a TRP, or a RAN node. As shown in FIG. 8, a bi-static sensing system 800 includes a transmit node 810, a target object 820, and a receive node 830. In this case, the transmit node 810 and the receive node 830 are non-co-located. The transmit node 810 may transmit an FL signal 812, the target object 820 may backscatter a BL signal 822 based on the FL signal 812, and the receive node 830 may receive and measure and / or decode the BL signal 822.

[0058] In RF sensing, a wireless signal may be transmitted from one or multiple transmit points and received at one or multiple receive points after being reflected off a target. RF sensing may enable many candidate applications, such as intruder detection, animal / pedestrian / UAV (Unoccupied Aerial Vehicle) intrusion detection in highways and railways, rainfall monitoring, floodingawareness, autonomous driving, AGV (Automatic Guided Vehicle) detection / tracking / collision avoidance, smart parking & assistance, UAV trajectory and tracking, crowd management, sleep / health monitoring, gesture recognition, XR (extended reality) streaming, public safety search and rescue, etc. Different use case scenarios address different environments that vary, e.g., from private networks, to warehouses, to public roads. Velocity estimation accuracy has been identified as an important key performance indicator (KPI) in RF sensing use cases.

[0059] RF sensing is implemented as an RF sensing mode comprising multiple characteristics. Each RF sensing mode discussed herein comprises an RF sensing category of either monostatic or bi-static. Also, each RF sensing mode discussed herein comprises a frequency (which may be more than a single frequency, e.g., including a frequency range). Also, each RF sensing mode discussed herein comprises an apparatus set of one or more apparatus used to implement the RF sensing, with an apparatus set containing a single apparatus for monostatic sensing and containing two apparatus for bi-static sensing. The apparatus set is the set of apparatus for transmitting and receiving the RF sensing signal(s), although one or more other apparatus may be used to determine ranging based on the sensing signal(s) transmitted and received. RF sensing modes discussed herein include UE monostatic sensing (with the same UE transmitting and receiving the sensing signal(s), TRP monostatic sensing (with the same TRP transmitting and receiving the sensing signal(s), UE / TRP bi-static sensing (with a UE transmitting or receiving the sensing signal(s) and a TRP receiving or transmitting the sensing signal(s)), and TRP / TRP bi-static sensing (with one TRP transmitting the sensing signal(s) and another TRP receiving the sensing signal(s)). Different sensing modes may comprise different categories, different frequencies, different apparatus, and / or different roles for one or more of the involved apparatus. For example, different sensing modes may involve different apparatus (e.g., the same UE but different TRPs). As another example, different sensing modes may involve the same apparatus, e.g., the same UE and the same TRP, but different roles, e.g., with the UE transmitting and the TRP receiving in one mode and with the TRP transmitting and the UE receiving in the other mode. While UE / TRP bi-static sensing could have the UE be the transmitter, typically the TRP would be the transmitter due to higher transmit signal potential.

[0060] The discussion herein focuses on automotive RF sensing, but the discussion is applicable to other implementations and applications. Integrated Sensing and Communication (ISAC) systems for automotive applications may reduce hardware costs, e.g., due to jointly designed sensing and communication systems. In an ISAC system, sensing signals may be transmitted and received to detect objects around a vehicle by detecting echoes / reflections of sensing signals. Resources used for sensing signal transmission and / or reception may be shared with a communication system (e.g.,a millimeter-wave (mmW) communication system). Because a device, e.g., a VUE, in an automotive scenario is typically moving, the device will often encounter different sensing environments. This fact, coupled with stringent sensing requirements (e.g., range, velocity, and / or angular target object detection) in automotive applications, may result in an advantage to being able to use different RF sensing modes (e.g., dynamically), e.g., to adapt to different scenarios while meeting sensing requirements. Intermittent (e.g., periodic such as every 100ms) assessment of desired sensing mode may be useful.

[0061] Different sensing modes have one or more different characteristics. For example, UE / TRP bi-static sensing has lower latency and / or smaller signaling overhead (e.g., when sensing measurements are processed by a network entity, e.g., an LMF / sensing management function), potentially longer sensing range (depending on TRP / UE locations), etc. As another example, UE monostatic sensing uses UE full-duplex operation and thus Uu communication performance may be dependent on RF chains that are shared between communication and sensing. UE monostatic sensing may have an advantage of lower latency / less signaling transfer given that sensing is performed at the UE, which may also be the consumer of sensing results. In TRP / TRP bi-static sensing or TRP monostatic, system level overhead may be reduced (e.g., when a TRP is deployed along a road, sensing for automotive can be performed by the TRP without sensing signal transmission from each individual UE on the road). When a sensing target is far away from a UE (resulting in signal quality below a threshold quality, e.g., received signal power below a threshold power) but is closer to a TRP, UE / TRP bi-static sensing may have better link budget than (UE) monostatic sensing. As another example, monostatic received signal power is given by Equation (1) below and bi-static received signal power is given by Equation (2) belowwhere gt is the gain of the transmit antenna, gris the gain of the receive antenna, A is the wavelength of the sensing signal, Ptis the transmit signal power, d is the distance between the transmitter / receiver and the target object, di is the distance between the transmitter and the target object, and d2 is the distance between the receiver and the target object. When di » d , bi-static sensing may have significantly better received signal power than monostatic sensing.

[0062] An automotive ISAC system may be configured to implement multiple RF sensing modes. For example, monostatic sensing may be implemented by an ISAC system, e.g., with a full-duplex capable UE mounted on a vehicle to perform sensing by transmitting a sensing signal and receivinga returned sensing signal (e.g., a reflection of the transmitted sensing signal). As another example, UE / TRP bi-static sensing may be implemented by an ISAC system, e.g., with a UE transmitting an RF sensing signal (e.g., an uplink communication signal) and a TRP receiving a reflection of the transmitted sensing signal or with a TRP transmitting an RF sensing signal (e.g., a downlink communication signal) and a UE receiving a reflection of the transmitted sensing signal.

[0063] Referring also to FIG. 9, an example RF sensing environment 900 (in particular an automotive RF sensing environment) includes vehicles 901, 902, 903, 904, TRPs 91 1, 912, roads 921, 922, 923, 924, 925, 926, and buildings 931, 932, 933, 934, 935. The locations of the buildings 931-935 and / or the TRPs 911, 912 may result in different regions of the roads 921-926 being EOS (Fine of Sight) with one or more of the TRPs 911, 912 and thus may make different regions of the environment 900 more amenable to bi-static sensing or monostatic sensing, e.g., based on sensing requirements. For example, a region 950 may be designated as a bi-static sensing region because locations within the region 950 (shown cross-hatched) are EOS with the TRP 911 and / or the TRP 912. Indeed, the region 950 may be divided into sub-regions, with one sub-region that comprises locations that are LOS with the TRP 911 being designated as a TRP / UE bi-static region (e.g., TRP- to-UE) where the TRP is the TRP 911 and another sub-region that comprises locations that are LOS with the TRP 912 being designated as a TRP / UE bi-static region (e.g., TRP-to-UE) where the TRP is the TRP 912.

[0064] ft may be challenging and / or inefficient to meet sensing requirements in various scenarios based on a single sensing mode. For example, in automotive IS AC system, high mobility of a vehicle and / or one or more stringent / sustained sensing requirements (e.g., for velocity and range estimation accuracy / resolution of objects) may make sensing operations more demanding. For example, a large number of repetitions of sensing symbols may be used in order to achieve a desired link budget / processing gain, a long duration of a single sensing signal transmission may be needed to meet a velocity estimation related requirement, and / or a large bandwidth of a sensing signal may be needed to satisfy a range estimation requirement, etc. Repetitions of sensing signal symbols may allow for longer integration and thus better i ntegration gain, which may improve an SNR (Signal-to-Noise Ratio) of a measured sensing signal. Longer sensing signal duration may allow for better Doppler estimation and thus better velocity resolution. Also, ISAC systems for automotive (and possibly other) applications may use “always-on” sensing operations (e.g., sensing Tx / Rx is performed intermittently but frequently (e.g., periodically such as every 100ms) while a device (e.g., a VUE) is in motion, e.g., due to potential engagement with and / or use by an ADAS (Advanced Driver Assistance System)). In view of this, different RF sensing modes may performbetter in different scenarios, and thus the device 500 may be configured to switch RF sensing modes, and even request a change in an RF sensing mode.

[0065] The device 500 and the network entity 600 are configured to support multiple RF sensing modes, e.g., for ISAC systems for enhanced reliability and / or enhanced efficiency. For example, the sensing unit 550 and / or the sensing unit 650 may be configured to operate in different sensing modes, e.g., of different categories, with different frequencies, and / or with a different role (e.g., bistatic transmitter or bi-static receiver). As another example, the sensing mode unit 560 and / or the sensing mode unit 660 may be configured to determine that a change of sensing mode is desirable (e.g., would improve sensing performance (e.g., improve at least one sensing performance metric such as range resolution (or range to target object), maximum range to target object, velocity resolution (of target object velocity), and / or maximum velocity (of target object velocity))). The sensing mode unit 560 and / or the sensing mode unit 660 may be configured to determine that a change of sensing mode is desirable based on, for example, sensing measurement(s), a location of a UE, and / or receipt of a sensing mode request from a UE (for the sensing mode unit 660). As another example, the sensing mode unit 560 and / or the sensing mode unit 660 may be configured to request a change in sensing mode, e.g., any change from a present mode or a change to a specifically-identified mode. As another example, the sensing mode unit 660 may be configured to allocate sensing resources, e.g., OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex) resource elements (e.g., resource blocks) for RF sensing to one or more TRPs and / or a UE as appropriate.

[0066] An RF sensing mode may be changed for one or more reasons, e.g., due to poor performance of a present sensing mode, expected improved performance of another sensing mode, and / or a desired sensing mode associated with one or more present conditions (e.g., UE location). For example, as a vehicle moves, an RS sensing mode may be switched from one mode to another (with at least one different characteristic (e.g., category, frequency, apparatus role)). For example, the device 500 may be configured to support monostatic or bi-static sensing in an ISAC system in front of a vehicle UE. Such sensing may provide long-range front-facing radar functionality. If a target object, e.g., another vehicle, a pedestrian, etc., is far away from the device 500, then switching to UE / TRP bi-static sensing may save sensing signal overhead (e.g., fewer repetitions and lower symbol densities) and / or increase range of sensing (e.g., if there is a TRP closer to the target object). If a target object is closer to the device 500 than a TRP, then UE monostatic sensing may be performed for potentially smaller latency and / or lower (control) signal overhead. Signal interference may be considered in order to determine desirability of switching an RF sensing mode, e.g., if UE monostatic sensing is used in an unlicensed frequency band.

[0067] An RF sensing mode selection (including a change) may be initiated by a mobile device or by a network entity. For example, a mobile device such as the device 500 may determine a desired sensing mode and send an explicit request to use that sensing mode to a network entity. As another example, a mobile device may determine that a present sensing mode is not meeting one or more requirements and send an explicit request for a specified sensing mode, or a change to an unspecified sensing mode, to a network entity. As another example, a mobile device may send an implicit request for a sensing mode change to a network entity. An implicit request may comprise, for example, a report (notification) of one or more sensing signal measurements and / or a location of the mobile device and / or a velocity (direction and speed) of the mobile device and / or a direction of sensing (e.g., whether a front-facing sensor or a rear-facing sensor (e.g., a front-facing sensor 521 of the transceiver 520 or a rear-facing sensor 522 of the transceiver 520) is being used for RF sensing). As another example, a network entity may respond to an explicit or implicit request from a mobile device by allocating resources for an RF sensing mode, which may be a change from a present RF sensing mode. As another example, a network entity may determine a desired RF sensing mode independently of communication from a mobile device, e.g., by determining a location of the mobile device and a desired RF sensing mode associated with that location. Still other examples may be used.

[0068] Referring also to FIG. 10, a signal and processing flow 1000 for RF sensing mode allocation includes stages shown. The flow 1000 is an example flow and not limiting. The flow 1000 may be altered, e.g., by having one or more messages and / or one or more stages added, removed, rearranged, combined, performed concurrently, and / or having one or more messages and / or one or more stages split into multiple messages and / or stages. For example, one or more of sub-stages 1021, 1024, 1027, 1051, 1054 may be omitted. The flow 1000 shows signal transfer between the network entity 600, a TRP 1001, a TRP 1002, the device 500, and an object 1003. The network entity 600 is shown separate from the TRP 1001, but may include the TRP 1001 or the TRP 1002. The TRPs 1001, 1002 are examples of the TRP 300.

[0069] At stage 1010, the network entity 600, e.g., the sensing mode unit 660, indicates an RF sensing mode and resource allocation for the RF sensing mode. For example, the network entity 600 may send one or more assistance data (AD) messages 1011, 1012, 1013 to the TRPs 1001, 1002, and / or the device 500, respectively. The message 1013 may be transmitted by one of the TRPs 1001, 1002 to the device 500, with the content of the message 1013 being provided to the TRP 1001, 1002 by the network entity 600. The message(s) 1011-1013 may provide, for example, a notification of the RF sensing mode (e.g., category, frequency, and participant(s) and role(s)), andallocated OFDM resources (e.g., resource elements). The sensing mode unit 660 may determine the sensing mode characteristics based on one or more factors, e.g., performance requirement(s), whether a TRP is LOS to the object 1003, direction of sensing, direction of travel of the device 500, resources used, and / or estimated distance(s) to the object 1003, etc. The sensing mode unit 660 may select the sensing mode characteristics that will meet performance requirement(s). If multiple sensing modes can meet the sensing requirement(s), then the sensing mode unit 660 may select the sensing mode characteristics based on one or more further factors, e.g., resources used, whether the sensing mode may cause interference, etc.

[0070] At stage 1020, the appropriate cntity(ics) may perform RF sensing signal transfer per the indication(s) at stage 1010. For example, at sub-stage 1021, the TRP 1001 may perform monostatic sensing signal transfer by transmitting a Tx-RS 1022 (transmit reference signal) and receiving an Rx-RS 1023 (receive reference signal) that is a reflection of the Tx-RS 1022 reflected by the object 1003. As another example, at sub-stage 1024, the TRPs 1001, 1002 may perform TRP / TRP bistatic sensing signal transfer, here with the TRP 1002 (e.g., the sensing unit 650) transmitting a Tx- RS 1025 and the TRP 1001 (e.g., the sensing unit 650) receiving an Rx-RS 1026. As another example, at sub-stage 1027, the TRP 1001 and the device 500 may perform UE / TRP bi-static sensing signal transfer, here with the device 500 (e.g., the sensing unit 550) transmitting a Tx-RS 1028 and the TRP 1001 receiving and measuring an Rx-RS 1029.

[0071] At stage 1030, the TRP 1001 may measure the received sensing signal(s). The TRP 1001 may measure the received sensing RS and send a report 1032 to the network entity 600 and / or a report 1034 to the device 500 indicating the measurement(s), e.g., RSSI (Received Signal Strength Indicator) value(s), RSRP (Reference Signal Received Power) value(s), SNR value(s), etc. The report 1034 may indicate information regarding the object 1003, e.g., a location of the object 1003 (e.g., relative to the TRP 1001 and / or relative to the device 500 (e.g., based on a location estimate for the device 500)), a trajectory of the object 1003, and / or a speed of the object 1003. The report 1034 may indicate one or more sensing requirements of the device 500 (although this information may be provided in another manner, e.g., in another communication to the network entity 600 instead of or in addition to the report 1034).

[0072] At stage 1040, the device 500 may determine a location of the device 500, motion of the device 500, and / or an RF sensing direction. For example, the processor 510 may determine a location estimate based on one or more received terrestrial network reference signals (e.g., Positioning Reference Signal(s) (PRS)) and / or one or more Satellite Positioning System (SPS) signals, and / or another mechanism (e.g., E-CID (Enhanced Cell Identity), dead reckoning, etc.).The device 500 may report the location estimate by transmitting a notification of the location estimate to the network entity 600 (e.g., via the TRP 1001) in a report 1042. Also or alternatively, the processor 10 may determine motion, e.g., speed and / or direction, of the device 500 and transmit a notification of the motion to the network entity 600 in the report 1042. Also or alternatively, the processor 510 may determine a direction of RF sensing (e.g., whether the device is using front-facing RF sensing, rear- facing RF sensing, etc.). The processor 510 may send, via the transceiver 520, a notification of the direction (absolute and / or relative to the device 500, e.g., relative to a direction of travel of the device 500) of RF sensing to the network entity 600 in the report 1042. The report 1042 may serve as an implicit request for a sensing mode selection, e.g., a sensing mode change. For example, the location of the device 500 may be associated with a particular sensing mode, e.g., the location being in the region 950. As another example, the location and motion of the device 500, possibly coupled with the RF sensing direction, or even the RF sensing direction alone, may be an implicit request for bi-static sensing using a TRP in a region of the RF sensing.

[0073] At stage 1050, the appropriate entity(ies) may perform RF sensing signal transfer per the indication(s) at stage 1010. For example, at sub-stage 1051, the device 500 may perform monostatic sensing signal transfer by transmitting a Tx-RS 1052 and receiving an Rx-RS 1053 that is a reflection of the Tx-RS 1052 reflected by the object 1003. As another example, at sub-stage 1054, the TRP 1001 and the device 500 may perform UE / TRP bi-static sensing signal transfer, here with the TRP 1001 transmitting a Tx-RS 1055 and the device 500 (e.g., the sensing unit 550) receiving and measuring an Rx-RS 1056.

[0074] At stage 1060, the device 500, e.g., the sensing unit 550, may measure the received sensing signal(s). The device 500 may measure the received sensing RS and send a report 1062 to the network entity 600 (e.g., via the TRP 1001) indicating the measurement) s), e.g., RSSI value(s), RSRP value(s), SNR value(s), etc. The device 500 may transmit one or more sensing requirements in the report 1062, and / or the network entity 600 may have independent knowledge of the sensing requirement(s). The report 1062 may serve as an implicit request for a sensing mode selection, e.g., a sensing mode change, e.g., based on the measurement(s) indicating failure to meet one or more sensing requirements.

[0075] At stage 1070, the device 500, e.g., the sensing mode unit 560, may determine a sensing mode and / or may determine a desirability of a change in sensing mode. For example, the sensing mode unit 560 may determine, based on static device implementation (configuration of the device, e.g., by a manufacturer of the device), that one or more RF sensing signal measurements areinadequate to meet one or more sensing requirements (e.g., signal quality is poor (e.g., SNR below a threshold, interference above a threshold, RSSI below a threshold, RSRP below a threshold, etc.), uncertainty above a threshold, etc.). As another example, the sensing mode unit 560 may select a particular sensing mode based on one or more sensing signal measurement values. As another example, the sensing mode unit 560 may select a preferred sensing mode from a set of available sensing modes. As another example, the sensing mode unit 560 may determine, based on a location estimate for the device 500, that the device 500 is within a region associated with a specific sensing mode (or a set of possible sensing modes). The region(s) associated with one or more respective sensing modes may be stored in the memory 530, e.g., programmed into the memory 530 during manufacture of the device 500. The sensing mode(s) associated with a region may be potential sensing modes from which a sensing mode may be selected (e.g., by the device 500 or the network entity 600). A first sensing mode (e.g., UE monostatic sensing) may be associated with a particular region and a second sensing mode (e.g., TRP / UE bi-static sensing) may be associated with a region outside of the particular region. As another example, the sensing mode unit 560 may determine, based on a location estimate for the device 500 and a trajectory (direction) of the device 500, that the device 500 will be within a region associated with a specific sensing mode (or perhaps a set of possible sensing modes) in the future. The sensing mode unit 560 may use a speed of the device 500 to determine whether the device 500 will be within the region within a threshold amount of time in the future to determine a desired mode or that a mode change is desirable.

[0076] Alternatively, the sensing mode unit 560 may determine, based on a configuration from an external source defining a trigger for a sensing mode or sensing mode change, whether a specific sensing mode, or at least that a change in sensing mode, is desirable. Such a configuration may, for example, be indicated by an external entity, e.g., the network entity 600 (e.g., an LMF, an SMF (Sensing Management Function), etc.), or may be specified in an industry standard. The configuration may be, for example, an SNR threshold, an RSSI threshold, and / or an RSRP threshold, etc. For example, the network entity 600 may indicate an RSRP threshold for TRP / UE bi-static sensing. The sensing unit 550 may measure the RF sensing signal(s) and the sensing mode unit 560 may determine whether the measurement(s) meet the requirement(s) of the configuration indicated (e.g., by the network entity 600, by the industry standard, etc.). As another example, the sensing mode unit 560 may determine, based on a location estimate for the device 500, that the device 500 is within a region (e.g., the region 950) associated with a specific sensing mode (or a set of possible sensing modes, e.g., bi-static without a specific frequency and / or with multiple TRPsindicated). The region(s) associated with one or more respective sensing modes may be stored in the memory 530, and may be obtained from an external source such as the network entity 600.

[0077] The device 500, e.g., the sensing mode unit 560, may transmit a sensing-mode request 1072 to the network entity 600 (e.g., via the TRP 1001). The request 1072 may include an implicit request and / or an explicit request for a change in sensing mode, and / or may include an explicit request for a specific sensing mode, or for the network entity 600 to select one of a set of multiple specified sensing modes (e.g., specified by an industry standard). The device 500 may transmit the sensing-mode request 1072 in a semi-static or dynamic manner. For example, the device 500 may transmit the request 1072 as an AS (Access Stratum) signal (e.g., RRC (Radio Resource Control) signal), or as a NAS (Non-Access Stratum) signal. For example, RRC signaling carrying the request 1072 may be sent from the device 500 to the TRP 1001, or NAS signaling carrying the request 1072 may be sent from the device 500 to the network entity 600 (e.g., an LMF or SMF). As another example, the request 1072 may be earned in PHY (physical layer) or MAC (Media Access Control) layer signaling (e.g., a dedicated UCI (Uplink Control Information) format or a MAC CE (Control Element). An implicit request for a sensing mode change is discussed further above. An implicit request may indicate a measurement that may be of poor or good quality. For example, the request 1072 may indicate an RSRP of an acceptable value, implicitly indicating that bi-static sensing is viable, or may indicate an RSRP of an unacceptable value, implicitly indicating that bistatic sensing is not viable. As another example, the request 1072 may indicate whether an RSRP is acceptable or not, with or without indicating the measured RSRP value. An explicit request may specify a sensing mode (e.g., specifying sensing mode category, frequency, entity for monostatic sensing, TRP for TRP / UE bi-static sensing, and / or entity role for bi-static sensing (transmitter or receiver)), or may request a change to an unspecified sensing mode.

[0078] The sensing-mode request 1072 may indicate a variety of information. For example, the request 1072 may indicate that a presently-used sensing mode is unable to meet one or more sensing requirements as an implicit request for a sensing mode change. Examples of such a request include an indication of strong (e.g., above a threshold magnitude) interference and / or an indication of low (e.g., below a threshold) received signal power. As another example, the request 1072 may explicitly request a change from the presently-used sensing mode (and may indicate the present sensing mode, e.g., all of the characteristics of the present sensing mode). The explicit request may or may not request a specific new sensing mode. The explicit request may indicate all sensing mode characteristics of a requested sensing mode or may indicate one or more, but less than all, sensing mode characteristics (e.g., category, frequency, entity role) of a requested sensing mode.

[0079] At stage 1080, similar to stage 1040, the network entity 600 may determine a location of the device 500, motion of the device 500, and / or sensing direction of the device 500. For example, the processor 610 may determine a location estimate for the device 500 based on measurements, indicated in the report 1042, of one or more received terrestrial network reference signals (e.g., Positioning Reference Signal(s) (PRS)) and / or one or more Satellite Positioning System (SPS) signals, and / or another mechanism (e.g., E-CID (Enhanced Cell Identity), a location of a serving TRP for the device 500, etc.). Also or alternatively, the processor 610 may determine trajectory and / or speed of the device 500.

[0080] At stage 1090, the network entity 600, e.g., the sensing mode unit 660, may determine a sensing mode. The sensing mode unit 660 may determine a sensing mode (including whether to change from a present sensing mode) in response to the request 1072 or independent of the request 1072. The sensing mode unit 660 may determine a sensing mode, e.g., based on ability of sensing modes to meet performance requirement(s) and resources used.

[0081] The sensing mode unit 660 may make a sensing mode selection (e.g., a sensing mode change) based on network entity implementation. For example, the sensing mode unit 660 may determine a sensing mode selection based on one or more (raw and / or processed) sensing signal measurements, e.g., as provided by the TRP 1001 in the report 1032 or as provided by the device 500 in the report 1062. For example, the sensing mode unit 660 may determine that a present sensing mode is unable to provide sensing sufficient to meet one or more sensing requirements (e.g., maximum range to an object, resolution (granularity) of a range to an object, maximum velocity of an object, resolution of velocity of an object, and / or an angular requirement (e.g., accuracy and / or resolution of angle of the object relative to a reference)), e.g., for tracking a target object. The sensing mode unit 660 may make this determination based, for example, on an RSSI measurement being below a threshold, an SNR measurement being below a threshold, and / or an RSRP measurement being below a threshold, etc. As another example, the sensing mode unit 660 may determine that a present sensing mode is able to provide sensing sufficient to meet one or more sensing requirements, but that another sensing mode may provide better performance, or at least satisfactory performance using fewer resources, that justifies a change in sensing mode. As another example, the sensing mode unit 660 may determine that a present sensing mode is able to provide sensing sufficient to meet one or more sensing requirements, and possibly that no other sensing mode will provide better performance or sufficiently better performance to justify a sensing mode switch, and thus that a sensing mode change is unwarranted.

[0082] Also or alternatively, the sensing mode unit 660 may determine (e.g., in response to the request 1072 or independently of the request 1072) a sensing mode based on the location and / or the trajectory and / or the speed of the device 500. For example, the sensing mode unit 660 may determine a sensing mode based on the location of the device 500 relative to one or more regions each with one or more associated sensing modes (e.g., one or more required or preferred sensing modes). The sensing mode unit 660 may, for example, the network entity 600 may have access to a database or other external information source of regions and associated (preferred) sensing modes, e.g., a database or coverage map indicating locations of TRPs and / or preferred sensing mode(s) for each region (e.g., road, road segment, polygon, etc.). The sensing mode unit 660 may determine a sensing mode based on the location and / or trajectory and / or speed of the device 500 and the region(s) with specified sensing mode(s). The sensing mode unit 660 may also consider other information such as whether front-facing or rear- facing sensing is to be performed, TRP location(s) within one or more of the region(s) with specified sensing mode(s), size(s) of the region(s), etc. For example, the sensing mode unit 660 may determine to implement bi-static sensing for a large region and / or where an object is far (beyond a threshold distance) from the device 500 and a TRP is available.

[0083] As another example, the sensing mode unit 660 may respond to the request 1072 to determine a sensing mode. The sensing mode unit 660 may determine the sensing mode based on content of the request 1072, e.g., a specified sensing mode, one or more specified sensing mode characteristics, or multiple specified potential sensing modes (e.g., multiple specified sets of sensing mode characteristics). The sensing mode unit 660 may determine the sensing mode based on one or more sensing signal measurements indicated in the request 1072, e.g., to determine a sensing mode that may be able to meet one or more sensing requirements. As another example, the sensing mode unit 660 may determine whether to change a sensing mode based on the request 1072, e.g., based on an explicit or implicit request to change from a present sensing mode.

[0084] At stage 1095, the network entity 600, e.g., the sensing mode unit 660, may return to stage 1010 to allocate appropriate resources (e.g., OFDM resource elements) for the sensing mode determined at stage 1090. The indication of a determined sensing mode may indicate a change from the present sensing mode to a different sensing mode (i.e., a sensing mode with a value of at least one sensing mode characteristic (e.g., category, frequency, involved entity(ies), entity role(s)) that is different from a corresponding value of the set of sensing mode characteristic values of the present sensing mode). A characteristic value may be different by having different values in each of the sets, or by being in the new set of values and absent from the present set of values, or bybeing absent from the new set of values and in the present set of values. The indication of a determined sensing mode may be, for example, through dynamic signaling (e.g., PHY / MAC signaling) from a TRP), or through semi-static signaling (e.g., RRC or NAS signaling from an LMF or SMF).

[0085] The flow 1000 is an example and other flow configurations may be used. For example, the TRP 1001 may perform stage 1080 and / or stage 1090 (as indicated by dashed boxes). The TRP 1001 may thus determine a sensing mode and / or determine that a sensing mode change is desirable, and send a request to the network entity 600 requesting (implicitly or explicitly) a sensing mode and / or a sensing mode change.

[0086] Referring to FIG. 11, with further reference to FIGS. 1-10, a method 1100 of radio frequency sensing at an apparatus includes the stages shown. The method 1100 is, however, an example only and not limiting. The method 1100 may be altered, e.g., by having one or more stages added, removed, rearranged, combined, performed concurrently, and / or by having one or more single stages split into multiple stages.

[0087] At stage 1110, the method 1100 includes operating the apparatus, during a first time duration, in a first radio frequency sensing mode that is one of a plurality of radio frequency sensing modes, each of the plurality of radio frequency sensing modes comprising either a monostatic sensing mode or a bi-static sensing mode. For example, at stage 1020 or stage 1050, the device 500 or the TRP 1001 operates in a first RF sensing mode. The processor 510, possibly in combination with the memory 530, in combination with the transceiver 520 (e.g., the wireless receiver 244 and the antenna 246, and / or the wireless transmitter 242 and the antenna 246) may comprise means for operating in the first RF sensing mode. The processor 610, possibly in combination with the memory 630, in combination with the transceiver 620 (e.g., the wireless receiver 344 and the antenna 346, and / or the wireless transmitter 342 and the antenna 346) may comprise means for operating in the first RF sensing mode.

[0088] At stage 1120, the method 1100 includes obtaining a mode indication indicating a second radio frequency sensing mode of the plurality of radio frequency sensing modes based on at least one of a location of a mobile wireless signaling device and a reference signal measurement quality of the first radio frequency sensing mode corresponding to the first time duration. For example, at stage 1070 the device 500 may obtain a mode indication, e.g., from the memory 530 based on the location of the device 500. As another example, at stage 1010 the device 500 may receive the message 1013 indicating an RF sensing mode. As another example, at stage 1090 the network entity 600 (or the TRP 1001) may determine an RF sensing mode. As another example, at stage1010 the TRP 1001 may receive the message 1011 indicating an RF sensing mode. The processor 510, possibly in combination with the memory 530, possibly in combination with the transceiver 520 (e.g., the wireless receiver 244 and the antenna 246) may comprise means for obtaining the mode indication. The processor 610, possibly in combination with the memory 630, possibly in combination with the transceiver 620 (e.g., the wireless receiver 344 and the antenna 346, and / or the wired receiver 354) may comprise means for obtaining the mode indication.

[0089] At stage 1130, the method 1100 includes operating the apparatus, during a second time duration after the first time duration and in response to the mode indication, in the second radio frequency sensing mode. For example, at stage 1020 or stage 1050, the device 500 or the TRP 1001 operates in a second RF sensing mode. The processor 510, possibly in combination with the memory 530, in combination with the transceiver 520 (e.g., the wireless receiver 244 and the antenna 246, and / or the wireless transmitter 242 and the antenna 246) may comprise means for operating in the second RF sensing mode. The processor 610, possibly in combination with the memory 630, in combination with the transceiver 620 (e.g., the wireless receiver 344 and the antenna 346, and / or the wireless transmitter 342 and the antenna 346) may comprise means for operating in the second RF sensing mode.

[0090] Implementations of the method 1100 may include one or more of the following features. In an example implementation, obtaining the mode indication includes receiving the mode indication at the apparatus from a network entity. For example, at stage 1010, the device 500 may receive the message 1013 with an indication of an RF sensing mode. As another example, at stage 1010, the TRP 1001 may receive the message 1011 with an indication of an RF sensing mode. As another example, at stage 1090 the TRP 1001 may retrieve a mode indication from the memory 330, e.g., based on a location and trajectory of the device 500, with the network entity and the apparatus being a single entity. In a further example implementation, obtaining the mode indication includes: determining the location of the mobile wireless signaling device; determining that a radio frequency sensing mode associated with the location of the mobile wireless signaling device is the second radio frequency sensing mode; transmitting, from the apparatus to the network entity, a mode request that requests for the apparatus to operate in the second radio frequency sensing mode; and receiving, from the network entity, the mode indication in response to the mode request. For example, at stage 1040, the device 500 may determine a location estimate for the device 500 and retrieve, from the memory 530, a mode indication associated with the location (e.g., in a look-up table of locations and sensing modes), and transmit the report 1042 indicating the retrieved mode. At stage 1010, the device 500 may receive the message 1013 with the mode indication in responseto the report 1042. The processor 510, possibly in combination with the memory 530, possibly in combination with the transceiver 520 (e.g., the wireless receiver 244 and the antenna 246) and / or in combination with one or more other components (e.g., one or more of the sensor(s) 213 and / or the SPS receiver 217 and the antenna 262) may comprise means for determining the location of the mobile wireless signaling device. The processor 510, possibly in combination with the memory 530, may comprise means for determining the radio frequency sensing mode associated with the location. The processor 510, possibly in combination with the memory 530, in combination with the transceiver 520 (e.g., the wireless transmitter 242 and the antenna 246) may comprise means for transmitting the request. The processor 510, possibly in combination with the memory 530, in combination with the transceiver 520 (e.g., the wireless receiver 244 and the antenna 246) may comprise means for receiving the mode indication. As another example, at stage 1080 the TRP 1001 may determine a location estimate for the device 500, retrieve the sensing mode associated with the location estimate from memory, transmit a request to the network entity 600 (e.g., similar to the report 1042, or an internal communication if the network entity 600 and the TRP 1001 are a single entity), and at stage 1010 receive an indication of an RF sensing mode in response to the request. The processor 310, possibly in combination with the memory 330, possibly in combination with the transceiver 320 (e.g., the wireless receiver 344 and the antenna 346) may comprise means for determining the location of the mobile wireless signaling device. The processor 310, possibly in combination with the memory 330, may comprise means for determining the radio frequency sensing mode associated with the location. The processor 310, possibly in combination with the memory 330, possibly in combination with the transceiver 320 (e.g., the wireless transmitter 342 and the antenna 346, and / or the wired transmitter 352) may comprise means for transmitting the request. The processor 310, possibly in combination with the memory 330, possibly in combination with the transceiver 320 (e.g., the wireless receiver 344 and the antenna 346, and / or the wired receiver 354) may comprise means for receiving the mode indication. The apparatus and the network entity could be portions of a single entity. The apparatus could be the mobile wireless signaling device, or a TRP separate from the network entity.

[0091] Also or alternatively, implementations of the method 1100 may include one or more of the following features. In another further example implementation, obtaining the mode indication includes: determining the location of the mobile wireless signaling device; and transmitting, from the apparatus to the network entity, a notification of a direction of radio frequency sensing by the apparatus. For example, at stage 1040 the device 500 may transmit an indication of a direction of RF sensing (e.g., front-facing sensing or rear-facing sensing) in the report 1042 in order to obtainthe mode indication. The processor 510, possibly in combination with the memory 530, in combination with the transceiver 520 (e.g., the wireless transmitter 242 and the antenna 246) may comprise means for transmitting the notification of the direction of RF sensing. As another example, at stage 1080 the TRP 1001 may transmit an indication of a direction of RF sensing (e.g., front-facing sensing or rear-facing sensing) internally to the TRP 1001 and / or to the network entity 600. The processor 310, possibly in combination with the memory 330, possibly in combination with the transceiver 320 (e.g., the wireless transmitter 342 and the antenna 346, and / or the wired transmitter 352) may comprise means for transmitting the notification of the direction of RF sensing. In a further example implementation, the notification is a first notification, and obtaining the mode indication further comprises transmitting, from the apparatus to the network entity, a second notification of a speed and direction of travel of the apparatus. For example, the report 1042 may include the speed and direction of travel of the device 500. As another example, at stage 1080 a communication internal to the TRP 1001 or to the network entity 600 may include the speed and direction of travel of the device 500.

[0092] Also or alternatively, implementations of the method 1100 may include one or more of the following features. In another further example implementation, obtaining the mode indication includes: measuring at least one first reference signal corresponding to the first radio frequency sensing mode to determine at least one measurement value; transmitting, from the apparatus to the network entity based on the at least one measurement value, a mode-change request indicating a request to change radio frequency sensing mode from the first radio frequency sensing mode; and receiving, from the network entity, the mode indication in response to the mode-change request. For example, at stage 1060 the device 500 measures one or more sensing signals. The device 500 may transmit a mode-change request, e.g., an implicit request in the report 1062 and / or an implicit or explicit request in the request 1072. The processor 510, possibly in combination with the memory 530, may comprise means for measuring at least one first reference signal. The processor 510, possibly in combination with the memory 530, in combination with the transceiver 520 (e.g., the wireless transmitter 242 and the antenna 246) may comprise means for transmitting the modechange request. As another example, at stage 1030 the TRP 1001 measures one or more RF sensing signals. The TRP 1001 may send a mode-change request, e.g., an implicit request in the report 1032 and / or an implicit or explicit request in a communication to the network entity 600 at stage 1090 (which may be a communication internal to the TRP). The processor 310, possibly in combination with the memory 330, may comprise means for measuring at least one first reference signal. The processor 310, possibly in combination with the memory 330, possibly in combinationwith the transceiver 320 (e.g., the wireless transmitter 342 and the antenna 346, and / or the wired transmitter 352) may comprise means for transmitting the mode-change request. The apparatus and the network entity could be portions of a single entity. The apparatus could be the mobile wireless signaling device, or a TRP separate from the network entity. In another further example implementation, the mode-change request identifies the second radio frequency sensing mode. For example, the mode-change request may be an explicit request that specifies the second RF sensing mode (e.g., specifies RF sensing mode category and frequency, and possibly entity(ies) and entity roles (as appropriate)). In another further example implementation, the mode-change request comprises the at least one measurement value. For example, the mode-change request may be an implicit request of one or more RF sensing signal measurements from which a determination may be made that one or more sensing requirements are not being met. In another further example implementation, the mode-change request indicates at least one of: a first request to change from a radio frequency sensing category of the first radio frequency sensing mode; a second request to change from a frequency of the first radio frequency sensing mode; a transmission / reception role of the apparatus in the second radio frequency sensing mode; and a transmission / reception point of the second radio frequency sensing mode. Thus, the mode-change request may request to change from a present RF sensing mode category (e.g., from monostatic to bi-static or from bi-static to monostatic), may request to change a frequency of RF sensing signals, may request a specific role of the device 500 (or the TRP 1001) in a new RF sensing mode, and / or may request a specific TRP in a new RF sensing mode.

[0093] Also or alternatively, implementations of the method 1100 may include one or more of the following features. In an example implementation, the apparatus is the mobile wireless signaling device and is a vehicle, and obtaining the mode indication comprises: determining a direction of travel of the apparatus; and transmitting, from the apparatus to a network entity, a notification of the direction of travel of the apparatus and whether the apparatus is using a front- facing sensor or a rear- facing sensor for radio frequency sensing. For example, at stage 1040 the device 500 may determine a direction of travel of the device 500, and transmit indications of the direction of Ravel of the device 500 and of a direction of RF sensing (e.g., whether the device 500 is performing frontfacing sensing or rear- facing sensing, e.g., whether the device 500 is using the front- facing sensor 521 or the rear-facing sensor 522) in the report 1042 in order to obtain the mode indication. The processor 510, possibly in combination with the memory 530, possibly in combination with one or more sensors (e.g., of the sensor(s) 213) may comprise means for determining a direction of travel of the apparatus and the processor 510, possibly in combination with the memory 530, incombination with the transceiver 520 (e.g., the wireless transmitter 242 and the antenna 246) may comprise means for transmitting the notification.

[0094] Referring to FIG. 12, with further reference to FIGS. 1-10, a method 1200 of controlling radio frequency sensing includes the stages shown. The method 1200 is, however, an example only and not limiting. The method 1200 may be altered, e.g., by having one or more stages added, removed, rearranged, combined, performed concurrently, and / or by having one or more single stages split into multiple stages.

[0095] At stage 1210, the method 1200 includes allocating, by a network entity, first signaling resources for at least one first apparatus to operate, during a first time duration, in a first radio frequency sensing mode that is one of a plurality of radio frequency sensing modes, each of the plurality of radio frequency sensing modes comprising either a monostatic sensing mode or a bistatic sensing mode. For example, at stage 1010, the network entity 600 transmits one or more of the messages 1011-1013 indicating sensing mode resources, e.g., OFDM resource elements for RF sensing, and possibly specifying other sensing mode characteristics (e.g., category, entity role(s), etc.). The processor 610, possibly in combination with the memory 630, possibly in combination with the transceiver 620 (e.g., the wireless transmitter 442 and the antenna 446, and / or the wired transmitter 452, or the wireless transmitter 342 and the antenna 346) may comprise means for allocating the first signaling resources.

[0096] At stage 1220, the method 1200 includes allocating, by the network entity, second signaling resources for at least one second apparatus to operate, during a second time duration, in a second radio frequency sensing mode that is one of the plurality of radio frequency sensing modes, wherein allocating the second signaling resources is based on at least one of a location of a mobile wireless signaling device or a radio frequency sensing mode request received from a requesting apparatus of the at least one first apparatus. For example, at stage 1010 (returning from stage 1095), the network entity 600 transmits one or more of the messages 1011-1013 indicating sensing mode resources, e.g., OFDM resource elements for RF sensing, and possibly specifying other sensing mode characteristics (e.g., category, entity role(s), etc.). The resources allocated in the message(s) 1011- 1013 are based on a location of the device 500 and / or an implicit or explicit RF sensing mode request (e.g., the request 1072 or an internal request determined at stage 1090). The processor 610, possibly in combination with the memory 630, possibly in combination with the transceiver 620 (e.g., the wireless transmitter 442 and the antenna 446, and / or the wired transmitter 452, or the wireless transmitter 342 and the antenna 346) may comprise means for allocating the second signaling resources.

[0097] Implementations of the method 1200 may include one or more of the following features. In an example implementation, allocating the second signaling resources comprises allocating the second signaling resources based on: determining the location of the mobile wireless signaling device; and determining a radio frequency sensing mode associated with the location of the mobile wireless signaling device as the second radio frequency sensing mode. For example, the network entity 600, e.g., the sensing mode unit 660, may allocate the second signaling resources for a second RF sensing mode based on determining the location of the device 500 at stage 1080 (e.g., receiving a location estimate from the device 500 and / or determining a location estimate for the device 500) and identifying a sensing mode associated with the location (e.g., by finding the location in a look-up table of locations and associated sensing mode(s)). The processor 610, possibly in combination with the memory 630, possibly in combination with the transceiver 620 (e.g., the wireless receiver 444 and the antenna 446, and / or the wired receiver 454, or the wireless receiver 344 and the antenna 346) may comprise means for determining the location of the mobile wireless signaling device. The processor 610, possibly in combination with the memory 630, may comprise means for determining an RF sensing mode associated with the location. In another example implementation, allocating the second signaling resources comprises allocating the second signaling resources based on receiving the radio frequency sensing mode request, wherein the radio frequency sensing mode request comprises an explicit indication of the second radio frequency sensing mode. For example, the sensing mode unit 660 may allocate sensing resources based on an explicit indication, specifying an RF sensing mode, received in the request 1072. The processor 610, possibly in combination with the memory 630, possibly in combination with the transceiver 620 (e.g., the wireless receiver 444 and the antenna 446, and / or the wired receiver 454, or the wireless receiver 344 and the antenna 346) may comprise means for allocating signaling resources based on receiving the RF sensing mode request. In another example implementation, allocating the second signaling resources comprises allocating the second signaling resources based on receiving the radio frequency sensing mode request, wherein the radio frequency sensing mode request comprises at least one indication of at least one measurement of the first signaling resources. For example, the sensing mode unit 660 may allocate sensing resources based on an implicit request comprising one or more sensing signal measurements indicated in the report 1032 or the report 1062. The processor 610, possibly in combination with the memory 630, possibly in combination with the transceiver 620 (e.g., the wireless receiver 444 and the antenna 446, and / or the wired receiver 454, or the wireless receiver 344 and the antenna 346) may comprise means for allocating signaling resources based on receiving the RF sensing mode request.

[0098] Also or alternatively, implementations of the method 1200 may include one or more of the following features. In an example implementation, allocating the second signaling resources comprises allocating the second signaling resources based on receiving the radio frequency sensing mode request, wherein the radio frequency sensing mode request comprises a mode-change request. For example, the sensing mode unit 660 may allocate sensing resources based on an explicit request to change modes in the request 1072. The processor 610, possibly in combination with the memory 630, possibly in combination with the transceiver 620 (e.g., the wireless receiver 444 and the antenna 446, and / or the wired receiver 454, or the wireless receiver 344 and the antenna 346) may comprise means for allocating signaling resources based on receiving the RF sensing mode request. In a further example implementation, the mode-change request indicates at least one of: a first request to change from a radio frequency sensing category of the first radio frequency sensing mode; a second request to change from a frequency of the first radio frequency sensing mode; a transmission / reception role of the requesting apparatus in the second radio frequency sensing mode; and a transmission / reception point of the second radio frequency sensing mode. For example, the request 1072 may request for a new RF sensing mode to be of a different category than a present RF sensing mode, may request the new RF sensing mode to use RF sensing signals with a different frequency than a present RF sensing mode, may specify a role (transmitter and / or receiver) of the apparatus (e.g., the device 500) in a new RF sensing mode, and / or may specify a TRP to be used in the new RF sensing mode.

[0099] Implementation examples

[0100] Implementation examples are provided in the following numbered clauses.

[0101] Clause 1. A method of radio frequency sensing at an apparatus, the method comprising: operating the apparatus, during a first time duration, in a first radio frequency sensing mode that is one of a plurality of radio frequency sensing modes, each of the plurality of radio frequency sensing modes comprising either a monostatic sensing mode or a bi-static sensing mode; obtaining a mode indication indicating a second radio frequency sensing mode of the plurality of radio frequency sensing modes based on at least one of a location of a mobile wireless signaling device and a reference signal measurement quality of the first radio frequency sensing mode corresponding to the first time duration; and operating the apparatus, during a second time duration after the first time duration and in response to the mode indication, in the second radio frequency sensing mode.

[0102] Clause 2. The method of clause 1, wherein obtaining the mode indication comprises receiving the mode indication at the apparatus from a network entity.

[0103] Clause 3. The method of either clause 1 or clause 2, wherein obtaining the mode indication comprises: determining the location of the mobile wireless signaling device; determining that a radio frequency sensing mode associated with the location of the mobile wireless signaling device is the second radio frequency sensing mode; transmitting, from the apparatus to the network entity, a mode request that requests for the apparatus to operate in the second radio frequency sensing mode; and receiving, from the network entity, the mode indication in response to the mode request.

[0104] Clause 4. The method of any of clauses 1-3, wherein obtaining the mode indication comprises: determining the location of the mobile wireless signaling device; and transmitting, from the apparatus to the network entity, a notification of a direction of radio frequency sensing by the apparatus.

[0105] Clause 5. The method of clause 4, wherein the notification is a first notification, and wherein obtaining the mode indication further comprises transmitting, from the apparatus to the network entity, a second notification of a speed and direction of travel of the apparatus.

[0106] Clause 6. The method of either clause 1 or clause 2, wherein obtaining the mode indication comprises: measuring at least one first reference signal corresponding to the first radio frequency sensing mode to determine at least one measurement value; transmitting, from the apparatus to the network entity based on the at least one measurement value, a mode-change request indicating a request to change radio frequency sensing mode from the first radio frequency sensing mode; and receiving, from the network entity, the mode indication in response to the mode-change request.

[0107] Clause 7. The method of clause 6, wherein the mode-change request identifies the second radio frequency sensing mode.

[0108] Clause 8. The method of clause 6, wherein the mode-change request comprises the at least one measurement value.

[0109] Clause 9. The method of either clause 6 or clause 8, wherein the mode-change request indicates at least one of: a first request to change from a radio frequency sensing category of the first radio frequency sensing mode;a second request to change from a frequency of the first radio frequency sensing mode; a fransmission / reception role of the apparatus in the second radio frequency sensing mode; and a fransmission / reception point of the second radio frequency sensing mode.

[0110] Clause 10. The method of any of clauses 1-3, 6, 8, or 9, wherein the apparatus is the mobile wireless signaling device and is a vehicle, and obtaining the mode indication comprises: determining a direction of travel of the apparatus; and transmitting, from the apparatus to a network entity, a notification of the direction of travel of the apparatus and whether the apparatus is using a front-facing sensor or a rear-facing sensor for radio frequency sensing.

[0111] Clause 11. An apparatus comprising: at least one transceiver; at least one memory; and at least one processor communicatively coupled to the at least one transceiver and the at least one memory and configured to: operate, during a first time duration, in a first radio frequency sensing mode that is one of a plurality of radio frequency sensing modes, each of the plurality of radio frequency sensing modes comprising either a monostatic sensing mode or a bi-static sensing mode; obtain a mode indication indicating a second radio frequency sensing mode of the plurality of radio frequency sensing modes based on at least one of a location of a mobile wireless signaling device and a reference signal measurement quality of the first radio frequency sensing mode corresponding to the first time duration; and operate, during a second time duration after the first time duration and in response to the mode indication, in the second radio frequency sensing mode.

[0112] Clause 12. The apparatus of clause 11, wherein to obtain the mode indication the at least one processor is configured to receive the mode indication at the apparatus from a network entity.

[0113] Clause 13. The apparatus of either clause 11 or clause 12, wherein to obtain the mode indication the at least one processor is configured to: determine the location of the mobile wireless signaling device; determine that a radio frequency sensing mode associated with the location of the mobile wireless signaling device is the second radio frequency sensing mode; transmit, via the at least one transceiver to the network entity, a mode request that requests for the apparatus to operate in the second radio frequency sensing mode; andreceive, via the at least one transceiver from the network entity, the mode indication in response to the mode request.

[0114] Clause 14. The apparatus of any of clauses 11-13, wherein to obtain the mode indication the at least one processor is configured to: determine the location of the mobile wireless signaling device; and transmit, via the at least one transceiver to the network entity, a notification of a direction of radio frequency sensing by the apparatus.

[0115] Clause 15. The apparatus of clause 14, wherein the notification is a first notification, and wherein to obtain the mode indication the at least one processor is configured to transmit, via the at least one transceiver to the network entity, a second notification of a speed and direction of travel of the apparatus.

[0116] Clause 16. The apparatus of either clause 11 or clause 12, wherein to obtain the mode indication the at least one processor is configured to: measure at least one first reference signal corresponding to the first radio frequency sensing mode to determine at least one measurement value; transmit, via the at least one transceiver to the network entity based on the at least one measurement value, a mode-change request indicating a request to change radio frequency sensing mode from the first radio frequency sensing mode; and receive, via the at least one transceiver from the network entity, the mode indication in response to the mode-change request.

[0117] Clause 17. The apparatus of clause 16, wherein the mode-change request identifies the second radio frequency sensing mode.

[0118] Clause 18. The apparatus of clause 16, wherein the mode-change request comprises the at least one measurement value.

[0119] Clause 19. The apparatus of either clause 16 or clause 18, wherein the mode-change request indicates at least one of: a first request to change from a radio frequency sensing categoiy of the first radio frequency sensing mode; a second request to change from a frequency of the first radio frequency sensing mode; a transmission / reception role of the apparatus in the second radio frequency sensing mode; and a transmission / reception point of the second radio frequency sensing mode.

[0120] Clause 20. The apparatus of any of clauses 11-13, 16, 18, or 19, wherein the apparatus is the mobile wireless signaling device and is a vehicle, and to obtain the mode indication the at least one processor is configured to: determine a direction of travel of the apparatus; and transmit, from the apparatus to a network entity via the at least one transceiver, a notification of the direction of travel of the apparatus and whether the apparatus is using a frontfacing sensor or a rear- facing sensor for radio frequency sensing.

[0121] Clause 21. An apparatus comprising: means for operating, during a first time duration, in a first radio frequency sensing mode that is one of a plurality of radio frequency sensing modes, each of the plurality of radio frequency sensing modes comprising either a monostatic sensing mode or a bi-static sensing mode; means for obtaining a mode indication indicating a second radio frequency sensing mode of the plurality of radio frequency sensing modes based on at least one of a location of a mobile wireless signaling device and a reference signal measurement quality of the first radio frequency sensing mode corresponding to the first time duration; and means for operating, during a second time duration after the first time duration and in response to the mode indication, in the second radio frequency sensing mode.

[0122] Clause 22. The apparatus of clause 21, wherein the means for obtaining the mode indication comprise means for receiving the mode indication at the apparatus from a network entity.

[0123] Clause 23. The apparatus of either clause 21 or clause 22, wherein the means for obtaining the mode indication comprise: means for determining the location of the mobile wireless signaling device; means for determining that a radio frequency sensing mode associated with the location of the mobile wireless signaling device is the second radio frequency sensing mode; means for transmitting, to the network entity, a mode request that requests for the apparatus to operate in the second radio frequency sensing mode; and means for receiving, from the network entity, the mode indication in response to the mode request.

[0124] Clause 24. The apparatus of any of clauses 21-23, wherein the means for obtaining the mode indication comprise: means for determining the location of the mobile wireless signaling device; and means for transmitting, to the network entity, a notification of a direction of radio frequency sensing by the apparatus.

[0125] Clause 25. The apparatus of clause 24, wherein the notification is a first notification, and wherein the means for obtaining the mode indication further comprise means for transmitting, to the network entity, a second notification of a speed and direction of travel of the apparatus.

[0126] Clause 26. The apparatus of either clause 21 or clause 22, wherein the means for obtaining the mode indication comprise: means for measuring at least one first reference signal corresponding to the first radio frequency sensing mode to determine at least one measurement value; means for transmitting, to the network entity based on the at least one measurement value, a mode-change request indicating a request to change radio frequency sensing mode from the first radio frequency sensing mode; and means for receiving, from the network entity, the mode indication in response to the modechange request.

[0127] Clause 27. The apparatus of clause 26, wherein the mode-change request identifies the second radio frequency sensing mode.

[0128] Clause 28. The apparatus of clause 26, wherein the mode-change request comprises the at least one measurement value.

[0129] Clause 29. The apparatus of either clause 26 or clause 28, wherein the mode-change request indicates at least one of: a first request to change from a radio frequency sensing category of the first radio frequency sensing mode; a second request to change from a frequency of the first radio frequency sensing mode; a transmission / reception role of the apparatus in the second radio frequency sensing mode; and a transmission / reception point of the second radio frequency sensing mode.

[0130] Clause 30. The apparatus of any of clauses 21-23, 26, 28, or 29, wherein the apparatus is the mobile wireless signaling device and is a vehicle, and the means for obtaining the mode indication comprise: means for determining a direction of travel of the apparatus; and means for transmitting, to a network entity, a notification of the direction of travel of the apparatus and whether the apparatus is using a front- facing sensor or a rear-facing sensor for radio frequency sensing.

[0131] Clause 31. A non-transitory, processor-readable storage medium comprising processor- readable instructions to cause at least one processor of an apparatus to:operate, during a first time duration, in a first radio frequency sensing mode that is one of a plurality of radio frequency sensing modes, each of the plurality of radio frequency sensing modes comprising either a monostatic sensing mode or a bi-static sensing mode; obtain a mode indication indicating a second radio frequency sensing mode of the plurality of radio frequency sensing modes based on at least one of a location of a mobile wireless signaling device and a reference signal measurement quality of the first radio frequency sensing mode corresponding to the first time duration; and operate, during a second time duration after the first time duration and in response to the mode indication, in the second radio frequency sensing mode.

[0132] Clause 32. The non-transitory, processor-readable storage medium of clause 31, wherein the processor-readable instructions to cause the at least one processor to obtain the mode indication comprise processor-readable instructions to cause the at least one processor to receive the mode indication at the apparatus from a network entity.

[0133] Clause 33. The non-transitory, processor-readable storage medium of either clause 31 or clause 32, wherein the processor-readable instructions to cause the at least one processor to obtain the mode indication comprise processor-readable instructions to cause the at least one processor to: determine the location of the mobile wireless signaling device; determine that a radio frequency sensing mode associated with the location of the mobile wireless signaling device is the second radio frequency sensing mode; transmit, to the network entity, a mode request that requests for the apparatus to operate in the second radio frequency sensing mode; and receive, from the network entity, the mode indication in response to the mode request.

[0134] Clause 34. The non-transitory, processor-readable storage medium of any of clauses 31- 33, wherein the processor-readable instructions to cause the at least one processor to obtain the mode indication comprise processor-readable instructions to cause the at least one processor to: determine the location of the mobile wireless signaling device; and transmit, to the network entity, a notification of a direction of radio frequency sensing by the apparatus.

[0135] Clause 35. The non-transitory, processor-readable storage medium of clause 34, wherein the notification is a first notification, and wherein the processor-readable instructions to cause the at least one processor to obtain the mode indication further comprise processor-readable instructions to cause the at least one processor to transmit, to the network entity, a second notification of a speed and direction of travel of the apparatus.

[0136] Clause 36. The non-transitory, processor-readable storage medium of either clause 31 or clause 32, wherein the processor-readable instructions to cause the at least one processor to obtain the mode indication comprise processor-readable instructions to cause the at least one processor to: measure at least one first reference signal corresponding to the first radio frequency sensing mode to determine at least one measurement value; transmit, to the network entity based on the at least one measurement value, a mode-change request indicating a request to change radio frequency sensing mode from the first radio frequency sensing mode; and receive, from the network entity, the mode indication in response to the mode-change request.

[0137] Clause 37. The non-transitory, processor-readable storage medium of clause 36, wherein the mode-change request identifies the second radio frequency sensing mode.

[0138] Clause 38. The non-transitory, processor-readable storage medium of clause 36, wherein the mode-change request comprises the at least one measurement value.

[0139] Clause 39. The non-transitory, processor-readable storage medium of either clause 36 or clause 38, wherein the mode-change request indicates at least one of: a first request to change from a radio frequency sensing category of the first radio frequency sensing mode; a second request to change from a frequency of the first radio frequency sensing mode; a transmission / reception role of the apparatus in the second radio frequency sensing mode; and a transmission / reception point of the second radio frequency sensing mode.

[0140] Clause 40. The non-transitory, processor-readable storage medium of any of clauses 31- 33, 36, 38, or 39, wherein the apparatus is the mobile wireless signaling device and is a vehicle, and the processor-readable instructions to cause the at least one processor to obtain the mode indication comprise processor-readable instructions to cause the at least one processor to:: determine a direction of travel of the apparatus; and transmit, to a network entity, a notification of the direction of travel of the apparatus and whether the apparatus is using a front- facing sensor or a rear-facing sensor for radio frequency sensing.

[0141] Clause 41. A method of controlling radio frequency sensing, the method comprising: allocating, by a network entity, first signaling resources for at least one first apparatus to operate, during a first time duration, in a first radio frequency sensing mode that is one of aplurality of radio frequency sensing modes, each of the plurality of radio frequency sensing modes comprising either a monostatic sensing mode or a bi-static sensing mode; and allocating, by the network entity, second signaling resources for at least one second apparatus to operate, during a second time duration, in a second radio frequency sensing mode that is one of the plurality of radio frequency sensing modes, wherein allocating the second signaling resources is based on at least one of a location of a mobile wireless signaling device or a radio frequency sensing mode request received from a requesting apparatus of the at least one first apparatus.

[0142] Clause 42. The method of clause 41, wherein allocating the second signaling resources comprises allocating the second signaling resources based on: determining the location of the mobile wireless signaling device; and determining a radio frequency sensing mode associated with the location of the mobile wireless signaling device as the second radio frequency sensing mode.

[0143] Clause 43. The method of clause 41, wherein allocating the second signaling resources comprises allocating the second signaling resources based on receiving the radio frequency sensing mode request, wherein the radio frequency sensing mode request comprises an explicit indication of the second radio frequency sensing mode.

[0144] Clause 44. The method of either clause 41 or clause 43, wherein allocating the second signaling resources comprises allocating the second signaling resources based on receiving the radio frequency sensing mode request, wherein the radio frequency sensing mode request comprises at least one indication of at least one measurement of the first signaling resources.

[0145] Clause 45. The method of any of clauses 41, 43, or 44, wherein allocating the second signaling resources comprises allocating the second signaling resources based on receiving the radio frequency sensing mode request, wherein the radio frequency sensing mode request comprises a mode-change request.

[0146] Clause 46. The method of clause 45, wherein the mode-change request indicates at least one of: a first request to change from a radio frequency sensing category of the first radio frequency sensing mode; a second request to change from a frequency of the first radio frequency sensing mode; a transmission / reception role of the requesting apparatus in the second radio frequency sensing mode; and a transmission / reception point of the second radio frequency sensing mode.

[0147] Clause 47. A network entity comprising: at least one transceiver; at least one memory; and at least one processor communicatively coupled to the at least one transceiver and the at least one memory and configured to: allocate first signaling resources for at least one first apparatus to operate, during a first time duration, in a first radio frequency sensing mode that is one of a plurality of radio frequency sensing modes, each of the plurality of radio frequency sensing modes comprising either a monostatic sensing mode or a bi-static sensing mode; and allocate second signaling resources for at least one second apparatus to operate, during a second time duration, in a second radio frequency sensing mode that is one of the plurality of radio frequency sensing modes, wherein allocating the second signaling resources is based on at least one of a location of a mobile wireless signaling device or a radio frequency sensing mode request received from a requesting apparatus of the at least one first apparatus.

[0148] Clause 48. The network entity of clause 47, wherein to allocate the second signaling resources the at least one processor is configured to allocate the second signaling resources based on: determining the location of the mobile wireless signaling device; and determining a radio frequency sensing mode associated with the location of the mobile wireless signaling device as the second radio frequency sensing mode.

[0149] Clause 49. The network entity of clause 47, wherein to allocate the second signaling resources the at least one processor is configured to allocate the second signaling resources based on receiving the radio frequency sensing mode request, wherein the radio frequency sensing mode request comprises an explicit indication of the second radio frequency sensing mode.

[0150] Clause 50. The network entity of either clause 47 or clause 49, wherein to allocate the second signaling resources the at least one processor is configured to allocate the second signaling resources based on receiving the radio frequency sensing mode request, wherein the radio frequency sensing mode request comprises at least one indication of at least one measurement of the first signaling resources.

[0151] Clause 51. The network entity of any of clauses 47, 49, or 50, wherein to allocate the second signaling resources the at least one processor is configured to allocate the second signaling resources based on receiving the radio frequency sensing mode request, wherein the radio frequency sensing mode request comprises a mode-change request.

[0152] Clause 52. The network entity of clause 51, wherein the mode-change request indicates at least one of: a first request to change from a radio frequency sensing category of the first radio frequency sensing mode; a second request to change from a frequency of the first radio frequency sensing mode; a transmission / reception role of the requesting apparatus in the second radio frequency sensing mode; and a transmission / reception point of the second radio frequency sensing mode.

[0153] Clause 53. A network entity comprising: means for allocating first signaling resources for at least one first apparatus to operate, during a first time duration, in a first radio frequency sensing mode that is one of a plurality of radio frequency sensing modes, each of the plurality of radio frequency sensing modes comprising either a monostatic sensing mode or a bi-static sensing mode; and means for allocating second signaling resources for at least one second apparatus to operate, during a second time duration, in a second radio frequency sensing mode that is one of the plurality of radio frequency sensing modes, wherein allocating the second signaling resources is based on at least one of a location of a mobile wireless signaling device or a radio frequency sensing mode request received from a requesting apparatus of the at least one first apparatus.

[0154] Clause 54. The network entity of clause 53, wherein the means for allocating the second signaling resources comprise means for allocating the second signaling resources based on: determining the location of the mobile wireless signaling device; and determining a radio frequency sensing mode associated with the location of the mobile wireless signaling device as the second radio frequency sensing mode.

[0155] Clause 55. The network entity of clause 53, wherein the means for allocating the second signaling resources comprise means for allocating the second signaling resources based on receiving the radio frequency sensing mode request, wherein the radio frequency sensing mode request comprises an explicit indication of the second radio frequency sensing mode.

[0156] Clause 56. The network entity of either clause 53 or clause 55, wherein the means for allocating the second signaling resources comprise means for allocating the second signaling resources based on receiving the radio frequency sensing mode request, wherein the radio frequency sensing mode request comprises at least one indication of at least one measurement of the first signaling resources.

[0157] Clause 57. The network entity of any of clauses 53, 55, or 56, wherein the means for allocating the second signaling resources comprise means for allocating the second signaling resources based on receiving the radio frequency sensing mode request, wherein the radio frequency sensing mode request comprises a mode-change request.

[0158] Clause 58. The network entity of clause 57, wherein the mode-change request indicates at least one of: a first request to change from a radio frequency sensing category of the first radio frequency sensing mode; a second request to change from a frequency of the first radio frequency sensing mode; a transmission / reception role of the requesting apparatus in the second radio frequency sensing mode; and a transmission / reception point of the second radio frequency sensing mode.

[0159] Clause 59. A non-transitoiy, processor-readable storage medium comprising processor- readable instructions to cause at least one processor of a network entity to: allocate first signaling resources for at least one first apparatus to operate, during a first time duration, in a first radio frequency sensing mode that is one of a plurality of radio frequency sensing modes, each of the plurality of radio frequency sensing modes comprising either a monostatic sensing mode or a bi-static sensing mode; and allocate second signaling resources for at least one second apparatus to operate, during a second time duration, in a second radio frequency sensing mode that is one of the plurality of radio frequency sensing modes, wherein allocating the second signaling resources is based on at least one of a location of a mobile wireless signaling device or a radio frequency sensing mode request received from a requesting apparatus of the at least one first apparatus.

[0160] Clause 60. The non-transitory, processor-readable storage medium of clause 59, wherein the processor-readable instructions to cause the at least one processor to allocate the second signaling resources comprise processor-readable instructions to cause the at least one processor to allocate the second signaling resources based on: determining the location of the mobile wireless signaling device; and determining a radio frequency sensing mode associated with the location of the mobile wireless signaling device as the second radio frequency sensing mode.

[0161] Clause 61. The non-transitory, processor-readable storage medium of clause 59, wherein the processor-readable instructions to cause the at least one processor to allocate the second signaling resources comprise processor-readable instructions to cause the at least one processor toallocate the second signaling resources based on receiving the radio frequency sensing mode request, wherein the radio frequency sensing mode request comprises an explicit indication of the second radio frequency sensing mode.

[0162] Clause 62. The non-transitory, processor-readable storage medium of either clause 59 or clause 61, wherein the processor-readable instructions to cause the at least one processor to allocate the second signaling resources comprise processor-readable instructions to cause the at least one processor to allocate the second signaling resources based on receiving the radio frequency sensing mode request, wherein the radio frequency sensing mode request comprises at least one indication of at least one measurement of the first signaling resources.

[0163] Clause 63. The non-transitory, processor-readable storage medium of any of clauses 59, 61, or 62, wherein the processor-readable instructions to cause the at least one processor to allocate the second signaling resources comprise processor-readable instructions to cause the at least one processor to allocate the second signaling resources based on receiving the radio frequency sensing mode request, wherein the radio frequency sensing mode request comprises a mode-change request.

[0164] Clause 64. The non-transitory, processor-readable storage medium of clause 63, wherein the mode-change request indicates at least one of: a first request to change from a radio frequency sensing category of the first radio frequency sensing mode; a second request to change from a frequency of the first radio frequency sensing mode; a transmission / reception role of the requesting apparatus in the second radio frequency sensing mode; and

[0165] a transmission / reception point of the second radio frequency sensing mode.

[0166] Other considerations

[0167] Other examples and implementations are within the scope of the disclosure and appended claims. For example, due to the nature of software and computers, functions described above can be implemented using software executed by a processor, hardware, firmware, hardwiring, or a combination of any of these. Features implementing functions may also be physically located at various positions, including being distributed such that portions of functions are implemented at different physical locations.

[0168] As used herein, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. Thus, reference to a device in the singular (e.g., “a device,” “the device”), including in the claims, includes at least one, i.e., one or more, of such devices (e.g., “a processor” includes at least one processor (e.g., one processor, two processors,etc.), “the processor” includes at least one processor, “a memory” includes at least one memory, “the memory” includes at least one memory, etc.). The phrases “at least one” and “one or more” are used interchangeably and such that “at least one” referred-to object and “one or more” referred- to objects include implementations that have one referred-to object and implementations that have multiple referred -to objects. For example, “at least one processor” and “one or more processors” each includes implementations that have one processor and implementations that have multiple processors. Also, a “set” as used herein includes one or more members, and a “subset” contains fewer than all members of the set to which the subset refers.

[0169] The terms “comprises,” “comprising,” “includes,” and / or “including,” as used herein, specify the presence of stated features, integers, steps, operations, elements, and / or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps, operations, elements, components, and / or groups thereof.

[0170] Also, as used herein, a list of items prefaced by “at least one of’ or prefaced by “one or more of’ indicates a disjunctive list such that, for example, a list of “at least one of A, B, or C,” or a list of “at least one of A, B, and C,” or a list of “one or more of A, B, or C”, or a list of “one or more of A, B, and C,” or a list of “A or B or C” means A, or B, or C, or AB (A and B), or AC (A and C), or BC (B and C), or ABC (i.e., A and B and C), or combinations with more than one feature (e.g., AA, AAB, ABBC, etc.). Thus, a recitation that an item, e.g., a processor, is configured to perform a function regarding at least one of A or B, or a recitation that an item is configured to perform a function A or a function B, means that the item may be configured to perform the function regarding A, or may be configured to perform the function regarding B, or may be configured to perform the function regarding A and B. For example, a phrase of “a processor configured to measure at least one of A or B” or “a processor configured to measure A or measure B” means that the processor may be configured to measure A (and may or may not be configured to measure B), or may be configured to measure B (and may or may not be configured to measure A), or may be configured to measure A and measure B (and may be configured to select which, or both, of A and B to measure). Similarly, a recitation of a means for measuring at least one of A or B includes means for measuring A (which may or may not be able to measure B), or means for measuring B (and may or may not be configured to measure A), or means for measuring A and B (which may be able to select which, or both, of A and B to measure). As another example, a recitation that an item, e.g., a processor, is configured to at least one of perform function X or perform function Y means that the item may be configured to perform the function X, or may be configured to perform the function Y, or may be configured to perform the function X and toperform the function Y. For example, a phrase of “a processor configured to at least one of measure X or measure Y” means that the processor may be configured to measure X (and may or may not be configured to measure Y), or may be configured to measure Y (and may or may not be configured to measure X), or may be configured to measure X and to measure Y (and may be configured to select which, or both, of X and Y to measure).

[0171] As used herein, unless otherwise stated, a statement that a function or operation is '‘based on” an item or condition means that the function or operation is based on the stated item or condition and may be based on one or more items and / or conditions in addition to the stated item or condition.

[0172] Substantial variations may be made in accordance with specific requirements. For example, customized hardware might also be used, and / or particular elements might be implemented in hardware, software (including portable software, such as applets, etc.) executed by a processor, or both. Further, connection to other computing devices such as network input / output devices may be employed. Components, functional or otherwise, shown in the figures and / or discussed herein as being connected or communicating with each other are communicatively coupled unless otherwise noted. That is, they may be directly or indirectly connected to enable communication between them.

[0173] The systems and devices discussed above are examples. Various configurations may omit, substitute, or add various procedures or components as appropriate. For instance, features described with respect to certain configurations may be combined in various other configurations. Different aspects and elements of the configurations may be combined in a similar manner. Also, technology evolves and, thus, many of the elements are examples and do not limit the scope of the disclosure or claims.

[0174] A wireless communication system is one in which communications are conveyed wirelessly, i.e., by electromagnetic and / or acoustic waves propagating through atmospheric space rather than through a wire or other physical connection, between wireless communication devices. A wireless communication system (also called a wireless communications system, a wireless communication network, or a wireless communications network) may not have all communications transmitted wirelessly, but is configured to have at least some communications transmitted wirelessly. Further, the term “wireless communication device,” or similar term, does not require that the functionality of the device is exclusively, or even primarily, for communication, or that communication using the wireless communication device is exclusively, or even primarily, wireless, or that the device be a mobile device, but indicates that the device includes wirelesscommunication capability (one-way or two-way), e.g., includes at least one radio (each radio being part of a transmitter, receiver, or transceiver) for wireless communication.

[0175] Specific details are given in the description herein to provide a thorough understanding of example configurations (including implementations). However, configurations may be practiced without these specific details. For example, well-known circuits, processes, algorithms, structures, and techniques have been shown without unnecessary detail in order to avoid obscuring the configurations. The description herein provides example configurations, and does not limit the scope, applicability, or configurations of the claims. Rather, the preceding description of the configurations provides a description for implementing described techniques. Various changes may be made in the function and arrangement of elements.

[0176] The terms “processor-readable medium,” “machine-readable medium,” and “computer- readable medium,” as used herein, refer to any medium that participates in providing data that causes a machine to operate in a specific fashion. Using a computing platform, various processor- readable media might be involved in providing instructions / code to processor(s) for execution and / or might be used to store and / or carry such instructions / code (e.g., as signals). In many implementations, a processor-readable medium is a physical and / or tangible storage medium. Such a medium may take many forms, including but not limited to, non-volatile media and volatile media. Non-volatile media include, for example, optical and / or magnetic disks. Volatile media include, without limitation, dynamic memory.

[0177] Having described several example configurations, various modifications, alternative constructions, and equivalents may be used. For example, the above elements may be components of a larger system, wherein other rules may take precedence over or otherwise modify the application of the disclosure. Also, a number of operations may be undertaken before, during, or after the above elements are considered. Accordingly, the above description does not bound the scope of the claims.

[0178] Unless otherwise indicated, “about” and / or “approximately” as used herein when referring to a measurable value such as an amount, a temporal duration, and the like, encompasses variations of ±20% or ±10%, ±5%, or ±0.1% from the specified value, as appropriate in the context of the systems, devices, circuits, methods, and other implementations described herein. Unless otherwise indicated, “substantially” as used herein when referring to a measurable value such as an amount, a temporal duration, a physical attribute (such as frequency), and the like, also encompasses variations of ±20% or ± 10%, =5%, or ±0.1 % from the specified value, as appropriate in the context of the systems, devices, circuits, methods, and other implementations described herein.

[0179] A statement that a value exceeds (or is more than or above) a first threshold value is equivalent to a statement that the value meets or exceeds a second threshold value that is slightly greater than the first threshold value, e.g., the second threshold value being one value higher than the first threshold value in the resolution of a computing system. A statement that a value is less than (or is within or below) a first threshold value is equivalent to a statement that the value is less than or equal to a second threshold value that is slightly lower than the first threshold value, e.g., the second threshold value being one value lower than the first threshold value in the resolution of a computing system.

Claims

CLAIMS:

1. A method of radio frequency sensing at an apparatus, the method comprising: operating the apparatus, during a first time duration, in a first radio frequency sensing mode that is one of a plurality of radio frequency sensing modes, each of the plurality of radio frequency sensing modes comprising either a monostatic sensing mode or a bi-static sensing mode; obtaining a mode indication indicating a second radio frequency sensing mode of the plurality of radio frequency sensing modes based on at least one of a location of a mobile wireless signaling device and a reference signal measurement quality of the first radio frequency sensing mode corresponding to the first time duration; and operating the apparatus, during a second time duration after the first time duration and in response to the mode indication, in the second radio frequency sensing mode.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein obtaining the mode indication comprises receiving the mode indication at the apparatus from a network entity.

3. The method of claim 2, wherein obtaining the mode indication comprises: determining the location of the mobile wireless signaling device; determining that a radio frequency sensing mode associated with the location of the mobile wireless signaling device is the second radio frequency sensing mode; transmitting, from the apparatus to the network entity, a mode request that requests for the apparatus to operate in the second radio frequency sensing mode; and receiving, from the network entity, the mode indication in response to the mode request.

4. The method of claim 2, wherein obtaining the mode indication comprises: determining the location of the mobile wireless signaling device; and transmitting, from the apparatus to the network entity, a notification of a direction of radio frequency sensing by the apparatus.

5. The method of claim 4, wherein the notification is a first notification, and wherein obtaining the mode indication further comprises transmitting, from the apparatus to the network entity, a second notification of a speed and direction of travel of the apparatus.

6. The method of claim 2, wherein obtaining the mode indication comprises: measuring at least one first reference signal corresponding to the first radio frequency sensing mode to determine at least one measurement value; transmitting, from the apparatus to the network entity based on the at least one measurement value, a mode-change request indicating a request to change radio frequency sensing mode from the first radio frequency sensing mode; and receiving, from the network entity, the mode indication in response to the mode-change request.

7. The method of claim 6, wherein the mode-change request identifies the second radio frequency sensing mode.

8. The method of claim 6, wherein the mode-change request comprises the at least one measurement value.

9. The method of claim 6, wherein the mode-change request indicates at least one of: a first request to change from a radio frequency sensing category of the first radio frequency sensing mode; a second request to change from a frequency of the first radio frequency sensing mode; a transmission / reception role of the apparatus in the second radio frequency sensing mode; and a transmission / reception point of the second radio frequency sensing mode.

10. The method of claim 1, wherein the apparatus is the mobile wireless signaling device and is a vehicle, and obtaining the mode indication comprises: determining a direction of travel of the apparatus; and transmitting, from the apparatus to a network entity, a notification of the direction of travel of the apparatus and whether the apparatus is using a front-facing sensor or a rear-facing sensor for radio frequency sensing.

11. An apparatus comprising: at least one transceiver; at least one memory; andat least one processor communicatively coupled to the at least one transceiver and the at least one memory and configured to: operate, during a first time duration, in a first radio frequency sensing mode that is one of a plurality of radio frequency sensing modes, each of the plurality of radio frequency sensing modes comprising either a monostatic sensing mode or a bi-static sensing mode; obtain a mode indication indicating a second radio frequency sensing mode of the plurality of radio frequency sensing modes based on at least one of a location of a mobile wireless signaling device and a reference signal measurement quality of the first radio frequency sensing mode corresponding to the first time duration; and operate, during a second time duration after the first time duration and in response to the mode indication, in the second radio frequency sensing mode.

12. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein to obtain the mode indication the at least one processor is configured to receive the mode indication at the apparatus from a network entity.

13. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein to obtain the mode indication the at least one processor is configured to: determine the location of the mobile wireless signaling device; determine that a radio frequency sensing mode associated with the location of the mobile wireless signaling device is the second radio frequency sensing mode; transmit, via the at least one transceiver to the network entity, a mode request that requests for the apparatus to operate in the second radio frequency sensing mode; and receive, via the at least one transceiver from the network entity, the mode indication in response to the mode request.

14. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein to obtain the mode indication the at least one processor is configured to: determine the location of the mobile wireless signaling device; and transmit, via the at least one transceiver to the network entity, a notification of a direction of radio frequency sensing by the apparatus.

15. The apparatus of claim 14, wherein the notification is a first notification, and wherein to obtain the mode indication the at least one processor is configured to transmit, via the at least onetransceiver to the network entity, a second notification of a speed and direction of travel of the apparatus.

16. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein to obtain the mode indication the at least one processor is configured to: measure at least one first reference signal corresponding to the first radio frequency sensing mode to determine at least one measurement value; transmit, via the at least one transceiver to the network entity based on the at least one measurement value, a mode-change request indicating a request to change radio frequency sensing mode from the first radio frequency sensing mode; and receive, via the at least one transceiver from the network entity, the mode indication in response to the mode-change request.

17. The apparatus of claim 16, wherein the mode-change request identifies the second radio frequency sensing mode.

18. The apparatus of claim 16, wherein the mode-change request comprises the at least one measurement value.

19. The apparatus of claim 16, wherein the mode-change request indicates at least one of: a first request to change from a radio frequency sensing category of the first radio frequency sensing mode; a second request to change from a frequency of the first radio frequency sensing mode; a transmission / reception role of the apparatus in the second radio frequency sensing mode; and a transmission / reception point of the second radio frequency sensing mode.

20. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the apparatus is the mobile wireless signaling device and is a vehicle, and to obtain the mode indication the at least one processor is configured to: determine a direction of travel of the apparatus; and transmit, from the apparatus to a network entity via the at least one transceiver, a notification of the direction of travel of the apparatus and whether the apparatus is using a frontfacing sensor or a rear- facing sensor for radio frequency sensing.

21. A method of controlling radio frequency sensing, the method comprising: allocating, by a network entity, first signaling resources for at least one first apparatus to operate, during a first time duration, in a first radio frequency sensing mode that is one of a plurality of radio frequency sensing modes, each of the plurality of radio frequency sensing modes comprising either a monostatic sensing mode or a bi-static sensing mode; and allocating, by the network entity, second signaling resources for at least one second apparatus to operate, during a second time duration, in a second radio frequency sensing mode that is one of the plurality of radio frequency sensing modes, wherein allocating the second signaling resources is based on at least one of a location of a mobile wireless signaling device or a radio frequency sensing mode request received from a requesting apparatus of the at least one first apparatus.

22. The method of claim 21, wherein allocating the second signaling resources comprises allocating the second signaling resources based on: determining the location of the mobile wireless signaling device; and determining a radio frequency sensing mode associated with the location of the mobile wireless signaling device as the second radio frequency sensing mode.

23. The method of claim 21, wherein allocating the second signaling resources comprises allocating the second signaling resources based on receiving the radio frequency sensing mode request, wherein the radio frequency sensing mode request comprises an explicit indication of the second radio frequency sensing mode.

24. The method of claim 21 , wherein allocating the second signaling resources comprises allocating the second signaling resources based on receiving the radio frequency sensing mode request, wherein the radio frequency sensing mode request comprises at least one indication of at least one measurement of the first signaling resources.

25. The method of claim 21 , wherein allocating the second signaling resources comprises allocating the second signaling resources based on receiving the radio frequency sensing mode request, wherein the radio frequency sensing mode request comprises a mode-change request.

26. A network entity comprising: at least one transceiver; at least one memory; and at least one processor communicatively coupled to the at least one transceiver and the at least one memory and configured to: allocate first signaling resources for at least one first apparatus to operate, during a first time duration, in a first radio frequency sensing mode that is one of a plurality of radio frequency sensing modes, each of the plurality of radio frequency sensing modes comprising either a monostatic sensing mode or a bi-static sensing mode; and allocate second signaling resources for at least one second apparatus to operate, during a second time duration, in a second radio frequency sensing mode that is one of the plurality of radio frequency sensing modes, wherein allocating the second signaling resources is based on at least one of a location of a mobile wireless signaling device or a radio frequency sensing mode request received from a requesting apparatus of the at least one first apparatus.

27. The network entity of claim 26, wherein to allocate the second signaling resources the at least one processor is configured to allocate the second signaling resources based on: determining the location of the mobile wireless signaling device; and determining a radio frequency sensing mode associated with the location of the mobile wireless signaling device as the second radio frequency sensing mode.

28. The network entity of claim 26, wherein to allocate the second signaling resources the at least one processor is configured to allocate the second signaling resources based on receiving the radio frequency sensing mode request, wherein the radio frequency sensing mode request comprises an explicit indication of the second radio frequency sensing mode.

29. The network entity of claim 26, wherein to allocate the second signaling resources the at least one processor is configured to allocate the second signaling resources based on receiving the radio frequency sensing mode request, wherein the radio frequency sensing mode request comprises at least one indication of at least one measurement of the first signaling resources.

30. The network entity of claim 26, wherein to allocate the second signaling resources the at least one processor is configured to allocate the second signaling resources based on receivingthe radio frequency sensing mode request, wherein the radio frequency sensing mode request comprises a mode-change request.

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