Apparatus and methods for control of insects or larvae

Abstract

The present invention is in the field of insect farming, in particular, larvae control, monitoring, counting, and sorting. In particular, the invention provides an apparatus for monitoring and / or counting larvae, the apparatus comprising a storage container; a separation system for receiving and separating the larvae into separated larvae; and a monitoring system for monitoring and / or counting the separated larvae; wherein the storage container is configured to retain the larvae prior to introduction to the separation system. Methods of manufacturing the apparatus, and methods of use of the apparatus are also provided.

Description

[0001] APPARATUS AND METHODS FOR CONTROL OF INSECTS OR LARVAE

[0002] FIELD OF THE INVENTION

[0003] The present disclosure relates to apparatus and methods for the control of insects, suitably insect larvae, particularly dipteran insect larvae. In particular, the present disclosure relates to novel apparatus and methods for the separation, monitoring or counting and / or sorting of insects, suitably insect larvae.

[0004] BACKGROUND

[0005] Insects have been relied on as a source of food for millennia. Insects provide a valuable source of protein, fibre and are also a useful source of many vitamins and minerals. Over recent years there has been growing interest in the field of breeding insects for human and animal consumption. The intentional cultivation of insects, sometimes referred to as ‘insect farming’, has been suggested as one promising way to provide future food security for the ever-increasing population of the world.

[0006] Insects can convert plant material to food approximately 10-fold more efficiently than traditionally reared food-producing animals such as pigs and cows. Insects also require far less land and water to sustain growth. Breeding insects has an energy input to protein output ratio of around 4:1 whereas traditional raised livestock has a ratio of 54:1 .

[0007] Despite the clear advantages of the use of insects as a food source it has historically formed only a small part of the food intake of humans and animals in most countries, particularly in developed countries. While this is partly due to cultural reluctance to change to food from insect sources, this is also largely due to the difficulties and limited understanding of how to farm insects on an industrial scale. While each insect is different, and has differing environmental and nutritional requirements, for the major food producing insects these are becoming understood. What remains a challenge for the industry is how to develop robust, reproducible breeding routines with minimal or no manual operator input that are scalable for use in an industrial scale.

[0008] Dipteran insects, more commonly known as ‘flies’ are particularly useful in insect farming due to their rapid lifecycle. The Black Soldier Fly (BSF), or Hermetia illucens in particular is known in the art as being efficient at digesting waste organic material and converting this, as part of its growth, into protein and other nutrients suitable for consumption by animals, including humans.

[0009] In common with many processes, one of the main challenges that remains with scaling of insect production is consistency.

[0010] The applicant has previously shown that precise control of various aspects of the fly breeding cycle, including larvae counting and fly counting can in principle be beneficial to control the quality of larvae and fly batches within the apparatus for breeding flies (see, for example, WO 2019 / 053456 and WO 2022 / 112770).

[0011] There remains a need for improvements in larvae control, monitoring and counting to achieve maximal efficiency from the breeding process.

[0012] SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0013] In a first aspect, the invention provides an apparatus for monitoring and / or counting larvae, the apparatus comprising: a. a storage container; b. a separation system for receiving and separating the larvae into separated larvae; and c. a monitoring system for monitoring and / or counting the separated larvae; wherein the storage container is configured to retain the larvae prior to introduction to the separation system.

[0014] In embodiments, the larvae pass directly from the storage container to the separation system.

[0015] In embodiments, the larvae are introduced to the separation system continuously from the storage container. Suitably, the storage container comprises a flow restrictor that is configured to limit and / or control the introduction of the larvae into the separation system. Suitably, the flow restrictor is an aperture through which larvae exit the storage container. In embodiments, the aperture is sized and / or shaped to limit the flow of larvae therethrough. Suitably, the aperture is of a fixed size and / or shape, or has a size and / or shape that can be changed to modulate the flow of larvae therethrough.

[0016] In embodiments, the larvae are introduced to the separation system in batches from the holding container. Suitably, the larvae are passed by tipping or emptying the larvae from the holding container into the separation system.

[0017] In embodiments, the separation system comprises a feeder system that accepts or collects the larvae, from the storage container and conveys them in to or through the separation system. Suitably, the action of the feeder system separates and / or distributes the larvae.

[0018] In embodiments, the feeder system comprises one or more conveyors. Suitably, conveyor is a conveyer belt, or a planar surface wherein the planar surface is angled downwardly from the horizontal from where the larvae are deposited thereon. More suitably, the downward angle of the planar surface is in the range of from 1° to 20° from horizontal.

[0019] In embodiments, the planar surface vibrates to provide a vibratory feeder. Suitably, the angled surface vibrates at a frequency of between about 50 Hz and 60 Hz. In embodiments, the angled surface is perforated and / or porous and is fed underneath with compressed gas that is passed through the angled surface to an upper side of the angled surface. Suitably, the gas is air.

[0020] In embodiments, the planar surface vibrates and is perforated and / or porous and is fed underneath with compressed gas that is passed through the angled surface to provide an air cushion on an upper side of the angled surface to provide a vibratory feeder.

[0021] In embodiments, the separation system comprises an angled impact plate, wherein the angled impact plate is configured to separate larvae into individuals. Suitably, the angled impact plate is positioned such that the larvae fall from the feeder system to contact the angled impact plate, wherein said contact separates the larvae into individuals and directs the individual larvae from the angled impact plate. Suitably, the larvae fall directly from the feeder system. Suitably, the larvae are directed from the angled impact plate to a next stage of the feeder system or to the monitoring system. Suitably, the larvae fall between 50mm and 400mm. More suitably, the larvae fall between 100mm and 300mm.

[0022] In embodiments, the angle of the angled impact plate with respect to vertical is from 30° to 70°.

[0023] In embodiments, the separation system comprises: a) a first vibratory feeder; b) an impact plate; and c) a second vibratory feeder; wherein the first vibratory feeder is configured to accept larvae from the storage container and convey the larvae to contact the angled impact plate, and wherein the impact plate is configured to direct the larvae after contact to a second vibratory feeder that is configured to convey the larvae to the monitoring system.

[0024] In embodiments, the monitoring system is a machine vision system that is configured for imaging the larvae. Suitably, the machine vision system comprises at least one camera. More suitably, the or each camera has a resolution of greater than 5 megapixels.

[0025] In embodiments, the machine vision system or camera has a field of vision and acuity capable of visualising and recording one or more of: the number; age; mass; health status; infections; protein / chiton and / or lipids and combinations thereof of larvae falling through its field of vision.

[0026] In embodiments, a screen is provided within the camera’s field of vision such that the larvae pass between the camera and the screen. In embodiments, the apparatus further comprises a sorting system that is configured to receive the larvae from the monitoring system and direct the larvae to a container or conveyor. Suitably, the container or conveyor comprise a food source for the larvae.

[0027] In embodiments, the sorting system comprises: a) an inlet; b) a first outlet; c) a second outlet; and d) a directing surface, wherein the one or more directing means or surface is movable between at least a first position and a second position, wherein when the directing surface is in the first position larvae are directed to the first outlet, and when the directing surface is in the second position larvae are directed to the second outlet.

[0028] In embodiments, the directing surface is positioned below the at least one inlet and the first outlet and the second outlet are positioned below the directing surface. Suitably, the directing surface is a flap mounted at a pivot that enables angular rotation of the flap around the pivot. More suitably, the pivot is a point or linear axis that is at least substantially perpendicular to the intended flow of larvae.

[0029] In embodiments, the conveyer is below the first outlet and the second outlet. Suitably, the conveyor is configured to move one or more containers such that larvae fall from the first outlet or the second outlet into the one or more containers. More suitably, the directing surface and the conveyor coordinate movement such that larvae are directed to a pre-determined or desired container.

[0030] In embodiments, the apparatus is capable of controlling a flow of larvae therethrough, or at a given point to meet a pre-determined rate.

[0031] In a second aspect, the invention provides a method of manufacturing an apparatus of the first aspect.

[0032] In a third aspect, the invention provides a method comprising the steps of: a) Providing larvae in a storage container; b) Introducing larvae from the storage container into a separation system that receives and separates the larvae into separated larvae; and c) Introducing the separated larvae into a monitoring system for monitoring and / or counting the separated larvae.

[0033] In embodiments, the method is performed on the apparatus of the first aspect.

[0034] In embodiments, introducing larvae in step (b) of the method of the second aspect is by a method selected from the group consisting of: tipping, emptying, scooping, shovelling, and allowing to pass through a flow restrictor. Suitably, the flow restrictor is an aperture through which larvae can exit the storage container

[0035] In embodiments, the aperture is sized and / or shaped to limit the flow of larvae therethrough. Suitably, the aperture is of a fixed size and / or shape, or has a size and / or shape that can be changed to modulate the flow of larvae therethrough.

[0036] In embodiments, the method further comprises sorting the larvae exiting the monitoring system into a container or onto a conveyor.

[0037] In a fourth aspect, the invention provides use of an apparatus of the first aspect to: a) count larvae; b) monitor larvae; c) separate larvae; or d) sort larvae into containers.

[0038] In a fifth aspect, the invention provides an apparatus for the separation and / or conveyance of larvae, wherein the apparatus comprises: a) an inlet for receiving larvae; b) a feeder system comprising one or more vibratory feeders; c) optionally an angled impact plate; and d) an outlet for separated larvae.

[0039] In embodiments, the vibratory feeder is a planar surface angled downwardly from where the larvae are deposited thereon. Suitably, the downward angle of the planar surface is in the range of from 1° to 20° from horizontal.

[0040] In embodiments, the vibratory feeder vibrates at a frequency of from about 50 Hz to about 60 Hz.

[0041] In embodiments, the vibratory feeder is perforated and / or porous and is fed underneath with compressed gas that is passed through the vibratory feeder to an upper side of the vibratory feeder. Suitably, the gas is air.

[0042] In embodiments, the vibratory feeder vibrates and is perforated and / or porous and is fed underneath with compressed gas that is passed through the angled surface to provide an air cushion on an upper side of the vibratory feeder.

[0043] In embodiments, the angled impact plate is positioned such that the larvae fall from the feeder system to contact the angled impact plate, wherein said contact separates the larvae into individuals and directs the individual larvae from the angled impact plate. In embodiments, the larvae are directed from the angled impact plate to the next stage of the feeder system or out through the outlet. Suitably, the larvae fall between 50mm and 400mm. More suitably, the larvae fall between 100mm and 300mm.

[0044] In embodiments, the angle of the angled impact plate with respect to vertical is from 30° to 70°.

[0045] In embodiments, the separation system comprises: a) an inlet; b) a feeder system comprising a first vibratory feeder and a second vibratory feeder; c) an impact plate; and d) an outlet; wherein the first vibratory feeder is configured to accept larvae from the inlet and convey the larvae to contact the angled impact plate, and wherein the impact plate is configured to direct the larvae after contact to a second vibratory feeder that is configured to convey the larvae to the outlet.

[0046] In a sixth aspect, the invention provides an apparatus comprising a sorting system, wherein the sorting system is configured to receive larvae and direct the larvae to a container or conveyor, wherein the sorting system comprises: a) an inlet; b) a first outlet; c) a second outlet; and d) a directing surface, wherein the one or more directing means or surface is movable between at least a first position and a second position, wherein when the directing surface is in the first position larvae are directed to the first outlet, and when the directing surface is in the second position larvae are directed to the second outlet.

[0047] In embodiments, the directing surface is positioned below the at least one inlet and the first outlet and the second outlet are positioned below the directing surface. Suitably, the directing surface is a flap mounted at a pivot that enables angular rotation of the flap around the pivot. More suitably, the pivot is a point or linear axis that is at least substantially perpendicular to the intended flow of larvae.

[0048] In embodiments, the conveyer is below the first outlet and the second outlet.

[0049] In embodiments, the conveyor is configured to move one or more containers such that larvae fall from the first outlet or the second outlet into the one or more containers.

[0050] In embodiments, the directing surface and the conveyor coordinate movement such that larvae are directed to the pre-determined or desired container. In a seventh aspect, the invention provides a method of sorting larvae into containers, comprising the following steps: a) Providing a sorting system, suitably a sorting system of the invention as described herein, wherein the sorting system comprises an inlet, a first outlet, a second outlet, and a directing means or surface, wherein the directing means or surface is movable between a first position and a second position, wherein, in use, the first position of the directing means directs insects, suitably insect larvae, from the inlet to the first outlet, and the second position of the directing means directs insect, suitably insect larvae, from the inlet to the second outlet; b) Providing a first container and a subsequent container; and a movable surface wherein the first container and the subsequent container are moved by the movable surface; c) Moving the movable surface such that the first container is positioned to collect output from the first outlet, and the subsequent container is positioned to collect output from the second outlet; d) Moving the directing means to the first position; e) Providing insects, suitably insect larvae, to be sorted, to the inlet so that they are directed by the directing means or surface; f) Collecting insects, suitably insect larvae, in the first container until a pre-determined or desired number of insects, suitably insect larvae, are collected in the first container; g) Moving the directing means or surface to the second position; h) Moving the movable surface until the subsequent container is under the first outlet and the second outlet; i) Moving the directing means or surface to the first position; j) Moving the movable surface until the subsequent container is under the first outlet only. k) Collecting insects, suitably insect larvae, in the subsequent container until a predetermined or desired number of insects, suitably insect larvae, are collected in the subsequent container.

[0051] In an eighth aspect, the invention provides use of an apparatus according to the seventh aspect to sort larvae into containers. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0052] One or more embodiments of the invention are described, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:

[0053] Figure 1 shows schematic of the apparatus of an embodiment of the present invention. In this embodiment, the apparatus comprises: a storage container, a separation system, a monitoring or counting system and an optional sorting system.

[0054] Figure 2 shows a schematic of a larval sorting system in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. (A) to (E) shows the sequential steps of the sorting / tray sequence.

[0055] DEFINITIONS

[0056] Those skilled in the art will be aware that the present disclosure is subject to variations and modifications other than those specifically described. It is to be understood that the present disclosure includes all such variations and modifications. The disclosure also includes all such steps, features, compositions, and compounds referred to or indicated in this specification, individually or collectively, and any and all combinations of any or more of such steps or features.

[0057] For convenience, before further description of the present disclosure, certain terms employed in the specification, and examples are delineated here. These definitions should be read in the light of the remainder of the disclosure and understood as by a person of skill in the art. Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this disclosure belongs. Although any methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used in the practice or testing of the disclosure, the preferred methods, and materials are now described.

[0058] All publications mentioned are incorporated herein by reference.

[0059] The articles ‘a’, ‘an’ and ‘the’ are used to refer to one or to more than one (i.e. to at least one) of the grammatical object of the article.

[0060] As used herein, the term ‘comprising’ means any of the recited elements are necessarily included and other elements may optionally be included as well. ‘Consisting essentially of’ means any recited elements are necessarily included, elements which would materially affect the basic and novel characteristics of the listed elements are excluded, and other elements may optionally be included. ‘Consisting of’ means that all elements other than those listed are excluded. Embodiments defined by each of these terms are within the scope of this invention. As used herein, the term ‘oviposit’ or ‘ovipositing’ refers to laying of eggs, in particular by an insect. Female insects tend to have ovipositing tubes through which fertilised eggs are laid.

[0061] As used herein, the term ‘gravid female’ refers to a female carrying fertilised eggs.

[0062] As used herein, the term ‘pre-pupae’ refers to an intermediate stage of development between the larval stage and the pupae stage. In the stage the exoskeleton of the larvae has begun to harden and darken but the larvae still moves and / or feeds. It is to be understood that there is no strict transition from larvae to pre-pupae to pupae, or indeed, larvae to pupae, and the term pre-pupae may in some circumstances be used interchangeably herein or in the literature with the term larvae, for example late-stage larvae, or pupae, for example early stage pupae, depending on the given stage of development.

[0063] As used herein, each of the terms ‘eggs’, ‘larvae’, ‘pre-pupae’, ‘pupae’ and ‘flies’ refers to the bulk of the batch referred to. It will be understood that due to natural variation and optionally mixing of batches of different ages, each batch may include minor proportions of developmental stages before and / or after that of the bulk of the batch, for example, pre-pupae may mean a bulk batch of pre-pupae including minor proportions of larvae and pupae or adult flies.

[0064] The term ‘maintaining’ as used herein means the tendency towards a stable, or substantially stable equilibrium (i.e. + / - a given percentage from a predetermined, or chosen, target level, for example + / - 1 %, 2%, 5% 10%, 15% or 20% from a predetermined, or chosen, target level, optionally taking into account, or in addition to, the degree of error in the measurement technique of used), or steady-state, of a given property of the status of the insect population, or of the insect breeding apparatus. In the present context, ‘homeostasis’ may refer to maintaining (as defined above) or achieving a steady-state in a property or condition of the insect or larvae population within the apparatus, or of the apparatus itself.

[0065] The term ‘controlling’ or ‘changing’ or ‘modifying’ or ‘modulating’ as used herein means the tendency to change or alter a given property of the status of the insect population, or of the insect breeding apparatus. In the present context, ‘controlling’ may refer to changing, suitably from one steady-state condition to another, or suitably to achieve or maintain a predetermined condition, at least one property or condition of the insect or larval population within the apparatus, or of the apparatus itself.

[0066] As used herein the term ‘property’ when referring to the status of the insect or larval population may be, although not limited to, exact or average (average in this context meaning mean, mode or median as appropriate, suitably a numerical mean figure over a given time period) total fly numbers, exact or average egg numbers, exact or average larvae numbers, exact or average pupae or pre-pupae numbers, sex distribution / ratio / numbers of the male and female insects, and / or health of the insects, and / or behaviour of the insects. Suitably, the insects in this context are dipteran insects, suitably flies, suitably black soldier flies. Suitably, the larvae in this context are dipteran larvae, suitably black soldier fly larvae. As used herein the term ‘property’ when referring to the status of the apparatus may be, although not limited to, temperature, humidity, gas level concentrations, airflow physical location, or lighting. Such properties may suitably have a direct effect on at least one property of the status of the insect or larvae population within the apparatus.

[0067] As used herein the term ‘status’ refers to the overall condition or state of the insect or larvae population, or subset thereof, within the apparatus, or of the apparatus itself, or part thereof, as measured by one or more properties, as defined above, or other.

[0068] A ‘predetermined level’ or ‘predetermined condition’ or ‘predetermined criteria’ is understood to mean previously determined parameters or values which allow for a desired outcome, for example, insect or larvae numbers to be steady and / or otherwise optimal. The parameters may be measured by suitable measuring equipment or sensors, such as machine vision systems (cameras and / or visual sensors), temperature sensors, gas sensors, light sensors etc. Typically, the measured parameters are compared against the known or control values and maintained or adjusted accordingly so the predetermined condition can be maintained or achieved. Such a comparison and subsequent adjustment may be made by an operator based on their experience. Manual operator input may be replaced by an automated system that relies on a pre-agreed routine, which may have been generated using machine-learning of prior training outcomes or based on real-time feedback loops which monitor and may further adjust conditions based on the result on a given parameter, such as insect or larvae numbers, health and / or behaviour.

[0069] As used herein, the term ‘machine vision system’ is understood to mean a camera or scanner, or other light-based (wherein the light is in the visual or non-visual band) or visual monitoring technique capable of detecting a property of a fly population. Suitably, the property detected may be the number of insects or larvae, the behaviour of the insects or larvae and / or the health status of the insects or larvae. In embodiments, the machine vision system may rely on known or proprietary blob detection methods which detect regions in an image, suitably a digital image, that differ in properties, such as brightness or colour, compared to surrounding regions. Alternatively, or in combination, the machine vision system may rely on known or proprietary feature or shape detection methods that are used to transform the raw image data into symbolic representations used for recognition of shape or patterns. In one embodiment, the term ‘machine vision system’ may mean a system that includes one or more cameras or scanners capable of detecting the number of insects or larvae in a monitoring system or other enclosure containing insects or larvae within the apparatus.

[0070] DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0071] The invention generally relates to a system and methods for accurate control and / or monitoring and / or counting and / or sorting of insect populations, suitably insect larvae populations. Specifically, the invention generally relates to collecting (retaining), separating, monitoring or counting and / or sorting or directing insects (suitably insect larvae, suitably dipteran insect larvae) into an appropriate output format, such as output containers or trays, suitably where the output containers contain a food source for the insects or insect larvae.

[0072] In a first aspect, the invention provides an apparatus suitable for monitoring or counting and / or sorting insects, suitably insect larvae. In embodiments, the apparatus comprises a storage container, a separation system and a monitoring or counting system.

[0073] The storage container is configured to contain and / or retain insects, suitably insect larvae, and to release a pre-determined or a controlled flow or number of insects, suitably insect larvae, into the separation system as desired. In effect, the storage container acts as a reservoir for the insects, suitably insect larvae, to allow control of the number or amount or rate of larvae input into the separation system at an approximately or exactly pre-determined and / or constant level.

[0074] The approximately or exactly pre-determined and / or constant level of the number or amount of insects, suitably insect larvae, input into the separation system is determined such that the separation system can separate the insects, suitably insect larvae, prior to entry into the monitoring, or counting, system, so enabling accurate and efficient counting and / or monitoring of the insects, suitably insect larvae.

[0075] In embodiments of the present invention, the larvae are passed through a separation system that is configured for separating insects, suitably insect larvae, both spatially (i.e. spaced apart and / or as a single layer) and / or temporally (i.e. pass a given point at different times or with a minimum time separation).

[0076] Insects, and particularly insect larvae, are prone to sticking together or clumping into groups of multiple individuals (sometimes referred to as ‘multis’). In embodiments, the separation system is configured to separate the insects, suitably insect larvae from clumps into individual larvae. Individual larvae are then counted and / or monitored by the monitoring system.

[0077] In embodiments, the insects, suitably insect larvae, exiting the monitoring system are sorted / directed to suitable receptacles (for example, containers, trays) or a surface. Suitably, the insects, suitably insect larvae, are directed to a container comprising a food source for the insects, suitably insect larvae.

[0078] Counting the number of individual insects, suitably insect larvae is important for ensuring that the concentration of insects, suitably insect larvae, carried forward to the next stage of the breeding process is optimal, for example, to ensure that sufficient food is available, yet not too much that would lead to waste. Accurate monitoring of numbers of insects, suitably insect larvae, also offers a means of batch control which is important for the efficiency of an industrial process. Due to the statistical averaging of the amount of food required by insect, suitably insect larvae, accurate monitoring of the number of insect, suitably insect larvae captured in a single receptacle, or on an area of surface is also important for standardising procedures for the addition of further food, if required, during the further maturation process.

[0079] STORAGE CONTAINER

[0080] In embodiments of the present invention, the storage container is configured to contain and / or retain the insects, suitably insect larvae, to be counted and / or monitored until introduction to the separation system. The storage container acts as a reservoir for the insects, suitably insect larvae to allow a controlled and / or controllable flow of insects, suitably insect larvae, into the separation system. The storage container has any suitable configuration to be able to retain insects, suitably insect larvae.

[0081] In embodiments, the storage container may be a structure for temporarily storing insects, suitably insect larvae, with a means for the release of the contained insects, suitably insect larvae. The term “release” is intended to encompass both controlled release of a portion of the contained insects, suitably insect larvae, while maintaining the amount or number of contained insects, suitably insect larvae, above a minimum threshold amount or level in the storage container. Such controlled release may be via one or more apertures in the storage container allowing the contained insects, suitably insect larvae, to escape, for example, under gravity or by their own motivation, such as crawling. The aperture may be of any suitable shape or size, for example it may be a generally circular hole, or it may be a slot. Alternatively, and for example, the contained insects, suitably insect larvae, may be extracted by a materials handling conveyor or air blown. The term “release” is also intended to encompass emptying of the entire contents, or the bulk or majority or a portion of the contained insects, suitably insect larvae, in a single or batchwise action, such as tipping, scooping, shovelling or otherwise emptying. Suitably, in this context, “release” results in a transfer of insects, suitably larvae, from a storage container (as defined herein) to a separation system (as defined herein).

[0082] In embodiments, the container may take any shape or form suitable for containment or retention of insects, suitably insect larvae. Suitably, the storage container comprises a base, one or more walls or lips upstanding from the base, suitably the one or more walls are upstanding from or towards the edge of the base, to surround a space in which the insects, suitably insect larvae are retained.

[0083] In embodiments, the insects, suitably insect larvae may be retained in, or prevented from leaving, the storage container in an uncontrolled or undesired manner (i.e. not by the controlled or desired means described above) using any suitable means. For example, the insects may be retained in the storage container by means of a lid, wherein the lid is placed on or over or near the top of the walls or lips of the storage container thereby enclosing the space within. Suitably, the container comprises a removeable lid. Alternatively, the container comprises a retractable lid.

[0084] Other methods that can be used to prevent larvae from exiting from the container in an uncontrolled or undesired manner are material types and surface finishes for example mirror polishing of the interior surface of the interior (walls or lips) of the storage container or polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) coating or other non-stick material types. Other options to retain insects, suitably insect larvae include using specific geometries to make the crawl path of the insects, suitably insect larvae difficult, for example tall vertical or steeply-inclined side walls or lips.

[0085] In another embodiment, the insects, suitably insect larvae, are retained in the container by means of a material applied to, or present at, the inner surface of the walls or lips, suitably an inner upper rim of the container. The material may be selected from the group consisting of: a powder; a gel; a liquid (suitably a thick or viscous liquid); a solid; a residue; a band and a tape. In an embodiment, contact with the material repels the insects, suitably insect larvae, away from the material back into the container. In a further embodiment, the material prevents passage of the insects, suitably insect larvae, over the material. Suitably, the substance may reduce the insects’, or insect larvae’s, ability to grip to surfaces, thereby preventing them crawling over.

[0086] In other embodiments, a substance, such as a powder can be applied to the insects, suitably insect larvae, that can reduce the insects’, or insect larvae’s, ability to grip to surfaces of the storage container. Suitably, the substance may reduce the insects’, or insect larvae’s, ability to grip to surfaces by drying out contact moisture. The substance may also promote separation of the larvae into individuals in the separation system (see “Dusting” section below. Suitable substances may be selected from any foodgrade fine particulate matter such as finely ground grain or bean flours, or inert mineral based powders such as talcum powder.

[0087] Other methods that can prevent insect egress from the storage container are using odours or light (lighting conditions such as intensity or frequency) to either attract the insects, or insect larvae, back to the inside of the storage container or repel the larvae away from any potential exit from the storage container.

[0088] In embodiments, the storage container is shaped to direct the retained insects, suitably insect larvae, to an aperture. Suitably the aperture is in the base of the storage container. In embodiments, the storage container is shaped, at least in part as a funnel with the aperture at a lower or lowermost point such that the insects, suitably insect larvae, are directed to, and then fall through the aperture under the action of gravity.

[0089] In embodiments where the insects, suitably insect larvae, exit the storage container via some form of flow restriction which is configured or suitable for controlling or restricting the speed, number or flow of insects, suitably insect larvae, from the storage container. In embodiments, the flow restrictor is one or more apertures or holes, the shape of the storage container, and / or the size and / or shape and / or number and / or arrangement of apertures or holes In embodiments where the insects, suitably insect larvae, exit the storage container via a conveyor or are air blown, then the speed and direction of the conveyor or air blower may be adjusted to control the speed, number or flow of insects, suitably insect larvae, from the storage container. Any form of flow restriction of insects or larvae from the storage container is contemplated.

[0090] The storage container is suitably formed of a solid, i.e. unperforated, material. Alternatively, the storage container may comprise perforations. For example, the storage container may comprise a mesh, a net, or a combination of both. The mesh or net has perforations, openings, holes or apertures sufficiently small to prevent insects from escaping but may allow air or other gases to pass through to enhance or promote the subsistence of the insects, or insect larvae. The perforations may be present along the entire surface of the storage container, or part of the surface, for example, above the maximum intended level of insects, or insect larvae, or above the material on the inner surface of the walls, or in the lid, when present. Alternatively, the storage container has no perforations.

[0091] In the embodiment of the apparatus of the invention shown in Fig. 1 , the storage container comprises and opening or aperture in the base. In this embodiment, and may also be applied in other embodiments, the storage container has a funnel shape at the bottom or lower end (in use) to further control flow through the aperture(s) and / or to facilitate the entry of the insects into the separation system. In this embodiment, the insects or larvae enterthe containerfrom one end and exit the container through the funnel at the other end. In other embodiments, the insects or larvae are introduced into the next stage by tipping the container.

[0092] To ensure maximum transit of the insects or larvae from the container to the next stage, for e.g., to the separation system or directly into the monitoring or counting system, a number of methods may be employed, for example, the container may be physically connected to the separation system or monitoring system to allow crawl off of insects or insect larvae.

[0093] In embodiments, the storage container may be subjected to vibrations or shaking or tapping or impacting to encourage the insects or larvae to egress it. In other embodiments, lighting may be applied selectively to the storage container to encourage photophobic larvae to egress.

[0094] DUSTING

[0095] To promote the separation and health of the insects between hatching and counting, and / or to facilitate separation, a substance may be added to the insects, suitably insect larvae, such that it at least partially covers or coats their exterior. Suitably, the substance is a particulate substance. Suitably, the particulate substance has a particle size of less than 50 microns (micrometres, pm), for example, less than 40 microns, 30 microns, 20 microns or 10 microns. The particulate material may reduce or cover the surface moisture of the insects, suitably insect larvae, reducing their stickiness and thereby reducing the propensity to stick to each other or surfaces within the apparatus.

[0096] In embodiments the particulate substance has a high nutritional value that can accelerate larvae growth or is a targeted pre- or pro-biotic that can improve the microbiome of the insects, suitably insect larvae.

[0097] The particulate can be applied to the insects, suitably insect larvae, via any suitable means. For example, manual means such as dusting or mixing an amount of particulate substance proportionate to the insect / insect larvae mass or it can be applied in bulk or volumetrically and then excess removed via sieving or air flow. In embodiments, automated systems can also be utilised for addition of the particulate substance such as by passing the larvae under an automated dusting flow. In embodiments, to ensure even coating of the insects with the particulate the insects, suitably insect larvae, are mechanically agitated, for example, via vibration or via tumbling in the presence of the particulate substance. This can be done as a discrete process step, either prior to storage of the larvae in the storage container, during storage in the storage container or during transit through the separation system.

[0098] In embodiments, where the particulate substance is provided in excess, it can then either removed via sieving as a discrete process step or utilising the mesh screening on the feed system can be sieved out during transit. It is also possible to have an air suction device to remove any excess particulate during the vibratory transit system provided the suction is controlled to avoid loss of insects or insect larvae.

[0099] To ensure best results the particulate may be stored in an airtight container or stored with a desiccant. Alternatively, temperature may be used to reduce the moisture content. The particulate may also be graded by sieving before introduction to the insects to ensure particle size is below a maximum average diameter. Suitable examples of particulates for dusting of the insects include any food grade particulate matter such as finely ground grain or bean flours, or inert mineral based powders such as talcum powder.

[0100] SEPARATION OF INSECTS

[0101] In embodiments of the present invention, the insects, suitably insect larvae, are passed through a system for separating insects, suitably insect larvae spatially and / or temporally and optionally also multiple groups into individuals. Separation of insects, suitably insect larvae, can be helpful to make the flow of insects, suitably insect larvae, through the monitoring and / or counting system more uniform. This promotes or ensures operation of the monitoring and / or counting system, and optionally the sorting system at a desired or maximal efficiency, and / or avoiding or reducing over-loading of the system or undesirable variation in flow.

[0102] Flow Restrictor

[0103] In embodiments of the apparatus of the present invention, a flow restrictor is employed to reduce or limit the number of insects, suitably insect larvae, that can pass through the apparatus. In embodiments, the flow restrictor restricts the flow of insects through the separation system. In further embodiments, the flow restrictor restricts the flow of insects through the counting system.

[0104] Flow restriction can be achieved by any suitable means. In embodiments, flow restriction is achieved using one or more holes, apertures or orifices to define, suitably reduce, the area through which the insects, suitably insect larvae, can pass in order to reduce the flow rate down to a quantity that can be processed accurately or efficiently by the monitoring system, suitably after separation by the separation system. In embodiments, the one or more holes or apertures of the flow restrictor may be any suitable shape or number. Suitably the aperture has a cross-sectional shape that is exactly or approximately a circle, an oval, a triangle, a square, a rectangle, a pentagon, a hexagon or higher number polygon. In an embodiment, the one flow restrictor is rectangular slot with an aperture with a measurement in one dimension (length) of from 2mm to 7mm, suitably 3mm to 5mm and a measurement in a perpendicular dimension (width) suitable for the subsequent apparatus, for example, from 20mm to 30mm, alternatively it may have a measurement in one dimension (length) of 3mm to 5mm and a measurement in a perpendicular dimension (width) of from 10 to 50mm. The number of apertures that form the flow restrictor can be, for example, from 1 to 10000 or 1 to 1000 or 1 to 100 or 1 to 10, suitably 1 to 5. Suitably, the number of holes or apertures that form the flow restrictor may be 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 or more. The number of holes or apertures, or the sum total area or average area of the openings created by them can be varied depending on the flow required, provided sufficient restriction in flow is achieved.

[0105] In an embodiment, the flow restrictor is a gravity fed system with a limited hole or aperture size fed vertically. Due to the inherent difficulty of handling insects, suitably insect larvae, it is important that the insects are not subjected to pressure applied on them as application of such pressure means that they can stick to the majority of surfaces and they will stick to each other which can lead to blockage of the hole or aperture. To overcome these difficulties, the flow restrictor may be mounted directly onto a first the separation system, suitably a first angled surface of the feeder system of the separation system (see below).

[0106] The size, shape or number of the holes or apertures of the flow restrictor can be fixed or it can be adjustable. In embodiments, the size, shape or number of the holes or apertures of the flow restrictor are adjustable to accommodate differing flow requirements. For example, the holes or apertures can be adjusted via an automated actuation system to increase or decrease the hole or aperture size. This can be used to regulate the flow of insects, suitably insect larvae, or to reduce the chance of clogging. Sensors may be mounted before and / or after the flow restrictor. In embodiments, the sensors are either light based or otherwise for measuring level, speed or proximity of the insects, suitably insect larvae, to determine quantity, level or flow rate of insects, suitably insect larvae.

[0107] In embodiments, potential blocking of the hole or aperture can also be reduced by air flows, mechanical systems or manual actions. The flow restrictor material may be made of, or coated in low friction materials, such as low-friction plastics or be finished to a mirror polish to reduce larvae sticking.

[0108] In an embodiment, the storage container comprises a flow restrictor. Alternatively, the flow restrictor is distinct or separate from the storage container, for example, between the storage container and the separation system, or the flow restrictor is part of the separation system.

[0109] Feeder system

[0110] In an embodiment, the separation system comprises a feeder system that accepts or collects the insects, suitably insect larvae, from the storage container and conveys them through the separation system. In embodiments, the feeder system comprises one or more conveyors, such as a conveyor belt or a surface. The feeder system may be one continuous conveyor or multiple separate or segmented conveyors. In embodiments, the feeder system is a conveyor belt.

[0111] In embodiments where the feeder system is a conveyor belt, the lateral movement of the conveyor belt in use acts to separate the larvae deposited on it, for example, via a flow restrictor that simultaneously limits the flow of insects, suitably insect larvae, onto the moving belt. The speed of the moving belt may be adjusted to vary the physical separation of the insects, suitably insect larvae.

[0112] In alternative embodiments, where the feeder system is a surface, the surface may be angled so that one end is higher than the other. In such embodiments, insects, suitably insect larvae, in use, are deposited at or near an upper of higher end of the surface so that they spread out as they move downwardly on the angled surface under gravity or under the influence of another motive force, such as air blowing. The feeder surface may be used for transit of the insects, suitably insect larvae, and / or to increase separation of the insects, suitably insect larvae.

[0113] The rate or speed at which the insects, suitably insect larvae, move along the feeder is determined by balance of friction versus motive force. In embodiments where the movement of the insects, suitably insect larvae, is driven by gravity then the angle of the surface of the feeder may be varied to adjust the speed of movement of the insects, suitably insect larvae, along it. Alternatively, for a given angle of surface, the friction of the surface can be varied to adjust the speed of movement of the insects, suitably insect larvae, along it. In embodiments, the surface can be made or, or coated in, a low-friction material, such as PTFE.

[0114] Alternatively, and as shown in the embodiment of the apparatus shown in Figure 1 , the surface of the feeder can be configured to vibrate (i.e. move backward and forward along a liner axis that runs along the surface, or up and down in a direction perpendicular to the surface, or a combination of both). In this embodiment, the angled surface acts as a vibratory feeder for feeding the insects, suitably insect larvae, to the monitoring system.

[0115] The feeder may be formed of a solid material (i.e. unperforated) or formed of, at least in part, a perforated material.

[0116] In embodiments, the feeder may be coupled with an air flow system that feeds or directs air or other suitable gases under the insects, suitably insect larvae. Suitably, the feeder to which the air flow system is coupled is a vibratory feeder. The air flow system is intended to lift, or reduce the resting load of the insects, suitably insect larvae, on the feeder, suitably the vibratory feeder. By lifting or reducing the resting load of the insects, suitably insect larvae, on the feeder, suitably the vibratory feeder, the resistance to movement of the insects, suitably insect larvae, along the feeder, suitably the vibratory feeder, is reduced meaning the motive force to cause the movement can also be reduced, for example, less vibration may be required, and / or the angle of the surface can be reduced. In all cases, with less force applied to the insects, suitably insect larvae, the risk of injury to the insects, suitably insect larvae, is reduced, there is enhanced control of movement of the insects, suitably insect larvae and potentially, energy requirements are lowered. Air or gas flow through the feeder may also help to partially dry the insects, suitably insect larvae, resulting in less sticking on the angled surface.

[0117] In an embodiment, the air flow system will pass air, or other suitable gases, through the angled surface of the feeder, suitably the vibratory feeder. In embodiments, the angled surface may be made of a material, or constructed in a way in which air or gas can pass through, for example the material is porous, is a mesh, or the feeder comprises gas channels or other suitable openings. In embodiments, the angled surface is at least partially perforated such that the air flow system applies air or gas to an underside of the feeder, which then passes through the perforations in the angled plate such that it is directed under the insects, suitably insect larvae that are on top of the surface. The size or density of the perforations may be the same along the length of the angled surface or may be different, which allows different air flows in different sections. Higher airflow through the angled surface will also lift the insects, suitably insect larvae, further from the surface, which for vibratory feeders, will decrease the impact per vibration, and vice versa, by which means, the separation of the insects, suitably insect larvae, caused by impact on the surface may be varied.

[0118] In embodiments, the air flow through the angled surface can be provided either by use of a compressed air or gas supply or direct connection of a blower or gas pump unit. The gas, suitably air, can either be pressurised within an open cavity within the vibratory feeder or a manifold can be used either within, alongside or under the vibratory feeder. This manifold allows distribution of the air supply across the length of the vibratory feeder rather than just at a single inlet point.

[0119] In embodiments, the angled surface can be formed of a single layer of material or may be multi-layered. In embodiments, the angled surface may be formed of a mesh. Suitably, a perforated horizontal sheet can be placed below the mesh to increase stability of feeder and to act as a plenum to distribute the air evenly or focused where preferred across the mesh. In this embodiment, to ensure the mesh transmits the vibration directly to the larvae the mesh must be taut, a clamping system allows the mesh to be tensioned, for example, by tightening bolts.

[0120] In embodiments, the or each feeder or vibratory feeder has accessible hatches either at the front or the sides of the feeder to allow for cleaning access for removal of any particulate or insect, suitably insect larvae.

[0121] Suitably, the angle of the or each feeder or vibratory feeder is at least 1°, 2°, 3°, 4°, 5°, 10°, 15°, 20°, 25°, 30°, 35°, 40°, 45°, 50°, 55°, 60°, 65° or 70° from horizontal. In embodiments, the angle of the surface is at most 80°, 75°, 70°, 65°, 60°, 55°, 50°, 45°, 40°, 35°. 30°, 25°, 20°, 15°, 10°, or 5° from horizontal. Suitably, the angle of the feeder or vibratory feeder may be in the range of from 1° to 20° from horizontal. More suitably, the angle of the feeder or vibratory feeder may be between 5° to 10° from horizontal.

[0122] A single feeder / vibratory feeder may be used or two or more may be used in parallel or consecutively. In embodiments when two or more feeders / vibratory feeders are present in the separation system, they may be arranged so the insects, suitably insect larvae, pass directly from one to the next. Suitably, the two or more feeders / vibratory feeders are positioned so that the insects, suitably insect larvae, fall from the lower end of a first feeder or vibratory feeder on to the start or upper end of a second feeder or vibratory feeder positioned below. By having two or more feeders / vibratory feeders with a vertical height transition can create an impact position for the to further separate them. One advantage of the feeder system is the insect, suitably insect larvae, input position may be positioned remotely from the monitoring system, for example, in a position more accessible for the operator than the monitoring system.

[0123] The transition between vibratory feeders can be done by having either a direct transfer between the first and second feeders, or they may have a transition plate, suitably an angled transition plate that acts to pass the insects / suitably insect larvae from the first feeder to the second feeder, optionally wherein the transition plate acts to distribute larvae across the second or receiving feeder. The transition plate may be angled by 45°, or it could also be set at angles between 30° and 60° relative to a horizontal plane in the direction of travel of the first feeder.

[0124] Alternatively, if the vibratory feeders are mounted at 90° to each other the end of the feeder itself may be mitred to an angle of between 30° and 60°, suitably 45°.

[0125] In embodiments, vibratory feeders can have solid material sections at the start of the vibratory feeder to improve the impact effect on separation of the insects, suitably insect larvae. This section may be parallel with the main travel surface of the first feeder, alternatively it may be angled relative to the surface of the feeder.

[0126] In embodiments, the use of mesh on the feeder or vibratory feeder can allow the feeder to act as a sieve to remove excess particulate from the insects, suitably insect larvae. This can be done by reducing or inverting the airflow in specific sections of the mesh to allow particulate to pass through the mesh. Alternatively higher airflows though the feeder or vibratory feeder could be used to push particulate away from the feeder. In embodiments, a secondary suction system could be used to collect particulate from above, which due to the higher mass of the insects, suitably insect larvae, they could pass without being removed by the inverted air flow or the suction system.

[0127] In another embodiment for use with insects or larvae of any age or pupae that have entered into a feedstock or other substance the vibratory feeder can be used with an appropriately sized mesh screen which can allow for the separation of insect and substrates, for example frass or feed. The vibratory feeder would then have an outtake from the bottom section of it to remove this other product stream without interference with the separation system.

[0128] The angle, frequency or amplitude of the vibratory feeder can be controlled to be relative to the counting status of the monitoring system or the optional sorting system. In this way, and as an example only, when a crate changeover in the downstream sorting system is about to occur the vibratory feeder can reduce the flow rate of insects, suitably insect larvae. This increases the control, accuracy and efficiency of the overall apparatus. In embodiments, the vibratory feeder is vibrated at a frequency of 50 or 60 Hz.

[0129] In embodiments, from the end or output of the only or final feeder or vibratory feeder the insects, suitably insect larvae fall into the monitoring system. Suitably, the insects, suitably insect larvae are directed to ensure a minimum distance away from the optical centre of the vision system of the monitoring system is achieved. Suitably, the insects, suitably insect larvae, are impacted on a plate (see below) and then enter into a funnel or channel that appropriately directs them into the monitoring system.

[0130] In embodiments, to prevent the insects, suitably insect larvae from tumbling in the viewing area of the monitoring system, a corrugated chute may be used for the infeed. The groove dimensions of the corrugations on the chute are chosen such that larvae are orientated correctly and / or to prevent or reduce tumbling.

[0131] In an embodiment, the flow restrictor is mounted on the vibratory feeder that is used to move the insects, suitably insect larvae, through the separation system and towards or to the monitoring system. The mounting of the flow restrictor directly on the vibratory feeder reduces blocking of the orifice by insects.

[0132] Impact plate

[0133] In embodiments, the insects, suitably insect larvae may be separated by any suitable means. In WO 2019 / 053456, larvae that have passed from the egg holder are directed to be impacted on an impact plate with sufficient force to cause groups of larvae to separate into individuals while preventing injury to the larvae. Similar procedure may be used by allowing insects, suitably insect larvae to be separated by after being dropped from the storage container, for example through an aperture in the storage container under the force of gravity, or from the end or a conveyor or air blown from the storage container. Alternatively, the impact plate could be positioned between two feeders or vibratory feeders such that the insects, suitably insect larvae, fall from the end of a first feeder to be impacted on the impact plate and then directed onto a second feeder or into the monitoring system.

[0134] In embodiments, the insects, suitably insect larvae are dropped from a drop-point onto a surface from a given or pre-determined height. As described in WO 2019 / 053456, it has been found that both the height of the drop and the angle of incidence at which the larvae strike the surface with respect to the vertical drop direction is important for ensuring a high success rate in separation of the larvae into individuals. Suitably, the height of the drop is at least 100mm. More suitably the height of the drop is 90mm, 80mm, 70mm, 60mm, 50mm or 40mm. Suitably, the height of the drop is less than 400mm. More suitably, the height of the drop is less than 350mm, 300mm, 250mm, 200mm, 190mm, 180mm, 170mm, 160mm, 150mm, 140mm, 130mm, 120mm, 110mm, or 100mm, in order to prevent injury to the larvae and to limit the size of the separation system.

[0135] The angle of the impact plate onto which the larvae fall may be any angle that acts to separate multiple groups of larvae on contact. The angle of the impact plate may be at least 25°. Suitably, the angle is at least 30°, 35°, 40°, 45°, 50°, 55°, 60°, 65° or 70°. In embodiments, the angle of the impact plate is at most 80°, 75°, 70°, 65°, 60°, 55°, 50°, 45° or 40°. Suitably, the angle of the impact plate may be in the range of from 30° to 80°. More suitably, the angle of the impact plate may be between 40° to 70°. In embodiments, the impact plate may be curved or formed of different angled sections such that the angle of the impact plate onto which the larvae fall varies between the above ranges depending on where on the impact plate contact is made. This allows optimisation of the drop height and angle of impact.

[0136] The combination of height and angle of the impact plate means that specific combinations are particularly suitable for separating the insects, suitably insect larvae. Suitably, the height of drop is in the range of 100mm to 300mm, suitably 150mm for an angle of 70°; the height of drop is in the range of 300mm to 400mm, suitably 350mm for an angle of 45°

[0137] When the larvae impact the impact plate it is important that they are not retained on, or stick to, the impact plate. Larvae remaining on the impact plate will require removal, by manual means or otherwise. Larvae stuck on the impact plate can die and decompose and / or can cause more larvae to stick. This can lead to reductions in efficiency and delays in production. In embodiments, the above angle / height combinations also mean that larvae are separated and then pass from the surface without sticking to, or remaining on, the impact plate.

[0138] In embodiments, the impact plate used for separating larvae into individuals according to this embodiment of the invention may be a flat impact plate, a curved impact plate or the impact plate is formed as part of a funnel to ensure the larvae are directed appropriately. The impact plate may be made of a suitable material to further reduce any occurrence of the larvae adhering to the impact plate for example, the impact plate could be made from polished stainless steel or ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) with a polished natural surface. In addition, or instead, the impact plate may be coated with a non-stick coating such as PTFE, dry lubricant or hydrophobic spray.

[0139] In the embodiment shown in Figure 1 , the separation system comprises a drop point or release point, a first angled surface (a first vibratory feeder), an impact plate and a second angled surface (second vibratory feeder). The first angled surface is positioned below the drop point or release point such that insects dropping to the first angled surface are directed away from the surface. The first angled surface is positioned at a suitable distance from the drop point.

[0140] A drop point or more generally, a release point, is the point from which the insects, suitably insect larvae, are released. The insects, suitably insect larvae, are released from the release point such that they drop to the first angled surface. In an alternative embodiment, the release point is in contact with the first angled surface. In this embodiment, when the larvae are released from the release point, they directly contact the first angled surface.

[0141] In embodiments, the insects, suitably insect larvae, released onto the first angled surface travel down the first angled surface prior to being directed from the first angled surface onto the impact plate. The angle of the impact plate onto which the larvae fall may be any angle that acts to separate multiple groups of larvae on contact. The angle of the surface may be at least 25°. Suitably, the angle is at least 30°, 35°, 40°, 45°, 50°, 55°, 60°, 65° or 70°. In embodiments, the angle of the surface is at most 80°, 75°, 70°, 65°, 60°, 55°, 50°, 45° or 40°. Suitably, the angle of the surface may be in the range of from 30° to 80°. More suitably, the angle of the surface may be between 40° to 70°.

[0142] The insects, suitably insect larvae, impacting the impact plate are then directed from the impact plate onto the second angled surface. On contacting the second angled surface, the larvae are conveyed down the second angled surface towards the monitoring system. Thus the separation system also acts a feeder for feeding the larvae to the monitoring system.

[0143] MONITORING SYSTEM

[0144] In embodiments of the invention, the larvae passing from the separation system enter the monitoring counting system. The monitoring system is configured to count and / or monitor the condition of the insects, suitably insect larvae. Suitably, the monitoring system counts the insects, suitably insect larvae.

[0145] Any means of monitoring or counting the larvae is contemplated. Suitably, monitoring or counting of the larvae is by physical means or by visual means. Suitably, the means of counting may be via breaking a light beam, such as an infra-red beam or laser, or alternatively through use of a charge detector. Alternatively, or additionally, the mass of larvae passing from the separation system can be determined. More suitably, monitoring or counting is by automated visual means comprising a camera or other optical visualisation device and appropriate software to recognise and / or incrementally count or tally the number of larvae passing through its field of vision. Suitable systems for use in embodiments of the invention may comprise lasers, sensors other than cameras and capacitance-based sensor. Suitably, the insects, suitably insect larvae are caused to drop in front of a camera or machine vision system that is configured to monitor and / or count individuals as they pass.

[0146] In embodiments, the camera may be a high frequency line scan camera or a high frequency area scan camera. Suitably, there may be provided a screen positioned opposite to the camera and behind the larvae to enhance or standardise visualisation. In embodiments, the screen may be any colour that allows the larvae to be visualised. Suitably the screen is maintained as a blue, black or white colour. Suitably, when the screen is blue or white, or any other light colour, the screen may be backlit to enhance visualisation. In embodiments where the screen is dark or black, the screen may have a matt finish and / or approximate to a black body. In one embodiment, the background screen is matt black and the larvae may be lit with a white foreground light to provide a contrast with the black background. A black screen may be preferred in this situation as the larvae are translucent and may permit transmission of white light through which may reduce the ability of the visualisation equipment to distinguish the larvae from the background. Larvae generally appear white on a black background. Alternatively, the larvae may be backlit by a blue screen to case a silhouette onto the visualisation means / camera.

[0147] In embodiments, the monitoring system for the larvae can comprise either a camera looking directly at a lit background, creating a contrast in silhouette of the insects, suitably insect larvae, or it could include multiple cameras in the same vertical plane looking at different backgrounds through the same optical centre allowing a contoured image of the larvae to be created. In embodiments, the system may also be configured to allow for foreground lighting mounted on the same side as the camera to illuminate the insects, suitably insect larvae, against either a passive background or a lit background to view colour, shape, contours or other elements of the insects, suitably insect larvae.

[0148] The vision system may be configured to use a line scan camera or an area scan camera and may utilise the visible, near infrared, infrared, ultraviolet light spectrums. Or it may involve a laser and scanner or a multispectral or hyperspectral camera using multiple spectrums to analyse other features of the neonates or larvae. The preferred system for counting a visible light line scan camera.

[0149] In embodiments, the counting system comprises at least one camera, suitably the camera is for collecting image data or information. In embodiments, the or each camera has a resolution of greater than 5 megapixels. Suitably, the or each camera has a resolution of 20 megapixels.

[0150] In embodiments, the monitoring system may be configured to allow identification of insects, suitably insect larvae, from other substances, such as feed, particulates, frass or other either deliberately or accidentally introduced substances viewed by the vision system.

[0151] Insects, suitably insect larvae, may be separated into individuals and counted singularly by mechanical separation in the separation system and also by visual separation based on size, shape, colour, contours, identification by machine learning algorithms. In embodiments, the age of insects, suitably insect larvae, may be determined by size, shape or colour analysis. In embodiments, mass of insects, suitably insect larvae, may be determined by size or shape analysis. In embodiments, the health status of insects, suitably insect larvae, may be determined by size or shape analysis. In embodiments, viral, pest or fungal infections may be identified by colour or shape using singular or multispectral analysis. In embodiments, protein, chitin, and / or lipids may be determined by analysis using multispectral or hyperspectral vision systems. In embodiments, genetic changes over time including mass, health and hatch rate may be determined by count, size or shape analysis. The counting of insects, suitably insect larvae, from known batches can be used to provide the mass data per individual which can then be compared to the mass data in load cells in the hatching area to determine hatch rates. Alternatively, with direct hatching of neonates into the vibration system it is possible to directly measure the hatch rate using the counting system. The vision system can be used for counting and analysis of neonates as described above but this also applies to all other life stages of the black soldier flies and also other insects. It is possible to have multiple vision systems and multiple input systems in parallel in the same machine as modules to increase the overall throughput of the system.

[0152] In embodiments, the monitoring system has opaque guarding around the inlet and outlets to prevent ingress by flies and to ensure a clean working environment. The inner surfaces of the guards may be painted matt black or other light absorbent colour to reduce reflections within the monitoring system. The guarding has easy access ports throughout to ensure easy cleaning and side visibility ports to allow good visibility of the machine operation. Including larvae from 1 day old to 30 days old, pre-pupae, pupae, dead flies, or feed products in or larvae products that have been processed.

[0153] In embodiments, the monitoring device is a chamber or enclosure.

[0154] In embodiments, the insects, suitably insect larvae, passing from the monitoring system are captured. In embodiments, the insects, suitably insect larvae may be captured in any suitable container or on a suitable surface. Suitably, the insects, suitably insect larvae, are captured in a container or on a surface where a food source is present. Suitably, the container may be a tray, cup, crate or other receptacle that can retain the insects, suitably insect larvae, and / or the food source. In embodiments where the insects, suitably insect larvae, are captured on a surface, the surface may be a conveyor, such as a conveyor belt, roller conveyor, vibratory feeder or cable system, that transfers the insects, suitably insect larvae, between the chambers of a larger breeding apparatus, or transfers the insects, suitably insect larvae, to a container or another surface. Alternatively, the container may be placed on a conveyor, such as a conveyor belt, roller conveyor, vibratory feeder or cable system, that acts to move the containers to an appropriate position with respect to the sorting system.

[0155] The food source, when present, can be any suitable material for sustaining the insects, suitably insect larvae. Suitably, the food source may be food waste and / or detritus material. Examples of food source may be brewer’s grains, coffee grains, vegetable matter or combinations thereof.

[0156] SORTING SYSTEM

[0157] In embodiments, after passing from the monitoring system and before reaching the container or surface on which the insects, suitably insect larvae, are collected, the insects, suitably insect larvae, are directed and / or sorted by a sorting system. Counting the number of individual, suitably viable individual, insects, suitably insect larvae, is important for ensuring that the concentration of insects, suitably insect larvae, or pupae and adult insects that mature therefrom, in the food source is optimal to ensure that sufficient food is available, yet not too much that would lead to waste. Accurate monitoring of numbers of insects, suitably insect larvae, also offers a means of batch control which is important for the efficiency of an industrial process. Due to the statistical averaging of the amount of food required by the insects, suitably insect larvae, accurate monitoring of the number of insects, suitably insect larvae, captured in a single container, or on an area of surface is also important for standardising procedures for the addition of further food, if required, during the insect maturation process.

[0158] A first iteration of a larval sorting and conveyor system is described, for example, in WO 2019 / 053456.

[0159] In this prior art system, once a designated number of insects, suitably insect larvae, or a number of insects, suitably insect larvae within a designated range, has been counted, the container or surface comprising a food source to which the larvae are directed can be moved to ensure even distribution of insects, suitably insect larvae, in the food source, or can be changed so that the insects, suitably insect larvae are then added to a new or different container, or a new area of the surface. In alternative embodiments, the container or surface comprising a food source to which the larvae are directed can be moved continuously, or incrementally such that the same result is achieved. If the amount of food source in the container, or on the surface, is also controlled, then in this way the number of larvae in a given amount of food source can be controlled and optimised.

[0160] In a further aspect of the present invention, there is a provided an improved sorting or distribution system for insects, suitably, insect larvae, suitably dipteran larvae.

[0161] In embodiments, the sorting system comprises: a) at least one inlet; b) a first outlet (D1) or first dosing position; c) a second outlet (D2) or second dosing position; and d) one or more directing means or directing surfaces, wherein the one or more directing means or surface is movable, or switches, between at least a first position and a second position, wherein when the directing means or directing surface is in the first position, insects, suitably insect larvae, having entered the sorting system through the at least one inlet are directed to the first outlet (D1), and when the directing surface is in the second position, insects, suitably insect larvae, having entered the sorting system are directed to the second outlet (D2).

[0162] In embodiments, the movement of the directing means or surface may be by any manner, suitably, the movement is by automated or manual means. Suitably, the movement is by automated means, wherein the position of the directing surface is controlled by the sorting the sorting system.

[0163] In embodiments, the first outlet and the second outlet are intended or suitable for the exit or egress of the insects, suitably insect larvae, from the sorting system.

[0164] In embodiments, when the directing surface is in the first position, insects, suitably insect larvae exit through the first outlet only, or at least exit predominantly from the first outlet. In embodiments, when the directing surface is in the second position, insects, suitably insect larvae exit through the second outlet only, or at least exit predominantly from the second outlet.

[0165] Any means of directing the insects, suitably insect larvae, by the directing means may be considered, for example, direction may be by physical movement of insects, suitably insect larvae, or by air flow (blowing or direction using compressed air or other gas or suction).

[0166] In an embodiment, the directing means or surface is positioned below, or underneath, or under the at least one inlet. In embodiments, the first outlet and the second outlet are positioned below, or underneath, or under the directing surface. In such embodiments, the insects, suitably insect larvae entering the sorting system through the at least one inlet may be directed to the first outlet or the second outlet by or from the directing surface by gravity, or by the force or action of gravity. In embodiments, the directing means or surface is a flap. Suitably, the flap is mounted at a pivot that both fixes the flap to the sorting system and enables angular rotation of the flap around a point or around a linear axis that is at least substantially perpendicular to the flow of insects, suitably insect larvae through the sorting device. Suitably, the pivot point is at or towards one end of the flap. In this embodiment, the first position and the second position of the directing surface may be achieved by anticlockwise and / or clockwise movement of the flap about the pivot. In embodiments, the flap is rigid, i.e. non-flexible. In embodiments, the directing means is a pivoting plate or diverting plate. The pivoting plate or diverting plate may be planar or non-planar. When the pivoting plate or diverting plate is non- planar, it may have any suitable contours that facilitate re-direction of insects, suitably larvae.

[0167] In embodiments, any arrangement the first outlet and the second outlet with respect to the directing surface that allows direction of insects, suitably insect larvae as described above is contemplated. In embodiments, the first outlet and the second outlet are adjacent each other. Suitably, the first outlet and the second outlet are positioned over a suitable container or surface on to which insects, suitably insect larvae, are deposited, suitably dropped, after being sorted. In embodiments, the insects, suitably insect larvae, are dropped from the sorting system into a container, crate or tray that optionally contains a food source as described above.

[0168] In an embodiment, the first outlet and the second outlet are provided directly above container, crate or tray that optionally contains a food source such that as the insects, suitably insect larvae, pass from the first outlet and / or the second outlet they drop in to a container or onto the surface. Suitably, the sorting system directs the insects, suitably insect larvae, such that the insects, suitably insect larvae, drop in into a specified, designated or intended container. Suitably the container comprises a specific quantity of food source. In this way, collection of a specific number, or range of number of larvae can be collected in a container comprising a specific quantity of food source. Suitably, the food source is of a composition, quality and moisture content suitable for optimised larval growth. Suitably, the food source is brewer’s grains, coffee grains, vegetable matter or combinations thereof.

[0169] In embodiments, the conveyance system that moves the container is indexed, or otherwise linked or controlled with respect to the count from the monitoring system. The conveyance system can therefore move the containers (and associated moving parts of the sorting system) slowly during the falling of the insects, suitably insect larvae, as they are collected in the container, the conveyance speed can be increased to switch to the next container once the desired or pre-determined number of insects, suitably insect larvae, in a given container is reached, reducing the need to slow down the input feed rate of insects, suitably insect larvae, and ensuring operation speed and accuracy of dosing.

[0170] In embodiments, the sorting system is optimised such that the insects, suitably insect larvae, are directed through the first outlet, and or the second outlet to optimise efficient and accurate filling of the containers. The movement of the containers may be controlled by manual or automated means. Suitably, the movement of the containers is controlled by automated means. Suitably such automated means comprises a conveyor that can move the containers in a linear manner under the first outlet and / or the second outlet. Suitably, the conveyor that can move the containers in a linear manner under Suitably, the conveyance height is chosen dependent on container type and geometry. Suitably, the containers can be moved such that the first outlet and / or the second outlet is over, or directs insects, suitably insect larvae, into a single container.

[0171] In embodiments, the sorting system operates under sequential control where movement of the trays is coordinated such that the state of the directing means or surface between the first position and the second position is based on the position and / or fill-state of the containers to be filled by insects, suitably insect larvae, exiting the sorting system. Suitably, movement of the trays or containers can continue whilst filling continues to improve efficiency, improve distribution of insects, suitably insect larvae, in the tray or container, and to minimise the time where the outlets are directed onto the edge of a tray or container as it passes that can lead to injury or loss of insects, suitably insect larvae. In embodiments, the fill-state of the containers in this context means the number or weight of insects, suitably insect larvae, added.

[0172] In embodiments, the position of the containers is determined by one or more sensors. Suitably, the position of the containers is determined by a first sensor (sensor 1) and a second sensor (sensor 2) which detect the leading or front edge of a container with respect to the direction of movement.

[0173] In a further aspect, the invention provides a method of sorting insects, suitably insect larvae, into containers. In embodiments, the method comprises the following steps: a) Providing a sorting system, suitably a sorting system of the invention as described herein, wherein the sorting system comprises an inlet, a first outlet, a second outlet, and a directing means or surface, wherein the directing means or surface is movable between a first position and a second position, wherein, in use, the first position of the directing means directs insects, suitably insect larvae, from the inlet to the first outlet, and the second position of the directing means directs insect, suitably insect larvae, from the inlet to the second outlet; b) Providing a first container and a subsequent container; and a movable surface wherein the first container and the subsequent container are moved by the movable surface; c) Moving the movable surface such that the first container is positioned to collect output from the first outlet, and the subsequent container is positioned to collect output from the second outlet; d) Moving the directing means to the first position; e) Providing insects, suitably insect larvae, to be sorted, to the inlet so that they are directed by the directing means or surface; f) Collecting insects, suitably insect larvae, in the first container until a pre-determined or desired number of insects, suitably insect larvae, are collected in the first container; g) Moving the directing means or surface to the second position; h) Moving the movable surface until the subsequent container is under the first outlet and the second outlet; i) Moving the directing means or surface to the first position; j) Moving the movable surface until the subsequent container is under the first outlet only. k) Collecting insects, suitably insect larvae, in the subsequent container until a pre-determined or desired number of insects, suitably insect larvae, are collected in the subsequent container.

[0174] In embodiments where more than two containers are to be filled, the method can further comprise: l) Providing a further subsequent container, the further subsequent container being positioned on the movable surface under the second outlet. m) Optionally repeating steps (g) to (i) wherein the “further subsequent container” is to be read in the same way as the “subsequent container” in the repeated steps.

[0175] In embodiments, steps (a) to (k), optionally (m) are conducted sequentially and in the order (a) to (k), optionally (m).

[0176] In embodiments, the movable surface is a conveyor or other conveyance system, such as a conveyor belt, roller conveyor, vibratory feeder or cable system. In embodiments, the first container, and the or each subsequent container, is placed in order on the conveyor such that they move in a single linear direction. Suitably, the first container and the subsequent containers abut each other. In embodiments, pushers and stops may be used to hold or quickly move the containers through the conveyance system.

[0177] In embodiments, the position of the container, the subsequent container, and the next subsequent container on the movable surface is by at least one sensor. Suitably, the one or more sensors are configured to detect the position of the container the container, the subsequent container, and the next subsequent container on the movable surface. Suitably, the one or more sensors are configured to detect a leading or frontmost edge of the container the container, the subsequent container, and the next subsequent container on the movable surface, wherein the frontmost edge is in respect of the direction of movement of the conveyor.

[0178] In embodiments, to switch or move between containers with a minimum of loss of insects, suitably insect larvae, it is possible to either reduce or stop the flow of insects, suitably insect larvae from the separation system. In alternative embodiments, the direction or speed of flow of the insects, suitably insect larvae may be possible by moving or adjusting the optional impact plate, the speed for force of the vibratory feeders, or the flow restriction in the storage container or the separation system. In alternative embodiments, a secondary diversion system either above or below the monitoring system can be employed to divert or change the direction of travel of the insects, suitably insect larvae, to reduce the flow temporarily through the system or quickly transition between one container and the next.

[0179] In embodiments, the first container and the subsequent container are placed on the movable surface in order in a linear direction of movement of the conveyor, with the first container being forwardmost.

[0180] In embodiments, the dosing rate, the quantity per batch and the number of batches created can all be programmed in the sorting system, or overall system incorporating the storage container, separation system, monitoring system and sorting system. EGG GROWTH CHAMBER / HATCHERY

[0181] The larvae to be transferred or stored in the storage container, prior to introduction to the various parts of the apparatus described above, may be obtained or collected from any suitable source. In some embodiments of the invention, an egg-growth chamber is provided. The terms ‘egg growth chamber’ and ‘hatchery’ are used interchangeably. The larvae hatching in the egg growth chamber may be collected and transferred to, or otherwise enter, the storage container. Alternatively, the larvae hatching in the egg growth chamber may enter the separation system directly.

[0182] In overview, the egg-growth chamber provides one or more suitable locations in which one or more fertilised eggs may be retained and incubated under suitable environmental conditions, and the emerging larvae collected. In an embodiment, the location(s) in which fertilised eggs are retained are denoted egg holders, and may be alternatively denoted as egg platforms, egg cages, hatching platforms or hatching distribution platforms. For the avoidance of doubt, the egg holders are distinct from and should not be equated to the storage container above.

[0183] In an embodiment, the egg holders are configured to retain fertilised eggs and allow emerging larvae to migrate therefrom. Any means of allowing the larvae to migrate from the egg holders is contemplated. Suitably, the larvae drop from the egg holder either directly into the storage container or are collected prior to being transferred to the storage container.

[0184] A suitable number of egg holders may be employed to ensure sufficient supply of larvae for the storage container. In embodiments, one or more egg holders are provided. Suitably more than one egg holder is provided. More suitably a series of a plurality of egg holders is provided. In embodiments when a series of a plurality of egg holders is provided, fertilised eggs may be added in chronological sequence starting from one egg holder at an earliest time point and then adding fertilised eggs from a later time point to a next and then subsequent egg holders. Fertilised eggs from different, but closely related time points, for example between 1 to 3 days, or 1 to 2 days, of from different batches on the same day, may be combined on a single egg holder.

[0185] Once a suitable time period has elapsed such that all or the majority of the eggs on a holder have hatched, that egg holder is removed and disposed of or cleaned ready for re-use. In embodiments, the timing of removal is based on the expected incubation period for the fertilised eggs based on the bellshape distribution for the species, Alternatively, the timing for removal is based on a visual inspection or other means of monitoring the hatching state of the fertilised eggs as detailed above.

[0186] In embodiments, a climate-controlled chamber is used to store the eggs whilst they hatch. This can hold the eggs at various temperatures and humidities but is designed to ensure controllable homogenous conditions. In embodiments, a separate or sub-divided section of the climate-controlled chamber can be used to create a cooler area that the larvae or neonates hatch into to reduce the activity levels of the insects, suitably insect larvae, this will be called the neonate receiving area. This can be at different or the same climate conditions as the egg hatching area and can vary depending on the frequency of neonate collection from this area and therefore the length of time the larvae or neonates will spend there. In embodiment, the climate system can be balanced to use the heat output while cooling the insects, suitably insect larvae, receiving area section to heat the egg hatching area.

[0187] In embodiments, the insects, suitably insect larvae, receiving area could be a receiving vessel and take the form and function of a storage container as described elsewhere herein and either be used to bulk load larvae or insects, suitably insect larvae (tipping) into the separation system, or to be fitted with some form of flow restriction so that the insects, suitably insect larvae, can be fed into the separation system directly from the insects, suitably insect larvae, receiving area / storage container. In embodiments, separation of the insects, suitably insect larvae, can be facilitated by addition of dusting materials or other suitable particles as described elsewhere herein in the insects, suitably insect larvae, receiving area ahead of being transferred to a storage container or fed directly into the separation system.

[0188] In embodiments, the insects, suitably insect larvae, contained in the storage container (or receiving vessel when this is used directly) may be introduced into the separation system by automated means, for example by being tipped. In alternative embodiments, to control the feed rate of the insects, suitably insect larvae, the introduction of insects, suitably insect larvae, can be controlled relative to the counting of the insects, suitably insect larvae, by the monitoring system, or it could be determined by a level or proximity sensor at the input of the intermediary receiving hopper or before the flow restrictor. Suitably, such means of control could be via a flow restrictor as described elsewhere herein or by physical means such as by rotation of the receiving vessel with control of the angle of tipping. Alternatively, the hatching can be done directly above the feed input system and the receiving vessel can instead act as a funnel to direct the insects, suitably insect larvae, into the separation system.

[0189] Cooling does not need to cover the whole insects, suitably insect larvae, receiving area, more targeted cooling can be applied to side walls or bottom of the insects, suitably insect larvae, receiving area depending on whether the insects, suitably insect larvae, are being cooled in total or if their movement up the side walls is being targeted.

[0190] In embodiments, the insects, suitably insect larvae, receiving area cooling can be achieved by any suitable means. Suitably, the insects, suitably insect larvae, receiving area cooling can either be done by convective air cooling or conductive cooling of receiving areas or vessels either directly or via intermediary cooled plates. In embodiments, the humidity and heat for the egg hatching area is chosen to keep the eggs at the correct conditions for maximum survivability and hatching. The cooler temperatures for the neonate receiving area can help to reduce their activity to prolong their lifespan or to prevent them from trying to escape.

[0191] To ensure maximum survivability and hatching of eggs the positioning / construction of the egg holders may be in such a way as to create either passive and / or forced air flow paths so that temperature and humidity can be applied across the surfaces of the egg holders ensuring there are no localised areas where environmental conditions vary from pre-determined or desired conditions. In embodiments, the insects, suitably insect larvae, receiving area can be fitted with load cells that record the hatching of insects, suitably insect larvae, this can then be correlated via data transfer with the count registered per receiving vessel, providing a sufficiently accurate record of hatch rate overtime of the insects, suitably insect larvae.

[0192] EXAMPLES

[0193] The disclosure will now be illustrated with working examples, which is intended to illustrate the working of disclosure and not intended to take restrictively to imply any limitations on the scope of the present disclosure. Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood to one of ordinary skill in the art to which this disclosure belongs. Although methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used in the practice of the disclosed processes and compositions, the exemplary processes, devices and materials are described herein. It is to be understood that this disclosure is not limited to particular methods, and experimental conditions described, as such processes and conditions may vary.

[0194] Example 1 - Larvae separation

[0195] Larvae stored in a climate-controlled storage container were tipped into a storage container which comprised an angled bottom in the shape of a funnel leading to a restricted size aperture which acted to restrict the flow of the larvae to the separation system.

[0196] As best seen in Figure 1 , the separation system comprised of a first angled surface (a first vibratory feeder), a removeable impact plate and a second angled surface (a second vibratory feeder). The first and second angled surfaces were configured to vibrate at 50 Hz. Larvae exiting the storage container via the flow restrictor dropped to the first angled surface (vibratory feeder), form where they were transferred and then directed to the impact / separation plate. The vibration of the first angled surface and impact with the impact plate helped separate the larvae and break clumps of larvae into individuals without injuring the larvae. The larvae were directed from the impact plate to the second angled surface. The configuration and the vibration of the second angled surface directed the larvae to the monitoring system where the individual larvae were counted.

[0197] Example 2 - Dusting of larvae improve separation

[0198] As in Example 1 , the larvae were stored in a climate-controlled storage container. X was added to the larvae and the container gently agitated to distribute X uniformly through the larval mass.

[0199] The larvae were then separated as described in Example 1 .

[0200] Example 3 - Sorting

[0201] As best seen in Figures 2A to 2E, in a particularly suitable example, the sorting system will comprise a conveyor on which a first container (tray 1), and subsequent containers (trays 2 and 3) are positioned, the first container being ahead, or in front, of the second container and subsequent containers in the intended direction of movement of the conveyor (arrow). In this embodiment, the sorting system comprises a first outlet (D1) and a second outlet (D2) and a directing means or flap. In an initial position, tray 1 and tray 2 are configured to be positioned to capture or collect insects, suitably insect larvae, from outlet 1 (D1) and outlet 2 (D2) respectively. In the example shown, sensor 1 and sensor 2 are present to detect the position of the leading edge of a given tray and feedback this information such that remainder of the sorting system, in particular the flap and the conveyor may be controlled accordingly. Suitably, sensor 1 and sensor 2 are positioned such that the position of the trays or containers can be detected as directly under (can collect or capture insects, suitably insect larvae, from) the first or second outlet, or under both the first and second outlet.

[0202] It should be appreciated that the sequential process shown in Figures 2A to 2E can repeat for as many trays or containers as desired and therefore use of terms such as initial or final simply relate to an arbitrarily chosen start, or end, point and the process is actually a cycle that can continue indefinitely, provided it proceeds through the steps described.

[0203] Step 1 (Figure 2A): Trays or containers, that are suitably butted up against each other, move along the conveyor in the directions of the arrow (Conveyor direction). Sensor 1 detects the leading edge of Tray 1 and stops or slows the conveyor at the correct position in which the first, or front, outlet (D1) is positioned over Tray 1 and the second, trailing, outlet (D2) is positioned over Tray 2. The flap is in a first, or forward position, in which insects, suitably insect larvae, exiting the sorting system fall through the first outlet (D1) into Tray 1 until a desired quantity of insects, suitably insect larvae, in Tray 1 is reached.

[0204] Step 2 (Figure 2B): The flap rotates to the second, backward position such that insects, suitably insect larvae, now pass through outlet 2 (D2) and into Tray 2. At the same time, or before or after the flap is moved and / or filling of Tray 2 commences, the conveyor starts to move in the direction shown (arrow) until the leading edge of the first tray is detected by Sensor 2. During the movement of the conveyor, insects, suitably insect larvae, continue to be directed to Tray 2.

[0205] Step 3 and 4 (Figure 2C and 2D): Sensor 2 detects the leading edge of Tray 1 and reports this condition to the sorting system which moves the flap back to the first, or forward position, thereby directing insects, suitably insect larvae to outlet 1 (D1), that is now also over Tray 2. The conveyor does not stop moving until Sensor 1 detects the leading edge of Tray 2.

[0206] Step 5 (Figure 2E): When Sensor 1 detects the leading edge of Tray 2, the conveyor stops all trays. Similarly to Step 1 with respect to Tray 1 , insects, suitably insect larvae, keep passing through outlet 1 (D1) and into Tray 2 until the target quantity is reached. When the target quantity of insects is reached in Tray 2, the flap moves to the second, or backward position and insects, suitably insect larvae, pass through outlet 2 (D2) into Tray 3. The cycle continues until all the trays are filled or all insects are dosed. Although particular embodiments of the invention have been disclosed herein in detail, this has been done by way of example and for the purposes of illustration only. The aforementioned embodiments are not intended to be limiting with respect to the scope of the invention. It is contemplated by the inventors that various substitutions, alterations, and modifications may be made to the invention without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.

[0207] Alternative expressions of the inventive concept are set out in the following clauses:

[0208] 1 . An apparatus for monitoring and / or counting larvae, the apparatus comprising: a. a storage container; b. a separation system for receiving and separating the larvae into separated larvae; and c. a monitoring system for monitoring and / or counting the separated larvae; wherein the storage container is configured to retain the larvae prior to introduction to the separation system.

[0209] 2. The apparatus according to clause 1 , wherein the larvae pass directly from the storage container to the separation system.

[0210] 3. The apparatus according to clause 1 or clause 2, wherein the larvae are introduced to the separation system continuously from the storage container.

[0211] 4. The apparatus according to clause 3, wherein the storage container comprises a flow restrictor that is configured to limit and / or control the introduction of the larvae into the separation system.

[0212] 5. The apparatus according to clause 3 or clause 4, wherein the flow restrictor is an aperture through which larvae exit the storage container.

[0213] 6. The apparatus according to clause 5, wherein the aperture is sized and / or shaped to limit the flow of larvae therethrough.

[0214] 7. The apparatus according to clause 5 or clause 6, wherein the aperture is of a fixed size and / or shape, or has a size and / or shape that can be changed to modulate the flow of larvae therethrough.

[0215] 8. The apparatus according to clause 1 or clause 2, wherein the larvae are introduced to the separation system in batches from the holding container.

[0216] 9. The apparatus according to clause 8, wherein the larvae are passed by tipping or emptying the larvae from the holding container into the separation system.

[0217] 10. The apparatus according to any one of clauses 1 to 9, wherein the separation system comprises a feeder system that accepts the larvae from the storage container and conveys them into or through the separation system.

[0218] 11 . The apparatus according to clause 10, wherein the action of the feeder system separates and / or distributes the larvae.

[0219] 12. The apparatus according to clause 10 or clause 11 , wherein the feeder system comprises one or more conveyors. 13. The apparatus according to clause 12, wherein the conveyor is a conveyer belt, or a planar surface wherein the planar surface is an angled surface that is angled downwardly with respect to the horizontal from where the larvae are deposited thereon.

[0220] 14. The apparatus according to clause 13, wherein the downward angle of the planar surface is in the range of from 1° to 20° from horizontal.

[0221] 15. The apparatus according to clause 14, wherein the planar surface vibrates to provide a vibratory feeder.

[0222] 16. The apparatus according to clause 15, wherein the angled surface vibrates at a frequency of between about 50 Hz and 60 Hz.

[0223] 17. The apparatus according to clause 16, wherein the angled surface is perforated and / or porous and is fed underneath with compressed gas that is passed through the angled surface to an upper side of the angled surface.

[0224] 18. The apparatus according to clause 17, wherein the gas is air.

[0225] 19. The apparatus according to clause 18, wherein the planar surface vibrates and is perforated and / or porous and is fed underneath with compressed gas that is passed through the angled surface to provide an air cushion on an upper side of the angled surface to provide a vibratory feeder.

[0226] 20. The apparatus according to any one of clauses 1 to 19, wherein the separation system comprises an angled impact plate, wherein the angled impact plate is configured to separate larvae into individuals.

[0227] 21 . The apparatus according to clause 20, wherein the angled impact plate is positioned such that the larvae fall from the feeder system to contact the angled impact plate, wherein said contact separates the larvae into individuals and directs the individual larvae from the angled impact plate.

[0228] 22. The apparatus according to clause 20 or clause 21 , wherein the larvae fall directly from the feeder system.

[0229] 23. The apparatus according to clause 22, wherein the larvae are directed from the angled impact plate to a next stage of the feeder system or to the monitoring system.

[0230] 24. The apparatus according to clause 23, wherein the larvae fall between 50mm and 400mm.

[0231] 25. The apparatus according to clause 23, wherein the larvae fall between 100mm and 300mm.

[0232] 26. The apparatus according to clause any one of clauses 20 to 25, wherein the angle of the angled impact plate with respect to vertical is from 30° to 70°.

[0233] 27. The apparatus according to any one of clauses 1 to 26, wherein the separation system comprises: a) a first vibratory feeder; b) an impact plate; and c) a second vibratory feeder; wherein the first vibratory feeder is configured to accept larvae from the storage container and convey the larvae to contact the angled impact plate, and wherein the impact plate is configured to direct the larvae after contact to a second vibratory feeder that is configured to convey the larvae to the monitoring system.

[0234] 28. The apparatus according to any one of clauses 1 to 27, wherein the monitoring system is a machine vision system that is configured for imaging the larvae.

[0235] 29. The apparatus according to clause 28, wherein the machine vision system comprises at least one camera. 30. The apparatus according to clause 29, wherein the or each camera has a resolution of greater than 5 megapixels.

[0236] 31 . The apparatus according to any one of clauses 28 to 30, wherein the machine vision system or camera has a field of vision and acuity capable of visualising and recording one or more of: the number; age; mass; health status; infections; protein / chiton and / or lipids and combinations thereof of larvae falling through its field of vision.

[0237] 32. The apparatus according to any one of clauses 28 to 31 , wherein a screen is provided within the camera’s field of vision such that the larvae pass between the camera and the screen.

[0238] 33. The apparatus according to any one of clauses 28 to 32, wherein the apparatus further comprises a sorting system that is configured to receive the larvae from the monitoring system and direct the larvae to a container or conveyor.

[0239] 34. The apparatus according to clause 33, wherein the container or conveyor comprise a food source for the larvae.

[0240] 35. The apparatus according to clause 33 or clause 34, wherein the sorting system comprises: a) an inlet; b) a first outlet; c) a second outlet; and d) a directing surface, wherein the directing surface is movable between at least a first position and a second position, wherein when the directing surface is in the first position larvae are directed to the first outlet, and when the directing surface is in the second position larvae are directed to the second outlet.

[0241] 36. The apparatus according to clause 35, wherein the directing surface is positioned below the at least one inlet and the first outlet and the second outlet are positioned below the directing surface.

[0242] 37. The apparatus according to clause 35 or 36, wherein the directing surface is a flap mounted at a pivot that enables angular rotation of the flap around the pivot.

[0243] 38. The apparatus according to clause 37, wherein the pivot is a point or linear axis that is at least substantially perpendicular to the intended flow of larvae.

[0244] 39. The apparatus according to any one of clauses 35 to 38, wherein the conveyer is below the first outlet and the second outlet.

[0245] 40. The apparatus according to any one of clauses 35 to 39, wherein the conveyor is configured to move one or more containers such that larvae fall from the first outlet or the second outlet into the one or more containers.

[0246] 41 . The apparatus according to clause 40, wherein the directing surface and the conveyor coordinate movement such that larvae are directed to a pre-determined container.

[0247] 42. The apparatus according to any one of clauses 1 to 41 , wherein the apparatus is capable of controlling a flow of larvae therethrough, or at a given point to meet a pre-determined rate.

[0248] 43. A method of manufacturing an apparatus of any one of Clauses 1 to 42.

[0249] 44. A method of monitoring and / or counting larvae, said method comprising the steps of: a) providing larvae in a storage container; b) introducing larvae from the storage container into a separation system that receives and separates the larvae into separated larvae; and c) introducing the separated larvae into a monitoring system for monitoring and / or counting the separated larvae.

[0250] 45. The method of clause 44, wherein the method is performed on the apparatus of any one of Clauses 1 to 42.

[0251] 46. The method according to clause 44 or 45, wherein introducing larvae in step (b) is by a method selected from the group consisting of: tipping, emptying, scooping, shovelling, and allowing to pass through a flow restrictor.

[0252] 47. The method according to clause 46, wherein the flow restrictor is an aperture through which larvae can exit the storage container

[0253] 48. The method according to clause 47, wherein the aperture is sized and / or shaped to limit the flow of larvae therethrough.

[0254] 49. The method according to clause 47 or 48, wherein the aperture is of a fixed size and / or shape, or has a size and / or shape that can be changed to modulate the flow of larvae therethrough.

[0255] 50. The method according to any one of clauses 44 to 49, wherein the method further comprises sorting the larvae exiting the monitoring system into a container or onto a conveyor.

[0256] 51 . Use of an apparatus of any one of clauses 1 to 42 to: a) count larvae; b) monitor larvae; c) separate larvae; or d) sort larvae into containers.

[0257] 52. An apparatus for the separation and / or conveyance of larvae, wherein the apparatus comprises: a) an inlet for receiving larvae; b) a feeder system comprising one or more vibratory feeders; c) optionally an angled impact plate; and d) an outlet for separated larvae.

[0258] 53. The apparatus according to clause 52, wherein the vibratory feeder is a planar surface angled downwardly from where the larvae are deposited thereon.

[0259] 54. The apparatus according to clause 53, wherein the downward angle of the planar surface is in the range of from 1° to 20° from horizontal.

[0260] 55. The apparatus according to any one of clauses 52 to 54, wherein the vibratory feeder vibrates at a frequency of from about 50 Hz to about 60 Hz.

[0261] 56. The apparatus according to any one of clauses 52 to 55, wherein the vibratory feeder is perforated and / or porous and is fed underneath with compressed gas that is passed through the vibratory feeder to an upper side of the vibratory feeder.

[0262] 57. The apparatus according to clause 56, wherein the gas is air.

[0263] 58. The apparatus according to clause 57, wherein the vibratory feeder vibrates and is perforated and / or porous and is fed underneath with compressed gas that is passed through the angled surface to provide an air cushion on an upper side of the vibratory feeder. 59. The apparatus according to any one of clauses 52 to 58, wherein, when present, the angled impact plate is positioned such that the larvae fall from the feeder system to contact the angled impact plate, wherein said contact separates the larvae into individuals and directs the individual larvae from the angled impact plate.

[0264] 60. The apparatus according to clause 59, wherein the larvae are directed from the angled impact plate to the next stage of the feeder system or out through the outlet.

[0265] 61 . The apparatus according to clause 60, wherein the larvae fall between 50mm and 400mm.

[0266] 62. The apparatus according to clause 60, wherein the larvae fall between 100mm and 300mm.

[0267] 63. The apparatus according to clause 62, wherein the angle of the angled impact plate with respect to vertical is from 30° to 70°.

[0268] 64. The apparatus according to clause 44, wherein the separation system comprises: a) an inlet; b) a feeder system comprising a first vibratory feeder and a second vibratory feeder; c) an impact plate; and d) an outlet; wherein the first vibratory feeder is configured to accept larvae from the inlet and convey the larvae to contact the angled impact plate, and wherein the impact plate is configured to direct the larvae after contact to a second vibratory feeder that is configured to convey the larvae to the outlet.

[0269] 65. An insect sorting apparatus comprising a sorting system, wherein the sorting system is configured to receive larvae and direct the larvae to a container or conveyor, wherein the sorting system comprises: a) an inlet; b) a first outlet; c) a second outlet; and d) a directing surface, wherein the one or more directing means or surface is movable between at least a first position and a second position, wherein when the directing surface is in the first position larvae are directed to the first outlet, and when the directing surface is in the second position larvae are directed to the second outlet.

[0270] 66. The apparatus according to clause 65, wherein the directing surface is positioned below the at least one inlet and the first outlet and the second outlet are positioned below the directing surface.

[0271] 67. The apparatus according to clause 65 or 66, wherein the directing surface is a flap mounted at a pivot that enables angular rotation of the flap around the pivot.

[0272] 68. The apparatus according to clause 67, wherein the pivot is a point or linear axis that is at least substantially perpendicular to the intended flow of larvae.

[0273] 69. The apparatus according to any one of clauses 65 to 68, wherein the conveyer is below the first outlet and the second outlet.

[0274] 70. The apparatus according to clause 69, wherein the conveyor is configured to move one or more containers such that larvae fall from the first outlet or the second outlet into the one or more containers.

[0275] 71 . The apparatus according to clause 70, wherein the directing surface and the conveyor coordinate movement such that larvae are directed to the pre-determined or desired container. method of sorting larvae into containers, comprising the following steps: n) providing a sorting system, suitably a sorting system of the invention as described herein, wherein the sorting system comprises an inlet, a first outlet, a second outlet, and a directing means or surface, wherein the directing means or surface is movable between a first position and a second position, wherein, in use, the first position of the directing means directs insects, suitably insect larvae, from the inlet to the first outlet, and the second position of the directing means directs insect, suitably insect larvae, from the inlet to the second outlet; o) providing a first container and a subsequent container; and a movable surface wherein the first container and the subsequent container are moved by the movable surface; p) moving the movable surface such that the first container is positioned to collect output from the first outlet, and the subsequent container is positioned to collect output from the second outlet; q) moving the directing means to the first position; r) providing insects, suitably insect larvae, to be sorted, to the inlet so that they are directed by the directing means or surface; s) collecting insects, suitably insect larvae, in the first container until a pre-determined or desired number of insects, suitably insect larvae, are collected in the first container; t) moving the directing means or surface to the second position; u) moving the movable surface until the subsequent container is under the first outlet and the second outlet; v) moving the directing means or surface to the first position; w) moving the movable surface until the subsequent container is under the first outlet only. x) collecting insects, suitably insect larvae, in the subsequent container until a predetermined or desired number of insects, suitably insect larvae, are collected in the subsequent container. se of an apparatus of any one of Clause 52 to 71 to sort larvae into containers.

Claims

CLAIMS1 . An apparatus for monitoring and / or counting larvae, the apparatus comprising: a. a storage container; b. a separation system for receiving and separating the larvae into separated larvae; and c. a monitoring system for monitoring and / or counting the separated larvae; wherein the storage container is configured to retain the larvae prior to introduction to the separation system.

2. The apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein the larvae pass directly from the storage container to the separation system.

3. The apparatus according to claim 1 or claim 2, wherein the larvae are introduced to the separation system continuously from the storage container.

4. The apparatus according to claim 3, wherein the storage container comprises a flow restrictor that is configured to limit and / or control the introduction of the larvae into the separation system.

5. The apparatus according to claim 3 or claim 4, wherein the flow restrictor is an aperture through which larvae exit the storage container.

6. The apparatus according to claim 5, wherein the aperture is sized and / or shaped to limit the flow of larvae therethrough.

7. The apparatus according to claim 5 or claim 6, wherein the aperture is of a fixed size and / or shape, or has a size and / or shape that can be changed to modulate the flow of larvae therethrough.

8. The apparatus according to claim 1 or claim 2, wherein the larvae are introduced to the separation system in batches from the holding container.

9. The apparatus according to claim 8, wherein the larvae are passed by tipping or emptying the larvae from the holding container into the separation system.

10. The apparatus according to any one of claims 1 to 9, wherein the separation system comprises a feeder system that accepts the larvae from the storage container and conveys them into or through the separation system.11 . The apparatus according to claim 10, wherein the action of the feeder system separates and / or distributes the larvae.

12. The apparatus according to claim 10 or claim 11 , wherein the feeder system comprises one or more conveyors.

13. The apparatus according to claim 12, wherein the conveyor is a conveyer belt, or a planar surface wherein the planar surface is an angled surface that is angled downwardly with respect to the horizontal from where the larvae are deposited thereon.

14. The apparatus according to claim 13, wherein the downward angle of the planar surface is in the range of from 1° to 20° from horizontal.

15. The apparatus according to claim 14, wherein the planar surface vibrates to provide a vibratory feeder.

16. The apparatus according to claim 15, wherein the angled surface vibrates at a frequency of between about 50 Hz and 60 Hz.

17. The apparatus according to claim 16, wherein the angled surface is perforated and / or porous and is fed underneath with compressed gas that is passed through the angled surface to an upper side of the angled surface.

18. The apparatus according to claim 17, wherein the gas is air.

19. The apparatus according to claim 18, wherein the planar surface vibrates and is perforated and / or porous and is fed underneath with compressed gas that is passed through the angled surface to provide an air cushion on an upper side of the angled surface to provide a vibratory feeder.

20. The apparatus according to any one of claims 1 to 19, wherein the separation system comprises an angled impact plate, wherein the angled impact plate is configured to separate larvae into individuals.21 . The apparatus according to claim 20, wherein the angled impact plate is positioned such that the larvae fall from the feeder system to contact the angled impact plate, wherein said contact separates the larvae into individuals and directs the individual larvae from the angled impact plate.

22. The apparatus according to claim 20 or claim 21 , wherein the larvae fall directly from the feeder system.

23. The apparatus according to claim 22, wherein the larvae are directed from the angled impact plate to a next stage of the feeder system or to the monitoring system.

24. The apparatus according to claim 23, wherein the larvae fall between 50mm and 400mm.

25. The apparatus according to claim 23, wherein the larvae fall between 100mm and 300mm.

26. The apparatus according to claim any one of claims 20 to 25, wherein the angle of the angled impact plate with respect to vertical is from 30° to 70°.

27. The apparatus according to any one of claims 1 to 26, wherein the separation system comprises: a) a first vibratory feeder; b) an impact plate; and c) a second vibratory feeder; wherein the first vibratory feeder is configured to accept larvae from the storage container and convey the larvae to contact the angled impact plate, and wherein the impact plate is configured to direct the larvae after contact to a second vibratory feeder that is configured to convey the larvae to the monitoring system.

28. The apparatus according to any one of claims 1 to 27, wherein the monitoring system is a machine vision system that is configured for imaging the larvae.

29. The apparatus according to claim 28, wherein the machine vision system comprises at least one camera.

30. The apparatus according to claim 29, wherein the or each camera has a resolution of greater than 5 megapixels.31 . The apparatus according to any one of claims 28 to 30, wherein the machine vision system or camera has a field of vision and acuity capable of visualising and recording one or more of: the number; age; mass; health status; infections; protein / chiton and / or lipids and combinations thereof of larvae falling through its field of vision.

32. The apparatus according to any one of claims 28 to 31 , wherein a screen is provided within the camera’s field of vision such that the larvae pass between the camera and the screen.

33. The apparatus according to any one of claims 28 to 32, wherein the apparatus further comprises a sorting system that is configured to receive the larvae from the monitoring system and direct the larvae to a container or conveyor.

34. The apparatus according to claim 33, wherein the container or conveyor comprise a food source for the larvae.

35. The apparatus according to claim 33 or claim 34, wherein the sorting system comprises: a) an inlet; b) a first outlet; c) a second outlet; and d) a directing surface, wherein the directing surface is movable between at least a first position and a second position, wherein when the directing surface is in the first position larvae are directed to the first outlet, and when the directing surface is in the second position larvae are directed to the second outlet.

36. The apparatus according to claim 35, wherein the directing surface is positioned below the at least one inlet and the first outlet and the second outlet are positioned below the directing surface.

37. The apparatus according to claim 35 or 36, wherein the directing surface is a flap mounted at a pivot that enables angular rotation of the flap around the pivot.

38. The apparatus according to claim 37, wherein the pivot is a point or linear axis that is at least substantially perpendicular to the intended flow of larvae.

39. The apparatus according to any one of claims 35 to 38, wherein the conveyer is below the first outlet and the second outlet.

40. The apparatus according to any one of claims 35 to 39, wherein the conveyor is configured to move one or more containers such that larvae fall from the first outlet or the second outlet into the one or more containers.41 . The apparatus according to claim 40, wherein the directing surface and the conveyor coordinate movement such that larvae are directed to a pre-determined container.

42. The apparatus according to any one of claims 1 to 41 , wherein the apparatus is capable of controlling a flow of larvae therethrough, or at a given point to meet a pre-determined rate.

43. A method of manufacturing an apparatus of any one of Claims 1 to 42.

44. A method of monitoring and / or counting larvae, said method comprising the steps of: a) providing larvae in a storage container; b) introducing larvae from the storage container into a separation system that receives and separates the larvae into separated larvae; and c) introducing the separated larvae into a monitoring system for monitoring and / or counting the separated larvae.

45. Use of an apparatus of any one of claims 1 to 42 to: a) count larvae; b) monitor larvae; c) separate larvae; or d) sort larvae into containers.

46. An apparatus for the separation and / or conveyance of larvae, wherein the apparatus comprises: a) an inlet for receiving larvae; b) a feeder system comprising one or more vibratory feeders; c) optionally an angled impact plate; andd) an outlet for separated larvae.

47. An insect sorting apparatus comprising a sorting system, wherein the sorting system is configured to receive larvae and direct the larvae to a container or conveyor, wherein the sorting system comprises: a) an inlet; b) a first outlet; c) a second outlet; and d) a directing surface, wherein the one or more directing means or surface is movable between at least a first position and a second position, wherein when the directing surface is in the first position larvae are directed to the first outlet, and when the directing surface is in the second position larvae are directed to the second outlet.

48. A method of sorting larvae into containers, comprising the following steps: a) providing a sorting system, suitably a sorting system of the invention as described herein, wherein the sorting system comprises an inlet, a first outlet, a second outlet, and a directing means or surface, wherein the directing means or surface is movable between a first position and a second position, wherein, in use, the first position of the directing means directs insects, suitably insect larvae, from the inlet to the first outlet, and the second position of the directing means directs insect, suitably insect larvae, from the inlet to the second outlet; b) providing a first container and a subsequent container; and a movable surface wherein the first container and the subsequent container are moved by the movable surface; c) moving the movable surface such that the first container is positioned to collect output from the first outlet, and the subsequent container is positioned to collect output from the second outlet; d) moving the directing means to the first position; e) providing insects, suitably insect larvae, to be sorted, to the inlet so that they are directed by the directing means or surface; f) collecting insects, suitably insect larvae, in the first container until a pre-determined or desired number of insects, suitably insect larvae, are collected in the first container; g) moving the directing means or surface to the second position; h) moving the movable surface until the subsequent container is under the first outlet and the second outlet; i) moving the directing means or surface to the first position; j) moving the movable surface until the subsequent container is under the first outlet only. k) collecting insects, suitably insect larvae, in the subsequent container until a predetermined or desired number of insects, suitably insect larvae, are collected in the subsequent container.

49. Use of an apparatus of any one of Claim 46 to 48 to sort larvae into containers.

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